izdj.k nqljs lanhkz lkfgr;kpk vh;kl 2-2 lacaf/kr lkfgr;kpk vh;kl-

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1 izdj.k nqljs lanhkz lkfgr;kpk vh;kl 2-1 izlrkouk 2-2 lacaf/kr lkfgr;kpk vh;kl-

2 izdj.k nqljs lanhkz lkfgr;kpk vh;kl 2-1 izlrkouk lel;sp;k fuomhuarj o lel;slaca/kh fopkj dsy;kuarj izr;{k dkekyk lq:okr dj.;kvxksnj ;kiwohz used;k ;kp fo k;koj la kks/ku >kys vkgs fdaok dk; gs c?k.ks vko ;d gksrs- dkj.k rls rs >kys vly;kl iqugk rks fo k; la kks/kuklkbh?ks.;kr dkgh vfkz uogrk- R;kpizek.ks vxnh ;kp fo k;koj ulys rjh ;kp;k togikl la kks/ku >kys vkgs dk; o rls >kys vly;kl lnj la kksf/kdsyk R;k la kks/kukpk fdrir o dlk mi;ksx gks.kkj vkgs gs c?k.ksgh mi;qdr okvys- gh la kks/kus kks/k.;klkbh iq<hy L=ksrkapk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk-,e~-ch-cwp ;kauh laikfnr dsysy;k ks{kf.kd la kks/kukps xks kokjs,l-vh- egkfon;ky;] eqacbz ;kauh vkiy;k ghjd egksrlokfuferr izdkf kr dsysyh ks{kf.kd la kks/kukph kh kzdsegkjk Vª jkt; ks{kf.kd ifj knsekqzr >kysyh ks{kf.kd la kks/kusegkjk Vª jkt; ikb;iqlrd fufezrh o vh;kløe la kks/ku eamgkekqzr >kysyh la kks/kus-

3 egkjk Vªkrhy lkrgh fon;kihbkrwu dyk fdaok fon;k kk[kkarzxr >kysyh lekt kkl=h; la kks/kus- VkVk fjlpz bfulvv;wv vkwq lks ky lk;u; ;k lalfksrwu >kysyh lekt kkl=h; la kks/kusxks[kys vfkz kkl= la kks/ku lalfkk] iq.ks ;k kk[ksrqsz >kysyh lekt kkl=h; la kks/kusegkjk Vª jkt; ks{kf.kd la kks/ku ifj knsus izdkf kr dsysys la kks/kukps xks kokjsvkfnoklhap;k ks{kf.kd izxrh lanhkkzrhy dkgh izdkf kr xzafk- kklukps vgoky- 2-2 lacaf/kr lkfgr;kpk vh;kl vaclr,u- ds-] ih-,p-mh- izca/k] jkaph fon;kihv] 1966 fof k V izns k o fof k V vkfnoklh tekrhaojhy la kks/kukp;k ekfydsrhy gs vk.k[kh,d la kks/ku] Jh- vaclr,u-ds- ;kauh vkiy;k ih,p-mh- izca/kklkbh jkaph fon;kihbkl 1966 lkyh lknj dsys vkgs- R;kapk la kks/kukpk fo k; vkgs ^^jkaph ftyg;krhy vkfnoklhapk fpfdrld vh;kl-** R;kauh vkiy;k la kks/kukr jkaph ftyg;krhy vkfnoklhap;k gyyhap;k f k{k.kkps losz{k.k dsys] R;krhy vmp.kh riklwu mik;;kstuk lqpfoy;k- vh;klklkbh la kks/kdkus jkaph ftygk fuomyk- laiw.kz jkaph ftyg;kr izr;{k ikg.kh d:u iz ukoyhonkjs ekfgrh fegfoyh- ;k ekfgrhrwu fu?kkysy;k fu d kkzr

4 Jh- vaclr Eg.krkr & ;sfkhy vkfnoklh tekrhr ikjaikfjd mn;ksx/kans vkgsr- R;kr eqykaph xjt Hkklrs Eg.kwu eqykauk?kjhp /kansf k{k.k fnys tkrs- dqekjo;krhy eqykauk f k{k.k ns.kkú;k ckgsjhy lalfkk vkgsr- rsfks QDr vkfnoklh eqykalkbh dkgh olrhx`gs vkgsrfe kujh yksdkap;k o lsok eamgkap;k kkgsp;k bekjrh pkaxy;k vkgsr rj ckdhp;k kkgkap;k bekjrhaph flfkrh okbzv vkgs- ;sfkhy kkgkar /kekzarjhr vkfnoklh f k{kd o vkfnoklh f k{kd f kdforkr- brj eqyk&eqyhauk vkfnoklh f k{kd vkomrkr rj vksjk;u eqykauk f[kz pu vkfnoklh ¼/kekZarjhr½ f k{kd vkomrkr] dkj.k rs R;kaP;k vksjk;u Hkk ksr cksyrkr- f k{kd vkfnoklh vly;kus R;kauk vkiys vkfnoklh fon;kfkhzgh fiz; vkgsrgsgh la kks/ku vkfnoklhap;k nksu fof k V tekrhap;k ks{kf.kd vmp.kh letkowu?ks.kkjs vkgs- ;k tekrhp;k ks{kf.kd] izxrhpk fopkj dsyk vlrk,d uok eqn~nk y{kkr ;srks dh] vkfnoklh fon;kf;kzauk vkfnoklh f k{kd tklr vkomrks- R;kaph Hkk kk cksy.kkjs] R;kaph lald`rh] fjrhfjokt ekfgrh vl.kkjs f k{kd fon;kf;kzyk tklr togps okvrkr- izlrqr la kks/kukr la kksf/kdsyk ;k uo;k isywps egro [kwip okvrs- egknso dksgh lektkp;k f k{k.kkrgh egknso dksgh lektkrhy izf kf{kr f k{kdkaph use.kwd dsyh rj vkiy;k fon;kf;kzar yxsp felgwu R;kauk f kdfo.ks ;k f k{kdkauk lksis tkbzy- fon;kf;kzauk vkiy;k f k{kdkacn~ny izse] ftogkgk okvsy o R;kaP;k ks{kf.kd izxrhyk osx ;sbzy- ojhy la kks/kus gh vkfnoklh lektkrhy dkgh

5 fof k V tkrh laca/khph vkgsr o izlrqr la kksf/kdsps la kks/kugh egkjk Vªkrhy vkfnoklhap;k vusd tekrhisdh,dk tekrhfo k;h vkgs Eg.kwu oj myys[k dsysyh la kks/kus egrokph Bjrkrvxzoky,p~-,u~- ¼1975½ ;kauh LFkxu o xgrh lanhkkzr HkksikGP;k vkfnoklh la kks/ku fodkl lalfksr Jh- vxzoky,p-,u- ;kauh egsanzxm ;k vkfnoklh xvkrhy vkfnoklhap;k f k{k.kkrhy LFkxu o xgrhph dkj.ks kks/k.;kpk iz;ru 1972 lkyh vkiy;k losz{k.kkrwu dsyk- ;kaphgh mn~fn Vs LFkxu o xgrhph dkj.ks kks/k.ks] R;koj xq.kkred mik;;kstuk lqpfo.ks ghp vkgsr- Jh- vxzoky ;kauh uequk fuomrkauk egsanzxm ;k vkfnoklh xvkrhy,dw.k 736 fon;kf;kzadmwu ekfgrh fegfoyh- gh ekfgrh fegfo.;kiwohz R;kauh ifkizn kzd vh;kl ¼Pilot Survey½ iwohz dsyk gksrk- iz ukoyh nksu Lrjkaoj r;kj dsyh gksrh- ifgy;k Lrjkph iz ukoyh gh vkfnoklh o fcxj vkfnoklhalkbh gksrh rj nqlú;k Lrjkojph iz ukoyh gh fon;kfkhz vh;klkr fdrh iz;ru djrkr\ rs dls ikl >kys\ ;k R;akP;k v/;;u izkfo.;kfo k;h gksrh- ;k Lrjkoj,d iz ukoyh R;kaps f k{kd] ikyd o lektkrhy dkgh O;DrhalkBhgh gksrhvqgs T;ksrh ¼2009½ egkjk Vªkrhy lsokhkkxh lalfkk & vkt egkjk Vªkrhy vusd lalfkk ¼NGO s½ vkfnoklhlkbh g;k dk;zjghr vkgs- egkjk Vª kklu vkfnoklh izdyi R;kpizek.ks LFkkfud ikrghoj Lo;ae lsfod la?kvuk R;k vkfnoklhp;k mfkkaxlkbh dk;z djhr vkgsr-

