र ष श ह मह र च सक त च शश ण

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1 र ष श ह मह र च सक त च शश ण la kks/kd fon;kfkhz MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ejkbokmk fon;kihb] vksjaxkckn- मह र ष ट र भ रत izlrkouk % jkt khz kkgq egjktkaph b-l rs 1922i;Zarph Eg.kts vo?kh vëkfol o kkzph dkjdhnz vkf.k brd;k deh dkgke?;s egkjkatkuh dsog dksygkiwjp ukgh rj lkjk egkjk Vª cnyqu Vkdyk- jkt khz kkgq egjkt T;k osgh xknhoj vkys R;kosGh dksygkiqj lalfkku gs iq.kz nkfjnz;kr vkf.k /kkfezd xqykexhjhe?;s gksrsizr;sd O;Drh gk vkiyk O;olk; vkikiy;k pksdvhr jkgqup djr vls]ckikpk O;olk; gk eqykus djkok eqykpk O;kolk; R;kaP;k eqykaps djkok v kh gh ijaijk pkyr vls v/kqfudhdj.kkus ;kauk FkksMkgh Li kz dsysyk ukogrk- gs lxg fp= egkjktkauh cf?kry- lektkph izxrh d kh gksbzy ;kpk fopkj egkjkt d: ykxys- ;kosgh Hkkjrkoj baxztkap jkt; gksr- baxzt gs vk/kqfud jkt;drsz gksrs- f k{k.kkeqgs R;kaP;k ns kkpk fodkl?kmoqu vk.kyk gs egkjktkauk ekghr gksr- egkjkt gs fons k nksú;koj xsy;koj fury fuj{k.k djr vls- R;kaP;k fodklkp;k ekxs f k{k.k gs vkgs gs egkjktkauh idd vksg[ky gksr- Eg.kqu vkiy;k lalfkkukr izfke f k{k.kkyk izk/kku; n;kos vls egkjktkauk okvys vkf.k R;kauh R;k fn ksus okvpky lq: dsyhi.k iztk gh f k{k.k?;k;yk r;kj uogrh Eg.kqu egkjktkauh nenkj ikåy mpyqu f k{k.k gs eksqr d:u ldrhps dsys- 1- lalfkkukrhy ks{kf.kd pgog% 1P a g e

2 jkt;drkz gk la;kstu khy ]xfrf ky vkf.k cgqtughrizo.k vlyk rjp rks vkiykk jkt;dkjhkkj lektkrhy loz LFkjkrhy yksdkap;k lgk ;kus ; klohjhr;k pkyq kdrks- gs lr; ekghr vl.kkjs jkt khz kkgq egkjkt gksrs-egkjktkauh izfke nqczy o fuj{kj cgqtuke/;s f k{k.k izlkj djo;kps Bjoys- ßegkjk Vªkrhy [ksm;kikm;krhy ekxkl o nfyr oxkze/;s f k{k.k izlkj dj.kkjh ifgyh lalfkk Eg.kts LkR; kks/kd lekt gks;þ-1- [ksm;kikm;k i;zar thps ykksu ikgpys gksrs v kh Hkkjrkrhy ifgyh lkekftd pgog gks;- lr; kks/kd lektkps lalfkkid egkrek T;ksrhck Qqys ;kauh ;k pgoghyk 1848 lkyh izkjahk dsyk- egkrek Qqysauh izkfkfed f k{k.k ldrhps o eksqr djkos v kh fouarh fczfv k ljdkyk dsyh gksrh- i.k baxzt gs LokFkhZ vly;kus R;akuh Hkkjrh;kadMs fo ks k y{k fnys ukghjkt khz kkgq egkjkts gs egkrek Qqysauk vknjlfkkuh ekur vls- jkt;kph lq/kkj.kk dj.ks Eg.ktsp usfrd vkf.k HkkSfrd izxrh dj.ks ;klkbh tursyk f k+{k.k ns.ks t:jhps vkgs- ß iq.;krhy czkge.k fon~okukuh ojh B oxkkzps f k{k.k lq: dsy rj egkrek Qqys o kkgq N=irh ;kauh ekxkloxhz; vkf.k nfyrkrhy nfyr ;kap;ke/;s f k{k.k izlkj djo;kl vkjahk dsykþ2- lalfkkukp;k iz kklukr cgqtukuk EkksB;k izek.kkar lghkkxh d:u?;ko vls egkjktkauk okvr vls-i.k cgqtu f kf{kr >kyk rjp gs gks.kkj vkgs gs egkjktkauk ekghr gksrs- 2- izkfkfed f k{k.k% vkiy;k dksygkiqj lalfkkuke/;s izkfkfed f k{k.k lkokzaxhu djkos gk fopkj egkjktkp;k eukr 1912@13 R;k nje;ku vkyk gksrk- vls R;kdkGkrhy iz kkldh; vgoyko:u Li V gksrs- R;k vgoyko:u letrs dh f k{k.k [kkr;kdms egkjkatkps y{k iqohziklqup os/kysys gksrs f k{k.k izlkj dj.;klkbh ts iz;ru >kys ts egkjktkauk lek/kku Qkjd okvr uogrs Eg.kqu ;k izxrhyk pkyuk ns.;kp;k gsrqus izkfkfed f k{k.kkpk ik;k folr`r djkok o izkfkfed f k{k.k lokzuk lqyhk lksis dj.ks gs egkjktkauk t:jhps okvys- ;klkbh egkjkatkauh ßf k{k.k lq/kkj lferh LFkki.k dsyh-þ3 cgqtu lektkp;k f k{k.klkbh dks.r;k mik; ;kstuk djko;kr ;klkbh R;k egknso xksafon 2P a g e

