Ikzdj.k 1 ys iapokf kzd ;kstukiwoz dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph flfkrh

Transkript

1 Ikzdj.k 1 ys iapokf kzd ;kstukiwoz dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph flfkrh 1

2 Ikzdj.k 1 ys iapokf kzd ;kstukiwoz dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph flfkrh 1 izlrkouk 2- la kks/ku ladyiuk 3- la kks/kukph mfn Vs; & 4 Xk`ghrds & 5- la kks/ku i/nrh& 6- Lak kks/kukph O;kIrh %& 7 la kks/kukph eksfydrk & 8- lkfgr;kps voyksdu 9- ejkbokm;kph,sfrgkfld ik ozhkweh 10- ejkbokm;krhy ftygs 11- iapokf kzd ;kstukiwoz dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph flfkrh 12- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph lkekftd flfkrh 13- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph ks{kf.kd flfkrh 14- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph vkffkzd flfkrh 15- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph jktdh; flfkrh 16- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph lkald`frd flfkrh 17-lekjksi 2

3 1izLrkouk Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkse/;s fl=;akuk lrr nq ;elfkkuh Bso.;kph O;oLFkk dj.kkjk,d osf k V;iq.kZ vkd`rhca/k vki.kkl fbdfbdk.kh igko;kl fegrks- ;k lkekftd jpukuqdzekeqgs Hkkjrh; fl=;k ks{kf.kd] lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktdh; brdsp uogs rj ekufld Lokra«;kP;kgh ijh?kkckgsjp krdkuq krds thou txr jkfgy;k- fl=;kuka fodkl izdh;spk,d psruk{ke?kvd gks.;kph la/kh u fegky;keqgs iq# klrrkd lektkp;k fgrlaca/kkaps j{k.k o lao/kzu gksåu iq# klrrkk cgdv gks.;kps rkrdkyhu /;s; tjh lk/; >kys vlys rjh R;kps nh?kzdkyhu ifj.kke ns kkph fodklo;olfkk f[kgf[kgh gks.;kr >kys gs,sfrgkfld lr; vkgs- Hkkjrh; yksdla[;spk fueek Hkkx vlysy;k fl=;kauk lkekftd fo kerk tksikl.;klkbh fodklkp;k lozp izdkjp;k la/kh iklwu nwj Bsoys xsy;kewgs ns kkpk lexz fodkl gks.;kr vusd vmfkgs fuekz.k >kys- In the context of adopting human development as the ultimate goal of all our development efforts, empowerment of women gains priority of on the countnus development 1 dks.kr;kgh ns kkp;k lexz izxrhps eksteki dj.;kps L«khdsanzhr ifjek.k lkaxrkuk Hkkjrh;?kVusps f kyidkj o L=hlersps [kans iqldrsz HkkjrjRu MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj Eg.krkr dh] ß,[kkn;k ns kkph izxrh fdrh >kyh gs eh R;k ns kkrhy fl=;kaph izxrh fdrh >kyh ;ko:u eksftr vlrks 2 Hkkjrklkj[;k fodlu khy ns kkyk izxrhps gs L=h dsanzhr ifjek.k ykxq dsy;kl gkrh ;s.kkjs fu d kz vfr k; udkjkred vkgsr] dkj.k izkphu dkgkrhy L=hlRrkd dky[kamkpk viokn oxgrk lozp dkgkr fl=;kph ifjflfkrh izpam [kkykoysyh gksrh- 3

4 15 vkwxlv 1947 jksth fczvh kkap;k iznh?kz xqykefxjhrwu Hkkjr eqdr >kyk- 26 tkusokjh 1950 iklwu,d iztklrrkd jk Vª Eg.kwu txkp;k udk kkoj Hkkjrkus vkiys LFkku fuf pr dsys- txkry;k lokzr eksb;k yksd kkghpk drkz vl.kk&;k Hkkjrkus ns kkp;k fodklkph uoh O;wgjpuk vk[kyh-?kvusp;k lkjuke;ke/;sp Lokra«;] lerk ca/kqrk ;k rro=;hapk voyac d#u eqyhkwr gdd o drzo;akp;k vk/kkjs ukxfjdkap;k fgrj{k.kkph Xokgh?kVukdkjkauh fnyh- ßHkkjrh; jkt;?kvusp;k frl&;k Hkkxkr eqyhkwr vf/kdkjkaph ppkz dsysyh vkgs- R;ke/;s lekursp;k vf/kdkjkoj folr`r izdk k Vkdysyk vkgs- dye pksnk uqlkj jkt; dks.kr;kgh O;fDrl HkkjrkP;k jkt;{ks=kr dk; kiq<s lekurk vfkok dk; kps leku laj{k.k ukdkj.kkj ukgh-þ 3 ek= lekursph gh Xokgh fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh iqjs kh Bj.kkj ukgh fadok lekursp;k ukok[kkyh fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh fof k V iz;kstu dj.;klkbh vmp.kh ;s.;kph kd;rkgh ukdkjrk ;s.kkj ukgh- ;kpk fopkj d#u?kvusr fl=;kap;k fgrj{k.kkph o izlaxh R;klkBh fo ks k ;kstuk jkcfo.;kph rjrqngh?kvusp;k ia/kjko;k dyekr dsysyh vk<gwu ;srs- gs dye Eg.kts?kVukdkjkaP;k L«khlersP;k n` Vhps o nwjn` Vhpsp izfrd vkgs- tkr] /kez] oa k] fyax] tuelfkku ;kisdh dks.kr;kp?kvdkp;k vk/kkjs lekursyk ck/kk ;s.kkj ukgh ;kph n{krk?ksr vlrkukp dye 15 P;k frl&;k vuqpnsnkuqlkj vls lkax.;kr vkys vkgs dh] ß;k vuqpnsnkrhy dks.kr;kgh xks VheqGs fl=;k o ckyds ;kap;kdfjrk dks.krhgh fo ks k rjrqn dj.;kl jkt;kyk izfrca/k gks.kkj ukghþ 4 krdkuq krds udkjkred HksnHkkokP;k cgh BjysY;k fl=;kap;k muurhlkbh dye 15@3 uqlkj dsysyh gh ldkjkred HksnHkkokph rjrqn] fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh jkcfo.;kr ;s.kk&;k fofo/k fo ks k ;kstukapk ik;k Bjysyh vkgs- krdkuq krds vkffkzd ijkoyafcrokp;k] lkekftd #<h ijaijkp;k] ekufld U;quxaMkP;k pdzo;qgkr 4

5 xqjqvysy;k fl=;kauk R;keqGsp jk VªkP;k fodklizfø;sp;k Hkkxhnkj gks.;kph la/kh izkir >kyh- Lokra=;ksRrj dky[kamke/;s Hkkjrkus vkiy;k lokzaxh.k izxrhlkbh fu;kstu i/nrhpk flodkj dsyk- R;klkBh lu 1950 e/;s fu;kstu vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh o 1951 iklwu iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrqu fodklkpk fuf pr VIik xkb.;klkbh i/nr khj iz;rukauk izkjahk >kyk- iapokf kzd ;kstukae/kwu ksrh {ks=] xzkfe.k fodkl] flapu lks;h o iqj fu;a+=.k] mtkz] m?kksx o [kfut] okgrqd] ng.kog.k] kkl=s] ra=fo k o okrkoj.k]lkekftd lsok v kk fujfujkg;k ckchcjkscjp fl«k;kap;k fodklkphgh rjrqn dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- R;kek/;ekrqu fl=;kaps f k{k.k vkjksx; o dy;k.k ;klaca/khp;k fofo/k ;kstuk ns ko;kih Lo#ikr jkcfo.;kr ;srkregkjk Vª jkt;kph,d osxgh vksg[k ns kkp;k vksn;ksfxd fodklkckcr rj vkgsp ijarq,d izkxfrd jkt; Eg.kwu ns[khy rs lozifjphr vkgs- Qqys] kkgq] vkacsmdj ;kap;k ospkfjd okj kkrqu egkjk Vªkph lkekftd tm.k?km.k >kysyh vkgsvksn;ksfxd V;k izxr vlysy;k ;k egkjk Vª jkt;kr ek= vkffkzd fodkl loz= lkj[kkp vkgs vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh- egkjk Vkªr izkeq[;kus if pe egkjk Vª] dksd.k] fonhkz] ejkbokmk vkf.k [kkuns k vls fohkkx ;srkr- uslfxzd fofhkuursp;k vk/kkjs R;k R;k HkkxkP;k vkffkzd fodklkps ifjek.k cnyr vlrs vkf.k lgkftdp vkffkzd fodklkrwup rsfkhy lkekftd ] lkald`frd] ks{kf.kd] jktdh; lehdj.kkaph tqg.kh gksr vlrs- ;k ik ozhkwehoj fopkj djrk vki.kkl vls tk.kors dh egkjk Vª jkt;kp;k brj fohkkxkp;k rqyusr ejkbokmk gk fodklkp;k ckcrhr ekxs vkgsvo kz.k] nq dkg ;k fur;kp;k ladvkaeqgs ejkbokmk lrr vkffkzd vkf.kck.khp;k ifjflfkrhyk lkeksjs tkr vlrks gs,d oklro vkgs- R;kpcjkscj gs gh,d fl/n 5

6 >kkysys dvw lr; vkgs dh dsog dqavwckrhyp uogs rj jkt;krhy o izlaxh ns kkrhy vkffkzd foiuuolfkspk ifgyk cgh fl=;kp vlrkr- dqvawckrhy vkffkzd vkhkkokrwu thou txrkuk ifgy;kank fl=;kap;k xjtkauk dk=h ykoyh tkrs] ex rs f k{k.k vlks dh brj ckch- gkp U;k; tsogk egkjk Vzkrhy fl=;kap;k fodklkyk ykoyk tkrks rsogk lgkftdp gs fnlwu ;srs dh ejkbokm;krhy fl«k;k fodklkp;k ckcrhr uddhp ekxs vkgsr- ns ko;kih ikrghoj efgykap;k lokzafx.k fodklklkbh iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrwu fu/khph rjrqn dsyh tkrs- R;krwup fl=;kalkbh ns khkj fofo/k dy;k.kdkjh o fodklkred ;kstuk jkcfoy;k tkrkr vkf.k ;k ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrwup lozp fohkkxkrhy rgkxgkp;k fl=;kai;zar ykhk iksgpfo.;klkbh kklu iz;ruf ky vlrs- ;k lexz izdzh;se/;s fl=;k fdrh ltxi.ks ;k ;kstukapk ykhk?ksåu vkiyh lokzaxh.k izxrh lk/; d#u?ksrkr ;kojp R;k R;k fohkkxkrhy fl=;kap;k fodklkps eksteki dsys Tkkow kdrs- folko;k krdkp;k mrrjk/kkze/;s ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kap;k fodklke/;s iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrqu dj.;kr vkysy;k fofo/k fodklkred rjrqnhapk Qk;nk fdrir >kyk o dks.kr;k ;kstukap;k vk/kkjs >kyk ;kpk,sfrgkfld vk<kok?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- L=hlcyhdj.kklkBh vk[k.;kr vkysy;k O;wgjpusP;k ifjisz{;kr ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kap;k fodklkpk fopkj dj.ks vko ;d okvy;kkus lnj la ksk/kuklkbh ßHkkjrkrhy iapokf kzd ;kstuk vkf.k fl=;kapk fodkl,d,sfrgkfld vh;kl ejkbokm;kp;k fo ks k lanhkkzr b- l rs b-l-2002i;zar vlk fo k; fuomyk vkgsbfrgklkr mn;kl vkysy;k uoufou ys[ku izokgkauh bfrgklkps ikjaikfjd jktdh; #i cnywu R;kl lkekftd] vkffkzd ] lkald`frd ] /kkfezd] L=hoknh vls uouohu vk;ke fnys- R;keqGsp dsog y<k;k vkf.k jktoa kkph jktdh; djdhnz ;k,soth ekuoh thoukp;k ;k fofo/k vaxkkdms c?k.;kpk iz?kkr bfrgklys[kuk e/;s lq# >kyk- oafpr kks khrkapk bfrgkl] fl=;kapk bfrgkl ;kauh rj bfrgkl ys[ku 6