6 g;k lalfkk izkeq[;kus xzkeh.k ikrghoj dk;z djrkuk fnlrkrvkfnoklh fodkl izdyi] vkfnoklh ouj{k.k izdyi] vkfnoklh tyflapu izdyi] xzkelsod] lektlsod] nyhr fe=] vkfnoklh fe= br;knh lsokhkkoh lalfkk egkjk Vªkr dk;zjghr vkgsr- g;k lsokhkkoh lalfkk vkfnoklhp;k fodklklkbh izdyi r;kj dj.ks] /ks;z/kkj.kkph ;kstuk vk[k.ks vkf.k R;kuarj vaeyctko.kh dj.ks gh vaeyctko.kh xzkeh.k rs ukxjh izdyi riklwu ikg.ks g;kr izkeq[;kus lekos k gksrks ksovh lsokhkkoh lalfkk g;k rkyqd;kp;k ry khjnkjkdms vkiyh røkj ekamrkr- ry khjnkj vkiy;k vf/kdkjkus R;kph O;oLFkk djrkr- R;kph oxzokjh djrkr vkf.k ksovh loz lsokhkkoh lalfkk vkfnoklhp;k fodklklkbh dk;z djrkr-,e- ch- cwp ¼Educational Society Vol. 1 to 4) ;krhy ifgyk o vr;ar egrokpk tks L=ksr vkgs rks Eg.kts Jh-,e~-ch-cwp ;kauh laikfnr dsysys ks{kf.kd la kks/kukps xks kokjs gksr- vkrki;zar R;kauh,dw.k 4 Hkkxkr xks kokjs izfl/n dsys vkgsr- ;krhy Educational Sociology ¼f k{k.kkps lekt kkl=½ ;k Hkkxkr f k{k.kkojhy xks kokjs fnys vkgsr- vkfnoklhaps o ekxkloxhz;kap;k f k{k.kkojhy tog tog 20 xks kokjs pkjgh Hkkxkrwu lnj la kksf/kdsl fegkys vkgsrgh 20 gh la kks/kus vkfnoklh f k{k.kkoj >kysyh vlyh rjh f k{k.kkp;k fofo/k {ks=kr o vusd isyawoj >kyh vkgsr- R;kr lokzar tklr la kks/kus Eg.kts 6 la kks/kus gh fof k V Hkkxkrhy fof k V

7 tekrhap;k ks{kf.kd vh;klklaca/kh >kyh vkgsr- rj R;k [kkyks[kky,dw.k rhu la kks/kus gh vuqlwfpr tkrh ¼,l-lh-½ o vuqlwfpr tekrh ¼,l-Vh-½ fon;kf;kzap;k egkfon;ky;hu f k{k.kklaca/kh vkgsrvkfnoklhap;k izkfkfed f k{k.kkrhy LFkku o xgrh ;koj nksu rj vkfnoklhauk f k{k.kk feg.kkú;k vkffkzd loyrh o fon;kosru ;koj nksu la kks/kus vkgsr- izr;sdh,d,d la kks/ku vkfnoklh f k{k.kkp;k [kkyhy isyawoj vkgsrvkfnoklhaps iwoz izkfkfed f k{k.kvkfnoklhaps izkfkfed f k{k.kvuqlwfpr tkrh o vuqlwfpr tekrhps ek/;fed f k{k.k o R;krhy vmp.khvkfnoklhap;k vkje kkgkvkfnoklhaph olrhx`gsvkfnoklhrhy lqf kf{kr csdkjkaph lel;kizkfkfed o ek/;fed kkys; iqlrdkrhy vkfnoklhaps n kzuojhy loz la kks/kus gh vkfnoklhae/khy ks{kf.kd la kks/kus vkgsr- ijarq vkfnoklha kh laca/khr ulysyh ijarq izlrqr la kksf/kdsyk vko ;d okv.kkjh vk.k[khgh nksu la kks/kus [kkyhyizek.ks vkgsrtkrh o R;kauh dk<ysy;k ks{kf.kd lalfkkps izek.k dk<.ksf k{k.kkpk lkekftd] vkffkzd?kvdkoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke kks/k.ksizr;{k vkfnoklh tekrhaoj vk/kkjysyh lokzf/kd Eg.kts,dw.k 6 la kks/kus gh fof k V izns kkrhy fof k V tekrhfo k;h vkgsr-

8 cks[kkjs ujsanz ¼2003½ vkfnoklh dykfo dkjkrhy lksan;z laisz{ke] lakkiufokku o yfyrdyk ;k kks/k izca/kklkbh R;kauh vkfnoklhph dyk] R;kaps :i mrlo vkf.k R;kOnkjs gks.kkjs laizs k.k ;kpk esg lk/kyk vkgs- vkfnoklh tu thoukpk o yksd lald`rhpk vh;kl ;ke/;s dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- ek= vkfnoklh vkf.k HkVD;k tekrhps ys[kd tsogk ^^vkiqyh vki.k djk lksmor ;k fgerhus Lor% ys[k.kh mpyrkr rsogk dyk vfo dkjkr dkgh uos vorh.kz gksr vly;kph pkgqy ;srs- vfhko;fdrp;k vkxg;k ydch gs vxnh LokHkkfodi.ks R;kaP;k ys[k.kkr vork: ykxrs- izsekpk /khv vuqhko O;oLFkscnyph rhoz B.kd] nkfjnz;kp;k t[kek] ijo krspk larki vkf.k /kqelrk grk ki.kk gs lkjs vxnh lgt cksyh Hkk kk br;knh lg gkså ykxrsvkfnoklh thoukojhy la kks/ku ladyukred ys[ku gs ;k ou; tekrhp;k eqgkapk kks/k?ks.;kp;k n` Vhus egrokps vkgs- rlsp vflerk i`fkxkrerk fuf pr dj.;kp;k n` Vhusgh egrokps vkgs- Lor%P;k i`fkxkred lald`rhp;k lanhkkzr ;k ukdkjysy;k nmiysy;k ekuoh thouk Lor%ph uhv vksg[k ivowu ns.;kp;k n` Vhus egrokps vkgsvkfnoklhps dykfo o U;kgkGk;yk vkiy;kyk Qkj dkgh nwj tkos ykxr ukgh- yksdfp=dyk vkf.k yksdu`r; gk rj vkfnoklh lald`rhpk veqy; Bsokp- ;k f kok; nsuafnu olrwph tm.k?km.k R;kojhy dkjkxhjh o dykdqlj R;kaph okn;s ykdmh [kkackojhy dk;] fhkarhojhy fp=s] jaxjaxksvh dqykpkjkps ladsr b- ckchr lksan;z l` Vhpk mxe fnlrks-

9 cksfdy fefyan ¼2006½ dkrdjh] fodkl dh folfkkiu& vkfnoklh yksd vkffkzd izxrhp;k fofo/k ikrghoj vkgs- R;keqGs R;kaP;k lel;k osxg;k vkgsr- dkrdjh lektkp;k lel;kagh osxg;k vkgsr- vkfnoklhps iz u useds dks.krs vkf.k rs dls lksmokfor g;k fo k;h ppkz gksrkr ijarq izr;{kkr dke dkgh gksr ukgh- dkrdjh gk lekt xzkeh.k vly;keqgs taxykrhy ksrhrhy f kdkj dj.ks] dpph QGs [kk.ks b- dk;z djrkr- R;kizek.ks R;kps thou vlrs- R;krwugh la/;kdkgh fnos ulrkr- R;kizek.ks R;kps thou vlrs- R;krwugh la/;kdkgh fnos ulrkr- R;keqGs f k{k.kkiklwu gk lekt oafpr vkgsloz lkeku; f k{k.k gs vkfnoklhhkksorh fqjr jkgrs R;keqGs dkrdjh lektkpk fodkl gksrks gs dgr ukgh- dkrdjh gh,dsdkgh xqugsxkj tekr Eg.kwu vksg[kyh tkr vls- R;kaP;kiSdh dkgh t.k cdjs] dksacm;k igfo.;kp;k HkjV;k pksú;k djr- gh FkksM;kcgqr HkVdh tekr vly;kus R;kauh f k{k.kkfo k;d ;kstukapk Qkjlk ykhk?ksrysyk ukgh- dkrdjh Lor%yk fganw Eg.korkr o fganw nsokph mikluk djrkrrlsp rs vkfnoklh nsokaph Eg.kts psmk] fgjok] lqiyh] xkonso] ekoy;k] fgn;k] ok/;k ;kaphgh mikluk djrkr- fnokgh gk R;kapk vkuankpk l.k gks;- R;kosGh rs en;iku d:u] xk.ks xku o u`r; d:u l.k lktjk djrkr- okjyh] Bkdj o lg;knzhp;k MksaxjkG eqyq[kkrhy brj ou; tekrh lkald`frd n` V;k dkrdú;kauk fudvp;k vkgsr-

