dsafnz; vf/kdks"k o R;kph Hkwfedk o dk;sz Functions of Central Bank

Transkript

1 Lok Mahavidyalaya, Wardha Session Study Material Class B.A. II (IV semester) Economics Sub :- Macro Economics dsafnz; vf/kdks"k o R;kph Hkwfedk o dk;sz Functions of Central Bank izlrkouk %& izr;sd ns'kkp;k vfkzo;olfksr vf/kdks"k vr;ar egrrokph Hkwfedk obfor vlrkrlektkrhy cgqla[; yksdkatog vl.kkjk dkgh islk R;kauk vkt vko';d ulrks- ijarq Hkfo";dkyhu xjtkalkbh rks lqjf{kr Bsok;pk vlrks- lqjf{krrsph rlsp O;ktkP;k Lo:ikr flodkjhr vlrkr- R;kuarj Bsohrhy gkp islk lektkrhy fofo/k izdkjp;k m kstdkauk FkksM;k tklrhp;k O;ktkP;k njkus vf/kdks"kk}kjs dtkzå fnyk tkrks- R;keqGs vf/kdks"kkpk] Bsohnkjkapk rlsp dtznkjkapk lq/nk Qk;nk gksrkslektkr jkstxkjhp;k la/kh fuekz.k gksrkr vkf.k vkffkzd fodkl?kmwu ;srks- BsohP;k Lo:ikr vl.kkú;k is'kkp;k vk/kkjkoj vf/kdks"k izr;; fufezrh lq/nk djhr vlrkrv'kkizdkjs dk;zjr vl.kkú;k fofo/k O;kikjh vf/kdks"kkauk fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh vkf.k R;kaP;k dk;zjr vl.kkú;k fofo/k O;kikjh vf/kdks"kkauk fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh vkf.k R;kaP;k dk;kzr lwlq=rk vk.kwu leuo; izlfkkfir dj.;klkbh,dk dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph vko';drk vlrs- Hkkjrkr ßfj>oZ cwad vkwq bafm;kþ ¼RBI½ gk dsafnz; vf/kdks"k vkgs- ns'kkp;k larqyhr vkffkzd fodklkbh ;ksx; v'kk vkffkzd /kksj.kkaph vk[k.kh vkf.k vaeyctko.kh dj.;kps dk;z dsafnz; vf/kdks"k djhr vlrks- ns'kkp;k fgrklkbh vkf.k fodklkbh vl.kkú;k fofo/k ;kstuk dsfnz; vf/kdks"k brj loz vf/kdks"kka}kjs jkcfor vlrks- ;k n`f"vus ns'kkp;k vf/kdks"k.k O;oLFksr dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkps LFkku vr;ar egroiw.kz vlrsdsafnz; vf/kdks"kkapk fodkl %& ifgy;k egk;q/nkuarj 1920 e/;s cqzlsyl ;k 'kgjkr vkarjjk"vªh; eksfnzd ifj"knsr T;k ns'kkauh v kih dsafnz; vf/kdks"k LFkkiu dsys ulrhy R;kauh rs djkosr v'kk izdkjph f'kqkjl dj.;kr vkyh- R;kuqlkj fofo/k ns'kkae/kwu dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkaph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- Hkkjrkr 01,fizy 1935 e/;s ßfj>oZ cwad vkwq bafm;kþ ¼RBI½ ;k dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- cwad vkwq baxyam gk lokzr tquk dsafnz; vf/kdks"k vlwu R;kph LFkkiuk b-l e/;s >kyh vlyh rjh [kú;k vfkkzus b-l e/;s R;kus dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph dk;sz dj.;kl lqjokr dsyh- ns'kkp;k vfkzo;olfksyk fodklkph fn'kk ns.;kps egrokps dk;z dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkyk djkos ykxrs- O;kikjh vf/kdks"kkph dk;sz

