izkpk;z, kkjnkckbz iokj efgyk f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;] kkjnkuxj- rkywdk % ckjkerh] ftygk % iq.ks-

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1 nwjlfk f k{k.k % dkgkph xjt MkW- mttoyk yks.kdj izkpk;z, kkjnkckbz iokj efgyk f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;] kkjnkuxj- rkywdk % ckjkerh] ftygk % iq.ks- Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at izr;sd O;DrhP;k thoukr f k{k.k gh izkfkfedrk vkgs-jk"vªh; fopkj/kkjk] pkfjœ; fuekz.k dj.;klkbh f k{k.kkyk egroiw.kz LFkku vkgs- Eg.ktsp loz O;Drhaps f k{k.k fdaok tulk/kkj.k f k{k.k gk jk"vªh; izxrhpk vk/kkj vkgsvkt ns kkph lkekthd] jktdh;] vkffkzd ifjffkrh lrr cnyr vkgs-;k cnykp;k ifjflfkrheqgs lektkleksj uouo;k lel;k mh;k jgkr vkgsr- ;k lel;k lksmfo.;klkbh f k{k.k gh vko ;d ckc vkgs-ijarq ;k lokzapk gok rlk ifj.kke >kysyk ukgh-f k{k.k O;oLFksr f k{k.k?ks.;klkbh bpnqd vl.kk&;kalkbh vusd lks;h vkgsr- v kkp dkgh lks;hisdha,d vkgs nwjlfk f k{k.kkph izfø;k- egkhkkjrkrhy,d xks"v izfl/n vkgs-,dyo;kyk xq:us izr;{k Kku ns.;kps ukdkjys rs aogk R;kaus Lor% ftíhus [kmrj vh;kl dsyk- ;k Loa;lk/kusrwup,dyO;k fu".kkr /kuq;kz s/nk >kykbrdk dh nzks.kkpk;kzaukgh R;kpk gsok okvyk- txkr 1840 e/;s nwjlfk f k{k.kkph lq:okr >kyh-1946 e/;s ;qfuogjflvh vkwq lkåfk vkfqzdsus ;kph lq:okr dsyh- Hkkjrkr 1982 lkyh ifgys eqdr fo kihb gsnzkckne/;s lq: >kys-r;kps uko ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj eqdr fo kihb e/;s egkjk"vªkr ; koarjko pogk.k eqdr fo kihb Lkq: >kys- nwjlfk f k{k.kkph ladyiuk % gksyecxz %nwjlfk f k{k.k ;kstusr fuf pr v kh ;kstuk vlrs- usgehp;k vksipkfjd O;oLFkse/;s fo kf;kzps f k{k.k tls gksrs fdaok tls ekxzn kzu fegrs r kk Lo:ikr R;kauk ekxzn kzu feg.kkj ukgh] ikjarq R;kauk fuf pri.ks vko ;d vls ekxzn kzu feg.;kph lks; ;k iz.kkyhe/;s dsysyh vlrs-nwjlfk f k{k.k gs v kkalkbh vkgs ts ckyd&izks< fofhkuu dkj.kkauh fu;fer f k{k.k?ksow kdr ukghr fdaok?ksow kdys ukghr- v kk O;Drhauk f k{k.k miyc/k d:u ns.ks gsp ;k f k{k.kkps eqg mfí"v vkgs-euq"; lrr f kdr jgkrks fdaok MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/33 Page 57

2 rks lrr f kdr jkghyk ikfgts Eg.kwup nwjlfk f k{k.kkph ;kstuk iq<s vkyh vkgs- f k{k.kkp;k ok<r;k izlkjkcjkscjp f k{k.kkojhy [kpz gh ok<r vkgs-f k{k.kkoj gks.kkjk [kpz o f k{k.kkph mrikndrk ;kapk fopkj dj.ks ØeizkIr >kys vkgsvkt dkgh dkj.kkauh f kdq u kd.kk&;k o u f kdysy;k O;Drh tj f k{k.k?ksoq bfpnr vlrhy rj R;kauk f k{k.kkiklwu oafpr Bsowu pky.kkj ukgh- ;koj,d izhkkoh o ifj.kkedkjd mik; Eg.kwu nwj v/;kiu fdaok nwjlfk f k{k.k i/nrhpk fodkl d:u r:.kkai;zar mpp f kpk.k iksgpfork ;sbzy- bafnjk xka/kh jk"vªh; eqdr fo kihb] ; koarjko pogk.k egkjk"vª eqdr fo kihb]fvgd egkjk"vª fo kihb] vuukeykbz fo kihb gh nwjlfk f k{k.k ns.kkjh fo kihbs vkgsrnwjlfk f k{k.kkph osf k"vs % 1- nwjlfk f k{k.k ijaijkxr f k{k.kkiklwu fhkuu vlrs-;kr f k{kd fo kf;kzai;zar iksgksprks- 2-;kr [kqy;k f k{k.kklkbh ifjflfkrh r;kj dsyh tkrs- 3-fo kfkhz o f k{kdkauk v/;;uklkbh iw.kz Lora=rk fnyh tkrs- 4- ;k iz;ksxkeqgs f k{k.kkr xq.kkred fodk; lk/kyk tkrksnwjlfk f k{k.kkph mfí"vs % 1-T;kaph f k{k.kkph bpnk vkgs R;kauk deh mriuu] vf/kd o; o ykac tk.ks&;s.ks ;keqgs T;kauh f k{k.k?ksrys ukgh R;kauk la/kh fuekz.k d:u ns.ks- 2- T;kauk f kdk;ps vkgs- fofhkuu {ks=krhy orzeku lel;k lq/kkj.;k kh vocr dj.ks- 3- vksipkfjd f k{k.kkp;k dbksj fu;ekaeqgs] osgsp;k ca/kukeqgs ts f kdw kdys ukghr R;kauk R;kaP;k vfhk:phuqlkj]xrhuqlkj f k{k.kkph la/kh miyc/k d:u ns.ks-4- lektkrhy loz Lrjkrhy yksdkauk f k{k.kkph la/kh ns.ks- 5- uksdjh vfkok O;olk; dj.kk&;k yksdkauk iq<hy f k{k.kkph la/kh ns.ks- 6- egkfo ky;kr tkowu f k{k.k?ksow u kd.kk&;k O;Drhyk f k{k.kkph la/kh miyc/k d:u ns.ksnwjlfk f k{k.kkph vko ;drk % vkt f k{k.k?ks.kk&;kaph la[;k ok<r vkgs- f kd.kkjk o f kd.kkjk ;kap;krhy nqjkok vf/kdkf/kd ok<r vkgs-;a= gs izr;{ki.ks f kdfo.kk&;k f k{kdkyk Ik;kZ; gksow kdr ulys rjh osxosxg;k ek/;eakrwu lks;hldjfjr;k pkaxys f kdfoys tkow kdrs ;kph tk.kho >ky;keqgs nwjlfk f k{k.kkph vktp;k dkgkr vko ;drk Hkklr vkgs- 1-izR;{ki.ks f k{kd tog ulys rjh f kd.;kps dk;z lq: Bsork ;srs o ifj.kkedkjd o mi;ksxh f k{k.k?ksrk ;srs- 2-i=O;ogkj]nwjf k{k.k]vkdk kok.kh]vsijsdkwmzj]fogmhvks fqye]bavjusv]eksckbzy b. vk/kqfud f k{k.k ek/;ekapk mi;ksx dsy;kl f kd.kk&;kph vf kd tk.kho tkx`rh gksow kdrs- 4- jvkg o Bjkfod lkp;kp;k v/;kiukr vtwu eqdrrk fegfo.;kp;k mís kkus o v/;kiu gs vf/kd ekfgrhiw.kz o euksjatd dj.;kp;k n`f"vus nwjlfk f k{k.kkph vko ;drk vkgs- MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/33 Page 58

3 5- T;kps f k{k.k >kys vkgs i.k R;kyk uksdjho;olk;klkbh vkiys Kku v ;kor dj.ks]uohu Kku?ks.ks vko ;d vkgs-mnk-lax.kd f kdyk;- i.k lk;cj ØkbZe]MsVk fld;qfjvh f kdk;ps vkgsnwjlfk f k{k.kkph fofo/k ek/;es % vktp;k ;a=;qxkr nqjlfk f k{k.kkph fofo/k ek/;es izpfyr vlwu rh yksdfiz; o fo kfkhzfiz; gksr vkgsrv- i=k}kjs f k{k.k % ts oxz[kksyhr miflfkr jkg.;kl vlefkz vkgsr]t;kaph f kd.;kph bpnk vkgs] i.k osgki=dkrhy osgsuqlkj T;kauk f kd.;kr vmp.kh vkgsr]t;kap;k f k{k.kkr [kam imyk vkgs] kkjhfjdn`"v;k ts oxz [kksyhr cl.;kl vlefkz vkgsr v kkauk i=o;ogjk}kjs f k{k.k gh latho.khp vkgs-hkkjrkr i=;ogkjk}kjs f k{k.k ;k ladyiusizek.ks f k{k.k ns.;kpk iz;ru fnyyh fo kihbkrqsz