3 jkums] xksiky Ñ.k xks[kys]mkw jkeñ.k xksikg HkkaMkjdj ;kap;k kh lyyk elykr dsyh- cgqtukap;k lokzfx.k dy;k.kpk fopkj dlk gksrk gs egkjktkaap;k iqbhy fo/kkukrqu Li V gksrkuk fnlrs ß j;rsrhy FkksMklk Hkkx iq.kz lqf kf{kr gks.;kis{kk loz j;rsyk izkfkfed f k{k.kkpk FkksMkrjh va k fegkyk ikfgts vls ek>s er vkgsþ4 lektkrhy lokzuk f k{k.kkp;k ykkhk >kyk ikfgts ;k gsrqus egkjktkauh cgqtukap;k izkfkfed f k{k.kkoj tklrhr tklr y{k dsanzhr dsys-ckgqtukuk izkfkfed f k{k.kkph FkksMkrjh va k fegkok Eg.kqu egkjkt uoufou iz;ksx dkgthiqokzd djr vls ß vxnh izfke R;kauh kkgsrhy 15VDds fon;kf;kzuk R;kaph Qh iq.kzi.ks ekq dj.;kpk egrokpk fu.kz; 20 es 1911 jksth?ksrykþ5-ijarq ;k fu.kkz;kpk Qk;nk lqf kf{kr tkrh e/khy fon;kf;kzukp >kyk gs y{kkr ;srkp egkjktkaph 15 VDds fon;kf;kze/;s fuees fon;kfkhz gs ks{kf.kdn` V;k ekxklyksy;k oxkzrhy vlys ikghts vlk fu;e dsyk- izkjahkh xkokrhy pkomh]nsogs /kez kkgk br;knh fbdk.kh kkgk lq: dsy;k- ß kkgq egkjkt izkfkfed f k{k.kkoj,d yk[k :i;s [kpkz djr gksrs- Þ6-uarj gh jdde rhu yk[kkoj xsyh- R;kdkGh gh jdde [kqi eksbh gksrhdksygkiqj lkj[;k ygku kk lalfkkukus izkfkfed f k{kk.kk lkj[;k ckchoj njo khz,d yk[k :i;s [kpkz dj.ks Eg.kts [kqi eksbh xks V gksrh ß R;k dkgh izkfkfed f k{kdkpk ixkj 12 :i;s gksrkþ7 R;k ekukus gh jdde izpam gksrh- R;k lqekjkl egkjk Vª]dukZVd]xqtjkr]fla/k brd;k vqkv izns kkoj izljysy;k eqacbz bykk[;kph f k{k.kkrhy rjrqn,d yk[k :i;s brdh uogrh- izkfkfed f k{k.k gsp dks.kkr;kgh f k{k.k O;oLFkspk ik;k vlrks vkf.k,[kkn;k bekjrhpk fhkrh vlrs-gs vksg[kqu jkt khz kkgq egkjktkauh izkfkfed f k{k.kkdms eksb;k izek.kkr y{k fnys- 3- ldrhps f k{k.k% egkrek Qqysizek.ksp kkgq egkjktkauh ldrhp;k izkfkfed f k{kk.kkpkk vkxzg /kkjyk- egkjktkauh dksygkiqj jkt;kr izkfkfed f k{k.k eksqr o LkDrhps dsys gh R;kaph ;kstuk f k{k.k {ks=krhy eksbh ;kstuk gksrh i.k gh ;kstuk tkpd gks.kkj ukgh ;kph loz [kcjnkjh egkjktkauh?ksryh gksrh b-l-21 LkIVscaj 1917 jksth f k{k.k RkTKka;kph lferhus r;kj dsysy;k fu;ekoyhoj v/kkjhr vlk ldrhps 3P a g e

