1 ;qfuv&1 Hkkjrh; lekt % lajpuk vkf.k fo"kerk Ekkuoh lektkr osxoxg;k izdkjph fo"kerk vk<gwu ;srs- Hkkjrh; lektkr ns[khy fo"kerk vkgs Hkkjrkr lkekftd] vkfkhzd] /kkfezd]] lkald`rhd] jktdh; br;knh lozp {ks=kr fo"kerk vkgs- Hkkjrkr tkrho;olfkk vlwu izr;sd tkrhpk ntkz osxosxgk vkgs R;keqGs tkrhp;k vk/kkjkoj vkiy;k ns kkr eksb;k izek.kkr lkekftd fo"kerk vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkrhy tkfto;olfksoj vk/kkjhr fo"kerk u"v Ogkoh Eg.kwu xksre cq/nkiklwu rj MkWvkacsMdjkai;Zar vusd egkiq#"kkauh iz;ru dsysr- vk/kqfud dkgkr Lokra=] lerk] ca/kqrk vkf.k U;k; ;k ekuorkoknh ewy;kapk Lohdkj dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- R;kewgs Hkkjrh; lektkrhy lkekftd fo"kerk dkgh izek.kkr deh >kyh vkgs- 1 (Social Inequality) fo"kerk Eg.kts Hksn fdaok Qjd gks;- nksu O;Drhe/;s 'kkjhfjd fo"kerk vlrs-,d O;Drh map vkf.k xksjk rj nqljk O;Drh Bsax.kk vkf.k lkogk vlrks ;kyk ns[khy fo"kerk EgVys tkrs- ijarw ;kl kjhfjd fo"kerk Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- rj gh tuerk% vlysyh 'kkjhfjd fo"kerk gks;- ;k fo"kerspk vkf.k vkf.k lkekftd fo"kerspk dks.krkgh lca/k ukgh myv kkjhfjd fo kerk vlysy;k O;Drhauk lektkr leku ekuys tkrs vkf.k R;kaP;k kh lerspk O;ogkj dsyk tkrks- ;ko#u Li"V gksrs dh] kkjhfjd fo"kerk vkf.k lkekftd fo"kerk ;kr Qjd vkgs- fulxzr% vlysy;k fhkuukrsyk fo"kerk ekuys tkr ukgh- lkekftd fo"kerk gh lektksn~hkfor vlrs- Eg.kts gh fo~"kerk ekuo fuehzr vkgs- lektkus dks.kr;k dk dkj.kkus gksbzuk] fuekz.k dsysyh fo"kerk gh lkekftd fo"kerk gks;- ;k fo"kersyk R;k lektkrhy ewy;s vkf.k izek.kdkaph eku;rk vlrs- Hkkjrkr tkrhp;k vk/kkjkoj lkekftd fo"kerk ikgyh tkrs- FkksMD;kr] Lkekftd fo"kerk Eg.kts lekt vkf.k lkektkrhy ijaijk] ewy;s vkf.k izek.kdk}kjk eku; dsysyh fo"kerk gks;- (Types of Social Inequality) izr;sd ns kkr lkekftd fo"kersps Lo#i,dlkj[ks ukgh- lkekftd fo"kersps vk/kkj ns[khy osxosxgs vkgsr- oxz] ntkz vkf.k lrrk ;k vk/kkjkoj ;kauh lkekftd fo"kersps iq<hy fru izdkj ikmys vkgsr- 1 (Inequality of Class) 2 (Inequality of Status) 3 (Inequality of Power) Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 1
2 ;k rhu izdkjp;k fo"kersisdh ntkzph fo"kerk tkrhp;k fo"kers kh laca/khr vkgsers] ntkz gk lektk}kjs fu/kkzjhr dsyk tkrks- Eg.kwu lkekftd ntkzp;k vk/kkjkoj th fo"kerk fuekz.k gkrs R;kl lkekftd fo"kerk Eg.krkr- Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkspk lekt kkl=h; n`"vhdksukrwu vh;kl dsy;kl vls vk<gwu ;srs dh] Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkk gh tkrho;olfksoj vk/kkjhr vkgs- tkrho;olfksf kok; Hkkjrh; lektkpk fopkj djrk ;sr ukgh- tkrho;olfkk gk Hkkjrh; lektkpk eqyhkqr vk/kkj vkgs- Eg.kwu tkfro;olfkk Eg.kts Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkk gks;- Caste System Hkkjrh; lekt gk ygku vfkok eksbk vkdkj vl.kkú;k vla[; xvkae/;s fohkkftr vkgs- izr;sd xv,dk fof k"v ukokus vksg[kyk