भ रत य क ष क ष त र : अन क लत आण प रततक लत

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1 भ रत य क ष क ष त र : अन क लत आण प रततक लत INDIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR : SUITABILITY AND ADVERSITY lgk ;d izk/;kid अर थश स त र व भ ग kkarkjkehkkå?kksyi dyk] fokku o xksvhjkehkkå iokj okf.kt; egkfo ky;] f kogs] rk-eqjckm] ft-bk.ks मह र ष ट र भ रत izlrkouk% Hkkjr gk Ñ khiz/kku ns k Eg.kqu vksg[kyk tkrks- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkosr skrh {ks=kyk vlk/kj.k egùo vkgsdks.kr;kgh ns kkp;k,dq.k jk Vªh; mriuukr ksrh{ks=kpk okvk tklr vly;kl rks ns k Ñ kh iz/kku ns k Eg.kqu vksg[kyk tkrks- Hkkjrkr vktgh togikl 60% is{kk tklr yksdla[;k ksrh{ks=koj voyacqu vkgs- ksrhyk Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkspk d.kk EgVys tkrs- Hkkjrkr Lokra«;kuarj vks ksfxdj.k ok<ys vlys rjhgh ksrh {ks=kpk fgllk Qkj deh >kysyk ukgh-,[kk k o khz Hkkjrkr ksrhp;k fidkps uqdlku >ky;kl laiq.kz vfkzo;olfksr vlarqyu fuekz.k gksrs- Hkfo ;kr vkffkzd fodklkph xrh ok<wu ksrhoj voyacqu vl.kkú;k yksdkaps izek.k deh gks.kkj vlrs- rjhgh Hkkjrkpk vkffkzd fodkl gk iq dg izek.kkr ksrhoj voyacqu vly;kus ksrhps egùo tklr jkg.kkj gs m?km vkgs- Hkkjrkr 1951 iklwu iapok khzd ;kstusyk lq#okr >kyh-,d&nksu iapokf kzd ;kstuk lksmy;k rj Hkkjrkrhy loz iapokf kzd ;kstuke/;s ksrhyk egùo fnysys vkgs- fodlhr ns kkpk fodkl fopkjkr?ksrk R;k ns kkauh lokzr izfke vkiy;k Ñ kh {ks=kpk fodkl dsyk gksrk o uarj ;kauh vks ksfxdj.kkyk lq#okr dsyh- ;kpkp vfkz Hkkjrkyk fodflr Ogk;pa vly;kl lokzr izfke Ñ kh {ks=kpk fodkl dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- ijarq 21 O;k krdkyk lq#okr gksåu ns[khy Hkkjrh; Ñ kh{ks=kyk vusd lel;kauk lkeksjs 1P a g e

2 tkos ykxrs- tkxrhfddj.kkp;k dkgkr ksrh{ks=kyk vusd vkogkukauk lkeksjs tkos ykxr vkgs- izlrqr fuca/kkr Hkkjrh; ksrh{ks=kleksj vl.kkjh izfrdqyrk o Ñ kh{ks=kr vlysy;k vuqdwyrk ;kapk mgkiksg dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- Hkkjrh; Hkwehph HkkSxksfyd flfkrh Hkkjrkps HkkSxksfyd {ks= & oxz fdyksehvj mùkj nf{k.k ykach & 3214 fdyksehvj iwoz if pe ykach & 2933 fdyksehvj {ks=h; lhek & fdyksehvj leqnz lhek & 6100 fdyksehvj (L=ksr & Hkkjr ljdkj vkffkzd lfe{kk 2002 & 2003) ojhy ekfgrho#u vls y{kkr ;srs dh] Hkkjrkr togikl 329 feyh;u gsdvj tfeu miyc/k vkgs- R;kiSdh QDr 305 fefy;u gsdvj tfeuhfo k;h vkdmsokjh o nlr,sot miyc/k vkgsr- Hkkjrh; Hkwehpk mi;ksx % Hkkjrkr,dq.k miyc/k vlysy;k HkwHkkxkpk mi;ksx osxosxg;k mi;ksxklkbh dlk dsyk tkrks R;k lanhkkzr vkdmsokjh [kkyh fnyh vkgs- Hkkjrh; tfeuhpk mi;ksx Ø- Hkweh mi;ksx {ks=qg,dq.k Hkqeh kh % ¼feyh;u gsdvj½ 1-,dq.k Hkkxksfyd {ks=qg 329 & 2-,dq.k mi;ksxlkbh tfeu imhr vkf.k Ñ kh ;ksx; ulysyh tfeu taxyklkbh jk[kho tfeu pkjk {ks=klkbh tfeu Ñ kh;ksx; ijarq ifmd tfeu {kkj;qdr tfeu ykxomh[kkyhy,dq.k {ks=qg ,dkis{kk vf/kd ykxomhlkbhph tfeu P a g e