7 i/nrhe/;s,d dzakrhp?kmohyh P;k n kdke/;s L«khiz ukauktxhkj izpam eksbk vkokt izkir >kyk- ;kp ik ozhkwehoj Hkkjrh; fl=;kapk vkffkzd bfrgkl ;k n` Vhdksukrwu la kks/ku dj.ks vko ;d okvw ykxys o R;krwup lnj fo k; la kks/kuklkbh fuomyk- 2- la kks/ku ladyiuk & 2-1,sfrgkfld vh;kl & dh] izfl/n bfrgkldkj bz--,p- dkj ;kauh bfrgklkph O;k[;k djrkuk EgVys vkgs Histoy is a continues process of interaction between historian and its fact it is an 5 unending dialogue between past and present bfrgkl Eg.kts orzeku vkf.k HkwrdkG ;kap;krhy vfojr pky.kkjk laokn vlsy rj ekuoh izxrhpk lokzaxh.k vkys[k vki.kkl R;kP;k ek/;ekrwu letw kdrks- ekuoh thoukrhy vusd orzekudkyhu lel;kph mrrjs ksk/k.;klkbh HkwrdkGkyk R;kP;k rf;kap;k vk/kkjs cksyrs djkos ykxrs o R;klkBh,sfrgkfld vh;klkph vko ;drk vlrs- dks.kr;kgh,sfrgkfld?kvusps fdaok Hkkxkps izkfkfed lanhkzlk/kukp;k vkf.k rf;kap;k vk/kkjs olrqfu Bi.ks dsysys voyksdu o ekamysys fu d kz Eg.kts,sfrgkfld vh;kl gks; bfrgklke/;s fl=;kapk bfrgkl ;k uo;kus fuekz.k >kysy;k Kku kk[kspkk lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktdh;] lald`frd] /kkfezd vaxkuh fopkj dj.;kpk iz?kkr lq# >kysyk vkgs- iq# klrrkd lekto;olfksr fl=;k loz=p vn` ; jkfgysy;k vkgsr R;keqGsp bfrgklkrgh R;kaps oklro izfrfcac fnlw kdysys ukgh- krdkuq krds fl=;kaps iq# kkaojhy vkffkzd ijkoyachro gsp R;kaP;k nq;;erokps xed vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwup fl=;kap;k bfrgklkpk ;k vkffkzd n` Vhdksukrwu fopkj dj.ks dzeizkir Bjrs- lkizar lozp Kku kk[ke/kwu fl=;kap;k dr`zrokpk o ;ksxnkukpk vk<kok 7

8 ?ks.;kpk iz;ru gksrkuk fnlwu ;sr vkgs R;klkBh,sfrgkfld vh;klkph vko ;drk vkgs- 2-1 iapokf kzd ;kstuk Iakpokf kzd ;kstuk ;k ladyiuspk vfkz iq<hyizek.ks lkax.;kr vkysyk vkgs- Any plan for national economic or industrial development specifying goals to be reched within a period of five years especially as undertaken by the government of lndia Tkxfrd baxzth kcndks kkiqlkj iapokf kzd ;kstuk ;k ladyiuspk vfkz iq<hyizek.ks lkax.;kr vkysyk vkgs- 6 year A government plan for economic development over a period of five Iakpokf kzd ;kstuk ;k ladyiusr izkeq[;kus nksu?kvdkapk lekos k gksrks,d Eg.kts vkffkzd fu;kstu vkf.k nqljk?kvd Eg.kts fof k V dkye;kznk 2-2 fl=;k & 7 man an adult female human being distinguished by L=h fdaok efgyk Eg.kts iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k kkldh; dkxni=akuqlkj fl=;k fdaok efgyk ;k ladyiusps iq<hy izek.ks Li Vhdj.k ns.;kr vkysys vk<gwu ;srs fodkl izfdz;se/;s fl=;kaph oxzokjh iq<hyizek.ks dj.;kr ;srs- 1 ckfydk & 0rs 14 o ksz o;ksxv 2 fd kksjkolfksrhy eqyh & 15 rs 19o ksz o;ksxv 3 iqu#riknd o;krhy fl=;k &15 rs 44 o ksz o;ksxv 4 vkffkzd n` V;k ldzh; fl=;k & 15 rs 59 o ksz o;ksxv 8

9 8 o;ksxv 5 ts B fl=;k & 60 o kkziq<hy 2-3 fodkl & fodkl gh,d xfrf ky izdzh;k vlwu frph okvpky,[kk k lk/kkj.k fdaok vr;ar deh ntkzp;k ifjflfkrhdmwu izxr] ijhiw.kz rlsp,dkfred volfksdms gksr vlrs fodkl gh lkrr;kus pky.kkjh,d izfdz;k vlwu rh,d fuf pr fdaok lai.kkjh ckc ukgh R;keqGsp fodklkph O;k[;k djrkuk vls EgVys tkrs dh lkrr;iw.kz xrhf ky cnyakph izdh;k th ggwggw iq<s dze k% okvpky djr vlrs frykp fodkl vls Eg.krkr- O;Drh] lalfkk] jkt; fdaok ns k ;kauh Bjfoysyh fuf pr /;s; lk/; dj.;klkbh fodkl izdzh;k gs,d lk/ku vlrs o fodkl gs lk/; vlrs- tkxfrd efgyk n kdke/;s HkjysY;k tkxfrd efgyk ifj knse/;s fodkl gh ladyiauk fl=;kap;k n` Vhdskukrqu vfr k; vh;kliw.kz o fparukred ppszrwu Li V dsysyh vkgs- development is here interpreted to mean total development, including development in the political,economic, social,cultural and other dimensions of human life as also the development of economic,and other material resources and also the physical, moral intellectual and cultural growth of the human person. The improvement of the status of women requires a change in the attitude and roles to both men and women. Womens development should not only be viewed as an issue in social development but should be seen as an essential component in every dimension of development. To improve the status of women and their role in the procers of development, Such development should be an integral part of the global project for the establishment of a New Internationl Economic order based on equily sovereign equality, interdependence, common interst and co-opration among all states 9 c & ;kpnk fodkl ;k ladyiusyk Ik;kZ; Eg.kwu empowerment vfkzkr lcyhdj.k gh ladyiuk okij.;kr ;srs- tkxfrd L=hoknh fopkjoar o dk;zdr;kzae/;s 1970 P;k tkxfrd efgyk n kdke/;s lcyhdj.k gh ladyiuk 9

10 vfr k; yksdfiz; >kyh o laiq.kz txhkj frpk Qkj izpam izek.kkoj izpkj o izlkj >kyk- ßlcyhdj.k gh,d ldhz;] cgqvk;keh izdzh;k vkgs ftp;keqgs fl=;kauk R;akP;k LoRokph vkf.k lozp {ks«kkrhy {kerkaph tk.kho gksrsþ 10 iq# kiz/kku lekto;ol;se/;s fl=;kauk Lor%aps gdd Lor% izkir djowu?ks.;klkbh lefkz cufo.ks o fyaxhkkoukred HksnHkkokyk vkogku ns.ks gs lcyhdj.kkps izeq[k mns k vkgsrlcyhdj.kkeqgs fl=;kae/;s vkrefo okl] Lo;afu.kZ;kph {kerk] vkffkzd lalk/kukaojrh fu;a=.k vkf.k jktdh; iz.kkyh e/;s ldkjkred glr{ksi dj.;kph ;ksx;rk fuekz.k gksr vlrs- lcyhdj.k gh fodklkph iq<ph ik;jh vkgs- lcyhdj.kkps ikp izeaq[k rro vkgsr rs Eg.kts ¼1½ vkrefuhkzjrk ¼2½ Lo;a&tkx`rh ¼3½ la?kvu ¼4½ uofuekz.k{kerk ¼5½ cgqeq[kh O;DrheRo fodkl 2-4 ejkbokmk & ejkbokmk gh HkkSxksyhd ladyiuk vlqu rh egkjk Vzkrhy lgk iz kkldh; fohkkxkaiksdh,dk fohkkxkpk funsz k djrs- T;k izns kkrhy yksdkaph cksyhhkk kk ejkbh vkgs rks izns k Eg.kts ejkbokmk vlk ljg vfkz lkafxryk tkrks- ;k fohkkxkr,dw.k vkb ftyg;kapk lekos k gksrks ¼1½ vksjaxkckn ¼2½ tkyuk ¼3½ chm ¼4½ ijhk.kh ¼5½ ykrwj ¼6½ mlukukckn ¼7½ ukansm ¼8½ fgaxksyh- ejkbokmk fohkkxkps iz kkldh; eq[;ky; vksajaxkckn ;sfks vkgs- 3- la kks/kukph mfn Vs; & lnj la kks/kukph mfn Vs; iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr- 3-1 iapokf kzd ;kstukiwoz dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl«kk;kap;k ifjflfkrhpk vh;kl dj.ks- 10

11 3-2 iapokf kzd ;kstuk o R;krhy fl=;kap;k fodklk laca?khp;k rjrqnhapk vk<kok?ks.ks- 3-3 iapokf kzd ;kstuk dkgkr >kysyk ejkbokm;krhy fl«k;kapkk ks{kf.kd fodkl vh;kl.ks- 3-4 iapokf kzd ;kstuk dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl«k;kap;k vkjksx;fo k;d fodklkpk vk<kok?ks.ks- 3-5 iapokf kzd ;kstuk dkgkrhy ejkbokm;krhy fl«kk;kap;k vkffkzd fodklkpk vk<kok?ks.ks- 3-6 iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrwu ejkbokm;krhy fl«k;kap;k >kysy;k fodklkps ewy;ekiu dj.ks- 4 Xk`ghrds & 4-1 folko;k krdkp;k iwokz/kkzr ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kap;k lkekftd] vkffkzd fodklkph xrh vfr k; deh gksrh- 4-2 Loka«;ksRrj dky[kamke/;s izkeq[;kus 1970 P;k efgyk n kdkuarj fl=;kap;k iz uakdms kkldh; Lrjko#u xkahkh;kzus ikfgys tkow ykxy;keqgs iapokf kzd ;kstukae/kwu efgykap;k dy;k.kklkbh fofo/k rjrqnh dj.;kr vky;k 4-3 Iakpokf kzd ;kstuake/kwu fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh fu/kkzjhr dsysy;k fu/kkhp;k mi;kstuklkbh lq# >kysy;k fofo/k dy;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykhk ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kauk >ky;keqgs R;kaP;k ks{kf.kd fodklkyk pkyuk fegw kdyh- 11