tkrks- mnk- czkã.k] rsyh] dqahkkj] ejkbk dq.kch br;knh- ;k xvkauk tkrhp;k vk/kkjkoj fuekz.k >kysys xv Eg.ktsp tkfrxv vls lacksf/kys tkrs- Hkkjrh; lektkr tkrhaph,dw.k la[;k fdrh gs fuf pr lkax.ks vo?km vkgs- 2001&2002 e/;s dsanzljdkjus izfl) dsysy;k vf/klwpusuqlkj laiw.kz Hkkjrkr- 2]268 ekxkl tkrh ¼vks- ch- lh-½ vkgsr- Ekkxkl tkrhap;k la[;sr vuqlwfpr tkrhaph vkf.k lo.kz eku.kkú;k tkrhaph la[;k fegfoyh rj Hkkjrh; lektkr ikp gtkjkais{kk vf/kd tkrh vkgsr] vls er vh;kldkauh O;Dr dsys vkgs- Meaning of Caste gk ejkbh 'kcn ;k /kkrwiklwu cuysyk vkgs- R;kpk vfkz ^tue* vlk gksrks-,dkizdkjs tuekus izkir gks.kkjk lewg Eg.kts tkr gks;- tkrhyk baxzthe/;s ^Caste* Eg.krkr- ^Caste* gk baxzth kcn iksrqzxht ^Casta* 'kcnko:u cuyk vkgs- ^Casta* ;k iksrqzxht 'kcnkph O;RiRrh ^Castus* ;k ywvhu 'kcnkrwu >kyh- ^Castus* ;k 'kcnkpk vfkz oa'kkph 'kq/nrk vlk vkgs- ^Caste* gk 'kcn iksrqzxhtkauh oa'k 'kq/nrsyk mìs'kwu 1576 e/;s xksok eamgkp;k gqdweuke;kr izfke okijyk i.k tkrh gs oa'k 'kq/nrsps fun kkzd ukghtkrhpk vkf.k okaf kd 'kq/nrspk dks.krkp laca/k ukgh- rjh ns[khy ^tkrhyk* baxzthe/;s Ik;kZ;h 'kcn Eg.kwu ^Caste* gk 'kcn :< >kyktkfro;olfksps lekt kkl=h; fo ys"k.k djrkauk] MkW- ch- vkj- vkacsmdj uewn djrkr dh] ^^tkr gk 'kcn leku ntkzpk ukgh- tkr vlekutsoj vk/kkjhr vkgs-,d tkr nqlú;k tkrhp;k rqyusr mpp fdaok dfu"b vkgs- vkf.k e/ky;k tkrh ;k mpp tkrhis{kk dfu"b o dfu"b tkrhis{kk mpp vkgsr tkrh i/nr gh,d Js.kh i/nr vlwu R;kr mpp tkrhyk vxzøe vkf.k dfu"b tkrhyk brjkais{kk U;wuØe fegrksv kkizdkjs Hkkjrh; lektkps osxosxg;k tkrhr fohkktu >kys vkgs- lektkps osxosxg;k tkrhr >kysys gs fohkktu Eg.kts,d izdkjps lkekftd lrjhdj.k gks;- ijarw gs Lrjhdj.k O;DrhP;k xq.k vkf.k dr`zrokp;k vk/kkjkoj ulwu rs O;DrhP;k tkrhoj Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 2
3 vk/kkjysys vkgs- O;DrhPkk tue T;k tkrhr >kyk] R;k tkrhpk ntkz O;Drhyk fegrks- O;Drhyk tkr cnyfork ;sr ukgh- R;keqGs O;Drhpk ntkz lq/nk cnyr ukgh- Eg.kwup tkrh O;oLFksoj vk/kkjhr vlysys gs Lrjhdj.k can Lo:ikps Lrjhdj.k vkgs- ¼Definition½ 1 ¼Dr.B.R. Ambedkar½ ^^cfgxzr fookg ca/kukoj varxzr fookg ca/kukps opzlo izlfkkfir gks.ks Eg.kts tkrhph fufezrh gks;- tkr gh,d can >kysyk oxz gks;- ¼The super position of endogamy on exogamy means the creation of cast. Cast is enclosed class. Dr B.R. Ambedkar½ 2 ¼Charles Cooley½ ^^tsogk oxz vkuqoaf kdrsp;k rrokoj vk/kkjysyk vlrks rsogk vki.k R;kyk tkr Eg.kw 'kdrks**- 3 ¼Dr Karve½ ^^folr`r laca/k vl.kkjk varxzr fookg lewg Eg.kts tkr gks;**- 4 ¼Maclver½ ^^tsogk ntkz iw.kzi.ks iwozfu/kkzfjr vlrks vkf.k nsokus fegkysy;k ;k ntkzr cny dj.;kph dks.krhgh vk kk ulrs rsogk oxz tkrhps vr;kafrd Lo:Ik /kkj.k djrks**- 5 % ^^tkr,d can oxz gks;**- ¼^Caste is closed class Dr. Majumdar and Dr. Madan½ 6 ¼Dr. S. V. Ketkar½ % ^^tkr gk,d lkekftd lewg vlwu R;kph nksu osf k V;s vkgsr- 1 T;kps iwozt T;k xvkps lnl; gksrs R;kauk R;kp