10 QMds lq/khj ¼1993½ egkjk Vªkrhy vkfnoklh o R;kaps iz u] iq.ks izdk ku] iq.ks & ;kauh vkfnoklhps iz u ljdkjleksj ekamrkuk vkfnoklhp;k ln;flfkrhps o.kzu d:u vkiyk kks/k izca/k lknj dsyk- ;kr egkjk Vªkrhy vkfnoklhps osxosxgs iz u gksrs- 1- tylaxz/kkj.k 2- ik.kh;kstuk 3- oklro; 4- taxyj{k.k b- vkfnoklhps iz u gksr vkiyk kks/k izca/k iw.kz dsyk- vkfnoklhph ekufldrk gh R;kus LohdkjysY;k xqykefxjhps j{k.k vkgs- gh xqykefxjh nwj dj.;klkbh R;kyk Lor% iz;ru dj.ks xjtsps vkgsvkfnoklhpk eq[; iz u Eg.kts dqiks k.k vkf.k vfrfjdr yksdla[;kvfrfjdr yksdla[;kps dkj.k Eg.ktsp euksjatukpk vhkko- eksdgs jku] fulxz lkscrh] fulxkzpk jktk Eg.kwu gks.;kr o`rrh f k{k.kkp;k ukokus cksckacksc- egkrek Qqykauh vkiy;k xzafkkr [kkyhy vksgh uewn dsy;k vkgsr R;kr vksgh rarksrr ykxw gksrkr R;k vksgh v kk] fon;sfouk erh xsyh] erh fouk xrh xsyha xrh fouk for xsys] for fouk kqhkz [kpys-,o<s vufkz,dk vfon;sus dsys- Eg.ktsp lkfo=hckbz Qqykauh vkf.k Hkkrhek f k{k.kkps dk; dj.;kps mpkav.k dsys vkf.k vkfnoklhps iz u txkiq<s ekamys-,d L=h f kdyh dh dqavqc f kdys vkf.k vkfnoklh L=h;kauk f k{k.kklkbh izo`rr dsys- QMds ts- ts- ¼1980½ ek/;fed f k{k.kkuarj egkfon;ky;hu Lrjkojhy vkfnoklh f k{k.k lanhkkzr,dw.k 2 la kks/kus >kyh vkgsr- Jh- QMds ts- ds- o Jh- kqydk vkj- lh- ;kauh xqtjkfksrhy O;kjk egkfon;ky;krhy vuqlwfpr tekrhrhy fon;kf;kzap;k xgrhps izek.k

11 ;kaph dkj.ks kks/kyh- gs la kks/ku 1980lkyh dsys- Jh- QMds o Jh- kqdyk ;kauh iq<hy mfn~n Vs MksG;kiq<s Bsoyh gksrh- ¼1½ O;kjk egkfo ky;krhy oxhzd`r tekrhap;k fo kf;kzaps izek.k kks/k.ks] ¼2½ ;k xgrhp;k izek.kkph nf{k.k xqtjkfk fo kihb o brj rhu dkwystkry;k fo kf;kzap;k xgrh kh rqyuk dj.ks] ¼3½ L=h o iq: k ;kap;k xgrhph rqyuk dj.ks o okf.kt;] dyk kk[kk fugk; rqyuk dj.ks- uequ;klkbh la kks/kdkauh O;kjk dkwystkrhy 1971 rs 1981 i;zarps fo kfkhz fuomys- ;ke/;s nf{k.k xqtjkfk fo kfibkrwugh fo kfkhz rqyuslkbh fuomys gksrs egkfo ky;kps okf kzd vgoky] fo kfibkaph fudkyi=ds ;klkbh vh;kl.;kr vkyh fegkysy;k ekfgrhps oxkzrj dks Vds] ksdmsokjh ;kap;k lgk ;kus fu d kz uksanfo.;kr vkysxkjs xksfoan ¼2004½ vkfnoklh] R;kaps thou] iz u vkf.k lald`rh ;k la kks/kuij xzafkkr vkfnoklhr jeysy;k ;k la kks/kdkus vkfnoklhp;k iz ukaoj vkf.k thoukoj fofo/k izdkjp;k 40 xzafkkps ys[ku dsys vkgs- vkfnoklh lkald`frd laxzgky;kps rs tud Eg.kwu vksg[kys tkrkr- R;kaP;k mn~fn Vkae/;s vkfnoklh lektklkbh ospkkfjd] ks{kf.kd] lkekftd o lakld`frd {ks=kr cjsp ;skxnku fnys vkgs- egkjk Vª vkfnoklh n kzu] egkla?k okrkz] vkfnoklh la kks/ku if=dk] br;knh Onkjs vkfnoklhaps thou pfj= thoar dj.;kpk iz;kl dsyk vkgs- f k{k.kkph nkjs vkfnoklh m?kmkoh ykxyh gkp R;kaP;k la kks/kukpk eqg gsrw gksrk- lkekftd] ks{kf.kd] vkffkzd o lkald`frd tm.k?km.k ;ke/kwu fnlrs- vkfnoklh lkfgr;kckcr vkt vusd

12 reizokg izpfyr vkgsr- rs nfyr lkfgr;kps,d vax vkgs rs ;sfkiklwu rs vkfnoklh lald`rh gh vkfnoklh lkfgr;kph eqg izsj.kk vly;kus vkfnoklh lkfgr; gs xzkeh.k lkfgr;kps,d vkfne :i vkgs vls Eg.k.;ki;Zar fopkjizokgkph okvpky xsyh vkgs- vkfnoklh lkfgr; gs vkrk lkekftd tkf.kosdmwu os;fdrd tkf.kokap;k izdvhdj.kkdms ogr vkgs- gh og.ks tso<h izokgh] izfrhkk kkyh vkf.k thoar vlrhy rso<h vkfnoklh lkfgr;kph [kk.k eksy;oku gksbzy- dkgkr vks?kkr r;kj >kysys vkfnoklh gk iw.kz djrhyxkjs xksfoan ¼2003½ u{kyoknh vkf.k vkfnoklh kks/k izdyi& vkfnoklhojhy vr;kpkj vu;k; vkf.k kks/k.;kap;k nkgdrsph ekam.kh dj.;klkbh u{kyoknkpk ekxz vkfnoklhauk dkgh e;kznsi;zar ifj.kkedkjd okv.ks LokHkkfod vkgs- ftfks dqbs vkfnoklhap;k ekuoh gddkaph ik;eyyh gksr vlrkauk rks m?km;k MksG;kauh ikgr vlrks- rh,d xqykehph grcy volfkk vkfnoklhp;k injh fnlrs- rsfkhy?kvuk izlaxkuqlkj lk/ku Eg.kwu u{kyokn uddhp ifj.kkedkjd Bjrks- u{kyokn gh R;kph ekufldrk ukgh- rks R;kpk vkpkj vkf.k O;ogkj ukgh] LoHkko rj ukghp ukgh- **iksyhlkp;k ng kr oknkis{kk u{kyokn;ka kh laca/k cjs vls Eg.k.;kph osg R;kaP;koj vkyh vkgs- fujijk/k vkfnoklhapk vekuw k NG dj.ks] R;kaP;koj vu;k; vr;kpkj dj.ks] izlaxh R;kauk u{kyoknh Bjowu Bkj ekj.ks b- xks Vh?kMr vkgsr- iksfylkaps gs nmi kkghps] ek.kqldhyk dkghek Qkl.kkjs orzu u{kyoknkp;k flek vksykamwu