12 4-4 Iakpokf kzd ;kstuake/kwu fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh lq# >kysy;k fofo/k vkjksx;fo k;d dy;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykhk ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kauk >ky;keqgs R;kaPkk vkjksx;fo k;d ntkz mapko.;kl enr >kyh- 4-5 Iakpokf kzd ;kstuake/kwu fl=;kap;k vkffkzd fodklklkbh lq# >kysy;k fofo/k dy;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykhk ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kauk >ky;keqgs R;kaP;k vkffkzd fodklkyk pkyuk fegkyh- 4-6 Iakpokf kzd ;kstuake/kwu fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh lq# >kysy;k fofo/k dy;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykhk ejkbokm;krhy rgkxkgkrhy fl=;kai;zar iqjs kk izhkkohi.ks iksgp.ks vko ;d vkgs- 5- la kks/ku i/nrh& lnj la kks/kuklkbh,sfrgkfld o.kzukred vkf.k fo ys k.kkred i/nrhpk voyac dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- lnj fo k;kyk,d vkarjfo k kk[kh; ifjizs{; vly;keqgs L=hv/;;u rlsp vfkz kkl=klkj[;k fo k;kap;k ladyiuk letkowu?ksmwu R;kP;k vk/kkjs fo ys k.k dj.;kpk iz;ru dsyk tk.kkj vkgs- fl=;kap;k bfrgklk kh laca?khr vlysy;k ;k la kks/kuklkbh izkeq[;kus iapokf kzd ;kstukaph izkfkfed dkxni=s] ejkbokm;krhy fofo/k ftyg;ke/khy ftygk lakf[;dh dk;zky;kae/;s miyc/k vlysyh ekfgrh o vkdmsokjh] fofo/k kklu fu.kz;]egkjk Vª jkt; efgyk /kksj.k] efgyk vkf.k ckydy;k.k fohkkxkrhy miyc/k dkxni=s] vkdmsokjh o okf kzd vgoky ;k ek/;ekrwu rf; ladyukps dk;z dsys tk.kkj vkgs- miyc/k izkfkfed o nq;e lanhkzlk/kaukp;k vk/kkjs izkir >kkysy;k ekfgrhps fo ys k.k d#u R;kvk/kkjs 12

13 x`fgrdkaph imrkg.kh dj.;kpk o fu d kkzizr iksgp.;kpk iz;ru dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- 6-5 Lak kks/kukph O;kIrh %& HkSkxksfyd n` V;k lnj la kks/kukph O;kIrh ejkbokmk ;k izknsf kd fohkkxkiqjrh e;kznhr dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- ;k fohkkxkrhy vksjaxkckn] tkyuk] chm] mlukukckn] ijhk.kh] ykrwj] fgaxksyh o uaknsm ;k ftyg;kpk vh;kl dsyk tk.kkj vkgs- dky[kamkp;k n` Vhus ;k la kks/kukph O;kIrh b-l-1970rs 2002 brdh e;kznhr dsysyh vkgs- gk dky[kam Eg.kts izkeq[;kus folko;k krdkpk mrrjk/kz vkgs iqohz iapokf kzd ;kstukae/kwu fl=k;kap;k fodklkyk brj {ks=kap;k rqyusr vfr k; deh egro ns.;kr vkysys fnlrs ek= 1975 rs 1985 P;k tkxfrd efgyk n kdkeqgs loz txhkj efgykap;k iz ukadms xkahkh;kzus c?k.;kph n` Vh fuekz.k >kyh o fodklkrhy fl=;kapk lghkkx fdrh egrokpk vkgs gs lozp ns kkauh eku; dsys R;keqGs Hkjrkrgh fl=;kap;k fodklkyk vxzdze ns.;kr vkyk o R;kpsp izfrfcac Eg.kwu 1970 iklwu iapokf kzd ;kstukae/kwu fl=;kap;k fodklkpk fo ks k fopkj gksow ykxyk-eg.kwu lnj la kks/kukpk izkjahk b- l-1970 iklwu dj.;kr vkysyk vlwu folko;k krdkp;k ksovi;zarpk dkg R;kr lekfo V dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- lu 1969&70 ;k o khz pksfkh iapokf hzd ;kstuk izkjahk >kkysyh gksrh rsogk iklwu rs folkoks krd lairkukph uooh iapokf hzd ;kstuk lq# gksrh b- l- ¼1997&2002½ rksi;zarpk dky[kam lnj la kks/kukr fopkjkr?ks.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs 7 la kks/kukph eksfydrk & bfrgkl ys[kuke/;s lkezkt;oknh] jk Vzoknh] iksokzr;] ekdlzoknh]lckyvzu v kk fofo/k fopkjizokgkaps ys[ku vk<grs- bfrgkl ys[kuke/;s fl=;kaps vflrro ek= lrr vn` ; vkgs fdaok rs nq;;entkzp;k ekam.khrwu lkdkjysys vkgs- fl=;kauk vkf.k 13

14 R;kaP;k drqzrokyk,d vkokt fegowu ns.;klkbh uo;kus mn;kl vkysyk fopkj izokg Eg.kts L=hoknh bfrgkl ys[ku gks;- ^It argules that womne s role as the makers of the history has been neglected, made invisiable, stereotuped, taken for granted or divisively presented in the main stream history. It claims that every reality is as gendered reality and therefore it questions the history being equated to his story 11 L=hoknh bfrgkl ys[kukps pkj izeq[k VIis imrkr ¼1½ fl=;kap;k lekos kkpk bfrgkl ¼2½ fl=;kapk kks k.kkpk bfrgkl ¼3½ fl=;kapk drqzrokpk o ;ksxnkukpk bfrgkl ¼4½ fyaxhkkokred bfrgkl 12 fl=;kaps lozp {ks=krhy ;ksxnku o lghkkx ;kapk vh;kl dj.;kpk iz;ru loz= gksr vlrkukp lnj la kks/ku gs ejkbokmk fohkkxklkj[;k ekxkl lety;k tk.k&;k fohkkxkrhy fl=;kap;k bfrgklkpk vh;kl dj.;kpk,d egrokpk iz;ru Bj.kkj vkg-s ;k ek/;ekrwu ;sfkhy fl=;kap;k ks{kf.kd]vkffkzd o vkjksx;fo k;d ifjflfkrhoj izdk k Vkdyk tk.kkj vlwu Lokra=;ksRrj dkgkr R;kapk >kkysyk fodkl js[kkv.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- FkksMD;kr lkaxko;kps >ky;kl lnj la kks/ku Eg.kts ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kap;k fodklkpk bfrgkl vl.kkj vkgs 8- lkfgr;kps voyksdu & A comprehensive review of literature is essential for any good research endeavour as it provides back ground information to aid researcher in designing and analyzing research work 13 Hkkjrkrhy iapokf kzd ;kstuk] R;kaph O;qgjpuk] vaeyctko.kh vkf.k ; k&vi; k ;klkj[;k fo k;ka kh laca/khr la kks/ku Qkj eksb;k izek.kkr vfkz kkl=h; n` Vhdksukrwu >kkysys fnlwu ;srs- fl=;kap;k fodklk kh laca/khr fofo/k vaxakps la kks/ku >kysys vk<gwu ;srs] ek= iapokf kzd ;kstuke/kwu fl=;kapk >kysyk fodkl vls nksu 14

15 osx osxg;k fo k;kauk,df=r lka/k.kkjs la kks/ku vtqugh Qkj eksb;k izek.kkr >kysys fnlwu ;sr ukgh- ;k fo k;h kh laca/khr la kks/kukpk ekxksok?ksrkuk iq<hy izek.ks la kks/ku >ky;kps vk<gwu vkys- 1- fodklkp;k izfdz;srhy L=h iz u & iz[;kr L=hoknh vh;kld lqxrk eksgarh ;kauh fygysy;k ;k xzafkkpk os kkyh isa<kjdj tks kh ;kauh vuqokn dsysyk vkgs- ;k e/;s fodkl izfdz;k Eg.kts dk; ;kpk lfolrj vk<kok?ks.;kr vkysyk vlwu] fl=;k vkf.k fodkl] fyaxhkkokf/kjhr fu;kstukps egro]fyaxhkko vkf.k Je] fl=;k vkf.k vkjksx;] Lokra=;ksRrj Hkkjrkrhy fl=;k ;k fo k;koj FkksMD;kr izdk k Vkd.;kr vkysyk vkgs- iapokf kzd ;kstuk vkf.k fl=;kapk fodkl ;k?kvdkoj Hkk ; d#u ys[khdsus ;klaca/kh vf/kd la kks/ku gks.ks vko ;d vkgs vls er ekamysys vkgs - 2 Hkkjrkrhy fu;kstu]21o;k krdkp;k fn ksus fodklkred ifjizs{; & ojhy f k kzdkps vfr k; egroiw.kz o mi;qdr la kks/ku lqizfl/n vkh;kld enu eksgu c«kk ;kauh dsysys vkgs- vkffkzd n` Vhdksukrqu Hkkjrh; fu;kstukp;k fofo/k cktwaoj R;kauh vh;kliw.kz o la kks/kukred izdk k Vkdysyk vkgs- izfke izdj.kke/;s R;kauh fu;kstukps eqyhkwr rrokku] R;kps mf Vs vkf.k O;qgjpuk ;k cíy ekfgrh fnysyh vkgs-r;kauh fu;kstukp;k pkj egroiw.kz?kvdkapk lkdy;kus fopkj dsysyk vkgs rs?kvd Eg.kts ¼1½o`/nh ¼2½vk/kqfudhdj.k ¼3½vkRefuHkZjrk vkf.k ¼4½lkekftd U;k;- b- l- 1951rs b-l-1985;k pkj n kdkrhy fu;kstukapk R;kauh ewy;ekiukred vk<kok?ksrysyk vkgs- vkffkzd] vks?kksfxd vkf.k d` khfo k;d ;k la kks/kukap;k izeq[k ckch vkgsr- R;keqGs ys[kdkus HkkaMoy] ldy mriknu] d` kh mriuu]vks/kksfxd mriknu] ;kalkj[;k?kvdkapk l[ksky fopkj dsysyk vkgs- lkro;k iapokf kzd ;kstusckcr folrkjkus ekfgrh nsåu ys[kdkus TRYSEM ;k ;kstusckcrgh 15