tkrhps lnl;ro izkir gksrs- 2 lnl;kauk leqgkp;k ckgsj fookg dj.;kl ijokuxh ulrs**- ;kap;k ojhy O;k[;kao:u tkr Eg.kts dk; gs Li"V gksrs- FkksMD;kr] tkr gk,d varxzrfookgh xv vlwu R;kps lnl;ro gs dsog tuekusp izkir gksrs- vkf.k izr;sd tkrhpk ntkz gk Js"B fdaok dfu"b vlrks- Characteristic of Caste ¼Dr.N.K.Datta½ ;kauh tkrhph O;k[;k u djrk tkrhph lgk osf k"v;s ^Origin and Growth of Castes in India* ¼1931½ ;k xzafkkr Li"V dsyh vkgsrsz ;kauh ns[khy tkrhph O;k[;k dsyh ukgh- dkj.k tkrhp;k O;k[;sr loz Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 3
4 osf k"v;kapk lekos k dj.ks dbh.k vkgs gs y{kkr?ksåu R;kauh ^Caste and Class in India* ;k xzafkkr tkrhph,dw.k lgk osf k"v;s Li"V dsyhr- ;kauh tkrhp;k lajpukred vkf.k lalfkkred v kk nksugh cktwapk fopkj d:u tkrhph osf k"v;s fo"kn dsyhr- ;k osf k"v;kao:u tkrhps Lo:i Li"V gksrs- Eg.kwu MkW- /kq;sz ;kauh lkaxhrysyh osf k"v;s ghp tkrhph osf k"v;s ekurk ;srhy- tkrhph osf k"v;s iq<hyizek.ks- 1 ¼Segmental Division of Society½ ;kap;k ers] ir;sd tkr gh lkekftd ntkzoj vk/kkjysyk lewg vkgs- izr;sd tkrhph,d Lora= vkf.k osf k"v;iw.kz thoui/nrh vkgs- frpk,d Lora= vlk O;olk; vkgs- vk/kqfud dkgki;zar O;Drhyk vkiy;k tkrhpkp O;olk; dj.ks vfuok;z gksrs- vkrk v kh ifjflfkrh ukgh- rfkkfi tkrhps lnl;ro gs tuekusp fegrs- O;Drhpk T;k tkrhr tue >kyk vlsy R;kp tkrhp;k fu;ekuqlkj O;Drhyk thou txkos ykxrs- ;ke/;s O;Drhyk xq.k] dr`zrokp;k vk/kkjkoj vkiyh tkr cnyfork ;sr ukgh- 2 ¼Hierarchy½ lkekftd Lrjhdj.kkpk vh;kl djrkauk Js"B&dfu"Brk ;k osf k"v;kapkk vki.k fopkj dsyk vkgs- tkrho;olfkk gk ns[khy lkekftd Lrjhdj.kkpk,d izdkj vkgs- R;keqGs tkrho;olfksr lq/nk Js"B&dfu"Brk vk<grs- loz tkrhpk lkekftd ntkz lkj[kk ulrks- iwohz tkrh&i/nrhe/;s ^czkeg.k* tkr lokzr ofj B ekuy;k tkr vlsckdhp;k loz tkrh ;k czkeg.k tkrhis{kk dfu"b rj vli` ;kais{kk Js"B ekuy;k tkr vlrtkrho;oklfksph,d egrokph xks V Eg.kts izr;sd tkr [kkyp;k tkrhis{kk Js"B vkf.k ojp;k tkrhis{kk dfu"b vlrs- 3 ¼Restrictions on Social Intercoures and Feeding½ osxosxg;k tkrhp;k yksdkauh ijlijkacjkscj dks.kr;k Lo:ikps laca/k Bsokosr vfkok O;ogkj djkok ;k laca/khps fganw /kekzr fuf pr v kk izdkjps fu;e vlysys vk<grkr- iwohz dpps vuu o idds vuu vls vuukps nksu izdkj ekuys tkrdks.kr;k tkrhus nqlú;k dks.kr;k tkrhdmwu dpps fdaok idds vuu?;k;ps ukgh ;klaca/khps fu;e Hkkjrkr tog tog loz= vk<grkr- iwohz tkrh fu;ekuqlkj ojp;k tkrhrhy yksd R;kaP;kis{kk FkksM;k izek.kkr dfu B vl.kkú;k tkrhp;k yksdkadmwu idds vuu iwohz?ksr ulr- cnyr;k lkekftd ifjflfkrheqgs ca/kus f kffky >kysyh vk<grkr- 4 ¼Social and religious Disabilities and Previleges½ tkrho;olfksr dkgh tkrh Js B rj dkgh tkrh dfu"b ekuy;k tkr gksr;k- Js"B dfu"brsp;k vk/kkjko:u R;k tkrhp;k yksdkapk lkekftd ntkz fuf pr gksr- ;k Js"B&dfu"Brk dfu"brsuqlkj tkrhaps lektke/;s LFkku] fo ks"kkf/kdkj Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 4