3 10-,dq.k Ñ kh;ksx; tfeu ¼8$9½ ojhy rd;kr vls fun kzukl ;srs dh] Hkkjrkr,dq.k tfeuhisdh eksb;k izek.kkr tfeu ykxomh[kkyh ;kså kdrs-,dw.ktfeuhisdh 60 % tfeu ykxomh[kkyh vkgs-,dq.k HkwHkkxkiSdh 68 fefy;u gsdvj tfeu taxyklkbh jk[kho vkgspkjk {ks=klkbh 04 %tfeu vkgs-,dw.k HkwHkkxkiSdh 13% HkwHkkx Ñ khlkbh ;ksx; ukgh- (L=ksr & Hkkjr ljdkj vkffkzd lfe{kk 2002 & 2003) Hkkjrkrhy ksrh {ks=krhy fid forj.kkps LOk#i Hkkjrkr Ñ kh mriknukps nksu Hkkx imrkr- 1½ [kk kuu ¼Food - grain½ 2½ v[kk kuu ¼Non - Food - grain½ ;k nksu Ñ kh mriknukps 21 O;k krdki;zar ykxomh[kkyh vlysy;k {ks=qgkps fooj.k iq<hy rdr;kr fnys vkgsfid forj.kkps Lo#i ¼% ½ 1950 & & & & ½ [kk kuus ½ v[kk kuus ,dw.k L=ksr & Hkkr ljdkj vkffkzd leh{kk 2002 & 2003 ojhy rdr;kr vls fnlrs dh] 1950 & 51 % e/;s,dw.k ykxomh [kkyhy {ks=kisdh 74 % {ks=koj [kk kuus p 26 % Hkw{ks=koj v[kk kuus fid?ksrys tkr gksrs- lu 1980 i;zar [kk kuusps izek.k ok<qu 80 % i;zar xsys- ijarq gs izek.k 2001 & 2002 e/;s 75 % i;zar deh >kys vkgs- v[kk kuukps izek.k 1980 & 81 i;zar 20 % i;zar deh >kys gksrs- rs 2001 & 2002 e/;s 25 % i;zar ok<ys- 3P a g e

4 Lokra«;kuarj izeq[k fidkap;k {ks=qgkr >kysyh ok<% Lokra«; izkirhuarj HkkjrkP;k izeq[k [kk kuus o v[kk kuukp;k {ks=qgkr ok< iq<hy rdr;kr nkfoyh vkgsizeq[k fidkap;k {ks=qgkrhy ok< ¼yk[k gsdvj e/;s½ fid 1949 & & & ½ loz izdkjph [kk kuus ½ loz izdkjph v[kk kuus ,dw.k L=ksr & Hkkjr ljdkj vkffkzd lfe{kk 2002 & 2003 ojhy rdr;kr vls fnlrs dh Hkkjrhrhy [kk kuus o v[kk kuus ;k nksugh izdkjp;k fidkar Lokra«; izkirhuarj ok< >kysyh fnlqu ;srs- [kk kuukps {ks=qg 1949 & 50 e/;s 990 yk[k gsdvj gksrs gs izek.k ok<wu 2001 & 02 e/;s 1220 yk[k gsdvj >kys vkgs- rj v[kk kuukps {ks=qg 1949 & 50 e/;s 230 yk[k ghsdvj gksrs rs 2001 & 02 e/;s 380 yk[k gsdvj >kys vkgs- Lokra«;ksÙkj dkgkrhy eq[; fidkap;k mriknukrhy oq)h ¼mRiknu yk[k Vu½ fidkps izdkj 1949 & & & 02 1½ rkanqg ½ xgw ½ HkjM /kku; ½ MkGh ½ rsyfc;k ½ ml ½ cvkvs ½ dkiwl L=ksr & Hkkjr ljdkj vkffkzd lfe{kk 2002 &03 4P a g e