2 ns'kklkbh ykhknk;d Bjsy v'kkizdkjs dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkyk R;kaps fu;a=.k djkos ykxrs- vk/kqfud dkgkr ns'kkp;k fodklkp;k Lrjkyk fvdowu Bso.;klkBh ;ksx; eksfnzd /kksj.k jkcfo.;kph tckcnkjh dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph vlrs-þ dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph O;k[;k ¼Defination s of Central Bank½%& fujfujkg;k vfkz'kkl=kkauh dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkp;k fujfujkg;k O;k[;k dsy;k vkgsr- ;k loz O;k[;k izkeq[;kus dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkap;k dk;kzoj vk/kkfjr vkgsr- R;kiSdh dkgh egroiw.kz O;k[;k iq<hyizek.ks vkgsr- 1½ izk- 'kkw ;kap;k ers] ßns'kkrhy izr;; eqnszoj fu;a=.k Bso.kkÚ;k vf/kdks"kkyk dsafnz; vf/kdks"k vls Eg.krkr-Þ 2½ izk- gkwvsª ;kap;k ers] ßvf/kdks"kkapk vf/kdks"k vkf.k vf/kdks"kkalkbh vafre _.knkr;kps dk;z dj.kkú;k vf/kdks"kkyk dsafnz; vf/kdks"k vls Eg.krkr-Þ 3½ Mh- dkwd- ;kap;k erkuqlkj] ßns'kkP;k eksfnzd vkf.k vf/kdks"k.k O;oLFksP;k dsanzlfkkuh vlysyk vkf.k ns'kkps vafre fgr fopkjkr?ksåu iq<hy dk;sz dj.kkú;k vf/kdks"kkyk dsafnz; vf/kdks"k vls Eg.krkr-Þ osf'k"v;s %& 1½ ns'kkrhy O;kikj vkf.k tursp;k xjtk y{kkr?ksåu eqnzsps fu;eu dj.ks 2½ ljdkjyk lk/kkj.k vf/kdks"k.k fo"k;d lsok iznku dj.ks 3½ O;kikjh vf/kdks"kkp;k jks[k jdekaps laj{k.k dj.ks 4½ jk"vªkrhy fons'kh eqnzk dks"kkaps laj{k.k vkf.k fu;eu dj.ks 5½ O;kikjh vf/kdks"kkap;k vkf.k brj forrh; lalfkkap;k gqam;kaps iquozlu dj.ks 6½ vafre _.knkr;kp;k Lo:ikr vf/kdks"kkauk dtz ns.ks- 7½ lek'kks/kukaps dk;z dj.ks 8½ ljdkjps vks ksfxd vkf.k eksfnzd /kksj.k y{kkr?ksåu izr;; eqnzkaps fu;a=.k dj.ks br;knhv'kkizdkjs Mh- dkwd ;kap;k O;k[;sr dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkyk djko;k ykx.kkú;k loz dk;kzpk myys[k vkgs R;keqGs gh O;k[;k vf/kd O;kid letyh tkrs-