16 egrokph ppkz dsysyh vkgs- efgykap;k fodklke/;s TRYSEM ;k ;kstusps LFkku egrokps vly;keqgs lnj la kks/ku gs ekxzn kzd Bjrs 3. Gender in Indian planning-- lsclvh,y jkt ;kauh laiknhr dsysy;k ;k xzafkkph ekam.kh in~feuh LokehukFku ;kauh dsysyh vkgs- R;ke/;s Hkkjrh; fu;kstu i/nrhrhy fyaxhkkokred n` Vhdksukph vfr k; eqyhkwr] fpfdrld o la kks/kuiw.kz ekam.kh dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs Planning for millions- Jh- vkuan l#i vkf.k Jherh lqyhkk czkegs ;k nksu ukeoar fo}kukauh lnj la kks/kukred ys[ku dsysys vkgs- Hkkjrh; fu;kstukus ns kkyk fnysyh opus vkf.k R;kaph oklrokr >kysyh veyctko.kh ;kapk vfr k; ij[kmi.ks vk<kok ;k ys[kuke/;s?ks.;kr vysyk vkgs- ;k xzafkkps egrokps osf k V Eg.kts iapokf kzd ;kstukalkj[;k vfr k; rka«khd o fdy V fo k;kph ekfgrh ;kr vfr k; lqcks/k o lksi;k kcnke/;s lozlkeku; ek.klkykk letsy v kk Hkk ksr ns.;kr vysyh vkgsfu;kstukpk vfkz] Lo#i]fu;kstu vk;ksxkph jpuk] xzkfe.k fodkl b- fo k;kaoj l[kksyi.ks ekam.kh dj.;kr vysyh vk<gwu ;srs- fl=;k vkf.k iapokf kzd ;kstuk ;kapk vuu;lk/kkj.k lac/k vkf.k iapokf kzd ;kstukaph ns kkpk v/kkz Hkkx vlysy;k fl=;kadms c?k.;kph Hkwfedk ;kfo k;h lnj xzafkkr FkksMD;kr fopkj dj.;kr vysyk vk<grks- fu d kkzizr iksgprkuk ys[kd vkotqzu gk myys[k djrkr dh fl=;kap;k fodklkf kok; ns kkpk lexz fodkl d/khp gksmw kdr ukgh- R;keqGs iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrwu kklukus tklrhr tklr fu/kh fl=;kap;k fodklklkbh cgky dsyk ikfgts- 16

17 5 ejkbokm;krhy xzkfe.k fl=;kaps lcyhdj.k Jherh fo k rk;ms ;kauh vkiy;k ;k la kks/kuke/;s ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kap;k vkffkzd fodklkph cktw FkksMD;kr ekamyh vlwu ejkbokm;krhy fl=;k vktgh m?kksx o vkffkzd Lokoyacuk e/;s egkjk Vzkrhy brj fohkkxkp;k rqyusr ekxs vkgsr gs lr; ueqn dsysys vk<gwu ;srs- 6 efgyk vkf.k cky fodkl Women and child developmentvfr k; ukeoar o vh;klq Eg.kwu lozifjphr vlysy;k Jherh dyiuk jwk; ;kauh fygfysy;k ;k xzafkke/;s fl=;kap;k fodklklaca/kh vr;ar eqyhkwr o egroiq.kz la kks/kukph ekam.kh dsysyh vk<gyks R;ke/;s fl=;kap;k fodklkrhy jk Vzh; efgyk vk;ksxkph Hkwfedk] fl=;kaps dk;ns khj vf/kdkj ;k fo k;h lkaxksikax ppkz dj.;kr vkysyh vkg-s 7- Ekgkjk Vkrhy fl=;kapk ntkz & izksqslj Nk;k nkrkj ;kauh lnj la kks/ku dsysys vkgs R;klkBh R;kauk Jherh,u- t;k] Jherh izkk tks kh vkf.k Jherh furk f kjkyh ;kps lgk ; ykhkysys vkgs egkjk Vzkrhy fl=;kapkh vkjksx; fo k;d] f k{k.kfo k;d] vkffkzd fodklkfo k;d egroiw.kz ekfgrh o vkdmsokjh lnj la kks/kukrwu fegrs efgykap;k jktdh; lghkkxkps fp= nk[ko.kkjh vkdmsokjh ns[khy ;ke/;s miyc/k gksrs- egkjk Vªkrhy fl=;kap;k fodklkpk vk<kok?ks.;klkbh lnj la kks/ku mi;qdr Bjrs- 8- Financing the eightth plan - lnjps la kks/ku gs Jh- ds-,l- jkepanzu ;kauh iw.kz dsysys vkgs- vkbo;k iapokffkzd ;kstuspk lokzafx.k vk<kok ;ke/;s?ks.;kr vkysyk vkgs vkbo;k iapokfnzd 17

18 ;kstusr fl«k;kap;k fodklklkbh dsysy;k rjrqnhph ekfgrh fego.;klkbh lnjps la kks/ku egroiw.kz Bjrs- 9 States of women in India - Hkkjrkrhy fl=;kapk ntkz ;k la kks/kukred xzafkke/;s Jh-,l-lh- mik/;k; ;kauh Hkkjrh; fl=;kap;k ks{kf.kd] lkekftd ifjflfkrhoj izdk k Vkdysyk vkgs fl=;kap;k vf/kdkjkap;k?kvukred rjrqnh] dk;ns] fl=;k fo#/nps vr;kpkj b-ckchpk l[kksy mgkiksg dsysyk vkgs 9- ejkbokm;kph HkkSxksfyd vkf.k,sfrgkfld ik ozhkweh ejkbokmk gh,d izknsf kd ladyiuk vkgs] frpk vfkz lozlkeku;r% ejkbh Hkk kk cksy.kk&;k yksd leqgkapk izns k vlk?ksryk tkrks ßThe term Marathwada has its origin in the word Marhatti-vada (Mar-hat-vada) meaning a region of Maratha community 14 ejkbokmk ;k kcnkps ZejkB* gs iwozin egkjk Vz ;k lald`r kcnkps vihkz V #i vlwu R;kps miin okmk gs okvd ;k lald`r kcnkps rnhkko gks;- okmk fdaok okmh gh miins izkphu dkgh nf{k.ksr izkafrd iz kklu fohkkxkauk ykoysyh vk<grkr v kkp vfkzkus ejkbokmh ;k lakspk myys[k fviw lqyrkukp;k dkjfdnhzr izfke vk<grks vbjko;k krdkp;k mrrjk/kkzrhy gk myys[k gsnzkckn lalfkkukrhy ejkbh Hkkf kd izns kkp;k Eg.ktsp l/;kp;k ejkbokm;kp;k lanhkkzrhy vkgs gsnzkckn lalfkkukp;k dkxnksi=hgh iq<s ;k izns kkpk ejkbokmh vlkp myys[k vk<grksþ 15 ejkbokmk ;k kcnkp;k,sfrgkfldrspk kks/k?ksr ekxs xsys vlrk R;kpk myys[k lksgko;k krdkrgh lkimrks vkfny kkgh dky[kam fo k;d ekfgrh ns.kk&;k rkjh[k -,- QsfjLrk ;k xzafkkr gk myys[k ;srks- ;krhy ifgy;k dky[kamkr 18

19 ejkbokm;kpk myys[k ejgvokmh vlk >kkyk vkgs-]rlsp fviw lqyrkuphgh b-l r 1799 e/khy i=s miyc/k vkgs R;krwugh ejkbokm;kpk ejgvokmh vlk myys[k vkysyk vkgs- 16 *ejkbokmk ;k vfkkzus futke kkgh izns kkpk,d Hkkx Eg.kwu ejkbokm;kpk myys[k b-l e/khy gsnzkckn lalfkkukp;k futkekp;k ljdkjh i=o;ogkjke/;s igko;kl fegrks ejkbokm;koj b-l e/;s LFkkiu >kkysyh futkeh jktov iq<s 1948 Ik;Zar o ksz vck/khr jkghyh lalfkkukrhy iztsus tqyeh jktovh fo#/n y<k mhkk#u ksovh gh jktov myfkowu Vkdyh o egkjk Vz jkt;kpk,d Hkkx Eg.kwu ejkbokmk vflrrokr vkykejkbokm;kp;k iwoszyk vka/kz izns kp;k lhek vlwu if pesyk vgenuxj vkf.k ukf kd ;k if pe egkjk VzkP;k fty;kap;k lhek fhkmysy;k vkgsr- lksykiqj ftygk rlsp dukzvd jkt;kp;k dkgh lhek nf{k.ksyk fhkmysyk vlwu ejkbokm;kph mrrj lhek tgxko rlsp vdksyk] cqy<k.kk] okf ke ;k fonhkkzp;k ftyg;kauh os<ysy;k vkgsr- 17 cky?kkv] vkf.k vftabk ;k ejkbokm;krhy izeq[k iozrjkaxk vkgsrvftabkp;k MksaxjjkaxkeqGs [kkuns k vkf.k fonhkz ;kiklwu ejkbokmk uslfxzdn` V;k osxgk >kkysyk vkgs] rlsp rkih vkf.k xksnkojh ;k u kap;k [kks&;kaukgh ;kp iozrjkaxkuh osxgs dsyyss vkgs- nsoxhjh o tkyuk gh ;k ijhljkrhy lg;knzh iozrkph nqljh egrokph jkax gks;- rh ejkbokmk o fonhkz ;krhy izeq[k nqhkktd vkgs- ;kf kok; chm mlekukckn ifjljkr vl.kkjh cky?kkv iozrkph jkax ejkbokm;kyk if pe egkjk Vzkiklwu fohkdr djrs- Þ18 ejkbokm;kr xksnkojh] iw.kkz] ekatjk] nq/kuk] f kouk] [ksg.kk] flanq.kk] lhuk] rsj.kk] fxjtk b-egroiw.kz u k vkgsr- xksnkojh gh ejkbokm;krhy lokzr eksbh unh vkgs- ejkbokm;krhy ikolkps ljkljh izek.k 80 lsa-eh- brds vlwu ;sfkhy cgqrka k 19

20 ksrh gh ikolkp;k ik.;koj voyacwu vly;keqgs ejkbokm;krhy d` kh mriuu gs csrkpsp fnlwu ;srs- lkrr;kus nq dkgh ifjflfkrhyk ejkbokm;kyk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- Tokjh] cktjh] dkiwl] xgw] gjhkjk] djmbz] lks;kchu]eqx gh ejkbokm;krhy izeq[k fids vkgsr- ejkbokm;krhy isb.k] R;kosGps Hkksxo/kZu o vktps Hkksdjnu]nsofxjh]rsj ;klkj[kh fbdk.ks izkphu dkgh O;kikjh ekxkzoj gksrh- isfjiyl vkwq n,jhffkz;u lh ;k xzafkkr isb.k o rsj gh fbdk.ks,dk ekxkzus HkMksp canjkyk tksmyh gksrh vls EgVys vkg-s nqljk ekxz pkghlxko] os#g] vksjaxkckn ekxsz isb.kgwu lksik&;ki;zr] rj izfr Bkuyk mttsu kh tksm.kkjk ekxz vftabk cgkg vkf.k c&gk.kiwj Onkjs tkr gksrk- O;kikj mfnekp;k lca/khr ejkbokmk Qkjlk xfrf ky gksrk vls Eg.krk ;sr ukghþ 19 ejkbokm;kph,sfrgkfld ik ozhkweh ejkbokm;kp;k bfrgklkpk ekxksok?ksrkuk vki.kkl lqekjs 7]000 o kkzai;zar ekxs tkos ykxrs- dkj.k iqjkrrokkap;k erkuqlkj rsogkiklwu ;sfks ekuokph olrh vflrrokr gksrh- b-l-1865 e/;s ok;us ;k HkwxHkZ kkl=kkyk isb.ktog eqaxh ;sfks e/;iqjk e;qxhu nxmh gr;kjs fegkyh- egkjk Vzkr fegkysyh gh ifgrh v e;qxhu gr;kjs gksr-þ 20 ekuokus flfkj thoukl izkjahk dj.;klkbh olkgrhph fufezrh dsyh rsogkiklwu ejkbokm;ke/;s ekuoh olkgrh gksr;k- ßegkjk Vzkrhy vk ksrd&;kaph olrh Jh Kkus ojkap;k tuexkoh vkisxko ;sfks iqjkrrokkauk vk<gyh- mr[kuukr ;sfks rkezik kk.k ;qxhu?kjkaps vo ks k] jaxhr [kkijs] /kku;s vkf.k nxmh gr;kjs fegkyh- ;k olrhpk dkg b- l- iwoz 1564 vlk dkczu & 14 i/nrkuqlkj Bjfo.;kr vkyk- Þ 21 izkphu okm-e;hu lk/kuke/kwugh vki.kkl ejkbokm;kps,safrgkfld lanhkz fegrkr- iqjk.kke/khy mrys[kkuqlkj ßejkBokM;kpk dkgh Hkkx uankp;k lkekzt;kr vlkok vls fnlrs- uouanms k Eg.ktsp ukansm vlsgh ekuys Tkkrs- isb.k gh R;kaph 20