5 ojhy rdr;kr vls fnlrs dh] Lokara«;izkIrhuarj rkanqg] xgw o ml ;k rhu fidkae/;s eksb;k izek.kkr ok< >kyh vkgs- MkGhaps mriknu Qkjls ok<ysys fnlr ukgh- brj fidkap;k mriknukr FkskM;k izek.kkr ok< >kysyh fnlwu ;srs- Hkkjrh; Ñ kh {ks=kleksjhy izfrdqyrk % Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfksyk Ñ khiz/kku vfkzo;olfkk vls EgVys tkrs- Hkkjrkr eksb;k yksdla[;sdmqu eksb;k {ks=koj ksrh dsyh tkrs- i.k fodlhr ns kkph rqyuk djrk Hkkjrh; ksrh ekxklysyh fnlqu ;srs- 21 O;k krdkph lq#okr gksåu ns[khy Hkkjrkrhy ksrhpk fodkl Qkjlk >kysyk fnlqu ;sr ukgh- tkxfrfddj.kkp;k ;qxkr ksrh+{ks=kleksj vusd vuqdwyrk vkgsr- R;kpcjkscj vusd izfrdqyrk Bkdysyh vkgsr- Hkkjrh; Ñ khleksj vlysyh izfrdqyrk LohdkjY;k f kok; o miyc/k vuqdwyrk flodkjy;kf kok; Hkkjrh; ksrhpk o i;kz;kus Hkkjrkpk fodkl gks.ks kd; ukgh- Hkkjrh; Ñ kh{ks=kleksj mhkh vlysyh izfrdqyrk iq<hy izek.ks % 1½ mrikndrsr ok< dj.ks % brj fodlhr ns kkph rqyuk djrk Hkkjrkrhy Ñ kh mrikndrk vfr k; deh vkgs- ksrhph mrikndrk gh nj gsdvjh o nj O;Drh ekstyh tkrs- Hkkjrkr ;k nksugh izdkjp;k mrikndrk deh vkgsr- g;k mrikndrk ok<y;kf kok; ksrhpk [kú;k vfkkzus fodkl gkså kdr ukgh- ksrh{ks=kpk ygku vkdkj] rqdmhdj.k ;kaf=dhdj.kkpk vhkko br;knheqgs Hkkjrkrhy Ñ kh mrikndrk deh vkgs- [kkyhy rdr;kr brj ns kkph rqyuk Hkkjrkph Ñ kh mrikndrk n kzfoysyh vkgs- Hkkjrkph fidkuqlkj mrikndrsph brj ns kkaph rqyuk rkanqg xgw rsyfc;k dkiwl ns k mrikndrk ns k mrikndrk ns k mrikndrk ns k mrikndrk bftir 9-8 baxyam 7-7 tezuh 4-0 phu 11-1 vesfjdk 7-8 QzkUl 7-5 vesfjdk 2-6 czk>hy 10-9 dksjh;k 6-7 phu 4-2 vtszfvuk 2-5 vesfjdk 9-5 tiku 6-4 tx 2-8 czk>hy 2-4 ikdhlrku 7-6 tx 3-9 Hkkjr 2-7 tx 1-8 tx 7-3 5P a g e

6 Hkkjr 2-9 ikdhlrku 2-3 Hkkjr 0-8 Hkkjr 4-6 L=ksr & la;qdr jk Vkaps lk[;afd; fohkkx ojhy rdr;kpk fopkj djrk vls fnlrs dh] izeq[k fidkap;k mrikndrsckcr Hkkjr gk fodlhr jk VªkaP;k rlsp tkxfrd ljkljh mrikndrsp;k [kwi ekxs vkgs- rkangkph tkxfrd ljkljh mrikndrk 3-9 vkgs rj Hkkjrkph mrikndrk 2-9 vkgs- brj fidkaph mrikndrklq)k deh vkgs- Hkkjrkph deh mrikndrk ok<fo.;kps izfrdqyrk HkkjrkP;k Ñ kh {ks=kdms vkgs- 2½ ksretqj %^ Hkkjrkr ksrhlkbh ksretwj miyc/k gks.;kps vkogku mhks jkfgys vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy r#.k ih<hpk ksrhdms igk.;kpk n` Vhdksu cnyysyk vkgs- rlsp ksretqjkap;k etqjhe/;s y{k.kh; ok< >kysyh vkgs- R;keqGs ksrhpk mriknu [kpz ok<yk vkgs- Hkkjrkr xzkeh.k Hkkxkrqu kgjh Hkkxkr ykdkaps lfkykarj ok<ys vly;keqgs xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ksretqjkaph miyc/krk deh >kyh vkgs- rlsp vf k{khr etqajkeqgs ksrhph mrikndrk deh gksrs- rlsp cú;kp fbdk.kh ksretqjkauk gaxkeh jkstxkj miyc/k gksr vly;keqgs ksretqjkauh kgjkdms /kko?ksryh vkgs- 3½ cktkjisb % Hkkjrkr Ñ kh {ks=kleksj lokzar egùokps vkogku cktkjisbsp;k miyc/krsps vkgs- Hkkjrkr