4 f k{k.k dk;nk [kkl tkghjukek dk<qu izfl/n dj.;kr vkyk ;k tkfgjuke;kr djohj bykk[;krhy vkep;k loz iztktukauk fyghrk]okprk ;smu vkiyh flfkrh vksg[kqu lq/kkj.;kl lefkz Ogkos Eg.kqu vlk dk;nk dsy;kps EgVys vkgsþ8 ;k dk;nkus f k{k.kkl ;ksx; o;kph eqys kkgsr ikbo.;kph vkbz ckikoj ldrh dj.;kr vkyh- R;kauh r kh ikboyh ukgh rj R;kauk izr;sdh,d :i;k nj eghuk nam dj.;kph rjrqn dj.;kr vkyh djohj isv;krhy fp[kyh ;k xkokr ldrhpk ighy;k kkgspk vkjahk- ß 4 ekpkz 1918 jksth [kqn kkgq N=irhP;k kqhkglrs >kykþ 9-egkjktkauk iq.kz [kk=h gksrh dh f k{k.kkf kok; dks.kr;kgh ns kkph izxrh >kyh ukgh vl bfrgkl lkaxrks Eg.kqup ldrhp;k f k{k.kkph xjt vkgs vls egkjktkauk okvr vls lkypkk izkjahkhp egkjktkuh vkiy;k lalfkkukr ldrhp;k o eksqr f k{k.kklkbh,d [kkl Lora= [kkrs fuekz.k dsys ßR;kaoj Mk;jsDVj vkf.k,t;qds kuy bulisdvj ;k ojh V vf/kdkr;kph use.kqd dj.;kr vkyh rlsp gs [kkrs [kqn~n vkep;k utjs[kkyh jkghy vls egkjktkauh tkghj dsysþ10-egkjktkauk ekghr gksrs dh ldrhps f k{k.k dsys rj rhtksjhoj Qkj rk.k im.kkj vkgs i.k rjh gh egkjktkauh ;kph iokz dsyh ukgh vkf.k ldrhps f k{k.k jkt;kr ykxq dsys- egkjktkap;k izkfkfed f k{k.k eksqr vkf.k ldrhps ;k ;kstuspk pkaxyk ifj.kke >kysyk fnlqu ;srks- dkj.k izkfkfed kkgkph 1893&94 yk vlysyh 183 gh la[;k 1921 yk 496 brdh >kyh- 1893&94 yk f kd.kkú;k fon;kf;kzph la[;k 11]042 gksrh rh 1921&22 yk 26]628 i;zr okbyh rlsp ß ldrhp;k o eksqr f k{k.k ns.kkú;k izkfkfed kkgkph la[;k 1917&18 yk 27 gksrh rh 1921&22 yk 420,o<h >kyh fon~;kfkhz la[;k o:u 22]007,o<h >kyhþ-11 izr;sd uk.;kyk nksu cktq vlrkr,d cktq pkaxyh nqljh okbzv ;k izek.ks ;k ldrhp;k f k{k.kkfo k;h >kys- RkRdkyhu iq.ksdjkauh ;k ldrkhp;k f k{k.kkyk fojks/k dsysyk fnlqu ;srks- fojks/k djrkuk dsysyk ;qdrhokn vlk vkgs dh f k{k.kkpk fopkj dj.;kiqohz l/;k vlysy;k f k{k.kkp;k lksbze/;s vf/kd lq[klksbz dj.ks vko ;d vkgs-dsljhus vls izfriknu dsys gksrs dh ßl/;kph kkgk x```gs izfke folr`r o gos khj dsyh ikghts R;koj vkf/kd [kpz dj.;kph xjt vkgsþ12- f k{k.kkph edrsnkjh vkiy;k gkrqu tk.;kp;k fhkrheqgs ofj B oxkzus v kh fo/kkus dsysyh fnlrs ijarq kkgq egkjktkauh ;k fojks/kkyk fhkd?kkryh ukgh nqcg;k lektkyk iq<s vk.kqu iqbkjysy;k oxkzp;k cjkscjhyk vk.kqu 4P a g e