3 dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkaph mn~fn"v;s %& dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkaph LFkkiuk iq<hy mnf~n"vkdjhrk dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- 1½i=eqnzsps lapkyu ds fnz ; v f/k dks kk ph m n~ fn V ;s 2½ekSfnzd O;ogkjklaca/kh rf; xksgk dj.ks 3½ lek'kks/kukph O;oLFkk 4½ brj vf/kdks"kkl lkgk ;d 5½ izr;; fu;a=.k 1½ i=eqnzsps lapkyu %& dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkp;k LFkkiusiwohZ i=eqnzk lapkyukps dk;z dsanz ljdkj Lor% djhr vls ijarq dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkp;k LFkkiusuaarj i=eqnzsps lapkyu dj.;kps dke dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkdms lksifo.;kr vkys- Eg.ktsp i=eqnzsps lapkyu dj.ks gkp dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkp;k LFkkiusekxhy izeq[k mn~ns'k gks; vls Eg.krk ;sbzy- 2½ eksfnzd O;ogkjklaca/kh rf; xksgk dj.ks %& ns'kkp;k vfkzo;olfkslaca/kh egroiw.kz v'kh rf;s xksgk d:u R;k}kjs vkffkzd o eksfnzd /kksj.k fuf'pr dj.;kdfjrk ljdkjyk cjsp lgdk;z gksrs- v'kh rf; ladyhr dj.ks o vfkzo;olfksyk /kksj.kkred lkg; dj.ks gk ns[khy dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkpk izeq[k gsrq vlrks- 3½ lek'kks/kukph O;oLFkk %& O;kikjh vf/kdkss"kkps xzkgd brj vf/kdks"kkaoj dk<ysys /kukns'k fdaok vf/kdks"k fod"kz vkiy;k vf/kdks"kkrhy [kkr;kr tek djrkr R;krwu ijlij ns.kh?ks.kh fuekz.k gksrkr- ;kr leuo; lk/kus gs,d fdy"v vls dk;z gksrs- gs dk;z lek'kks/ku x`gkp;k ek/;ekrwu dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkdms vkys- loz

4 vf/kdks"kke/;s leuo; lk/kwu ;k ns.;k?ks.;kdms lqjghri.kk vk.k.ks gkgh dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkp;k mn~ns'kkpkp,d Hkkx gks;- 4½ brj vf/kdks"kkl lkg; %& vf/kdks"ku O;oLFkspk dsanzfcanw vlss dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkps Lo:i vly;keqgs brj vf/kdks"kkaph O;oLFkk lqjf{kr jk[k.ks vkf.k dbh.k izlaxh R;kauk lgdk;z dj.ks gsgh dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkps mn~ns'k gks;- 5½ izr;; fu;a=.k %& O;kikjh vf/kdks"k izr;;kph fufezrh djhr vlrkauk R;kr vfrjsd >ky;kl vfkzo;olfksoj R;kps nq"ifj.kke gksrkr- v'kk osgsyk O;kikjh vf/kdks"kkp;k izr;; fufezrhoj fu;a=.k Bsowu ns'kh pyukps fons'kh pyukrhy eqy; flfkj Bso.ks vkf.k varxzr fdaer ikrghr larqyu jk[k.ks gk nsss[khy dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkp;k LFkkiusekxpk mn~ns'k gks;- ojhy mn~fn"v;s n`"vhleksj BsÅup dsafnz; vf/kdks"k vkiyh fofo/k dk;z ikj ikmhy vlrsdsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph Hkqfedk ¼Role of Central Bank½%& dks.kr;kgh vfkzo;olfkse/;s dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkps egro gs vr;ar eksykps vlrs- dkj.k dsafnz; vf/kdks"k Eg.kts vfkzo;olfksph t.kw egroiw.kz ukmhp vlrs- Eg.kwup ;kdjhrk MkW-,e-Mh- dkug Eg.krkr dh] dsafnz; vf/kdks"k Eg.kts vlk vf/kdks"k gks;] ßtks ns'kkp;k eksfnzd lajpusp;k f'k[kj LFkkuh vlrks vkf.k rks ns'kkp;k vkffkzd fgrkp;k n`"vhus dk;z djhr vlrksfodlu'khy ns'kkr uk.kscktkj la?kvhr uly;keqgs rsfkhy cprh njgh deh vly;kus HkkaMoy fufezrhpk njgh dehp vlrks- f'kok; iriqjob;kph lk/kus ns[khy e;kzfnr vlrkr- Eg.kwu jk"vªkp;k fn ksus okvpky dj.;klkbh dsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph Hkqfedk egroiw.kz vlrs- 1½ O;kikjh vf/kdks kkoj fu;a=.k %& ns'kkrhy fofo/k O;kikjh vf/kdks kkaoj fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh tckcnkjhgh dsafnz; vf/kdks k ikj ikmhr vlrs- Eg.kwup fryk cwadkaph cwad vls lq/nk EgVys tkrs- dsafnz; vf/kdks kkp;k ;k egroiw.kz LFkkukeqGsp ¼Position½ eksfnzd /kksj.k vaeykr vk.k.;kph egroiw.kz tckcnkjh dsafnz; vf/kdks k ikj ikmhr vlrs- 2½ HkkaMoy fufezrhl pkyuk %& fodlu'khy ns kkrhy yksdkaph cpr dj.;kph {kerk deh vlrs- ifj.kker% v kk ns kkrhy HkkaMoy fufezrhpk njgh deh vlrks- dsafnz; vf/kdks k fofo/k eksfnzd /kksj.k jkcowu yksdkauk cprhdms vkd` V d:u HkkaMoy fufezrhl pkyuk ns.;kps egrroiw.kz dk;z djrks- R;keqGs lkgftdp ns kkp;k vkffkzd o vks ksfxd fodklkykgh pkyuk fegrs-

5 3½ ns kkp;k lokzafx.k vkffkzd fodklkr eksykph Hkwfedk %& dsafnz; vf/kdks k vkiy;k fofo/k tckcnkú;k ikj ikmhr vlrkauk ns kkpk lokzafx.k fodkl dlk lk/kyk tkbzy ;k ckcrhrgh vizr;{ki.ks ;ksxnku nsr vlrs- dkj.k,dw.kp vkffkzd O;oLFkk] uk.kscktkj] HkkaMoyfufeZrh ;k lokzeqgsp ns kkp;k lokzafx.k vkffkzd fodklkyk pkyuk fegr vlrs- 4½ dsanz ljdkjyk ekxzn kzu %& dsafnz; vf/kdks k gk ljdkjpk vf/kdks k Eg.kwugh egrow.kz Hkwfedk ikj ikmhr vlrs- R;keqGs dsanz ljdkjpk ekxzn kzd o vkffkzd lyykxkj Eg.kwugh tckcnkjh dsafnz; vf/kdks kkyk ikj ikmkoh ykxrs- vkffkzd fu;kstu] vks ksfxd /kksj.k] jktdks kh; /kksj.k] dj uhrh br;knhlkj[;k egroiw.kz ckchaojgh dsafnz; vf/kdks k ljdkjyk ekxzn kzu djhr vlrs- 5½ pyu fufezrh o O;ktnjkoj fu;a=.k %& ns kkp;k,dw.k pyu fufezrhoj o O;ktnjkoj fu;a=.k Bsowu R;kr ljdkjp;k vkffkzd /kksj.kkuqlkj vfkzo;olfksp;k fodklkp;k n` Vhus ts cny dsys tkrkr fdaok th dk;sz dsyh tkrkr R;kykp eksfnzd /kksj.k vls EgVys tkrs o gs dk;z ns kkp;k