ksrdjh mriknu?ksr vlys rjh ;kauk vkiy;k ekykph foøh e/;lfkkap;k ek/;ekrqu djkoh ykxrs- R;keqGs R;kauk vkiy;k ekykyk deh fdaer fegrs- Ñ kh foi.kkrqu ksreky eksb;k lk[kgh}kjs cktkjisbsr nk[ky gksr vlrks- R;keqGs izr;sd Lrjkoj dfe ku?ksrys tkrs- dkgh fbdk.kh cktkjisb nqj varjkoj vly;keqgs ksrdú;kauk R;k cktkjisbsr olrqaph foøh dj.ks ijomr ukgh- rlsp cú;kp fbdk.kh O;kikÚ;kdMqu otu&eki br;knh}kjs ksrdú;kaph Qlo.kqd dsyh tkrstkxfrfddj.kkp;k vktp;k ;qxkr Hkkjrh; ksrdú;kauk ns kh cktkjisbsr ksrekykaph foøh djrkauk fons kh ekyk kh Li/kkZ djkoh ykxrs- fodlhr ns kkp;k ksrekykph fdaer kd;rks deh vly;keqgs Hkkjrh; ksrdú;kauk R;kaP;k kh Li/kkZ djrk ;sr ukgh- rlsp Hkkjrh; ksrekykpk ntkz deh vly;keqgs fons kkrqu R;kauk deh ekx.kh ;srs- 4½ fpjaru fodkl % Hkkjrh; ksrh{ks=kleksj ksrhps fpjarj fodkl dj.;kps vkogku mhks vkgs- fpjaru fodklkr orzekudkyhu fopkj u djrk ksrhpk Hkfo ;kr fopkj dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- vktp;k fi<hcjkscjp Hkfo ;kr ;s.kkú;k fi<hlkbh ksreky dlk fvdsy ;kpk fopkj fpjaru fodklkr dsyk tkrks- Hkkjrkr ksrh djrkauk QDr orzekudkgkpk fopkj 6P a g e

7 dsyk tkrks- R;keqGs Hkfo ;kr ksrh mriknu dls ok<sy ;kpkgh fopkj dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- ;ke/;s ksrh djrkauk i;kzoj.kh; fl)karkpk vk/kkj?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- ksrhr dsy;k tk.kkú;k jklk;uhd [krs o fdvduk kdkap;k vfrjsd okijkeqgs Hkfo ;kr ksrh {ks=kph mrikndrk deh gks.;kpk /kksdk fuekz.k >kyk vkgs- 5½ ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;k % Hkkjrkr ksrh{ks=ke/;s ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;sps izek.k tklr vkgs- gs ize.k.k Fkkacfo.;kps vkogku ksrh{ks=kiq<s vkgs uarj Hkkjrkr ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;sl lq#okr >kyh- ekxp;k dkgh o kkzp;k ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;sps izek.k [kkyhy rdr;kr fnys vkgso ksz ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;k ] ] ] ] ]360 (Sources ojhy rdr;kuqlkj ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;sps Lo#i y{kkr ;srs- egkjk Vªklkj[;k iqjksxkeh lety;k tk.kkú;k jkt;krlq)k ksrdú;kaps vkregr;sps izek.k tklr vkgs- fidkaps uqdlku dtzcktkjhi.kk] deh fdaer ;keqgs ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;k ok<y;k vkgsr- 6½ dtkzph miyc/krk % ksrh {ks=kr ksrdú;kauk ksrhr lq/kkj.kk dj.;klkbh fc;k.kkaph [kjsnh dj.ks] votkjs] [krs [kjsnh dj.ks o brj dkj.kkalkbh dtkzph vko ;drk vlrs- i.k Hkkjrkr ksrdú;kauk dtkzph miyc/krk lgtklgth gksr ukgh NSSO P;k losz{k.kkuqlkj Hkkjrkr ksrdú;kadmqu?ksry;k tk.kkú;k,dq.k dtkzisdh 2012 lkyh lalfkred L=ksrkadMqu 59-8 % dtz iqjobk dsyk tkr gksrk- rj fcxjlalfkkred L=ksrkdMqu 40-2 % dtz iqjobk ksrdú;kauk dsyk tkr gksrk- ;kpkp vfkz ljdkjh lalfkkadmqu vktgh ksrdú;kauk iw.kz dtkzph miyc/krk gksr ukgh ksrdú;kuk vktgh 7P a g e