13 dsnzkapk iq<s xsys vkgs- fgalk vkf.k canqdhpk /kkd xjhc vkfnoklhapk cgh?ksr vkgs- u{kyoknkrhy gh vflfkjrk gh oklrork vkgsjksxkis{kk vks k/k Hk;adj Bjr vkgsxfor fo- jk- ¼2005½ vkfnoklh dh ouoklh & ^^vkfnoklh** Eg.kwu lacks/k.;kr ;srs- R;kaP;k myys[k ^^Hkkjrh; ouoklh dy;k.k vkjekrqsz** ^ouoklh* Eg.kwu tk.kwu cqtwu dj.;kr ;srks- R;kaP;k ers] ^^vkfnoklh** ;k kcnkhkksorh vls,d letqrhps oy; lacaf/kr >kys vkgsr dh] R;keqGs vkfnoklh gs vkiy;kais{kk fujkgs] vkiy;kiklwu nwjps okvw ykxys vkgsr- gk let vkf.k gh Hkkouk mriuu d:up rh n`<ewy dj.;kdfjrk tk.kwucqtwu ^^ouoklh** gk kcn izpfyr dj.;kpk ouoklh dy;k.k vkjekpk iz;ru pkyw vkgs- Li Vhdj.kkFkZ iq<s rs vls Eg.krkr dh] ^^vkfnoklh** yksd ukxjh olrhiklwu vxnh nwj MksaxjnÚ;kae/;s taxyke/;s jkgrkr- R;keqGs vlk,d let iljfo.;kr ;srks dh] likv lqihd] nkv olrhp;k izns kkrhy yksdkauh ouoklh yksdka kh y<k;k d:u R;kauk ijkhkwr d:u nú;k[kksú;kr nwj gkdywu fnys- vkiy;k lektkp;k vaxksikaxke/;s fohkdri.kk vk.k.;ke/;s T;kaps vlk vfkz gksrks dh] fcxj vkfnoklh lekt gk vkøe.kdkjh] nqlú;kauk yqckm.kkjk vkgs- [kjs Eg.kts vkfnoklh yksdkauk ijaijsus vkiy;k isdhp ekuysys vkgsmnk- vkiy;ke/;s iwohz th iapk;r O;oLFkk gksrh frp;ke/;s pkj o.kkzos Kkuh o o;kso`/n pkj izfrfu/kh vlwu vk.k[kh,d izfrfu/kh gksrk T;kyk ^^fu kkn** Eg.kr vlr vkf.k ;k ikpgh t.kkauh?ksrysyk

14 fu.kz; eku; dsyk tkr vls- ^^fu kkn** Eg.kts ikj/kh fdaok f kdkj dj.kkjs] oukr jkg.kkjs vlk vkgsxk;dokm fnid ¼2005½ ^^vkfnoklh pgog Lo:i o fn kk**] vkfnoklh ;k ns kkps eqg jfgoklh] i.k txkp;k ikbhoj T;w fuxzks ;kaph vogsyuk >kyh ukgh rso<h Hkkjrkr vkfnoklhph >kyhvkfnoklh lald`rh Hkkjrh; d`f k lald`rh kh togph vlyh rjh frpk fodkl egrokpk vkgs- vk;z ¼oSfnd czkeg.k½ Hkkjrkr vkys R;kosGsl vk;z o eqg Hkkjrh; ;kap;kr tks la?k kz >kyk rks egrokpk Bjrksvk;Z Hkkjrkr b-l e/;s vkys- xqls pkj.;kps fuferr d:u [kscjf[kamhrwu R;kauh Hkkjrkr izos k dsyk Eg.ktsp vk;z eqg Hkkjrh; ukghr] czkeg.k ij/khe vkgsr o R;kapk /kez vkgs- osfnd egkrek Qqys R;kaP;k ^xqykefxjh* xzafkkr vk;kzaps mxelfkku bjk.k lkaxrkr- rj Lor% osfnd /kfez; czkeg.k yksdeku; fvgd czkeg.kkps mxelfkku mrrj /kqoz lkaxrkr- vkfnoklh lektkpk eqg iq: k o nsor Hkxoku kadj vkgs- Hkxoku kadj gs ukxoa kh; gksrs- Eg.kwu vkfnoklh gs iqohzps ukxoa kh; gksrs- ukx gs lkú;k HkkjrHkj fo[kqjysys gksrs- vkfnoklhauk czkeg.kkap;k opzlok[kkyh ;s.ks d/khp ilar dsys ukgh- osfndkp;k opzlok[kkyh ;sowu R;kaps xqyke gksåu thou tx.;kis{kk ukxoa kh; vkfnoklhauh taxykrhy vks<;k uky;kps ik.kh fiåu o xaxykrhy daneqgs [kkåu tx.ks ilar dsys- gs tj ukxoa kh; vkfnoklhuh dsys ulrs rj R;kaP;kgh olr;k xkok kstkjh] egkjokmk] ekaxokmk] pkahkkjokmk ;kap;kizek.ks fnly;k vlr;k- R;keqGs vkfnoklhph lald`rh] laxhr]

15 xhr] u`r; gs loz fgunq lald`rhis{kk osxgs fnlrs- rlsp vkfnoklh taxykr jkgr vly;keqgs vkfnoklhph lqihd tehu] xqjs]?kjs] lairrh gs lozp ;q/nkr czkeg.kkauh ftadwu?ksry;kus R;kauh taxykpk vkljk?ksryk vkf.k taxykpk jktk >kykxk;/kuh j-uk ¼2002½ izkphu Hkkjrkpk lald`frd bfrgkl ;kr la kks/kdkus vkfnoklhaps thoueku ;k fo k;kps o.kzu dsys vkgs- ;kr vkfnolh yksdu`r;spk lekos k gksrk- vusd nso vkfnolhe/;s iqtys tkrkr- izr;sd tekrhr osxosxg;k dk;kzlkbh osxosxgs nso vlrkreqg vkfnoklh /kez fulxkszikld vkgsr- lk/kk lq/kk vkgs thoukrhy lel;kaps mrrj kks/k.kkjk vkgs- R;kr Qkj rrofparu ukghvkn kzokngh ukghr] iafk ukgh] o`rrosdy;s ukghr] iqtkvpkz ukghr] uekt ukghr] foi ;uk ukgh] R;kaps nso e[kjkr ulrkr] rj emd;kr vfkok QMD;kr vlrkr- R;kaP;k lk/;k /kez vkpj.kkr brj /kez dyiuk f kjr vkgsr- ikjaifjd vkf.k uothou i/nrhpk leuo;?kmr vkgsgyckj ch- th- o enu Vh-,u- ¼1992½ EgSlwj ;kauh ;kauh ^^dukzvdkrhy tkrh vkf.k ks{kf.kd lalfkk** ;kap;kojp la kks/ku dsys vkgs- ;k la kks/kukr tkrh o lalfkk ;kaps laca/k rikl.ks] ;k lalfkkae/;s dezpkú;kaph gks.kkjh Hkjrhph tkrokj rikl.kh rikl.ks o fon;kf;kzauk fnyh tk.kkjh cf{kls rikl.ks gh mn~fn Vs gksrh- uequk fuomrkauk EgSlwj ftyg;krwu,dw.k 120 lalfkkaph fuom dsyh xsyh- T;ke/;s ¼1½ ulzjh

16 Ldwy ¼2½ izkfkfed kkgk ¼3½ ek/;fed kkgk ¼4½ rkaf=d ¼5½ O;kolkf;d ¼6½ ljdkjh ks{kf.kd lalfkk ¼7½ v/kz ljdkjh ks{kf.kd lalfkk ¼8½ [kktxh ks{kf.kd lalfkk ¼9½ tkr o /kekzo:u pky.kkú;k 5 lalfkk ;kaph fuom Jh- gyckj o Jh- enr ;kauh dsyhtks kh,l- Mh- ¼1980½ ih-,p-mh- xqtjkfk ;kauh ek/;fed Lrjkogh vkfnoklhap;k S{kf.kd vmp.khapk kks/k?ks.kkjs,d la kks/kd Jh- tks kh,l- Mh- ;kauh egkjktk l;kthjko fo kihb] xqtjkfk ;sfks 1980 lkyh dsys vkgs- rs R;kaps ih,p Mh- inohlkbh vlysys losz{k.k vkgs- Jh- tks khauh vkiy;k losz{k.kkaph mfn~n:vs iq<hyizek.ks fuf pr dsyh gksrh- oxhzd`r tkrh o oxhzd`r tekrhap;k f k{k.kkr ;s.kkú;k vmp.khapk vh;kl dj.ks] ;k fo kf;kzap;k lkekftd] vkffkzd ifjflfkrhpk vh;kl dj.ks] R;kaps ikyd ;kapk R;kaP;k f k{k.kkdms c?k.;kpk n` Vhdksu vh;kl.ks- Jh- tks khauh uequk fuomhlkbh 405 ek/;fed o 108 egkfon;ky;hu fon;kfkhz?ksrys gksrs- ;k fon;kf;kzar ek/;fed fon;kf;kzaph la[;k tklr gksrh Eg.kwu gs ek/;fed f k{k.kkps losz{k.k Bjrs- uequk fuomrkauk vfu;r uequk fuom i/nrhpk voyac dsyk xsyk- cmksns ;sfkhy egkfon;ky;krwu o ek/;fed kkgkarwu 495 fon;kfkhz rj egkfon;ky;krwu 108 fon;kfkhz o R;kaps ikyd uequ;klkbh fuomys xsys- ;k fon;kf;kzar ekxkl tkrhps ¼,l-lh-½ 111 fon;kfkhz rj ekxkl tekrhaps ¼,l-Vh-½ 164 fon;kfkhz fuomys xsys-