5 vkf.k ;ksx;rk fuf pr Ogk;P;k dfu"b tkrhrhy O;Drhauk lektkr dks.krsp LFkku uogrsbrdsp uogs rj R;kauk lkekftd vkf.k /kkfezd vf/kdkjkaiklwu oafpr Bsoys gksrs- /kkfezd ckcrhr dfu"b tkrhauk v;ksx; ekuys gksrs- 'kqnzkauk osnkaps v/;;u djrk ;sr uogrs- R;kauk /kkfezd fo/kh dj.;kph ijokuxh uogrh- czkeg.kkp;k gkrwu fdrhgh xafhkj Lo:ikpk xqugk?kmyk rjh czkeg.kkyk nsgkarkph f k{kk fnyh tkr uogrh- ojh"b tkrhauk mpp lkekftd LFkku vkf.k dkgh fo ks"kkf/kdkj ns.;kr vkys gksrs- 5 ¼Restrictions on Marriage½ tkrho;olfksp;k fu;ekuqlkj O;Drhyk vkiy;kp tkrhe/;s fookg djkok ykxs- brj tkrhp;k O;fDr kh fookglaca/k tksm.;kl ldr eukbz gksrh-,dk tkrhp;k dkgh mitkrh vlrkr- ;k mitkrhrhy yksd vkiy;kp mitkrhr fookg djk;ps-,dkp tkrhp;k nqlú;k mitkrh fookg dj.;koj lq/nk fucza/k gksrsvkiy;k tkrh fdaok mitkrh f kok; nqlú;k tkrh vfkok mitkrhap;k yksdka kh osokfgd laca/k Bso.ks fuf k/n gksrs- rks,d lkekftd xqugk gksrk vlk xqugk dj.kkú;k O;Drhyk f k{kk ns.;kpk vf/kdkj tkrh iapk;rhyk gksrk- nqlú;k tkrhr fookg dj.kkú;k O;Drhoj cfg"dkj Vkdyk tk;pk- 6 ¼Lack of Unrestricted Choice of Occupation½ izr;sd tkrhpk,d fof k"v O;olk; Bjysyk gksrk- rks ijaijkxr i/nrhus,dk fi<hdmwu nqlú;k fi<hdms tk;pk- izr;sd O;Drhyk vkiy;k tkrhpk ijaijkxr O;olk;p djkok ykxr gksrkvkiy;k vkomh&fuomhuqlkj fdaok xq.korrsuqlkj O;olk; fuom.;kps Lokra«; tkrho;olfksr uogrs- Eg.ktsp O;Drhyk vkiy;k bpnsuqlkj dks.krkgh O;olk; dj.;kps Lokra«; uogrstkrhpk tks dks.krk ijaijkxr O;olk; vlsy rksp O;oklk; R;k tkrhp;k yksdkauk djkok ykxs- 7 ¼Based of Religion½ Hkkjrkrhy tkrho;olfkspk vk/kkj gk fganw/kez gks;- tkrho;olfksp;k fu;ekaps ikyu dj.ks Eg.kts /kekzps ikyu dj.ks gks; vls letys tk;ps- /kekzp;k vk/kkjkojp Hkkjrkrhy tkrho;oklfkk etcwr >kyh- tkrhp;k fu;ekaps myya?ku dj.ks gs v/kkfezd d`r; ekuys tkrs- fganw /kezxzafkke/;s izr;sd O;Drhus vkiy;k tkrhuqlkj O;olk; dsyk ikfgts- ;k laca/khps vusd myys[k vk<grkr- Hkkjrh; lekt osxosxg;k tkrhp;k lewgke/;s fohkkxyk xsyk vkgs- Js"B&dfu"Brk gs tkrhps,d egrokps osf k"v; vkgs- tkfro;olfksr loz tkrhapk ntkz leku ulrks- czkeg.k gh tkr loz tkfrais{kk Js"B eku.;kr vkyh] rj vli` ; tkfrapk ntkz lokzr [kkypk vkgsczkeg.k tkr oxgy;kl çr;sd tkr gh dks.kr;krjh tkrhis{kk Js"B vkf.k brj tkfris{kk dfu"b vlrs- tkfro;olfksps,d vh;kld vkf.k Fkksj lekt kkl=k Li"Vi.ks çfriknu djrkr dh] Þtkrh ;k ntkzckcr leku ukghr- R;kapk dze gk Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 5
6 fo"kersoj vk/kkjhr vkgs-ß (caste are not equal in status,their order is base on inequality) ;ko#u gs Li"V gksrs dh tkfrph lajpuk gh fo"kersoj vk/kkjhr vkgs-,dk tkrhps yksd nqlú;k tkrh kh osokfgd laca/k Bsow 'kdr uogrs- çr;sd tkr gh varfozokgh gksrh Eg.kts O;fDrps fookg laca/k gs vkiy;k tkrhe/;sp Ogk;ps- nqlú;k tkrh kh fookg laca/k Bso.ks tkrhp;k vkf.k /kekkzp;k fo#) gksrs- Tkkrhph lajpuk gh eqgkr fo"kersoj vk/kkjhr vkgs- v kh gh