dsafnz; vf/kdks kkdmsp vlrs- dsafnzl vf/kdks kkdmsp pyufufezrh,dkf/kdkj vlrks- ;kpk okij d:u dsafnz; vf/kdks k vfkzo;olfkse/;s egroiw.kz Hkqfedk ikj ikmhr vlrs- 6½ vfkzo;olfksp;k fofhkuu?kvdkae/;s leuo; jk[k.ks %& dsafnz; vf/kdks k vfkzo;olfksrhy fofo/k?kvdkae/;s o lalfkkae/;s ifj.kkedkjd leuo; jk[k.;kph egrrow.kz tckcnkjh ikj ikmhr vlrs- dkj.k vfkzo;olfksrhy gs?kvd usgehp foldghr o vla?kvhr vlrkr- ;kr leuo; jk[kyk ukgh rj vfkzo;olfkkp foldghr gkså kdrs- 7½ fons kh pyukpk ;ksx; mi;ksx %& dsafnz; vf/kdks k gh ns kh o fons kh pyukpk,d vfhklkjd ;k ukr;kus tckcnkjh ikj ikmhr vlrs-,o<sp uogs rj R;kP;k dkvdljhus vkf.k ;ksx; dkj.kklkbhp dlk mi;ksx gksbzy ;kckcrgh lrdz jkgwu vkiyh egrroiw.kz Hkqfedk ikj ikmhr vlrks- 8½ uk.ks cktkjkps fu;eu o fu;a=.k %& fodlu'khy ns kkae/;s uk.kscktkj iw.kzi.ks foldghr o vla?kvhr vlrks- uk.kscktkjkps fofo/k ifj.kke o izr;; fu;a=.k dj.;kph tckcnkjh dsafnz; vf/kdks kkphp vlrs- R;keqGs vkffkzd

6 fodklkyk o vks ksfxdj.kkyk pkyuk ns.;klkbh uk.kscktkjkps fu;eu dj.ks o fu;a=.k dj.ks ;pk lozloh,dkf/kdkj dsafnz; vf/kdks kkyk vly;keqgs vfkzo;olfksr dsafnz; vf/kdks kkps LFkku egrow.kz vlrs- 9½ fdaer ikrghr o fofue; njkrhy LFkS;Z %& dsafnz; vf/kdks k vkarjjk Vªh; ikrghoj T;kizek.ks fofue; nj flfkj jk[k.;kpk iz;ru djrs R;kpizek.ks ns kkarxzr fdaer ikrgh flfkj jk[k.ks frrdsp egrokps vlrs- fdaerhe/;s okjaokj mppkopus gksr vly;kl vfkzo;olfksoj R;kpk foijhr ifj.kke?kmwu ;srks- Eg.kwu dsafnz; vf/kdks k vkiy;k eksfnzd /kksj.kkrhy fofo/k mn~fn Vkapk okij d:u fdaer ikrgh o fofue; njkr LFkS;Z jk[k.;kpk lkrr;kus iz;ru djhr vlrks- 10½ vkffkzd LFkS;kZr egrrow.kz Hkwfedk %& fof/kxzkg; eqnzspk fopkj dsyk vlrk- vf/kdks kkap;k izr;s; eqnzspk okij lkrr;kus ok<r vly;keqgs ;k izr;; fufezrhoj fu;a=.k?kky.;kpk lekos k eksfnzd /kksj.kkr gksrks- rsogk dsafnz; vf/kdks k irfu;=a.k /kksj.kkpk okij d:u vkffkzd LFkS;Z fuekz.k dj.;kps egrrow.kz ;ksxnku nsr vlrsdsafnz; vf/kdks"kkph dk;z%& ds fnz ; v f/k dks kk ph dk ;sz 1½ dkxnh pyu fufezrhpk,dkf/kdkj 2½ ljdkjpk vf/kdks"k Eg.kwu dk;z 3½ vf/kdks"kkapk vf/kdks"k 4½ vafre _.knkrk 5½ vkffkzd vkf.k eksfnzd O;ogkjklaca/kh vkdmsokjh,df=r dj.ks 6½ lek kks/kukps dk;z 7½ vkarjjk"vªh; lgdk;z