17 dqyd.khz kksud ¼2009½ egkjk Vªkrhy vkfnoklh Hkkjrh;?kVuspk vuqpnsn 342 vuo;s dkgh ekxzn kzd rros lkax.;kr vkyh vkgsrizr;sd txkr,dk fof k V Hkwizns kkr jkgrs rs {ks= brj izxr lektiklqu nwj fdaok taxykr vlrs R;keqGsp gk lekt brjkais{kk vyx vlrks- lektkr dqgkph O;oLFkk vlrs vkf.k tekr gh varfozokgh] ek= dqg gh cfgzfookgh vlrkr- R;kapk /k;z gk :psruoknh vlwu rks fuokllfkkukiqjrkp vlrks- R;kr ra=ea=] tknqvks.kk vlrks- izr;sd vkfnoklh tekrhph Lor iapk;r vlrsizr;sd tekrhph Hkk kk o cksyh Lora= vkf.k osf k V;iw.kZ vlrs- R;kaph vfkzo;olfkk gh olrqfofue; i/nrhph vlrs- R;kaP;k ijaijkeqgs yksdkap;k okx.;kr lkj[ksi.kk vlrks- ;kf kok; vfyirk vkf.k,dkdhi.kkeqgs ekxklysi.k o cqtjsi.kk ;k lektkps osf k V;s vkgsvkfnoklh gs lald`rhp;k fofo/k VIikoj mhks vkgsr- R;kaP;k lald`rhp;k volfksuqlkj osfj;j,fyou ;kauh vkfnoklhps oxhzdj.k dsys vkgs- R;kuqlkj vfr k; ekxkl vlysys] flfkr;arrjs gksr vlysys] czkeg.k laidkzus Lor%ph lald`rh foljysys vkf.k czkeg laidkzr ;sowugh Lor% lald`rh fvdowu Bsoysyh ;k izr;sd xvkrhy vkfnoklhp;k lel;k osxg;k vkgsr- vkt pkyq vlysy;k vkfnoklh fodklkp;k vfkd iz;rukeqgs ifgy;k xvkrhy vkfnoklhps izek.k iqohz brds jkfgys ukgh- rjhgh Hkwfeghu vkf.k O;olk; vfkok iksvkik.;klkbh LFkykarj dj.kkjs vkfnoklh vkgsrp- vktdky f kdkj jkfgysyh ukgh] cnyrh dqúgkm ksrh gh vflrrokr ukgh- ek=

18 cnrr;k dkgkuqlkj lk[kj dkj[kkus] ml rksm.kh] ohvhkv~vh vls ts Bjkfod dkgkr pky.kkjs O;olk; vkgsr- R;kuqlkj Lor% gh LFkykarj dj.kkjs vkfnoklh vkgsrp ;kaph flfkrh vf/kd ekxkl vkgsdqyd.khz v- jk- ¼2009½] lekt lald`rh & vkfnoklh lekt lald`rhe/;s izkeq[;kus pkj xv imrkr- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkfnoklh izkeq[;kus fulzxkph iqtk djrkr- fulxz gkp R;kapk nso vlrksvkfnoklh lekt l.k] ozrosdy; fganq lektkp;k :<hizek.ks lktjh djrkr- dkgh vkfnoklh vkiy;k HkksG;k HkkcM;k LoHkkokeqGs yktkgw vlrkr- vkiy;k HkkoHkkouk brjkaleksj ekamrkr rs ladqphr izo`rrhus okxrkr- vkfnoklh fl=;k iqohzp;k vkf.k vkrkp;k jkg.khekukr cjkp Qjd vk<grks- R;kr izkeq[;kus cksyh Hkk kk vkf.k jkg.kheku ;kpkgh lekos k gksrks- vkfnoklh lektkr eqyhaph yxu 15&16 O;k o khz gksr vly;kus fookgckg; laca/kkuk eku;rk vkgscgqiruhro gh i/nr vktgh lektke/;s vk<gwu ;srs ;kr izkeq[;kus dkrdjh] okjyh] dksgh] egknso dksgh ;kpk lekos k gksrks- [kankjs yfyr ¼2004½ %& esg?kkve/khy dksjdq ^^vkfnoklhpk lkekftd] vkffkzd ntkz** ;k lanhkkzrhy vgokykckcrpk fopkj ;sfks dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- lnj vgokykr la kks/kdkus esg?kkvkrhy dksjdq vkfnoklh tekrhp;k Hkkjrh; ou; fohkkx dk;n;kuqlkj R;kaps thou o ou; thokaps j{k.k R;klkBh kklukus dsysy;k ;kstukapk o R;k ;kstukonkjs tue e`r;w njkapk lq/nk mn~fn Vkae/;s lekos k dj.;kr

19 vkyk vkgs- R;kpizek.ks R;kauh vkiy;k mn~fn Vkae/;s dksvdq tekrhps jkg.kheku] R;kapk gdd o drzo;s gs ekuo vk;ksx jk Vªh; o vkarjjk Vªh; Lrjkoj Li V dsys vkgsr- la kks/kdkauh R;klkBh nq ;e L=ksr Eg.kwu iqlrds] ekflds] orzekui=s] kkldh;] ifji=ds vkf.k Lo;alsoh lalfkk] ronrp jkti=hr vf/kdkjh br;knh Onkjs dksjdq lektkp;k thoukps fo ys k.k dsysys vkgs- vkfnoklh lkeku; tuekiklwu cjsp varjkoj jkgrkr- R;kaph HkkSxksfyd flfkrh ikgrk ftfks yksdla[;sph?kurk deh vkgsr- rsfks 90 is{kk vkfnoklh oklro; djr vkgsr Eg.ktsp rsfks R;kaph la[;k gh 25 is{kk tklr vkgsr tehu dk;n;kuqlkj vkfnoklhauh djsy R;kaph tehu gk dk;nk ykxw dj.;kr vky;k gksr;k- dksjdq tekr izkeq[;kus lkriqmk iozr jkaxsr vk<grs- Jh- elkoh,e- ¼1976½ ih-,p-mh- izca/k xqtjkfk fon;kihb] vgenkckn e/;s vkfnoklh la kks/ku o izf k{k.k lalfksr ^^vkfnoklhap;k izkfkfed f k{k.kkrhy LFkxu o xgrhph dkj.k kks/k.ks** gk izdyi iw.kz dsyk- R;kaP;k izdyikph mn~fn Vs o eqgh LFkxu xgrhph dkj.ks kks/k.ks] R;kaps izdkj kks/k.ks o R;koj dkgh mik; lqpfo.ks gh gksrhuequk fuomrkauk Jh- elkfoauh 8 [ksm;kr uequk fuom dsyhuequ;klkbh ts ftygs fuomhlkbh?ksrys R;kaps nksu xv dsys- mpp f kf{krkauk xv o nqljk vr;yi f kf{krkapk xv- vfu;r i/nrhus uequk fuom djrkauk ;k ftyg;krhy 10 VDds kkgk b;rrk 4 Fkh i;zar oxz vlysy;k fuomy;k- f kok; ;kp xvkrhy,d vkje kkgk

20 fuomyh- ;k kkgkaps gtsjhiv] fudkyi=ds] ;ko:ugh ekfgrh imrkgwu ikg.;kr vkyhekamodj HkkÅ ¼1982½ & dksyke lsok & dksyke gh tekr egkjk Vªkr izkeq[;kus uanqjckj vkf.k /kqgs ftyg;kr vkf.k vyi izek.kkr uxj ftyg;kr vkf.k ukf kd e/;s vk<grkr- dksyke tkrh gh vkfnoklh lektkpk dsanzfcanw vkgs- dksyke tekrh vkffkzd n` V;k lcg vlwu rs O;kikjkdMs FkksM;k izek.kkr >qdysyk vkgs- dksyke vkfnoklh osf k V;s v kh dk yktkjsi.kk iq<s u ;s.;kph o`rrh] txkp;k ikbhekxs nsokp;k d`ikus vly;kph J/nk vlrs- dksyke gh tekr f k{k.kkdms fo ks k y{k nsr ukgh ftfks kkgk] ckyokm;k ukghr- dqby;kgh ks{kf.kd lqfo/kk ukgh- fpe.;k ykowu] ekrhps fnos ykowu vkiyk lalkj lkahkkgrkr- vtqugh vk/khe Hkkxkr vkfnoklhps jkg.kheku ukxjh olrhokpwu nwj vly;kus [ksr tud vkgs- dksye gh tekr vkarjtkrh; letal; ok<owu Bsorkr rsfks jksvh O;ogkj gksrks i.k csvh O;ogkj gksr ukgh- g;k lektkr iapk;rhp;k eq[;kyk vf/kd eku; vlrs rh lkaxsy rh iwoz fn kk vlrs- g;k v kkizdkjs vkfnoklhps thoueku gs,[kkn;k dks kkizek.ks vlrs- vk;d gh dksyke tekrhph eq[; nsork vkgs- rs lhrk nsohphgh mikluk djrkreksjs ek/ko camq ¼2010½ %& vkfnoklh cksyw ykxyk ;ke/;s vkrki;zarph vkfnoklhph okpk vkrk mtkxj gkså ykxyh vls