izfke dj.;kr vkykc- vkdk kok.kh o nwjn kzu}kjs f k{k.k % Js"Br ra=kkukp;k vkxeukeqgs vkdk kok.kh o nwjn kzu gh f k{k.kkph izhkkoh ek/;es Eg.kwu loznwj txhkj okijyh tkr vkgsr- ;k lk/kukapk dsog euksjatukph lk/kus Eg.kwu okij u djrk fu;kstuc/n ks{kf.kd dk;zøe vk[k.;kr vky;kl ;k ek/;ekapk vf/kd pkaxyk mi;ksx gksow kdrks-1975 iklwu Hkkjr ljdkjus SITE ( Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) gk ks{kf.kd miøe pkyq dsyk vkgs-;qthlh T;kizek.ks nwjn kzu}kjs fo kihbkp;k enrhus o vkarjjk"vªh; lalfkkap;k enrhus ks{kf.kd dk;zøe izlkfjr djhr vkgs R;kis{kkgh vf/kd ks{kf.kd dk;zøe izlkjhr dsys tkå kdrhyd- eqdr fo kihbka}kjs f k{k.k % baxyme/khy 1963P;k jkwfcul dfevhp;k vgokykizek.ks fo kihbh; f k{k.kkr izos k?ks.;kp;k dmd vvhapk ifj.kke Eg.kwu mppf k{k.kkiklwu vusdkauk oafpr jgkos ykxys Eg.kwu rsfks eqdr fo kihbkph dyiuk ewrz:ik /kkj.k d: ykxyh- 1962e/;s ek;dsy ;ax ;kauh v k eqdr fo kihbkph vko ;drk izfriknu dsyh- R;kauh National Extension o BBC P;k lgdk;kzus vkdk kok.kh o nwjn kzu}kjs eqdr fo kihbkp;k dk;kzph yksdfiz;rk ok<foyh- baxyme/khy etwj i{kkp;k ljdkjus mppf k{k.kkilwu oafpr jkfgysy;k O;DrhalkBh mnkj n`f"vdksu flodkjy;keqgs gsjkwym foylu o f k{k.k[kkr;kph tckcnkjh vlysys R;kaps lgdkjh tsuh ch ;kauh eqdr fo kihbkp;k ; klohrseqgs rsfkhy vh;kløekizek.ks txkr vusd fbdk.kh eqdr fo kihbs LFkkiu >kyh-r;kr ikfdlrkue/khy vyykek eqdr fo kihb ¼1974½]dWuMjrhy vwfkkolfkk¼1975½] bjk.ke/khy Free University of Iran (1975)]Jhyadsrhy Institute of Distance Education(1978) v kh dkgh eqdr fo kihbs LFkkiu >kkyh-gs tkxfrd iz;ksx y{kkr?ksowu Hkkjrkr 1982 e/;s gsnzckn ;sfks vka/kzizns k eqdr fo kihb LFkkiu >kys-bafnjk xka/kh eqdr fo kihbkph uoh fnyyh MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/33 Page 59

4 ;sfks LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-;k fo kihbkus ikjaikjhd fo kihbka kh laidz lk/kwu Hkkjrkr fujfujkg;k fbdk.kh vh;kl dsanzs LFkkiu dsyh- l/;k txkr nksu xks"vhacíy ppkz lq: vkgs-,d vkgs ykbzq ykwax yfuzax- ;kr T;k yksdkauk fu;fer f k{k.k?ksrk ;sr ukgh fdaok fqjrhph uksdjh vkgs-v kk yksdkauk uksdjh /ka klkbh f k{k.kkph xjt imrs -R;kaP;klkBh gs f k{k.k mi;qdr Bjrs- rj nqljh i/nrh vkgs-d/kh gh] dq.kkykgh] d/khgh?ksrk ;s.kkja f k{k.k- ¼ Any Time,Any Where, Any Body) ra=kkukp;k ek/;ekrwu KkufufeZrhpk osx ok<yk vkgs-li/kkz okvyh- T;kaP;kdMs Kku vlsy]osxgsi.kk vlsy rksp fvdsy-r;kyk vuq:ik f k{k.k?ks.;klkbh ;k f k{k.ki/nrhph xjt fuekz.k >kyh- ;krp QLVZ rs fq Fk tujs kupk lekos k gksrks- nwjlfk f k{k.kkph dkgh vk/kqfud ek/;es % 1- fmftvy yfuzax % fmlvu,t;qds ku],fd>d;qfvog,t;qds ku dkslszl b- e/;s fmftvy