tkrho;olfkk Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkspk vk/kkj vkgs- Eg.kwu Hkkjrh; lekto;olfksph lajpuk fo"kerkf/k"bhr vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkrhy lkekftd fo"kerk u"v djk;ph vlsy rj tkfro;olfkk lewg u"v dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- tkrho;olfkk gh fo"kersoj vk/kkjhr vkgs- R;kewGs tkrhp;k xq.kkais{kk tkrhps nks"kp vf/kd vkgsr- Hkkjrh; lektkr tkrhhksn fdaok tkrh fo"kerk,d Qkj eksbh lkekftd lel;k vkgs- tkrho;olfkseqgs Hkkjrh; lektkr fofo/k iz u fuekz.k >kys vkgsr- Lokra=] lerk] ca/kqrk vkf.k U;k; ;k ekufo ewy;kapk vhkko tkfro;olfksr vly;kewgs 'kqnz vkf.k vli` ; yksdkap;k ekuoh vf/kdkjkaps guu >kys- tkfrokn] vliq ;Rkk] lkekftd 'kks"ku br;knh vusd lel;k tkfrhksnkewgs fuekz.k >ky;kr- tkfrhksnkewg,sd la?k vlk Hkkjrh; lekt fuekz.k gkså 'kdyk ukgh O;Drh vkf.k lkekftd fodklke/;s tkrhhksn Qkj eksbk vmfkgk cuyk vkgs- 1 (Lack of Human Values) O;DrhP;k lokzaxhu fodkl gks.;kdfjrk eqyhkwr ekuoh vf/kdkjkaph vko ;Drk vlrs- O;Drhyk fodkl dj.;kdjhrk Lokra=] leku la/kh] U;k; ;k ekuoh ewy;kaph xjt vlrs- tsogk lektkr gh ekuoh ewy; vlrkr] rsogk lektkrhy izr;sd O;Drhyk fodkl dj.;kph la/kh fegrs- vkf.k O;Drhxr fodklkcjkscjp lkekftd fodkl ns[khy?kmwu ;srks- ijarq tkrho;olfksr ;k ekuoh ewy;kapk iw.kzr% vhkko vkgs- vkt laiw.kz txkr ekuorkoknkph tksikluk dsyh tkrs- ijarw tkrhhksnkewgs Hkkjrkr ekuorkokn #tw 'kdyk ukgh- ekuoh ewy;kapk vhkko vlus gk tkrhpk lokzr eksbk nks"k vlwu tkrhhksnkewgs ekuoh ewy;kapk vhkkoh lel;k fuekz.k >kyh vkgs- 2 (Lack of Equal Social and Religious Rights) tkrho;olfksus mpp tkrhauk lkekftd vkf.k /kkfezd gdd iznku dsysr- mpp tkrhauk dkgh fo ks"k /kkfezd gdd lw/nk lq/nk vkgsr- ijarw cgwla[;kad vlysy;k dfu"vtkrhp;k yksdkauk lkekftd vkf.k /kkfezd gddkaiklwu oaphr Bsoys vkgsbrdsp uogsr rj dfu"b tkrhoj vusd lkekftd vkf.k /kkfezd vik=rk ykn.;kr vky;kr- loz tkrhpk,dp /kez vlrkauk ns[khy dfu"b tkrhp;k yksdkauk /kkfezd fo/kh osfnd i/nrhus dj.;kpk vf/kdkj lw/nk ukdkj.;kr vkyk gksrk- gddkaiklwu oaphr Bsoys vkgs- Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 6
7 3 (Hindrance to Social Progress) tkrhhksn gk O;Drhxr fodklkyk ck/kd vkgs- R;kpizek.ks lkekftd fodklklkbh i.k ck/kd vkgstkfruh;ekapk O;Drhoj fo ks"k izhkko vlrks- R;kewGs rs ijaijk] #<h fo okl vkf.k ladsrkps fuewvi.ks ikyu djrkr- tkfrfu;ekap;k osxghxks"v djh;yk rs r;kj ulrkr-,drj tkrhps laldkj vkf.k nqljh xks"v Eg.kts tkrhcfgld`r dj.;kph Hkhrh] ;kewgs ufou xks"v dj.;kl rs r;kj ulrkr- FkksMD;kr] tkfro;olfkk gh lkekftd fodklkl ck/kd vkgs fo ks"kr% dfu"b tkrh vkf.k vli` ;kapk lkekftd fodkl tkrhhksnkewgs gkså 'kdyk ukgh- 4 (Lack of Social Mobility) tkrho;olfksr lkekftd xrh khyrspk iw.kzi.ks vhkko vk<grks- O;Drhyk tuekp;k vk/kkjkoj tkrhps lhkkl;ro fegrs- vkf.k tkrhuqlkj lkekftd ntkz fegrks- dks.kr;kfg ifjflfkrhr O;Drhyk tkr cnyfhrk ;sr ukgh- R;kewGs R;kpk lkekftd ntkz gk flfkj