21 nf k.ksdmhy jkt/kkuh gksrh iq<s v kksdkp;k ys[kkrwu isrfudkapk Eg.ktsp is..koklh;kapk myys[k vk<grksþ 22 izkphu dky[kamke?;s Hkkjrkr mn;kl vkysy;k lksgk egktuinkisdh nksu egktuins gh ejkbokm;kr gksrh vls bfrgkldkjkaps er vkgs- ßnf k.ksrhy v ed o eqyd gh egktuins ejkbokm;ke/;s gksrh- ewyd o v edh gh tuins xksnk [kks&;krp mn;kl vkyh- vktp;k vksjaxkckn] chm] ijhk.kh] ukansm vkf.k vgenuxj ftyg;kapk dkgh HkwHkkx Eg.kts v ed o eqyd tuinkpk Hkwizns k gks;- isb.k gh eqydkph jkt/kkuh rj cks/ku gh v edkaph jkt/kkuh gksrh-þ 23 izkphu dky[kamke/;s nf{k.ksrhy ifgyh o eksbh izcy jktlrrk lkrokgu oa kkus LFkkiu dsyh b-l- iqoz 230 e/;s lkrokgu jktk fleq[k ;kus ;k oa kkph lrrk izlfkkfir dsyh- b-l- iwoz 230 rs b- l- 460 gk lkrokgukapk dky[kam gksrk- nf{k.k HkkjrkP;k lkekftd jktdh; vkffkzd o lkald`rhd {ks=krhy gk HkjHkjkVhpk dky[kam letyk tkrks- xksnkojh unhp;k dkbkoj olysyh izfr Bku gh lkrokgukaph jkt/kkuh gksrh- lkrokgu jktoa kkus ejkbokm;kyk jktdh; lkekftd o lkald`frd {ks=kkr egrokps LFkku fegowu fnys- vftbak ;sfkhy ifgy;k xvkrhy o firg[kksjk ;sfkhy ys.kh ;kp dkgkrhy vkgsþ 24 lkrokgu jktoa kke/;s xksrehiq= lkrd.khz gk lokzr ijkdzeh jktk gksowu xsyk- R;kus ugiku] {k=i vkf.k dnzedklkj[;k izcg k=wauk ijkhkwr d:u egkjk Vzkyk okpfoys- xksrehiw=kizek.ksp gky gk ns[khy vfr k; ijkdzeh o foonku jktk ;k oa kkr gksåu xsyk- rrdkyhu yksdthou] lekt] lald`rh ;klkj[;k egrokp;k ckchaph ekfgrh ns.kkjk vfr k; le`/n xzafk jktk gky ;kus fyfgyk rks xzafk xkfkklir krh Eg.kwu vksg[krk tkrkslkrokgukuarj okdvd gh nf{k.ksrhy,d izcg lrrk Eg.kwu iq<s vkyh okdkvdkauh ;sfkhy dkgh izns kkoj jkt; dsys- okdkvdkap;k uarj dypqjh oa kkus rlsp cnkehp;k pkyqd; oa kkus dkgh dkg ejkbokm;akpk osxosxg;k izns kkoj jkt; dsys- 21

22 jk VzdqV gh ns[khy nf{k.ksr mn;kl vkysyh,d izcg lrrk gksrh- b-l-p;k vkbo;k krdke/;s jk VzdqV lrrspk mn; >kkyk- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy,ykiwj o lkaizrps os:g Eg.kwu vksg[kys tk.kkjs kgj jk VzdqVkaph jkt/kkuh gksrh-jk VzdqV jktoa kkus ejkbokm;krhy izns kklag nf{k.k Hkkjrkoj b- l- 744 rs 973 ;k dky[kamkr jkt; dsys gksrs- 25 jk VªdwV lrrsp;k vlrkuarj ejkbokm;kp;k fofo/k izns kkoj ;knokaph izcg lrrk izlfkkfir >kyh- ;knokap;k jktovhr ejkbokmk lkekftd] lkald`frd] jktdh;] vkffkzdn` V;k oshkokp;k dglkoj gksrk-;knokaph jktov eqlyhe jktovhp;k LFkkiusi;Zr vfkkzr togikl b- l i;zr vflrrokr gksrh- ßikpO;k fhkyyeus b- l e/;s nsofxjh ;sfks jkt/kkuh gyfoyh o nsofxjh gk fdyyk cka/kykþ 26 ;kno oa kkrhy ijkdzeh jktk jkepanz gk b- l rs b- l ;k dkgkr lrrsoj gksrk- ;knokap;k ksovp;k jkt;kp;k dkgkr ejkbokm;kpk fodkl ijeksrd kkzyk iksgpyk gksrkvyyånhu f[kyth ;kus b- l e/;s nf{k.ksoj Lokjh dsyh vkf.k nsofxjhpk jktk jkepanz ;kyk ijkhkwr d#u nsofxjhoj vkiys opzlo izlfkkfir dsysb- l Ik;Zar lqyrku kkghps ekamfyd Eg.kwu ;knokauh jkt; dj.;kpk] izlaxh Lora= gks.;kpk v; kloh iz;ru dsyk ek= b- l i;zar ;kno lrrspk laiw.kzi.ks vlr >kyk o ejkbokm;koj eqlyhe lrrspk veay izkjahk >kyk- nsofxjh fdy;kph vhksì;rk o e/;orhz LFkku ;kapk fopkj d#u lqjf{krrsp;k n` Vhus lqyrku egen rq?kyd ;kus vkiyh jkt/kkuh fnyyh ;sfkwu nsofxjh ;sfks gyfoyh o nsofxjhps ukekraj nksyrkckn vls dsys- ek= dkgh rkaf=d dkj.kkeqgs jkt/kkuh cnykpk eqagen rq?kydkpk iz;ksx iq.kzr% v; kloh >kyk o R;kyk fnyyhyk ijr tkos ykxysfnyyh njckjkrhy jktdh; vukxksanheqgs lqyrkukph nf{k.ksojhy idm f<yh imyh R;kpkp Qk;nk?ksr glu xaxq mqz cgkeu kgk ;kus nf{k.ksr cgkeu kkghph LFkkiuk dsyh- b- l e/;s cgkeu kkghps kdys mmwu rhps ikp kkg;kae/;s fohkktu 22

23 >kys- fotkiwjph vkfny kkgh] vgenuxjph futke kkgh]xksogdksam;kph dqrqc kkgh] fcnjph cjhn kkgh vkf.k cw&gk.kiwjph bekn kkgh Eg.kwu ;k ikp kkg;k vksg[ky;k tkow ykxy;k- ;kap;krhy vkikilkrhy lrrkla?k kz gh fur;kphp ckc gksrhmrrjsp;k jktdkj.kkr izpam ijhorzu gksoqu lqyrku kkgh myfkowu Vkdr b-l e/;s eq?ky lezkv ckcj ;kus fnyyhoj eq?kykaph lrrk izlfkkfir dsyh- izkjhkh mrrjsoj opzlo izlfkkfir dj.kk&;k eq?ky ckn kkghus lezkv kgktgkup;k dkgr nf{k.ksdms vkiys y{k ogfoys- b-l-1633 e/;s kgktgkuus nksyrkckn ftadwu?ksrys- nf{k.kspk lqhksnkj Eg.kwu jktiw= vksjaxtsckph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh- ;kp nje;ku lekarji.ks nf{k.ksr N- f kokth egkjkt ;kap;k #ikus ejkb;kap;k Lora= jkt;kph LFkkiuk o fodklkph izfdz;k ns[khy lq# gksrh- ejkbokm;kp;k izns kkoj ek= eqflye lrrspkp veay gksrk- vksjaxtsckus nksyrkckn toghy [kmdh ;k fbdk.kh oklro; dsys o R;kpk fodkl d#u R;k kgjkyk vksjaxkckn vls uko iznku dsysvksjaxkckn ;sfks izfl/n,sfrghfld oklrw ^fcfc dk edcjk* ;kph fufezrh dsyhrktegyph gqcsgqc izrhd`rh vl.kkjh gh oklrw nf{k.kspk rktegy Eg.kwugh vksg[kyh tkrs- vksjaxktsc fnyyhpk ckn kgk >kyk] vkiy;k dkjdhnhze/;s R;kus nf{k.k eksghe gkrh?ksryh- nf{k.ksrhy eqflye jkt;s R;kus vkiy;k opzlok[kkyh vk.kyh ek= ejkb;kapk dk;epk fu%ikr dj.ks R;kyk d/khp kd; >kys ukgh o b- l e/;s R;kpk e`r;w >kyk- ejkbokm;krhy [kqyrkckn ;sfks R;kps nqu dj.;kr vkysvksjaxtsackp;k e`r;wuarj fnyyh njckjkr izpam vukxksanh ektyh gksrh- eq?ky ckn kkghpk vlrkdms izokl lq# >kyk gksrk- eq?ky njckjkrhy,d rqdhz ljnkj vlqtgk ;kph b-l e/;s nf{k.kspk lqhksnkj Eg.kwu use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh- R;kus nf{k.ksr vkiyh Lora= lrrk futke kkgh ;k ukokus LFkkiu dsyh o 23