8 lkodkj] tfeunkj] O;kikjh] nyky] e/;lfk] fe=&ukrsokbzd nr;knh L=ksrkdMqu dtz?;kos ykxrs- ;k {ks=kdmqu R;kaps eksb;k izek.kkr kks k.k dsys tkrs- R;keqGs gs kks k.k Fkkacfo.;kps vkogku vkgs- 7½ tyflapu % Hkkjrkr tyflapukp;k lk/kukaph derjrk fnlqu ;srs- Hkkjrkr ksrh gh ikolkp;k ik.;koj voyacqy vkgs- Hkkjrkr foghjh] dkyos] ryko] /kj.ks dqiufydk br;knh}kjs ksrhlkbh ik.kh iqjobk dsyk tkrks- i.k g;kaph la[;k vfr k; deh vkgs- Hkkjrkr cú;kp jkt;kr ik.;kph ikrgh [kkyh xsyh vkgs- R;keqGs ih.;kp;k ik.;kpk iz u fuekz.k >kyk vkgs- R;keqGs ksrhlkbh o kzhkj ik.khiqjobkj dj.;kps vkogku ksrhiq<s mhks vkgs- l/;k v/kzov vlysy;k izdyikaph cka/k.kh d#u gh lel;k lksmfork ;sbzy mlklj[;k fidkp;k ckcrhr vkt iquzfopkj dj.;kph osg vkyh vkgs- 8½ uslfxzd vkiùkh % vkt Hkkjrh; ksrh{ks=koj uslfxzd vkiùkhps lkov vkgs- izr;sd o khz iwj] vo kz.k] nq dkg] pøhokng] xkjihv ;klkj[;k uslfxzd vkiùkh ksrhleksj mh;k vkgsr- R;k nqj dj.;kps vkogku ksrh{ks=kleksj vkgsr- ;ksx; fu;kstu d#u ;k uslfxzd vkiùkh nqj djrk ;så kdrhy- 9½ ksrtfeuhps rqdmhdj.k@ygku /kkj.kk {ks= % Hkkjrkr ksrtfeuhps gks.kkjs rqdmhdj.k Fkkacfo.;kps vkogku ksrh{ks=kdms vkgs- Hkkjrkr okjlk gdd dk;nk vly;keqgs yksdla[;k ok<hcjkscj ksrtfeuhps ygku&ygku vkdkjkr rqdms imrkr- ygku /kkj.kk{ksr=kr vk/kqfud i)rhus ksrh dj.ks kd; ulrs- R;keqGs ksrhr ;a=kpk okij deh dsyk tkrks R;keqGs ksrhph mrikndrk deh gksrs- 10½ kklukph mnkflurk% Hkkjrkrhy ksrh{ks=kleksj kklukp;k mnkflursps vkogku vkgs- kklukdmqu ksrdú;kap;k lel;k lksmfo.;klkbh fo ks k iz;ru dsys tkr ukghr- ljdkjp;k vankti=kdkr ksrdú;klkbh rjrqn dsysyh jdde lq)k iw.kz [kpz dsyh tkr ukgh & 06 P;k vankti=kdkr ksrh{ks=klkbh 1405 dksvh #i;kaph rjrqn dj.;kr vkyh gksrh R;kiSdh QDr dksvh #i;s [kpz dj.;kr vkys- 2007&08 P;k vankti=kdkr ksrh{ks=klkbh dksvh #i;kaph rjrqn gksrh i.k R;kiSdh QDr dksvh #i;s [kpz dj.;kr vkys- rlsp ksrdú;kauk ljdkjdmqu fnyh tk.kkjh fdeku geh fdaer vfr k; deh vlrs- 11½ ksrhrhy la kk/kus % 8P a g e