7 Lok Mahavidyalaya, Wardha Session Study Material Class B.A. II (III semester) Economics Sub :- Macro Economics ^ ls * pk cktkj fu;e Says Law of Markets izlrkouk %& ^ ls * pk cktkjisbspk fu;e gk,d vfkz kkl=h; fu;e vlwu ;k fu;ekuqlkj mriknu gk ekx.khpk L=ksr gks;- ^ ls * P;k fu;ekuqlkj tsogk,[kknk os;fdrd mriknd olrwb fdaok lsosps mriknu djrks R;kosGsyk ;k mriknu dk;kzlkbh rks [kpz djh vlrks- R;kuarj rks olrw o lsosph ekx.kh fuekz.k dj.;kdfjrk lefkz gksrks- izk- ts- Ogh- ls ;k vfkz kkl=kkus cktkj fu;ekps izfriknu dsysys vkgs- dkgh vfhkeriafkh vfkz kkl=kkauh ;k fu;ekaps lefkzu d:u vkiy;k mriuu vkf.k jkstxkj fl)kark kh ;kph lkaxm?kkywu flefk] fjdkmksz] ts-,l- fey vkf.k fix~ ;k lokzauh ^ ls * P;k cktkj fu;ekps lefkzu dsys vkgs- ^ ls * pk fu;e dkgh ckcrhr pqdhph ekfgrh nsrks tls iqjobk gk Lor% djhrk ekx.kh fuekz.k djrks- ijarq ;kr Qkjls rf; ukgh- dkj.k olrwpk,dw.k iqjobk gk ekx.kh cjkscj vlsy rksi;zarp gs lr; Bjrs- ijarq ekx.khis{kk tklr mriknu >ky;kl Eg.kts iqjobk tklr >ky;kl fryk ekx.kh fuekz.k dj.ks dbh.k tkrs- R;kykp vfrmriknu o R;krwu lkeku; csdkjh v kh volfkk fuekz.k gksrs- ^ ls * P;k cktkj fu;ekph x`ghrs %& 1½ iqjobk Lor%ph ekx.kh fuekz.k djrks- 2½ etqjhps nj] O;kt vkf.k fdaerh ;k yofpd vly;keqgs vkffkzd iz.kkyhr vkiksvki lek;kstu lk/kys tkrs-

8 3½ ljdkjpk glr{ksi ulrks- 4½ eqnzk gs fofue;kps ek/;e vlrs- 5½ vfrmriknukp;k ladyiusp;k fopkj dsysyk ukgh- 6½ gk nh?kzdkyhu fu;e vkgs- 7½ vfkzo;olfksr iw.kz jkstxkjhph flfkrh vlrs- 8½ cktkjisbsr eqdr izos k vkf.k cfgzeu vlrs- 9½ ekx.khp;k vhkkokp;k ladyiuspk fopkj ukgh- ^ ls * P;k cktkj fu;ekps egrokps rrfks% 1½ cpr vkf.k xqaro.kwd lkj[khp gksrslk/kkj.kr% mriuu gs mihkksxkoj [kpz dsys tkrs tsogk mriuukrhy dkgh jdde gh mihkksxkoj [kpz dsyh tkr ukgh fdaok cpr dsyh tkrs- v kk osgsyk vrh mriknu fuekz.k gksrs ijarq O;ktkpk nj gk mihkksdrs vkf.k mriknd nks?kkadjhrkgh cpr vkf.k xqaro.kwdh laca/kkr fu.kz;?ks.;kdfjrk egrrokph Hkqfedk ctkohr vlrs] dh fdrh izek.kkr cpr djko;kph vkf.k fdrh izek.kkr xqaro.kwd djko;kph gs O;ktkP;k njkojp voyacwu vlrs- ekx.kh vkf.k iqjob;krhy laca/k gk HkkaMoyh Lo#ikpk vlwu rks larqfyr jkghy;kl cpr vkf.k xqaro.kwd gh larqfyr gksåu vfrmriknukpk iz u fuekz.k gks.kkj ukgh- 2½ vfr mriknu gksr ukgh- ^ ls * pk cktkj fu;e vls fo kn djrks dh] frfks lkeku; vfrmriknu gksr ukgh- tsogk mriknukph ikrgh ok<rs rsogk mriuu ns[khy ok<rs- ;k ok<r;k mriuukrwu iqugk ufou ekx.kh fuekz.k gksrs- Eg.ktsp lozlkeku; vfrmriknu gksr ukgh- vyiko/khrp