vlrks- vkiyk fodkl Ogkok] ntkz cnykok vls O;Drhyk okvys rjh tkrhp;k dmd fucza/kkewgs gs 'kd; gksr ukghtkfrhksnkewgs dfu"b tkrhrhy cq/nheku yksdkauk lw/nk mpp tkrhpk lkekftd ntkz izkir gkst ukgh- tkfrhksnkewgs dfu"b tkrhp;k yksdkap;k fodklkps vkf.k xfr khyrsps loz ekxz can dsys vkgsr- tkr gh can Lrjhdj.kkph O;oLFkk vkgs- Eg.kwu Hkkjrh; lektkr xrh khyrk vk<gwu ;sr ukgh- 5 (Hindrance to Economice Development) tkrhewgs lektkr JefoHkktu?kMwu vkys- gs Je fohkktu O;DrhP;k xq.k vkf.k dks ky;kp;k vk/kkoj >kysys ukgh- dkgh egrokps O;olk; Js"B tkrhauk ns.;kr vkys- rj dfu"b O;olk; dfu"b tkrhoj ykn.;kr vkys- O;olk;kph fuf prh tkrhp;k vk/kkjkoj dj.;kr vkyh vly;kewgs lektkr vkffkzd fodkl?kmfo.;kp;k n`"vhus dks.krhgh vuwdwy ifjflfkrh tkrho;olfksus fuekz.k gkså nhyh ukgh- Eg.kwu Hkkjrh; lektkpk vkf.k fo ks"kr% ekxkl tkrhapk vkffkzd fodkl gkså 'kdyk ukgh- 6 (Untochability) ^vli` lrk* gh tkrho;olfksph fuehzrh vkgs- tkrho;olfksr dkgh vli` ; tkrh vkgsr- ;k tkrhp;k yksdkauk Li kz gks.ks v/kez ekuyk tkrks- vli` ; tkrhp;k yksdkaoj vusd vik=rk ykn.;kr vky;k gksr;k- vli` ; yksdkauk eqyhkwr ekuoh vf/kdkjkiklwu oafpr Bso.;kr vkys gkrs- MkW- ch- vkj- vkacsmdj ;kap;k ers] vktgh ns kkrhy vli` kkaph ifjflfkrh vfr k; fonkjd vkgs- dsog tkrhhksnkewgs lel;k fuekz.k >kkyh vkgs- 7 (Casteism) izr;sd O;Drhps lkekftdj.k gs R;kP;k tkrhuqlkj gksr vlrsmppk tkrhps yksd Lor%yk Js"B letrkr- vkf.k dfu"b tkrhp;k yksdkauk rqpn ekurkr- O;DrhP;k fu"bk g;k R;kpk tkrhiwjr;kp e;kznhr vlrkr- R;kewGs izr;sd O;Drhyk vkiy;k Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 7
8 tkrhpk vfhkeku okvrks- O;Drh vkiy;k tkrhp;k fgrkapkp fopkj djrs- ;krwup tkrhokn fuekz.k gksrks- vkt Hkkjrkrhy 'ks{kf.kd] vkffkzd] lkekftd] jktdh; br;knh lozp {ks=kr tkrhokn cksdkgyk vkgs- tkrhhksnkewgs tkrhoknkph,d Toyar lel;k fuekz.k >kyh vkgs- 8 ª (Himdrance to National Integration) tkfro;olfkseqgs ns kkrhy yksdkaps 'ksdmks tkrhe/;s fohkktu >kys vkgs- tkrhewgs O;Drh vkiy;k tkrhiwrhz e;kznhzr gksrs- O;Drhyk vkiy;k tkrhpkk lewg gkp egrokpk okvrks- R;kewGs tkrh&tkrhps Lora= lewg fuekz.k >kysr- R;kaP;k fu"bk g;k tkrhiwjr;kp e;kznhr jkfgy;k- tkrhhksnkewgs R;kaP;kr jk"vªh; Hkkouspk fodkl gkså 'kdyk ukgh- Eg.kwu vkiy;k ns kkr jk"vªh;,sdkrekrspk vhkko vkgs- 9 (Dictatorship of Upper Castes) tkfro;olfksph fuehzrh gh izkew[;kus mpp tkrhps laj{k.k dj,;klkbh >kyh vkgs- tkrho;olfkk fg mpp tkrhp;k lqjf{krsph <ky vkgs- Eg.kwup mpp tkrhp;k fgrkps vusd fu;e vkgsr- rj fdfu"b tkrhp;k yksdkauh d/khp izxrh d# u;s] R;kauh mpp tkrhps xqyke cuwu jkgkos] Eg.kwu R;kaP;koj vusd fucza/k dsog tkrhhsknkewgs ykn.;kr vkysr- mpp tkrhp;k yksdkaps xqyke cuwu jgkosr v kk izdkjph dk;e O;oLFkk tkrho;olfks}kjs fuekz.k dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- 10 (Caste Conflict) loz tkrhpk ntkz leku ukgh- T;k tkrh mpp vkgsr R;k tkrhp;k yksdkauh vkiy;k mpp tkrhpk vfhkeku