24 ejkbokm;kpk izns k futke kkghp;k vf/kir;k[kkyh xsyk- b-l-1724 rs b-l-1948 vlk iznh?kz dkg futkeh jktovhpk tqyeh ojoavk ejkbokm;kp;k izns kko#u fqjr jkfgyk- futkeh jktovh[kkyhy ejkbokm;krhy yksdkap;k nw%flfkrhps o.kzu djrkuk l-ek-xxsz fyfgrkr dh] ßtx.;kiqjrs [kk.;kyk u fegky;keqgs dk;k okpk eukus fuczy >kysyk] dk; kp;k ca/kukus pksgksdmwu t[kmysyk o dkxnksi=h lun khj i.k izr;k{k O;ogkjkr coga kh cslun khj okx.kk&;k ljdkjp;k vkmeqb;k f kik;kap;k tqyqekeqgs ejkbokmk Hksnjysyk gksrkþ vkwxlv 1947 jskth Hkkjrkyk fczvh kkap;k xqykefxjhrwu Lokra+«; fegkys ek= ejkbokmk futkekp;k xqykehrp gksrk gsnzckn lalfkukp;k ;k futkekus vkiys lalfkku Hkkjr fdaok ikfdlrku ;k ns kkae/;s foyhu u djrk Lora= Bso.;kpk fu.kz;?ksryk ek= Hkkjrljdkjus dbksj ikåys mpyqu futkek fo#/n vkwijs ku iksyks gh eksghe m?kmyh- ejkbokm;krhy tursus vkxksnjiklwup lq# dsysy;k gsnzkckn eqdrh laxzkekyk R;keqGs izapm cg fegkys o Hkkjrh; lsu;kp;k izjkdzekeqgs 17lIVscaj 1948 jksth gsnzkckn lalfkku Hkkjrkr foyhu dj.;kr vkys- Hkkjr ljdkjp;k Hkk khd jkt; fufezrhp;k /kksj.kkeqgs ejkbh Hkkf kdkapk ejkbokmk gk izns k egk Vª jkt;kpk,d Hkkx cuyk- 10- ejkbokm;krhy ftygs egkjk Vª jkt;kp;krhy,dw.k ikp iz kkldh; fohkkxkaisdh,d vlysy;k ejkbokmk fohkkxkps eq[;ky; vksjaxkckn ;sfks vkgs ejkbokm;ke/;s,dq.k vkb ftygk;kapk lekos k gksrks- rs iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr- ¼1½ vksjaxkckn ¼2½ tkyuk ¼3½ chm ¼ 4½ mlekukckn ¼5½ ykrqj ¼6½ ijhk.kh ¼7½ fgaxksyh ¼8½ ukansm- 24

25 1 vksjaxkckn vfr k; le`/n,sfrgkfld ijaijspk lkf{knkj Eg.kwu vksjaxkckn kgj vksg[kys tkrs- vksjaxkckn ftygk gk izkeq[;kus xksnkojh unhp;k [kks&;kr olysyk vkgsftyg;kps HkkSxksfyd LFkku 19rs20 mrrj v{kka k o 74rs 76 iwoz js[kka k vkgsvksjaxkckn ftyg;kps,dw.k {ks=qg 10]000 pksjl fdyks fevj vlwu R;kiSdh pksjl fdyks fevj {ks= gs ukxjh fohkkxkr rj 99]587 pksjl fdyks fevj {ks= gs xkzfe.k fohkkxkr eksmrþs 28 vksjaxkckn ftyg;ke/;s,dw.k uå rkyqds vkgsr rs Eg.kts duum] lks;xko]flyyksm] Qqyaczh] vksjaxkckn]- [kqyrkckn] ostkiwj] xaxkiwj vkf.k isb.k gh gks;- ftyg;krhy xkokaph,dw.k la[;k 1344 brdh vkgs P;k tux.k.ksuqlkj ftyg;kph,dw.k yksdla[;k brdh vkgs] rj,dw.k lk{kjrk VDds vlwu R;ke/;s lk{kj iq# kkaph la[;k brdh vkgsrlsp lk{kj fl=;kaph la[;k xzkfe.k Hkkxkr,dw.k rj kgjh Hkkxkr brdh vkgs- vksjaxkckn ftyg;krhy L=h lk{kjrsps,dq.k izek.k VDds brdh vkgs-þ lu 2011 P;k tux.k.ksuqlkj ;sfkhy L=hiq# k izek.k 1000 iqj kkaekxs 924 fl=;k brda vkgs-þ 29 vksjaxkckn ftyg;kps ljkljh itzu;eku 734 fe-eh brds vlwu fdeku rkieku 5-6 lsylhvl va k rj deky rkieku 45-9 lsylhvl va k vkgsizkphu dkgkr ftyg;krhy izfr Bku vktps isb.k gs varxzr rlsp ijdh; O;kikjkps Qkj egrokps fbdk.k gksrs- isb.k ;sfks r;kj gks.kkjh js keh isb.kh gh txhkjkrhy O;kikjkaps vkd kz.kkps dsanz gksrs- tkxfrd lkald`frd okjlk Eg.kwu uksan >kkysy;k vftabk vkf.k os#gp;k izfl/n ys.;k ;kp ftyg;kr vkgsr- since the earlier times this district played a vital role in shaping the history and culture of the region. It was the center of intence socio- political acvtivities, the set of 25

26 learning, the seat of religious movements during the long and undeterred course of history. It had contributed in the fileds of Art, Architecture, sculpture, painting, dress and ornaments, food dishes and language etc. centers like paithan, Devgiri, Aurangabad, Ajanta,Ellora had been attracting large no of saints,poets, artisans from 30 country all over the 2-tkyuk& 19-1 rs 20-3 mrrj v{kka k o 75-4 rs 76-4 iwoz js[kka k olysyk tkyuk ftygk gk ejkbokm;krhy,d egrokpk ftygk vkgs- iwohz vksjaxkckn ftyg;kpkp,d Hkkx vl.kkjk tkyuk ftygk 1es 1981 jksth Lora= ftygk Eg.kwu?kksf kr dj.;kr vkyk- ftyg;kps,dw.k {ks=qg 7612 pksjl fdyks fevj brds vkgs P;k tux.k.ksuqlkj ftyg;kph,dw.k yksdla[;k yk[k brdh vlwu R;ke/;s 10-5 yk[k iq# k rj 9-43 yk[k fl=;k vkgsrþ 31 ftyg;krhy lk{kjrsps izek.k VDds brds vkgs- fl=;kap;k lk{kjrsps izek.k 49-4 VDds izek.k vkgs-tkyuk ftyg;ke/;s vacm] Hkskdjnu] tkyuk]?kulkoaxh] ijrwj] eabk vkf.k tkqzkckn ;k,dw.k vkb rkywd;kpk lekos k gksrksftyg;krhy L=hiq# k izek.k 1000 iqj kkekxs 952 fl=;k brds vkgs-þ HkkSxksyhd n` V;k tkyuk ftygk jkt;kp;k e/;hkkxh ;sr vly;kus dsnzh; ng.kog.k ea=ky;kus tkyuk kgjktoghy bansokmh ;sfks mixzg vuqjo.k Hkqdsanz mhkkjys vkgs chmchm gk ejkbokm;krhy egrokpk ftygk 18-3 rs 19-3 mrrj va{kk kkoj o 74-5 rs 76-6 iwoz js[kka kkoj olysyk vkgs- ftyg;kps,dw.k {ks=qg pksjl fdyks fevj brds vkgs- chm ftyg;ke/;s,dw.k 1365 xkokapk lekos k gksrksxksnkojh gh chm ftyg;krhy izeq[k unh vlwu flnaq.kk]ekatjk]canwljk vkf.k oku ;k u k ns[khy chm ftyg;krwu okgrkr chm ftyg;kps ljkljh itzu;eku 666 eh- 26

27 eh- brds vkgs-chm ftyg;krhy L=h lk{kjrsps izek.k VsDd brds vlwu ;sfkhy fl«k;kaps izek.k 904 brds vkgsþ 33 4-ukansM % ejkbokm;krhy ukansm ftygk gk izkphu dky[kamkiklwuph,sfrgkfld ijaijk ykhkysyk ftygk vkgs- okf ke ;sfks lkimysy;k rkezivkuqlkj ukansmyk iqohz uanhrkr Eg.kwu vksg[kys tkr vly;kpss myys[k lkimrkrþ 34 b- l- P;k ifgy;k krdke/;s ukansmoj lkrokgukps jkt; gksrs- pksf;k krdkr ;sfks pkyqd; oa kkus jkt; dsys- jk VªdqVakuh ns[khy nsxywj lkj[;k dkgh Hkkxkoj jkt; dsy;kps myys[k lkimrkr R;kuarj ukansmoj ;knokaph] eyhd dkqwwj rlsp gsnzkcknp;k futkekph vuqøes lrrk izlfkfir >kyh- ejkbokmk eqdrhlaxzkekuarj ejkbokm;kpk,d Hkkx cuysy;k ukansm ftyg;kps /kkfezd egro ns khkj izfl/n vkgsf k[k /kehz;kaps ngkos xq#] xq# xksfoan flax ;kaps lek/khlfkg Eg.kwu uknsmaps xq#onkj] izfl/n] vkgs R;kyk Jh gqtwj lp[kam Eg.kwu vksg[kys tkrs- vlk gk,sfrgkfld HkkSfydrspk ftygk HkkSxksfyd n` Vz;k rs 19-55mRrj v{kka k o 77rs iwoz js[kka kkoj olysyk vkgs- ukansm ftyg;kps,dw.k {ks=qg pksjl fdyksfevj brds vkgs- ftyg;kph yksdla[;k 28]76]259 brdh vlwu R;ke/;s 13]94]901 efgykapk lekos k gksrks ijhk.kh ijhk.kh % vkf.k mrrj v{kka k vkf.k o js[kka kojhy ijhk.kh gk ejkbokm;krhy,d egrokpk ftygk vkgs R;ke/;s ijhk.kh] xaxk[ksm] lksuisbk] ikfkzh] ekuor] ikye] lsyw] ftarwj vkf.k iw.kkz ;k uå rkyqd;kapk lekos k gksrks- ijhk.kh ftygkps,dw.k {ks=qg pkseh fd-eh- vkgs- lu 27

28 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj ;k ftyg;kph,dw.k yksdla[;k 1] brdh vkgs- ;sfkhy lk{kjrsps izek.k VDds vlwu njgtkjh iq: kkap;k ekxs fl=;kaph la[;k 940 vkgs- ijhk.kh ftygkp;k b kku;syk vftab;kp;k Mksaxjjkaxk vkgsr rj nf{k.ksyk ckyk?kkvp;k Mksaxjjkaxk vkgsr- ijhk.kh ftygk gk larkph ikou Hkweh Eg.kwu vksg[kyk tkrks- dkj.k izfl/n lar ukenso ;kaps ewgxkao ;kp ftygkrhy ujlh gs vlwu izfl/n L=h lar lar tukckbz xaxk[ksm ;k kgjkrhy jfgoklh gksr;k- f kmhap;k lkbz ckackp;k oklro;kpk ikou Li kz ns[khy ;k Hkwehyk >kysyk vkgs- 36 Near parbhani is the town selu where Guru of Shri Sai Baba, Shri Babasaheb Maharaj was living. Sai stayed with him for 12 years during which time he acquired knowledge from his guru. Shri Sai Baba s birthplace is near selu, it is Pathari. After some tragedy Sai Baba came to selu and met shri Babasaheb Maharaj 37 fdrzudkj Eg.kwu izfl/nh ikoysys ek:rh egkjkt gs nlriwj xkokps jfgoklh gksrs izfl/n xf.krk HkkLdjHkVV gs ns[khy ijhk.kh ftygkrhy cksjh ;k xkops gksrsuå ks o kkzp;k iznh?kz bfrgklkpk lk{khnkj vlysys eqnxys ojkps eanhj ns[khy xksnkojhp;k dkbh ;kp ftyg;kr vkgs- FkksMD;kr ijhk.kh gk HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd o lakld`rhd n` V;k,d egrokpk ftygk vkgs- 6- ykrwj vk/kqfud egkjk VzkP;k jktdkj.kkr ekth eq[;ea=h ds- foykljko ns keq[k ;kap;k usr`rokeqgs egrokph Hkwfedk ctko.;kpk eku ykrwj ftyg;kyk fegkyk- v kk ;k ykrwj ftyg;kyk izkphu dkgkiklwu iznh?kz,srkgkfld ijaijk ykhkysyh vkgsizkphu dkgh v kksdkp;k lkezktkp;k Hkkx vl.kk%;k ykrwj ftygkoj dkykuq#i jk VzdqV] lkrokgu] kd pkyd;] ;kno] cgke.kh] vkfny kgk vkf.k eq?ky v kk 28