5 cloo;kps vkiys iz;ru pkyqp Bsoys jkt khz kkgq egkjktkapk gk tks f k{k.k fo k;d n` Vhdksu gksrk rks vktgh vkiy;k leksj vkn kzp vkgs- 4- lkjka k % jkt khz kkgq egkjktkauh vëkfol o kkzr bfrgkl cnyqu Vkdyk- jkt;kph ikg.kh dsy;koj lekt gk vmk.kh v/kaj/nk /kezhkksgsi.kk ;krp xaqrysyk fnlyk- ;keqgs lektkph izxrh fg [kqavysyh gksrh i.k]gs ;k lektkp;k y{kkr ;sr uogrslektkyk ;krqu ckgsj dkbk;ps vlsy rj f k{k.k gs [kqi egrokps lk/ku vkgs gs egkjktkauk ekghr gksrs- dkj.k egkjkt gs baxztkaps ekamyhd jkts gksrs baxzt gs vk/kqfud fopkj lj.khps gksrs- i.k ;k osgsyk lektgh f k{k.k?ks.;kl mnklhu gksrk- dkj.k f k{k.k?ks.k gs vkiy dke ukgh v kh fopkj lj.kh ;k cgqtu lektkph gksrh-eg.kqu ldrhps f k{k.k egkjktkauk djkos ykxys- rlk vkns kp egkjktkauk dk<kok ykxyk f k{k.k d:u xksjgtj fon~;kf;kzoj nam vkdkjyk xsyk vkbz ckikyk enrhph xjt vlsy rj ia/kjk fnolkph lqvvh ns.;kr ;sr vls] dksygkiqj lalfkku gs,d NksVs lalfkku gksrs rjh gh egkjktkauh ;k NksV;k lalfkkukr izkfkfed f k{k.kkoj [kqi eksbk [kpkz dsyk- f k{k.kkeqgs lektkpk fodkl gks.kkj vkgs gs egkjktkauk idds ekghr gksrs [ksm;kikm;kr egkjktkauh kkgk lq: dsy;k- cgqtu lekt f k{k.kkl r;kj Ogkok ;klkbh egkjkt uoufou iz;ksx djr vlrlalfkkukr iuukl VDds tkxk jk[kho Bso.;kr vky;k gs ;kpps mnkgj.k vkgs Eg.kts lektkrhy oafpr?kvd f k{k.k?ks.;kl r;kj gksbzy egkjktkap;k ldrhps f k{k.k ;k ;kstusyk pkaxyk izfrlkn fegkysyk fnlrks dkj.k kkgk vkf.k fon~;kfkhz la[;k [kqi ok<yh gksrh jkt khz kkgq egkjkt gs,d drksz lq/kkjd gksrs- gs ;sfks eku; djkosp ykkxsy- lanhkzxzafk % 1- ok?k ftrsanz kadjjko]jkt khz kkgq egkjktkaps vli` ;kap;k lanhkkzrhy dk;z] ¼ kka/kfuca/k,eqhy ½; koarjko pogk.k egkjk Vª eqdr fon;kihb ukfld]2009 i` 91 5P a g e

6 2- fdj /kuat;] jkt khz kkgq N=irh] iwki;qyj izdk ku] eqacbz vko`rh 6 oh] 2001 i` yksdjkt;] l Vsacj 2018] i` tk/ko jes k] yksdjktk kkgq N=irh] ksysnz izdk ku kqøokj isb iq.ks] tqu 2012 i` tk/ko jes k] yksdjktk kkgq N=irh] fdrrk Ik` iokj t;flaxjko] jkt khz kkgq N=irh thou o dk;z v:a/krh izdk ku] dksygkiqj 2014 Ik` fuckagdj lqo.kkz ukbzd] lekt Økarhdkjd jkt khz kkgq egkjkt] lald`rh izdk ku] ukjk;.k isb iq.ks 2014 i` iokj t;flaxjko] jkt khz kkgq LekjdxzFka] egkjk Vª bfrgkl izcksf/kuh dksygkiqj] vko`rh 7 tqu 2007 i` tk/ko jes k] yksdjktk kkgq N=irh] mijksdr Ø ebhdj fnyhi- jk] jkt khz kkgq egkjkt thou vkf.k dk;z] yyhrjkt izdk ku] vgenuxj 2005 Ik` yksdjkt; l Vsacj i` tk/ko jes k] jkt khz kkgq xksjo xzafk] izdk ku egkjk Vª jkt; f k{k.k fohkkx] lfpoky; eqacbz 2016 i` 838 6P a g e

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