9 Hkkjrkr ksrdú;kauk vr;k/kqfud lalk/kus miyc/k d#u ns.;kps vkogku ksrh{ks=kleksj vkgs- ladfjr ch;k.ks] jklk;uhd [krs] fdvduk kds vr;k/kqfud votkjs br;knhap;k okijkeqgs ksrhp;k mriknukr o xq.koùksr eksb;k izek.kkr ok< gksrs- Hkkjrkr v kk Ñ kh lalk/kukph derjrk vkgs- ;k lalk/kukpk okij d#u Hkkjr vuu/kku;kap;k ckcrhr Lo;aiq.kZ gkså kdrks- gh lk/kus miyc/k d#u ns.;kps vkogku ksrh{ks=kleksj vkgs- Hkkjrh; ksrh {ks=kleksjhy vuqdwyrk % Hkkjrh; ksrh{ks=kr T;k izek.ks izfrdqyrk vkgsr R;kpizek.ks Hkkjrh; Ñ kh{ks=kr vusd vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgsr- ;k la/khpk Lohdkj d#u ksrdjh o i;kz;kus ns kkpk vkffkzd fodkl gks.;kl enr gkså kdrs- ;k vuqdwyrk vkiy;kyk iq<hyizek.ks lakxrk ;srhy- 1- jkstxkj miyc/krk % Hkjrjh; ksrh {ksrkr brj {ks=kizek.ks jkstxkjkp;k vusd vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgsr- ksrekyizøh;k m ksx] ksrhrk]ñ kh cktkjisb] Ñ kh O;kikjh] Ñ khekykpk iqjobk dj.ks] Ñ kh fo kihb] ksrh vfkzrk] Ñ kh cka/k.kh] vuu vkf.k vks k/k fohkkx ksrh i=dkj nr;knh vusd jkstxkjkp;k vuqdwyrk izr;{k fdaok vizr;{kfjr;k Ñ kh {ks=kr miyc/k vkgsr- Hkkjrklkj[;k vfrfjdr yksdla[;k vlysy;k ns kkr ;k jkstxkj la/khpk Qk;nk?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- Hkkjrkr tltlk ksrhpk fodkl gksbzy rlrlk jkstxkj vuqdwyrk ok<rhy- 2- Ñ kh i;zvu % Hkkjrklkj[;k Ñ kh iz/kku ns kkr i;zvuukpk fodkl dj.;kph vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgs- Ñ kh i;zvuke/;s,[kk k ksrkyk HksV nsoqu rsfkhy oklrofd ifjflfkrh ikg.ks o R;kpk vklokn?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- Ñ kh i;zvukp;k lkg;kus ksrdú;kaps mriuu o jkstxkj ok<.;kl enr gkså kdrs- vesfjdk ] vkwlvªsfy;k ;k lkj[;k ns kkr Ñ kh i;zvu gk eksbk O;olk; fuekz.k >kyk vkgs- Ñ kh i;zvukr fons kh i;zvdkauk vkdf kzr d#u ijfd; pyu izkir d#u?ks.;kph vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgs- Hkkjrkr lokzr izfke Ñ kh i;zvukph lqjokr ikamqjax rkojs ;kauh ckjkerh Ñ kh i;zvu dsanzkr dsyh- Hkkjrkr loz jkt;kar Ñ kh i;zvukph vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgs- 3- tksm/kank % Hkkjrkr Ñ kh {ks=kr ksrh +{ks=kr Ñ khyk tksm/kank dj.;kph vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgs- Hkkjrkr ksrhyk tksm/kank deh izek.kkr dsyk tkrks- i.k ksrhr ksrh cjkscjp] i kqikyu] dqddqvikyu] nqx/ko;olk;] ck;ksxwl] js khe] ojkgikyu] 9P a g e

10 erl; ksrh] i;zvu br;knh tksm/kank djrk ;så kdrks- ksrhyk tksm/kank dsy;kus ksrdú;kps mriuu ok<rs- R;kpcjkscj vusd O;olk; dsy;kus,[kk k O;olk;kr rksvk >kyk rjhgh brj O;olk;krqu u ;kph kd;rk vlrs- 4- ijdh; pyu izkirh % vr;k/kqfud i)rhus ksrh d#u ekksb;k izek.kkr ijdh; pyu izkir dj.;kph vuqdwyrk Hkkjrh; ksrh{ks=kleksj vkgs- ksrhr pkaxy;k ntsznkj fidkaps mriknu?ksry;kl R;kyk ijfd; ckykjisbr ekx.kh ok<rs- Hkkjrkr ijfd; pyu deh izek.kkr miyc/k vkgs- R;keqGs ksrhrqu ijfd; pyu izkir d#u HkkjrkP;k O;ogkjrksy