vfrmriknu okvrgh vlsy ijarq nh?kzdkgke/;s gs mriknu lek;ksftr gksr vly;keqgs vfrmriknu jkgr ukgh- 3½ Je cktkj %& Jfed gs usgehp tklr njkus etqjhph ekx.kh djrkr- ;k dkj.kkusp Jfedkaph ekx.kh deh gksåu csjkstxkjhr ok< gksrs- eqdr cktkj vfkzo;olfksr etqjhpk yofpd nj vly;kl JfeadkaP;k ekx.kh vkf.k iqjob;kp;k larqyukps iw.kz jkstxkjhph flfkrh fuekz.k gksrs- 4½ mriknu olrw djhrk ekx.kh fuekz.k djhr vlrs %& mriknu izfdz;srwu mriuu fegr vlrs gs mriuu mrikndkdms forjhr gksrs- ;krwup rs dpp;k ekykph [kjsnh djrkr vkf.k v kkizdkjs iqjob;krqup R;kph ekx.kh r;kj gksrs- 5½ fofue; vfkzo;olfkk

9 ^ ls * P;k fu;ekuqlkj gh mrre fofue; vfkzo;olfkk gksrs] dkj.k Lor%P;k mihkksxkdjhrk olrwph fufezrh gksrs fadaok R;k cny;kr nqlú;k olrwph fufezrh dsyh tkrs- tsogk yksd vkiy;k olrwp;k cny;kr nqljh olrw ekxrkr rsogk brj olrwdfjrk ekx.kh fuekz.k gksrsgk fu;e eksfnzd vfkzo;olfksdjhrk ns[khy ykxw gksrks dkj.k eqnzsp;k lkg ;kus dks.kr;kgh olrw o lsosph [kjsnh djrk ;srs- olrw mriknukrwu etqjh] O;kt] HkkVd vkf.k ykhkkp;k Lo:ikr mriuukph fufezrh gksrs gsp mriuu olrwp;k [kjsnhoj mrikndk}kjs [kpz dsys tkrs- ;krwu ekx.kh fuekz.k gksrs- ;kpkp vfkz ftfks mriknu vkgs- frfks mriuu vkgs vkf.k frfks olrwdjhrk ekx.kh vkgs- Eg.ktsp eksfnzd vfkzo;olfksr iqjobk Lor%djhrk ekx.kh fuekz.k djrks- ^ ls * P;k cktkj fu;ekph vaeyctko.kh% fu;ekph vaeyctko.kh iq<hyizek.ks 1½ Lo;a lek;ksftr ;a=.kk % ^ls* P;k cktkj fu;ekuqlkj Lo;a lek;ksftr ;a=.kseqgs fofo/k cktkjisbke/;s larqyu lk/kys tkrs- R;keqGs vlarqyu tk.kor vlys rjh rh rkriqjrh volfkk vlrs- HkkaMoyh cktkjkr yofpd O;ktnjkeqGs cpr vkf.k xqaro.kwdhr lekurk fuekz.k gksrs] rlsp Je cktkjisbsr Jfedkaph ekx.kh vkf.k iqjobk ;krgh O;ktnjkr yofpdrk vly;kl lekurk fuekz.k gksrs rlsp Je cktkjisbsr Jfedkaph ekx.kh vkf.k iqjobk ;krgh O;ktnjkr yofpdrk vly;kl lekurk fuekz.k gksrs- 2½ vfkzo;olfksr iw.kz jkstxkjh ¼Full employment in Economy½% ^ls* P;k fu;ekuqlkj vfkzo;olfksr iw.kz jkstxkjhph flfkrh vflrrokr vlrs dkj.k mriknukrhy ok< Eg.ktsp jkstxkjhr ok< vkf.k mriknukrhy lkrr; Eg.kts iw.kz jkstxkjh gks; vkf.k gh volfkk Eg.kts mriknukph deky e;kznk gks;- 3½ eqnzsph rvlfk Hkwfedk % ^ls* P;k cktkj fu;epk vk/kkj gk olrwfofue; iz.kkyh vly;keqgs olrwpk fofue; olrw kh gksrks- ;kfbdk.kh vls x`ghr /kjys vkgs- dh eqnzk gh dsog fofue;kps ek/;e vkgs- R;keqGs eqnzspk mriknu izfdz;soj