yfuzaxpk Hkko pkaxykp ok<yk vkgs- vwfues ku bavjvwfdvog b- vh;klkp;k i/nrh fo kf;kzauk vkomr vkgsr- 2- vwamªkwbzm vwi % vkt togikl izr;sd fo kf;kzdms LekVZ Qksu vlrks- vwamªkwbzm vwieqgs fofo/k [ksg]ckre;k]vusd fo"k;koj Kku ns.kkjh vwil MkÅuyksM dj.;kps izek.k eksbs vkgsnwjlfk f k{k.k?ks.kk&;k fo kf;kzalkbh gs ojnku vkgs- 3- bz iwm fdaok vk; iwm % ;koj vk/kkfjr f k{k.kkeqgs l/;k LekVZ Qksupk rlsp VWcysV Qksupk okij ok<r vkgs- ;ke/;s ysdpj flfjt V;qVksfjvYl ifj{ksp;k r;kjhlaca/kh ekfgrh vimsv d:u nsrkr- ;klkbh fo kf;kzae/;s VWcysV Qksu Qkjp fiz; >kyk vkgs- ;k lk/kukeqgs nwjlfk f k{k.kkp;k osxosxg;k i/nrhaojhy [kpkzrgh cpr gksr vkgs-gs lk/ku xzkeh.k Hkkxkrgh lgt iksgkspr vkgs- 4- eksckbzy Qksu % vusd fo kfkhz R;kaP;k eksckbzyoj bavjusv okijrkr-r;keqgs nwjlfk f k{k.k R;kaP;ktoG gos rs aogk o deh osgsr iksgkspr vkgs- 5- vkwuykbzu f k{k.k o ijh{kk % vkwuykbzu f k{k.kkyk fo kfkhz [kwi izfrlkn nsrkr-,joh BjysY;k 50 rklkae/;s VkGkVkG dj.kkjs fo kfkhz vkwuykbzr vh;kløekr rccy 100 rklkagwu vf/kd osg nsr vkgsr- vkt lax.kd o bavjusveqgs fo kf;kzauk vkwuykbzu ijh{kk nsrk ;sr vkgsr- R;keqGs nwjlfk f k{k.k?ks.kk&;k fo kf;kzauk ijh{kk dsanzkr o egkfo ky;kr u tkrk vkwuykbzu ijh{kka}kjs f k{k.k?ksrk ;sr vkgsnwjlfk f k{k.kkps Qk;ns % 1- uksdjh o f k{k.k,d= djrk ;srs- 2-izR;{k f k{k.k uly;keqgs isls okprkr- 3-;s.;k&tk.;kpk o miflfkrhpk osg okprks- 4- rqep;k xrhus rqegh f kdq kdrk- MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/33 Page 60

5 5-ijns kh fo kihbkrwu f k{k.k?ksry;kl eksbh cpr- 6-rqEgkyk ikfgts R;kosGh vh;kl dj.ks kd;- 7-,dk osgh vusd dkslz djrk ;s.ks kd;- 8-ikjaikfjd f k{k.kkp;k lerqy; fmxzh- - nqjlfk f k{k.kk}kjs vh;kløe iw.kz dsysyh eqya ;wih,llhp;k lsokae/;s tkr vkgsr-ijns kh fo kihbkae/;s f k{k.k?ksr vkgsr-;k f k{k.kkyk lekt eku;rk fegkyh vkgs-fofo/k fo kihbkrwu fofo/k fmxzh o fmiyksek dkslszl pkyfoys tkrkr-r;kps izos k vkwuykbzuk gksrkr- vkwuykbzu f k{k.kkdms vks<k ok<r vkgs- eqdr o ikjaikjfd f k{k.kke/khy lhekjs"kk /kqlj gksr vkgs -f k{k.k lafej gksr vkgs -ikjaikfjd vkf.k eqdr fo kihb,desdkauk iwjd gksr vkgsrnwjlfk f k{k.kk}kjs f kdysys fo kfkhz fu;fer dkwystyk tk.k&;k fo kf;kzais{kk dqbsgh deh ukghr- rs Li/kkZ ifj{kkae/;s pedr vkgsr- f k{k.k] m ksx] jaxhkweh]fp=iv]izfl/nhek/;ea vknh {ks=kr pedr vkgsr- lanhkz MkW-lizs uhfyek]mkw]ikvhy fizrh] f k{k.kkrhy fopkj izokg]qmds izdk ku]dksygkiwj 2005 MkW ukxrksms fdj.k] kkys; O;oLFkkiu% ks{kf.kd lajpuk vkf.k vk/kqfud fopkj izokg]fo k izdk ku]ukxiwj MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/33 Page 61

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