lerksy lk/k.;kph vuqdwyrk vkgs- 5- vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk % Hkkjrh; Ñ kh {ks=kr vk/kkjhkwr lqfoa/kakph derjrk vkgs- Hkkjrkr Ñ kh fodklkocjkscj ik;khkwr lqfo/kk ok<fo.;kph vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgs- 6- vkffkzd fodkl % Hkkjrh; ksrh {ks=kleksj Lo%rkpk fodkl dj.;klkscr ns kkpk vkffkzd fodkl dj.;kph vuqdwyrk miyc/k vkgs- ksrhp;k fodklkcjkscj R;kjoj vk/kkjhr loz m ksx/kan;kapk fodkl gksåu ns kkpk vkffkzd fodkl gkså kdrks 7- lerksfyr izknsf kd fodkl % Hkjrkpk izknsf kd fodkl vlerksfyr vkgs- dkgh izns k ¼jkT;½ fodlhr vkgsr rj dkgh izns k ¼jkT;½ gs vfodlhr vkgsr- R;keqGs ksrh{ks=kpk fodkl d#u vkiy;kyk lerksfyr izknsf kd fodkl lk/krk ;så kdsy- ;kps dkj.k vls dh] ksrh gk O;olk; laiq.kz ns kkr iljysyk vkgs- lekjksi % Hkkjrh; Ñ kh {ks=kleksjhy izfrdqyrk o vuqdwyrk ikfgy;kuarj vls y{kkr ;srs dh Hkkjrh; Ñ kh {ks= loz ns khkj iljys vkgs- Ñ kh {ks=koj im.kkjk ifj.kke laiq.kz vfkzo;olfksoj ifj.kke dj.kkjk vlrks- Hkkjrh; Ñ kh {ks=kleksj vl.kkjh izfrdqyrk nqj dj.ks v kd; ukgh- iz;ruiqozd v kh izfrdqyrk nqj dj.;kph vko ;drk vkgs- Hkkjr ljdkjus gh izfrdqyrk nqj dj.;klkbh ksrdú;kauk loz izdkjph enr dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- ljdkjp;k enrhf kok; gh izfrdqyrk nqj dj.ks kd; ukgh- rlsp ksrdú;kauhlq)k O;kikjh n` Vhdksu flodk#u ksrhpk fodkl dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- gh izfrdqyrk nwj dj.;klkbh ksrdú;kauh ikjaikjhd n` Vhdksu cktwyk Bsoqu vk/kqfudhdj.kkph dkl /kj.ks vko ;d vkgs- ijdh; Li/ksZyk?kkcj.;kis{kk frpk Qk;nk?ks.ks vko ;d vkgs- 10P a g e

11 ksrh{ks=kckjkscj ksrdú;kleksj vl.kk+ú;k la/khpk R;kauh ;ksx; osgh flodkj dsyk ikghts- ksrh{ks=kr miyc/k gks.kkú;k uoufou vuqdwyrk vksg[kqu R;k vkrelkr dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- ksrhleksjhy vl.kkjh izfrdqyrk nqj d#u o vuqdwyrk flodk#up ksrh{ks=kpk o i;kz;kus ns kkpk fodkl gkså kdrks- lanhkzlwph % Works cited: lanhkz% 1) Agrawal A N Indian Agriculture, Vani Edu. Books ½ dk;ans&ikvhy] ksrhps vkfkz kkl=] psru; ifcyds ku ukf kd,2007 3½ dfoeamg fot;] Ñ kh vfkz kkl=] Jh eaxs k izdk ku] ukxiwj, ¼2008½ 4½ dfoeamg fot;] Hkkjrkpk vkffkzd fodkl vkf.k fu;kstu] eaxs k zidk ku, ukxiwj ¼1992½ 5½ ns kikams Jh/kj o ns kikams fouk;d] Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk] fgeky; icyhf kax gkål, 6½ Singh & Sandhu, Agricutural Problems in Indian Himalaya. Delhi, ) >kejs th-,u- Hkkjrh; vfkz kkl=] fiaigkiqjs vwum da- ifcyhds ku ukxiwj- Weblography 1½ Agriculture-challenges. 2) 3) 4) 11P a g e