29 fofo/k jktoa kkuh jkt; dsys uarj ykrwj pk lekos k gsnzkckp;k futkeh jktovhr >kkyk- izkjahkh ugnqxz Eg.kwu vksg[kyk tk.kkjk gk rkyqdk mlekukckn ftyg;kpk,d Hkkx gksrk- gsnzkckn eqdrhuarj gk Hkkx Hkkjrh; la?kjkt;kr lekfo V gksåu 1960 uarj egkjk Vz jkt;kpk,d?kvd cuyk- 15 vkwxlv 1982 jksth,d Lora= ftygk Eg.kwu ykrwjyk eku;rk fegkyh mRrj v{kka k rs iwoz js[kka k ykrwj ftygk olysyk vkgs- ftygkps,dw.k {ks=qg 7157 pks-fd-eh- vkgsykrwj ftygkap;k iwozsyk ukansm] us_r; fn ksyk mlekukckn] ok;o;syk chm] mrrjsyk ijhk.kh ;k ftyg;kp;k flek fhkmysy;k vkgsr rj vkxus; fn ksyk vka/kz izns k ;k jkt;kp;k flek ykrwj ftyg;kyk fhkmysy;k vkgsr- ykrwj ftygke/;s,dw.k ngk rkyqd;kapk lekos k gksrks- ftygkrhy xkokaph la[;k,dw.k 945 brdh vkgs- lu 2001 P;k tux.kusuqlkj ykrqj ftyg;kph yksdla[;k brdh vlwu R;kiSdh iq: kkaph la[;k rj fl=;kaph la[;k brdh vkgsftygkrhy L=h iq: k izek.k 1000 % 935 vkgs- ykrwj ftyg;kps lk{kjrsps izek.k VDds brds vlwu iq: kkaph lk{kjrk VDds rj fl=;kaph lk{kjrk VDds brdh vkgs fgaxksyh vxnh vyhdmsp fuekz.k >kkysyk fgaxksyh gk ejkbokm;krhy egrokpk ftygk vkgs- ftyg;kp;k flek mrrjsyk okf ke vkf.k ;orekg] if pesyk ijhk.kh] vkxus;syk ukansm rj ok;o;syk cqy<k.kk ftyg;kp;k flekauk fhkmysy;k vkgsrfgaxksyh ftyg;kps HkkSxksyhd LFkku mrrj v{kak k rlsp iwoz js[kka k brds vkgs- ijhk.kh ftyg;kpkp,d Hkkx vlysyk fgaxksyh gk,d Lora= ftygk Eg.kwu 1 es 1999 jksth vflrrokr vkyk- fgaxksyh ftyg;ke/;s,dw.k ikp rkyqd;kapk lekos k gksrks rs Eg.kts fgaxksyh] dyeuqjh] lsuxkao] vksa/k] oler gs 29

30 gks;- ftyg;kr,dw.k 711 xkos vkgsr- fgaxksyh ftygk;kaph,dw.k yksdla[;k vlwu R;ke/khy fl=;kaph la[;k 4]81]787 brdh vkgs- ftygkrhy lk{kjrsps izek.k VDds brds vlwu,dw.k lk{kj fl=;kaph la[;k 2]09]620 brdh vkgs- vksa<k ukxukfk gs T;ksfryhaxkps izfl/n,srkgkfld eafnj fgaxksyh ftygkrp eksmrs mlekukckn ejkbokm;kp;k vrhiwozsdms vlysyk mlekukckn ftygk gk HkkSxksfyd n` V;k va k rs va k mrrj v{kka k vkf.k va k rs va k iwoz js[kka k ;ke/;s olysyk vkgs- ftyg;kp;k us_r;syk lksykiwj] ok;o;sl vgenuxj] mrrjsl chm] bz kku; o iwoz fn ksyk ykrwj rj nf{k.ksyk dukzvd jkt;krhy vuqdzes fcnj o xqycxkz ftygs vkgsr- mlekukckn ftyg;kaps,dw.k HkkSxksfyd {ks=qg pks- fd- eh- vlwu R;kiSdh pks- fd- eh- {ks= 3-21 VDds ukxjh rj mozjhr pks-fd-eh- {ks= VDds xzkeh.k Hkkxkr eksmrs- mlekukckn ftyg;kr mlekukckn] dgac] mejxk] rqgtkiwj] ijamk] Hkwe] yksgkjk] vkf.k ok kh vls,dw.k vkb rkyqds vkgsr P;k tux.kusuqlkj ftyg;kr,dw.k 729 xkos vkf.k 622 xzkeiapk;rh vkgsr- ^2001 P;k tux.kusizek.ks mlekukckn ftygkph yksdla[;k vkgs- R;kiSdh iq: k o fl=;k vkgsr- xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy yksdla[;k vkgs- rj ukxjh Hkkxkrhy yksdla[;k vkgs- ftyg;krhy nj gtkj iq: kkaekxhy fl=;kpas izek.k 932 brds vkgs- mlekukckn ftygkrhy lk{kjrsps izek.k VDds brds vkgs- /kkjkf ko ys.kh gh mlekukckn ftygkrhy izkphu ys.kh izfl/n vkgs- rlsp gtjr [kktk ke kqnnhu xk>h nxkz] /kkjk kwj efnzuh eafnj b- izfl/n fbdk.ks ns[khy mlekukckn ftyg;kr ;srkr

31 11- ejkbokm;krhy fl«k;kaph flfkrh &,sfrgkfld ik ozhkweh & Hkkjrh; L=h vkf.k nq;;ero ] kks k.k]ijk/khurk ;kaps vrwv ukrs izkphu dkykiklwu vflrrokr vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy osfnd dky[kamkpk viokn oxgrk lozp dky[kamke/;s lkrr;kus fl=;kap;k ntkze/;s?klj.k gksrp jkghyh- ekuoh lald`rhp;k vxnh izkffed VII;koj lekt fufezrhp;k cky;kolfksr L=hdMs c?k.;kph iq: kkaph n` Vh gh vr;ar egkre;eamhr gksrh- L=he/;s vlysyh uofuekkz.kkph l`tukred {kerk gs iq# kh cq/nhyk u mdyysys dksms vly;keqgs L=hdMs nsoh kdrhps ojnku ;k Hkkousrwu ikfgys tkr vls- Eg.kwup ;k dkgkr ekr`lrrsph fufezrh >kyh o L=hyk lektkr xksjokps LFkku izkir >kys- vir; fufezrhph {kerk QDr L=he/;s vkgs o l`tukph {kerk QDr i`fohe/;s vkgs -;k ekufldrseqgs L=h vkf.k i`foh ;kauk nsoh vk/kkjkps lqj{kk dop ;k izkfkfed dky[kamke/;s ykhkysys gksrs- lgkftdp fl=;kadms c?k.;kpk n` Vhdksu gk vfr k; luekukpk o vknjkpk gksrk dkj.k vir;fufezrh e/khy iq: kkapk lghkkx Lo;a iq# kkykp myxmysyk uogrk- ;k dky[akmkrhy /kkfezd J/nsP;k fodklke/;s izpam izek.kkoj L=hnsork vk<g.;kekxs gs,d eq[; dkj.k vkgs-þ 41 Lk` Vhe/khy fulxzpdzkpk ckjdkbzus] fufj{k.kkp;k ek/;ekrwu vh;kl djr?km.kk&; izr;sd uslfxzd?kvusekxs,d fuf pr vls dkyekiukps rro vkgs gh xks V izfker% L=husp kks/kwu dk<yh- Þ42 L=hP;k fujh{k.k kdrhpk o cq/nherrspk ifj.kke Eg.kts L=hus ykoysyk ksrhpk kks/k gks;-ß ksrhpk kks/k fl=;kuh ykoyk izkphu Hkkjrke/;s f kdkjhlkj[;k vrhekxkl mrikanu i/nrhdmwu ksrhlkj[;k izxr mriknu i/nrhdms lektkyk us.;kps Js; fl=;kauk vkgs fla/kw unhp;k dbh xkgisjkph ksrh gh L=hus kks/kwu dk<yh 31

32 ;k dzakrhdhjh kks/kkeqgs HkVdrs leq/g flfkj >kysþ 43 ekuokus iq<hy dkgkr dsysy;k lozp izxrhps ewg R;kP;k flfkj thoukr vkgs- o gs LFkS;Z izkir d#u ns.;kps dke fl=;kauh dsy;keqgs loz izxrhp;k eqgk kh fl=;k vkgsr vls EgVY;kl okoxs B# u;s- L=hlerspk gk L=hlRRkkd dky[akm [k&;k vfkkzus fl=;kap;k bfrgklkrhy lksusjh iku gksrk- ßL=hlRrkd lekt gk lkis{kr% vf/kd L=h&iq# k lersoj vk/kkjysyk gksrk- L=h gh ;q/n kkl=kr ikjaxr gkssrh- nsoklwj ;q/nkr dsd;h n kjfkk lkscr y<yh- L=h jkt;kph lsuk gh iruh o iq# kkaiklwu cuyh gksrhþ 44 fl=;kauh ;k dky[kamkr ykoysy;k fofo/k kks/kkaeqgs Hkkoh izxrhps njokts [kqys >kys- vk;qoszn o lka[; rrokkukph fufezrh o fodkal fl=;kauh dsyk- vkfne x.klektkr ;Kkph pksdv cka/k.ks ohvk jp.ks b- dkes fl=;kp djhr- R;kpizek.ks x.khkwehp;k okvikps vf/kdkj fl=;kadmsp vlr- R;krwup fl=;kauh Hkwferhpk kks/k ykoykþ 45 dkgkp;k vks?kkr xkgisjkp;k ksrh,soth d` kh mriuuklkbh ukaxjkapk o csyklkj[kk Ik kwpk okij dj.;kpk iz?kkr #< >kyk- R;kpcjkscj vir;fufezrhe/khy iq# kkp;k lghkkxkpsgh Kku iq# kkauk >kys ;k nksugh ckchapk vijhgk;z ifj.kke vlk >kyk dh lektkr fl=;kadms c?k.;kpk tks,d xskjohdj.kkpk n` Vhdksu gksrk- R;kyk vksgvh ykxyh lektke/;s iq# klrrspk mn; >kyk o ggwggw iq# krrsus ekr`lrrsph tkxk dkcht dsyh- 46 osfnd dky[kmkrhy L=hthou%& b-l-iwoz 3000 rs b-l-iwoz 1500 gk osfnd dky[kam ekuyk tkrks- Hkkjrh; lektke/;s vflrrokr vlysy;k ekr`lrrkd vuk;z lald`rhpk ijkhko d#u vk;kzauh Hkkjrkr iq# klrrkd vk;z lald`rhps fctkjksiu dsys- osfnd dky[kamke/;s fl=;kapk ntkz mpp Lo#ikpk gksrk] fl=;kauk miu;ukpk Egtsp Ik;kZ;kus f k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj 32