vlrks- vkf.k dfu"btkrhp;k yksdkafo"k;h?k`.ksph Hkkouk vlrs- dfu"b tkrhp;k yksdkaoj rs lrr vu;k; djrkr- R;kaph okjaokj vogsyuk dsyh tkrs- mpp tkrhps ykisd vkiy;koj vu;k; djrkr gh Hkkouk dfu"b tkrhp;k yksdkae/;s vlarks"k fuekz.k djrs- Hkkjrkr tkrh la?kz"kkzph 'ksdmks mnkgj.ks vk<gwu ;srkrv';kizdkjs tkrhhksnkewgs vusd lkekftd iz u fuekz.k >kys vkgsr- tkrhhksnkewgs vusd lkekftd] lkald`rhs] vkffkzd] /kkfezd] 'ks{kf.kd] jktdh; vkf.k jk"vhª; lel;k fuekz.k >ky;k vkgsr- tkrho;olfkk vkf.k R;k vuq"kaxkus fuekz.k >kysyk tkrhhksn gk vusd lkekftd lel;kaph tuuh vkgs- ;kps izew[k dkj.k Eg.kts fgsnw /kekzph tkrho;olfksyk vlysyh eku;rk gks;- 1 baxztkauh Hkkjrkr vk/kqfud f k{k.kkpk ik;k?kkryk- baxzt 'kklukus vusd 'kkgk vkf.k egkfo ky;s lq# d#u ik PkkR; f k{k.kkl çkjahk dsyk- ;k 'kkgk vkf.k egkfo ky;kr loz tkrh vkf.k tekrhp;k eqykauk ços k fnyk tk;pk- baxztkauh tkrh çfksl fojks/k dsyk gksrk- çr;{k baxzt 'kklukus loz tkrh vkf.k tekrh vkf.k /kekzp;k eqykauk f k{k.kkph nkjs [kqyh dsyhr- R;keqGs tkrh O;oLFksoj [kqi eksbk vk?kkr >kyk- Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 8
9 2 f k{k.kkp;k çlkjkcjkscjp oskkfud Kkukpk vkf.k olrqfu"b fopkjkapk çlkj gkså ykxyk- osxosxg;k tkrhp;k yksdka kh O;ogkj dsy;kl dks.krkgh v/kez gksr ukgh- ijaijkxr #<h] ijaijk vkf.k va/kj)k ;kauk fokkukpk dks.krkgh vk/kkj ukgh- myv R;keqGs lkekftd çxrh e/;s eksbk vmfkgk fuekz.k >kyk- gs lqf k{khr yksdkauk dgw ykxys- R;keqGs yksdkauh tkrhfu;ekadms nqyz{k dsys- 3 vk/kqfud dkgkr tkrho;olfksr ifjorzu?kmowu vk.k.;ke/;s vks ksfxdhdj.kkps nsf[ky fo ks"k ;ksxnku vkgs- 19O;k 'krdkiklqu Hkkjrkr vks ksfxdhdj.kkl lq#okr >kyh- vks ksfxdhdj.kkp;k fodklkcjkscj vusd çdkjps fodkl vflrrokr vkys- vk/kqfud dkgkr tkfrçfksuqlkj JefoHkktu fdaok O;olk;kps fohkktu dj.ks v kd; gksrs- loz tkrhps yksd,d= dke d# ykxys- dkj[kkus] fxj.;k fdaok 'kkldh; dk;kzy;kr loz tkfrps yksd dke djhr vly;keqgs tkrhps ca/k.ks f kffky >kyhr- 4 vks ksfxdhdj.kkcjkscjp Hkkjrkr ukxfjdj.k?kmwu vkys- ns kkrhy 'kgjkapk vkdkj vkf.k yksdla[;k ok<w ykxyh- 'kgjkr fofo/k tkrh] tekrh] /kez vkf.k lald`rhps yksd jkgrkr- R;keqGs ukxjh ftoukr tkfrfu;ekaps ikyu dj.ks v kd; vlrsfofo/k tkrh] /kez vkf.k laldqrhp;k yksdkaps O;olk; vkf.k brj fofo/k dkj.kkaeqgs ikjlikjhd laca/k fuekz.k >kysr- v kkçdkjs ukxfjdj.kkeqgs tkfro;olfksr fo ks"k ijhorzu?kmwu vkys- 5 vks ksfxdhdj.k vkf.k ukxjhdj.k ;keqgs okgrqd vkf.k lapkkj lk/kukr ok< >kyh- çoklkr [kk.ks&fi.ks vkf.k brj ckcrhr tkfrfu;ekaps ikyu dj.ks v kd; gksrs- okgrwdhp;k lk/kukacjkscj jsfmvks] iqlrds] orzekui=s br;knh lans kokgdkap;k lk/kukaeqgs yksdkap;k fopkjke/;s ifjorzu?kmowu vk.k.;kl cjhp enr >kyh- 6 iqohz Hkkjrkr QDr ikjaikjhd O;olk; gksrs vkf.k gs O;olk; tkrhap;k vk/kkjkoj fuf pr gksrs- ijarw vks ksfxd çxrheqgs vusd uohu O;olk; fuekz.k >kysr- gs O;olk; dks.kr;k fof k"v tkrhps uogrs- osxosxg;k tkrhap;k yksdkauh gs