21 izfriknu dj.;kr vkys vkgs- eqdh tukojsa dq.kh gh gkdk vls vkrk jkfgysys ukgh- vkfnoklhph ys[k.kh fqjk;yk ykxyh vkgsvkfnoklhps vkrki;zarps tkrs vkrk ngk;yk ykxys vkgs doh Eg.krks; ^vxk mik khp gksrs ek>s vktojh tkrs A xsys fqjrs d:uh r;k ekö;k ys[k.khps ikrs A ;kpkp ljg lanhkz Eg.kts ys[k.khp;k ikr;kus vkrk R;kaps thoueku mapkoys vlwu tkrs fqjrs Eg.ktsp ys[k.khph deky vkgsvkfnoklh cksyw ykxyk rks f kdy;keqgsp cksyw ykxyk- f k{k.k gs ok?kh.khps nq/k vkgs] tks fibzy rks xqjxqjy;kf kok; jkg.kkj ukghdkypk vkfnoklh vkf.k vktpk cnyrk vkfnoklh ;ke/;s Qjd vkgs nqlú;kps dke fegsy rs nke vkf.k cqtjsi.kk lksmwu vkfnoklh e/;s psruk] Qqdysyh vkgs- vkfnoklh vkiy;kyk ;ksx; dke vkf.k v;ksx; dke gs vksg[kw ykxyk- R;kph fde;k vkt R;kaP;k mrfkkukphp lhek js kk cuyh vkgs- vkfnoklh lel;kauk R;kus okpk QksMko;kl lq:okr dsyh vkgs- Hkfo ;krhy R;kapk dkg lq[ke; vl.kkj vkgseqgs lqeu ¼2001½ & vkfnoklh L=hthou egkjk Vªkr vkfnoklhp;k T;k vusd tekrh vkgsr- R;k izr;sd tekrhps lkekftd thou] vkffkzd thou] lkald`frd osf k V;s] pkyhfjrh] /kkfezdrk ;kap;kr lkj[ksi.kk vk<gr ukgh- izr;sd tekrhe/;s

22 osxosxgh osf k V;s vk<grkr- vkffkzd o ijaijkxr o pkyr vkysy;k vkf.k :< >kysy;k thoun` Vhus cuysys vkgs- rls vlys rjh lozlkeku; vkfnoklhaps thou] R;kaph ewy;s vkf.k osf k V;s ;kap;kr lkj[ksi.kk vk<grks- vkfnoklhe/;s /kkfezd vkf.k lkekftd fof/kr en;kyk] nk:yk fo ks k LFkku vlrs- tue e`r;w] yxu] iapk;r] ikgq.;kapk vknj lrdkj?ks.ks & ns.ks dks.kr;kgh fuferrkus,d= ;s.ks >kys dh nk:?ks.;kpk dk;zøe gksrks- vkfnoklh L=h;k ns[khy o eqysns[khy nk: firkr- vkfnoklh lektkr ckgari.kklkbh th ewy tuey;koj R;kph ukg dki.;kps dke djrs- xhkzorh L=h ej.k ikoy;kl rh ^gmg* gksrs vlk yksdakpk let vkgs- v kk fl=;kauk tkgrkr- vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s eqykaeqyhaph yxus o;kr vky;koj 16&17 O;k o khz gksrkr- vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s cgqiruhrokph pky :< vkgs-?kvlqksvkph izfkkgh loz tekrhr :< vkgs- okjyh vkfnoklh tekrhr iqohz ^/koysjh* xk.kh Eg.kwu yxu ykohr vlsdkgh L=h;k vktkji.kkr HkxrkdMs tk.;k,soth MkWDVjkdMs tkå ykxys vkgsr- vkfnoklh L=h;k vkt txkdms okvpky djhr vkgsruk;mw,l- ¼1973½ & ;krhy iwoz izkfkfed Lrjkojhy,d la kks/ku lozjh uk;mw,l-ok;- o izrki,q-,e- ;k tksmhus jk Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl lalfkk gsnzkckn ;sfkwu 1973 lkyh ^^vkfnoklh fodkl xvkrhy iwoz izkfkfed f k{k.k** ;k kh kzdk[kkyh dsys vkgs- ;k la kks/kukps mn~fn V ;k fodkl xvkrhy vkfnoklhap;k iwoz izkfkfed f k{k.kkpk vh;kl dj.ks gs gksrs- vksfjlk jkt;krhy lqanjxm

23 ftyg;krhy dksjeqamk ukokp;k vkfnoklh fodkl xv ;klkbh R;kauh fuomyk gksrk- ;k la kks/kdkauh vkiy;k la kks/kuklkbh ¼Normetive Survey½ ukwesfjog losz gh i/nrh okijyh- R;klkBh R;kauh imrkgk lwph] fujh{k.k ;k lk/kukapk ekfgrh fegfo.;klkbh mi;ksx dsykrn~orp ljdkjh nirjkrhy ekfgrh] lacaf/kr vf/kdkjh o iq<kú;ka kh vuksipkfjd xiikrwu fegkysyh ekfgrh ;kgh lk/kukapk mi;ksx dsyk vkgs- la[;k kkl=h; lk/ku Eg.kwu ekfgrhps oxhzdj.k dj.;klkbh ksdmsokjhpk mi;ksx dsyk vkgs- gh ekfgrh fegforkauk lqanjxm ftyg;krhy dksjeqamk vkfnoklh fodkl xvkrhy loz iwoz izkfkfed kkgkaph fuom uequk Eg.kwu dsysyh vkgsukuhomsdj es/kk ¼2006½ %& ^egkjk Vªkrhy L=h pgoghpk ekxksok* ;kr vkfnoklh L=h;kcjkscj egkjk Vªh; L=h pgoghpk mgkiksg dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- izkphu dkgkiklwu euwps Hkwr Hkkjrh; lald`rhoj vf/kjkt; djr vly;keqgs L=h gh ifgy;k izfke ofmykap;k vkksr uarj uoú;kp;k vkksr o ksovh eqykap;k vkjsr vlk gk izdkj vly;keqgs L=h Lora= fuo`rrh L=hpk lektkr ksovps LFkku gksrs- ^ik;krhy ogku* Eg.kwugh frpk m/nkj Ogk;pk- pwy o ewy gsp frps dk;z{ks= gksrs- iq<s iq<s lkfo=hckbz Qqys] Qkfrek ;klkj[;k fl=;kauh L=h;kps mppkvu dj.;kpk pax cka/kwu L=h;kaP;k m/nkjklkbhp R;kauh dk;z djko;kps Bjoys-**,d L=h f kdyh rj iq.kz dqvqac f kdsy gsp rro ;k L=h pgoghp;k vh;klkr vk<gwu vkys- ^^ftp;k gkrh ikg.;kph nksjh rh txkus m/nkjh** ;k rrokapk

24 folj cgqrsd ikjaikfjd i/nrhus thou tx.kkú;k lektkoj >kysyk gksrk- ijarq L=h pgog mhkh d:u lelr fl=;kaps mrd kz gks.ks xjtsps gksrs gsp ;kps izeq[k mn~fn V gksrsukx fcey ¼1993½ %& vklke e/khy vkfnoklhph ks{kf.kd o vkffkzd flfkrhpk vh;kl ;kr vklkee/khy vkfnoklhph flfkrh] vkffkzd flfkrh] lkekftd flfkrh b- fopkj ekam.;kr vky;k- gs vkfnoklh lektkoj ih-,p-mh- dj.kkjs ifgys la kks/kd gksrs- R;keqGs vkfnoklhp;k lkfgr;koj ;kap;kiwohz dks.khgh la kks/ku dsysys vk<gr ukgh- ;kap;k mn~fn Vkauqlkj vklke flfkr vkfnoklhph ks{kf.kd o lkekftd o ks{kf.kd izxrhoj jkt; kklukus o izkeq[;kus dsanz kklukus fopkj djkok R;kaph vkffkzd cktw letwu gksowu R;kaP;k thouk kh fuxmhr vlysy;k lel;kapk R;kr lekos k d:u R;kapk ifj.kke kks/kyk- vkysyh fu d kz ekamys- vkfnoklh pgoghr rs vxzx.; ys[kd] fopkjoar gksrs- R;kaP;k vkfnoklh pgoghpk laca/k R;kaP;k la kks/kukrhy mn~fn Vkr vk<grks- R;kaps fu d kz gs lozrksijh vkfnoklh dks ky; o vklke eqamknkjh egklhksp;k dk;z iz.kkyhoj izdk k L=ksr Vkd.kkjs vkgsr- lnj fu d kz vkfnoklh thou ksyhoj voyacwu vlwu R;kr lq/kkj.kk o mik;gh lkafxrys vkgsrukmxksms n- xq:ukfk ¼2003½ Hkkjrh; vkfnoklhap;k lanhkkzr mi;qdr ekfgrh] la[;k kkl=h; ekfgrh] t.kx.kuk],dw.k vkfnoklh tkrh] tutkrh] Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvusrhy dye] vkfnoklhp;k lel;k]