33 gksrk- osfnd dky[kamke/;s fl=;kaps nksu izeq[k oxz gksrs,d Eg.kts czegoknhuh vkf.k nqljk ln;kso/kw vkiys laiw.kz vk;q ; KkuizkirhlkBh leihzr dj.kk&;k o vkiy;k Kkulk/kusr dks.kr;kp izdkjpk O;R;; udks Eg.kwu izlaxh vfookghr jkg.kk&;k fl=;kapk lekos k czegoknhuh ;k xvkr gksr vls- T;k fl=;k fookgki;zar f k{k.k?ksåu uraj x`glfkkjekr izos k djr Ra;kuk ln;kso/kw vls EgVys tkrs vls- osfnd dky[kamke/;s fl=;kauk xq#x`gh jkgwu f k{k.k?ks.;kpkgh vf/kdkj gksrk- ckyfookg] fo/kok iwuzfozokg canh] lrhizfkk ;k lkj[;k dzwj pkyhjhrhapk mn; >kysyk uogrkvkiyk irh fuom.;kpk vf/kdkj ns[khy fl=;akuk gksrk- iq# kkap;k rqyusr dks.krsgh oktoh gdd fl=k;kauk ukdkjys uogrs- ^lrrp;k vk;z vuk;z la?k kkzeqgs lkeku;r% vk;z iq# k ;q/nkr xqarysyk vls o L=h?kjdke ] dkim r;kj dj.ks] /kuq ;ck.kklkj[ks ;q/n lkfgr; fuekz.k dj.;kr egrokph Hkwfedk ctkor vls- lgkftdp rh gh Lo;aiw.kZ o mriknu izfdz;srhy egrokpk?kvd gksrh- Eg.kwu frpk ntkkz jlkrgkyk xsysyk uogrk- vuk;kza kh y<.;klkbh tklrhr tklr iq# kkaph vko ;drk vly;keqgs larrh fuekz.k dj.;klkbh L=hyk egrokph Hkwfedk ikj ikmkoh ykxr vls R;keqGsp ;k dky[kamkr lrhizfkk fdaok fo/kok iqufookg canh fnlwu ;sr ukgh Þ 47 mrrj osfnd dky[kam & b- l- iwoz 1500 rs b- l- 500 ;k mrrj osfnd dky[kamke/;s fl=;kap;k ntkzr?klj.khl izkjahk >kyk- d` kh O;oLFksyk LFkS;ZZ izkir >ky;keqgs fl=;kap;k jktdh;] vkffkzd lghkkxkph vko ;drk deh >kyh- Le`rh vkf.k iqjk.kkp;k ;k dkgkr vusd /kezxzafkkph jpuk d#u fl=;kaps vf/kdkj ladqphr dj.;kr vkys f k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj ukdkj.;kr vkyk- lairrhoj dks.kkpkp vf/kdkj mjyk ukgh- QDr fookg gkp,deso laldkj fl=;kalkbh mjyk- 33

34 osokfgdks fof/k% L=huka laldkjks osf/kdk Le`r % ifrlsok xqjks oklks x`gk;kszxuh ifjfdz;k AA 48 iq# klrrk vkf.k tkrh O;oLFkk vkck/khr Bso.;klkBh fl=;kauk lrhizfkk] fo/kok fookg canh] ckyfookg ;klkj[;k dqjhrhap;k gokyh dj.;kr vkys] MkWckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ;kap;k ers ßoSfnd dkgkr fl=;kapk ntkz mpp gksrk ek= euwus fygysy;k euqle`rheqgs rks [kkyoyk- fl=;kp;k nqjkolfksyk euwp tckcnkj vkgs-þ 49 izkphu dkgkrhy /kezlq/kkj.kk pgog o fl=;k & izkphu HkkjrkP;k bfrgklke/;s tsu o cks/n /kekzpk >kysyk mn; gk,d dzkarhdkjh dk;zlq/kkj.kk pgoghpk dky[kam ekuyk tkrks- rrdkyhu fagnq /kekzrhy ok<rs dezdkam] va/kj/nk]fo kerk] tkrhhksn ;klkj[;k d`ik;k fo#/n vkokt mbor b-l- iwoz 6 O;k krdkr Hkxoku egkohj ;kauh tsu /kekzph LFkkiuk dsyh rj Hkxoku xksre cq/n ;kauh cks/n /kekzph LFkkiuk dsyh- tsu vkf.k cks/n /kekzuh fl=;kauk lekurk o Lokra+«; fny;keqgs Qkj eksb;k izek.kkr fl=;kauk ;k /kekzpk Lohdkj dsy;kps vk<gwu ;srse/;;qxhu dky[kamkrhy L=hthou & e/;;qxhu dky[kamke/;s Hkkjrh; fl=;kaps thou vf/kdp va/k%dkje; >kys gksrs- mrrj osfnd dky[kamke/;s fuekz.k >kysy;k ckyfookg] lrhizfkk] fo/kok fookg canh] ds koiu] f k{k.k canh ;klkj[;k pkyhfjrhus e/;;qxkr vfr k; vkdzkgfodzkg Lo#i /kkj.k dsys gksrs-;k #<h ijaijkauk dk; kps Lo#i izkir >kys gksrs- e/;;qxhu dky[kmkrhy L=hthou /kkehzd dezdkam] va/kj/nk] ekufld xqykefxjh ;kr vmdysys gksrs- fofo/k /kkfezd #<h ijaijkp;k ek/;ekrwu fl=;kauk t[kmwu Bso.;kr vkys- rhyk irhikjk;.k o iq# k kj.k cufoys xsys- vkn kz ekrk o 34

35 vkn kz iruh Eg.kwu frps xksjohdj.k dsys gksrs- lrh lkoh=h o ekrk vuql;k gh vkn kz frp;kiq<s ekamyh xsyh-ovlkfo=h lkj[ks fofo/k ozrosdy;s] djok pksfk lkj[;k izfkk&ijaijk o j{kkca/ku lkj[;k /kkfezd l.kkap;k ek/;ekrwu rhps ijkoyachro n`< dsys xsysþ 50 ijkoyachrokps laldkj fl=;kap;k eukoj?kvvi.ks #t.;klkbh fofo/k /kkfezd xzafkph jpuk dj.;kph ijaijk lq#p gksrh- 13 O;k krdkrhy gseknzh iamhrkus fyfgysy;k ^prqoxz fprkae.kh* ;k xzafkkr fl=;kalkbh gtkjks ozrosdy;s lkafxryh vkgsr- 51 e/;;qxkrhy eqlyhe vkdze.ks o R;kpcjkscj ns kkraxzr fofo/k jktlrrkae/;s gks.kkjs jktdh; la?k kz] y<k;k ;keqgs fl=;kaoj imnk i/nrhlkj[kh ca/kus?kky.;kr vkyh o rh iq<s fnolsafnol tkpdp gksr xsyh- 19 O;k krdkrhy lektlq/kkj.kk pgog fczvh kkps jktdh; vkffkzd opzlo izlfkkihr >ky;keqgs Hkkjrh;kapk vkiksvkip ik pkr; lal rh] baxzth Hkk kk] vk/kqfud Kku] Lokra=;] lerk]ca/kquk ;k mnkjeroknh ladyiuk vkf.k brj vusd uouohu ladyiuka kh ifjp; >kyk- R;krwup lekt lq/kkjdkaph,d fi<h fuekz.k >kyh- jktkjke eksgu jkw;] egknso xksfoan jkums] egkrek tksfrck Qqys] lkfo=hckbz Qqys]iaMhrk jekckbz] csgjketh eyckjh] jkt khz kkgw egkjkt] MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ;klkj[kh Fkksj lekt lq/kkjdkaph ijaijk fuekz.k >kyh- 12- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kaph lkekftd flfkrh iq# klrrk gk Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkspk ik;k vlwu R;k ik;k[kkyh usgehp fl=;kauk fpjmys xsysys vkgs- iq# klrrkd lektkr fl=;kaps kks k.k gksrs gs L=hoknh 35

36 pgoghps x`ghrd R;ke/kwup fuekz.k >kysys vkgs- fl=;kapk vf kf{kri.kk] va/kj/nkgw o`rrh] ijaijkfiz;rk] ekufld nqczyrk] vkffkzd ijkoyachro ;k ckch iq# klrrsp;k etcwrhdj.kklkbh o rh fvd.;klkbh egrokph Hkwfedk ctkor vlrkr- T;k izns kkrhy fl=;k ftrd;k ekxkl frrdh R;k izns kkrhy iq# klrrk?kvzv vlrs- rlsp,[kk k izknsf kd fohkkxkpk vkffkzd] lkekftd] ks{f.kd fodkl ftrdk tklr frrdh R;k izns kkrhy L=h brj fl=;kap;k rqyusr tkx#d vlrs o R;kp rqyusr R;k izns kkrhy iq# klrrsps ca/ku FkksM;k izek.kkr lsy imysys fnlrs] vfkkzr iq# klrrk ek«k vflrrokr vlrsp vlrs- FkksMD;kr,[kk k izns kkpk vkffkzd fodkl rsfkhy lektthoukyk izhkkfor djr vlrks- ejkbokm;krhy fl=;kap;k lkekftd flfkrhps fo ys k.k dj.;klkbh dkgh egrokp;k dlksv;kapk voyac djkok ykxrks] R;ke/;s ;sfkhy iq# klrrkd lekto;olfkk] fl=;kaps dqvwackrhy LFkku] fl=;kaps osokfgd LFkku vkf.k R;kauk lektkr okoj.;kph feg.kkjh eksdghd R;kaph ks{kf.kd] vkffkzd] jktdh; ]lkekftd flfkrh ;k ckchpk lekos k gksrks- ejkbokm;krhy jktdh; o vkffkzd ifjflfkrhpk fl=;kap;k ntkzoj Qkj [kksyoj ifj.kke >kysyk fnlwu ;srkstsogk vki.k,[kk k O;Drhpk ntkz ekstr vlrks- rsogk R;klkBh izkeq[;kus nksu fud k ykoys tkrkr-,drj R;k laca/khr O;Drhyk feg.kkjs vf/kdkj vkf.k nqljk Eg.kts R;k vf/kdkjkapk okij dj.;klkbh vko ;d vl.kkjh ik=rk] Lokra= vkf.k okrkoj.k ;kapk mihkksx?ks.;kph laca/khr O;Drhph {kerk gs gks;- status refers to a position in social system or sub system which is distinguishable from and at the same time realeted to other position through its designated rights and oblige tions. ln the pure sociological sense, status does not imply rank or hierarehy but 52 obligations denotes only position vis-vis rights and 36