O;olk; flodkjysr-,dp O;olk; vusd tkrh] /kekzps yksd d# ykxys- R;keqGs ;k uo;k O;olk;kpk vk/kkj tkrh uogr;k- xq.k] dks ky; gs O;olk;kps vk/kkj vkgsr- R;keqGs O;olk;kP;k n`"vhus tkrhps vlysys egro laiq"vkr vkys- 7 IkkPkkR; f k{k.kkp;k çlkjkeqgs Hkkjrh; yksd ;sfkhy çfkk] ijaijsps rqyukred v/;;u d# ykxys- Hkkjrkr tkfro;olfkk] vli` ;rk ;kalkj[;k dkyckg; çfkk vly;kps lqf k{khr yksdkap;k y{kkr vkys- R;keqGs 19O;k vkf.k 20O;k 'krdkr vusd Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 9
10 lektlq/kkjd >kysr- R;kauh tkfrçfkk] vli` ;rk vkf.k brj vusd dkyckg; çfkkauk fojks/k dsyk- Egkjk"Vªkr ;kauh dfu"b tkrh vkf.k vli` ;kae/;s ¼'kqnkzfr kqnz½ f k{k.kkpk izlkj dj.;klkbh kkgk m?kmy;k- R;kauh tkrho;olfkk vkf.k vliq ;rk u"v dj.;klkbh ^lr; kks/kd lektkrqsz lkekftd pgog lq# dsyh- ;kuh ns[khy mpp tkrhph edrsnkjh u"v dj.;klkbh 1902 e/;s czkgî.ksrrj tkrhlkbh vkj{k.k lq# dsys] uh tkfro;olfkk vkf.k vli` ;rsps fuezwyk dj.;klkbh fo ks"k pgog lq# dsyh- 8 vk/kqfud dkgkr yksd kkghpk loz= Lohdkj dj.;kr vkyk- Lokra=] lerk] ca/kqrk vkf.k U;k; ;k ekuoh eqy;kauk yksd kkghr fo ks"k egro vkgstkrho;olfkk gh ekuoh eqy;kap;k fojks/kh vkgs yksd kkghe/;s loz yksdkauk leku vf/kdkj vkgs- dq.khgh tuer% Js"B vkf.k dfu"b vlw 'kdr ukgh- fodkl dj.;kph lokzuk leku la/kh fnyh tkrs- O;fDr vkiy;k xq.k vkf.k drz`rokp;k vk/kkjkoj eksbk gksr vlrks- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; fegky;kuarj yksd kkgh i)rhpk flodkj dj.;kr vkyk- R;keqGs Hkkjrh; lektkr yksd kkgh eqy;kauk fo ks"k egro çkir >kys- yksd kkgh eqy;kaeqgs tkfro;olfksr ifjorzu?kmqu vkys- 9 tkfro;olfkspk lkekftd ftoukoj vfr k; okbzv ifj.kke >kyk- gs y{kkr?ksåu kklukrqsz fo ks"k ç;ru dj.;kr vkys- baxzt ljdkjus 1850 e/;s fookgkrhy tkrhca/ku fuewzyukpk dk;nk dsyk- R;kuarj osxosxgs dk;ns d:u baxztkauh tkfrçfkseqgs fuekz.k >kysyh fo"kerk nwj dj.;kpk ç;ru dsyk- 17 O;k dyekuqlkj tkrho;olfksrwu fuekz.k >kysyh vli` ;rk u"v dj.;kr vkyh- kklukus &1954] &1955 br;knh vusd dk;ns dsys- tkrhizfkk vkf.k tkrhhskn u"v dj.;klkbh dk; kph ekghrh yksdkauk koh- rlsp kklukus ;k dk; kph ;ksx; vaeyctko.kh djkoh- 10 tksi;zar yksdkae/;s ospkjhd ifjorzu gksr ukgh] rks I;Zar R;kaP;k eukrhy tkrhhksnkph Hkkouk u V gks.kkj ukgh- Eg.kwu yksdkae/;s ospkjhd ifjorzu?kmowu vk.k.;klkbh ookzl=s] ifjlaokn] br;knhaps lrr vk;kstu dsys ikfgts- yksdkapks izcks/ku dj.;kp;k lanhkkzr xkokr vkf.k 'kgjkr lfer;k LFkkiu d#u ;k lfer;krqsz lkekftd izcks/kukps dk;zøe vk;ksftr djkos- lkekftd izcks/kukrwu yksdkae/;s ospkfjd ifjorzu dsy;kl R;kaP;k eukrhy tkfrhksnkph Hkkouk nwj gkså 'kdsyv'kkizdkjs tkrhhksn u"v dj.;klkbh fofo/k mik; vkgsr- ;k mik;kaph ;ksx; vaeyctko.kh gks.ks vko ;d vkgs- lkekftd dk;zdrsz] jktdh; usrs] f k{kd] izk/;kid vkf.k fo kf;kzauh tkrhhksn u"v dj.;klkbh izkekf.kd iz;ru dsys rj Hkkjrkrhy tkrhhksnkph lel;k u"v gks.;kl osg ykx.kkj ukgh- Sociology 5 th Sem. Unit-1 Part 1 10