25 R;koj mik;] kklukps vkfnoklh ckcrps /kksj.k R;kaph vaeyctko.kh br;knhpk ckchoj izdk k>ksr Vkd.;kr vkyk vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektke/;s o.kzo;olfkk gh d kh fuekz.k >kyh- R;kpizek.ks tso<s cqf/noar yksd gksåu xsys rs lozp vkfnoklh e/kwu gskrs ;kpkgh Ågkiksg dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-,dyo;] O;kl br;knh jkt;okj vkfnoklhaph osxosxgh ospkfjd csbd tjh vlyh rjh R;kr,d lke; vkgs rs Eg.ktsp R;kapk LoHkko o d VkGw o`rrh] nsohkksgsi.kk o fulxkzph vlhe lsok ;k ckcrhr lk/ke;z vkgs- dkgh vkfnoklh vkrk VksG;k d:u jkgr ukgh] rj rs LFkkfud gksowu ksrh vkf.k O;olk;kdMs ogw ykxys vkgsr- izkeq[;kus ksrh gk R;kaP;kp izkar vly;kus vkrk rs uxnh fids?ks.;kdms R;kapk dy vkgs- vkiys lkekftd thou lq/kk:u R;kauh eqykckgkauk f k{k.k ns.ks lq: dsys vkgsr- fdr;sd vkfnoklh eqys vktp;k VkWiP;k fylve/;s vkgsfødsvivq /kks.kh lq/nk vkfnoklhp vkgs] gs vtwu txkyk ekfgr ukgh vls ukgh R;kaph lkald`frd tm.k?km.k gs gh egrokps Bjr vkgsjsfmvks] nwjn kzu vkfne/kwu vkfnoklhp;k fodklkp;k dfkk nk[kfoy;k tkr vkgs- R;keqGs vkffkzd kks k.kkiklwu rs lkald`frd fo k;ki;zar vkfnoklhauh ety ekjyh vkgsukuy izkk ¼vkWDVkscj] 1990½ ¼,e-Qhy- izca/k½%& cnyr;k lkekftd o vkffkzd thoukeqgs vkfnoklh L=hph cny.kkjh Hkwfedk vkf.k frp;k vkffkzd o lkekftd ntkzoj im.kkjk izhkko ;kr la kksf/kdsus vkffkzd thoukeqgs vkfnoklh L=hph Hkwfedk d kh cnyr

26 xsyh ;kph fopkj ftkkalk ekamyh vkgs- R;karhy mn~fn Vkapk tj vh;kl dsyk rj izkeq[;kus vkffkzd o lkekftd thoukoj dlk izhkko imr xsyk ;kps lfolrj oxhzdj.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs- R;kpizek.ks vkfnoklhps jkg.kheku] R;kaph cksyh Hkk kk] R;kaps l.k] l.kokj br;knhapk lq/nk vk<kok la kksf/kdsus?ksryk vkgs- vkfnoklh lkekftd flfkrh gh vtwugh xkodqlkckgsjp vkgs- vkfnoklhaph dls gksgij gksr vkgs- kklukps dkgh vuwnku vkffkzd flfkrh lq/kkj.;klkbh fegsy ;kpkgh fopkj ;kr lekfo V dsyk vkgs- kklukp;k fofo/k ;kstukaph vaeyctko.kh vkfnoklhpk vkffkzd vkf.k lkekftd Lrj dlk lq/kkjsy ;kphgh Lrjkckcr izkeq[;kus vkfnoklh L=hph cny.kkjh Hkwfedkp ;sfks Li V dj.;kpk iz;kl d:u r kh f kqkjl dsanz o egkjk Vª kklu rlsp vkfnoklh izdyi vf/kdkjh ;kauk dsysyk vk<gwu vky;k vkgsriadt ikvhy ¼2004½ vkfnoklh f k{k.kkpk iz u & dks.kr;kgh ekxklysy;k lektkph lq/kkj.kk Ogko;kph vlsy rj R;klkBh izr;{k R;k lektkr f k{k.kkpk izlkj >kyk ikfgts gk vxnh lkeku; fl/nkar vkgs- vkfnoklhp;k lq/kkj.kslkbh f k{k.kkpk izpkj vkf.k izlkj ok<yk ikfgts- f k{k.kkeqgs n` Vh O;kid vkf.k fo kky gksrs- HkksorkyP;k lektkps Kku gksrs o?kvdke/;s b V Li/kkZ vkf.k egrodka{kk fuekz.k gksåu lektkp;k izxrhp;k xkm;kyk xrh fegrs- i.k gs gks.;klkbh izfke f k{k.kkph eksbh fuekz.k gks.ks vko ;d vkgs o R;klkBh kd; R;k lks;h o loyrh miyc/k gks.ks t:jhps vkgs- vkfnoklhr

27 f k{k.kkpk izlkj >kyk ukgh gh dedqor ks{kf.kd ik=rk uksdjh /kan;kp;k o vf/kdkú;ka kh fopkj nsok.k &?ksok.k dj.;kp;k ckcrhr R;kaps kks k.k dj.;kl mi;qdr Bjyh vkgs- deh lk{kjrsps izek.k dkfkksmh] dkrdjh ;k tekrhr fnlrs- rlsp {kfer ekoph] ikmoh] xkfor] xkerk ;ke/;s lk{kjrk deh fnlrs- ;k tekrhe/;s lk{kjrsps izek.k deh vly;kph vusd dkj.ks lkaxrk ;srhy- 1- dkrdjh tekrhr dk;eph LFkkfud olrh fnlwu ;sr ukgho kkzrhy 7&8 efgus gs yksd eksyetqjhlkbh HkVdr vlrkr- R;kaP;kcjkscj R;kapk lkjk lalkj vlrks- ikbhoj R;kaps iksv vly;kus R;kauk f k{k.k tx.;kis{kk deh egrokps okvrs- 2- Lor%P;k ekydhp;k tehuh ukghr R;keqGs iksv Hkj.;kph lk/kus miyc/k gksr ukghr- vr;ar nsu;olfksr fnol dk<kos ykxrkreksb;k ksrdú;kap;k ksrkoj eksyetqjh djkoh ykxrs R;kph xqjs<ksjs eqykauk lkahkkgkoh ykxrkr- 3- nkfjnz;keqgs f k{k.kkph vkom ukgh- eqyxk kkgsr Vkdwu vkffkzdn` V;k R;kauk rs ijomr ukgh- nkfjnz; vkf.k f k{k.k ;kpk R;kaP;k thoukr ikbf ko.khpk [ksg [ksgrkrikvhy fiz;k t- ¼2008½ vkfne tekrhapk iz u vkf.k vkfnoklhpk fodklkpk n` Vhdksu & Hkkjrkr vkfnoklh yksd vxj ou; tekrhps yksd ;kaph la[;k lqekjs rhu dksvh vkgs- HkkjrkP;k,dw.k yksdla[;sp;k tog tog lkr VDds gs izek.k