ifj.kke gksr ukgh vkf.k eqnzsph Hkwfedk rvlfk jkgkrs- 4½ lalk/kukpk ifjiw.kz mi;ksx % ^ls* pk cktkj fu;e gk iw.kz jkstxkjhoj vk/kkjhr vkgs- ;kuqlkj lalk/kukapk ifjiw.kz mi;ksx vkf.k R;keqGs mrikndkauk tklrhps mriknu d:u R;krwu tklr mriuukph fufezrh gksrs- 5½ vfrmriknu gksr ukghvfr mriknu vkf.k csjkstxkh vflrrokr ukgh- mriknukrhy ok<gh mriuukph fufezrh dj.ks vkf.k vk.k[kh mriknukyk izksrlkghr djrs-

10 ^ls * P;k cktkj fu;ekoj fdul ;kapk vk{ksi % ^ls * P;k cktkj fu;ekoj izs- ts-,l- fdaul ;kauh vk{ksi?ksrysys vkgsr] rs iq<hyizek.ks %& 1½ jkt;kp;k glr{ksikph xjt % ^ ls * pk cktkjisbspk fu;e gk eqdr cktkj /kksj.kkoj vk/kkjhr vkgs- ijarq izksfdul ;kap;k ers vfr mriknu vkf.k eksb;k izek.kkrhy csjkstxkjhp;k osgsyk jkt;kus jktdks kh; vkf.k eksfnzd /kksj.kkpk voyac dj.;kph xjt vlrs- 2½ csjkstxkjhph volfkk % fdul ;kap;k ers] iw.kz jkstxkjh gh,d fo ks k ckc vkgs] dkj.k HkkaMoyh vfkzo;olfksr csjkstxkjhph volfkk vlrs- HkkaMoyh vfkzo;olfksr ^ls* P;k fu;ekuqlkj iqjobk usgehp ekx.kh is{kk tklr vlrks- R;keqGs cjspls dkexkj gs l flfkrhr etqjhoj dke dj.;kl r;kj vlrkr vkf.k ckdhps csjkstxkj vlrkr- 3½ iqjobk Lor%ph ekx.kh fuekz.k djhr ukgh % ^ls* P;k cktkj fu;ekp;k ers iqjobk Lor%ph ekx.kh fuekz.k djrks- ijarq fdul ;k fo/kkuk kh lger ukgh- izks- fdul ;kap;k ers vktp;k vk/kqfud ;qxkr mriknukp;k ok<hcjkscj ekx.khr ok< gksr ukgh- mihkksdr;kdfjrk ns[khy ok<ysy;kp mriknukpk mihkksx?;kok gs vktp;k vfkzo;olfksr kd; gksr ukgh- 4½ vfrmriknu gksr ukgh gsgh ykwmz fdul ;kauk eku; ukgh % mriknukps loz?kvd okijys xsys vls gksr ukgh- mriknukpk dkgh Hkkx cpr dsyk tkrksgs fufozokn lr; vlys rjh rh loz cpr vkiksvki xqaro.kwdhdms ogfoyh tkr ukgh- R;keqGs cpr vkf.k xqaro.kwd ;kr usgehp lekurk jkgw kdr ukgh ifj.kkeh vfkzo;olfksr vfrmriknu vkf.k csjkstxkjhpk iz u fuekz.k gksbzyp- 5½ cpr o xqaro.kwdhr lekurk % izks-fdul ^ls* P;k ;k erk kh lger ukghr- dkj.k mihkksxkoj [kpz >ky;kuarj mozjhr jddesph cpr gksrs- ijarq gh iw.kz cpr xqaro.kwdhdms ogrh gksr ukgh dkj.k xqaro.kwd gh O;ktnjkoj voyacwu vlrs- 6½ etqjh dikrheqgs csjkstxkjh nwj gksrs % ;k ^ls* ;kap;k odo;ka kh fixq gs lger vkgsr- ijarq fdul gs etqjh dikr /kksj.kk kh lger ukgh- R;kaP;k ers etqjh dikrheqgs ljkljh ekx.khr rqv fuekz.k gksbzy fdaok ekx.kh deh gksbzy R;keqGs csjkstxkjhr ok<r gksbzy- R;keqGs rs etqjh dikr /kksj.kk kh lger ukghr-