28 imrs- euq ;olrhiklwu nwj v kk MksaxjkG o taxyo;kir izns kkr rs jkgr vly;keqgs vk/kqfud lq/kkj.kkapk R;kauk laidz vkysyk ukgh- R;k tekrh vkffkzdn` V;k ekxklysy;k] v/kzuxu] nkfjnz;kus xkatysy;k o fuj{kj vkgsr- rlsp R;kaps Lor%ps fdr;sd fdpdv iz u vkgsr- ;k ifjflfkrheqgs Hkkjr ljdkj R;kaP;kdMs fo ks k y{k nsr vlwu R;kaP;k izxrhlkbh fuf pr d`rh dj.;kr ;sr vkgs- v kk fjrhus ;ksx; ekxkzus ;k dkekl izkjahk >kyk vkgs- ijarq ou; tekrhfo k;h ;ksx; Hkwfedk dks.krh ;kph tk.kho vktp;k dk;zdr;kzar iqjs kk izek.kkr vk<gr uly;kus r kh tk.kho R;kaP;kr ck.kfo.ks vko ;d vkgsou; tekrhlkbh ;ksx; Hkwfedk dks.krh ;kph ppkz dj.;kiwohz ^ou; tekr* ;k kcnkpk [kjk vfkz vki.k letkowu?ksryk ikfgtstaxy Hkkx o MksaxjkG izns k ;kr euq ;olrhiklwu nwj jkg.kkjs yksd Eg.kts ou; tekrh] vlk ^Vªkbc* ;k kcnkpk loz lk/kkj.k vfkz ekuo oa k kkl=kkauk eku; vkgs- ijarq Hkkjrkrhy vuqlwfpr tekrhaph ;knh riklw ykxyks Eg.kts ou; tekr] vlk Vªkbc ;k kcnkpk loz lk/kkj.k vfkz ekuooa k kkl=kkauk eku; vkgs- ijarq Hkkjrkrhy vuqlwfpr tekrhaph ;knh riklw ykxyks Eg.kts vki.k tjk xksa/kgkr imrks- dkj.k vls dh] R;k ;knhr lekos k >ky;keqgsp dkgh tekrhoj ou; vxj vuqlwfpr tekrh vlk f kddk clyk vkgsizrki Mh- vkj o jktw lh- lh- ¼1973½ & iwoz izkfkfed f k{k.k ux.;p] ex vkfnoklhap;k izkfkfed f k{k.kkph flfkrh usedh dk; vkgs\ ;klkbh Jh- izrki Mh- vkj- o jktw lh- lh- ;kauh vka/kz

29 izns kkrhy iwoz o if pe xksnkojh ftyg;krhy vkfnoklhap;k izkfkfed f k{k.kkps losz{k.k 1973 e/;s iw.kz dsys- ;k loz kkgk vuqnkfur gksr;k- vkiy;k la kks/kukps mn~fn Vp eqgh ;k la kks/kd g;kauh ;k kkgkaph izxrh rikl.ks] R;kaP;k HkkSfrd flfkrhpk vk<kok?ks.ks] R;kaP;k O;oLFkkiukpk vh;kl d:u R;kaP;k vmp.kh kks/k.ks gs gksrs- uequk fuomrkauk iwoz xksnkojh o if pe xksnkojh ;k nksugh ftyg;krhy 31 kkgkaph uequk Eg.kwu fuom dj.;kr vkyh- ;ke/;s ;k kkgkarhy f k{kd] ;k kkgkaps O;oLFkkid] xkokrhy izfrf Br ;kauk iz ukoyh nsåu rlsp R;kaP;k eqyk[krh?ksåu ekfgrh tefo.;kr vkyhvkysy;k ekfgrhph ljkljh o VDdsokjh dk<wu fu d kz dk<.;kr vkys- fu d kkzr la kks/kd Eg.krkr & cú;kp kkgkauk iqjs kh tkxk] QfuZpj] ks{kf.kd lk/kus ukghr- kkgsps lozlk/kkj.k dke lek/kkudkjd ukgh- O;oLFkkiu pkaxys ukgh- jsdkwmz uhv Bsoysys ukgh- kkys; dkekr O;oLFkkidkyk jl ukgh- f k{kd R;k [ksm;kr jgkr ukghr Eg.kwu kkgsr e/kwu e/kwu ;srkr- vuqnkukph jdde viqjh] vkffkzd ikbcg ukgh o ns.kx;kgh tefork ;sr ukghrfipm ufyuh ¼1995½ ¼,e-Qhy- izca/k½%& ukf kd ftyg;krhy vkfnoklhap;k lel;k o mik; ;k kks/k izca/kkr vkfnoklhps izkfkfed thou rs vkfnoklhps l.k l.kkojs R;kaP;k lo;h vkf.k jkg.kheku ;kapk mn~fn Vkr ekam.kh dsyh vkgs- mn~fn Vkuqlkj la kksf/kdsus vkfnoklhaph lel;k dfku dsyh vkgs- vkfnoklh yksdkauh nsuafnu vmp.kh nr;kapk nsohkksgsi.kk] fulxkz kh,d:i gks.;kph Hkkouk]

30 R;kapk fulxz nso] dksi.kkj ukgh ;kph xvkrwu ppkz o R;koj mik; Eg.ktsp nso nsoldh] dj.kh] tknwvks.kk ;kap;kgh iyhdms Hkwr fi kkpp b- pk fopkj vkfnoklh eukrwu vtwugh tkr ukgh- f kdwu Lo:u dk; djk;ps \ gk eqyhkwr iz u vkf.k R;k iz ukhkksorh R;kaph ekufldrk la?k kzlq/nk ;kr lekfo V dj.;kr vkys vkgsvkfnoklhlkbh uofuekz.kklkbh dkgh lwpuk o f kqkj khpk lq/nk kklu] xzkeikrgh] xzkelsod] lektlsod eq[;k/;kid] f k{kd vkf.k izdyi vf/kdkjh ;kap;klkbh ekam.;kr vky;k vkgs- vkfnoklh lektklkbh T;k dkgh kklukp;k fofo/k ;kstuk vkgsr- R;k fofo/k ;kstukaph vaeyctko.kh d kkizdkjs gksrs- ;klkbh la kksf/kdsus imrkgk lwph ra=kpk okij d:u fu d kkzi;zar iksgpysyh vkgs- vkysys fu d kz imrkgk lwph o:u v/kksjsf[kr dsys vkgsr- vkfnoklhp;k lkekftd thou ;kr vkysy;k vkgsrx.ks k jkår ¼2010½ egkjk Vªkpk ifjorzukpk bfrgkl & egkjk Vªkr,dw.k vkfnoklhap;k 47 tutkrh vkgsr- R;kr izkeq[;kus Bk.ks ftyg;kr dkrdjh] okjyh] dksgh] egknso dksgh g;kapk bfrgkl ikgr vlrkauk egknso dksgh gs ukxoa kh; vk<grkr- vkfnoklhpk jktk egknso gj gj R;k n` Vhus gj gjpk egkj >kyk vkf.k rn~uarj bfrgklkr vkfnoklhapk jktk cuwu ukxoa kh; yksd R;kph iqtk d: ykxys- vkfnoklh lektke/;s fhkarhoj ukxkph ukxiapehyk ukxkph fp=s dk<yh tkrs- R;kph l.k mrlo fganqlkj[kh vlrks- dks.kr;kgh lekjahkkr nk: gh egrokps is; vkgs- g;k lektkrhy L=h] ygku

31 eqys ean/kqan gksåu jk=h u`r; djrkr vkf.k vkiys euksjatu djrkr R;kp osgsl r:.k r:.kh ;såu vkiyk tksmhnkj fuomwu vkf.k lekt eku;rk?ksåu yxu csmhe/;s vk<grkr- Jh- JhokLro,y- vkj- ¼1982½ ;kauh R;kaP;k dkgh lgdkú;kap;k enrhus dsyh vkgsr- vkiksvkip R;kaP;k la kks/kukpk,d Blk r;kj >kysyk fnlrks dh T;ke/;s e/;izns kkrhy eqamk o vksjk;u tekrhps f k{k.k vksfjlkrhy lkvksjk tekrhps f k{k.k] nksu jkt;krhy lhekaojhy vkfnoklhaps f k{k.k vlsp R;kaps la kks/ku fo k; vkgsr- R;krhy,d la kks/ku ^^jkaphp;k eqamk o vksjk;u tekrhaoj f k{k.kkpk o vk/kqfudrspk izhkko vh;kl.ks** ;koj vkgs- lnjps la kks/ku gs JhokLro ;kauh R;kaP;k ih,p-mh- lkbh ikv.kk fon;kihbkr dsys vkgslksyadh,l-,- ¼1976½ mpp f k{k.k?ks.kkú;k vkfnoklh eqykauk ;s.kkú;k vmp.khapk kks/k Jh- lksyadh,l-,- ;kauh vkfnoklh la kks/ku o izf k{k.k dsanz] xqtjkfk fon;kihb vgenkckn ;sfks 1976 e/;s,dk losz{k.kkonkjk?ksryk- Jh- lksyadhuh mpp f k{k.kklkbh ;s.kkú;k vkfnoklh tekrh kks/ky;k- R;kaP;k ikydkaph vkffkzd flfkrh kks/kyh] R;kauk fon;kosru feg.;kr ;s.kkú;k vmp.kh kks/ky;k] R;kaps gkslvsyps thou] R;kauh rsfks dsysy;k lkekftd rmtksmh kks/ky;kfu d kkzr Jh- lksyadh uksanforkr tog tog 25 VDds fon;kf;kzaps fon;kosru] uksdjh fdaok dtz?ksry;kf kok; f k{k.k iw.kz gksrp ukgh- ;k fon;kf;kzauk ;s.kkú;k vmp.khrgh dims o iqlrds u feg.ks

32 ;klkj[;k izkfkfed vmp.kh vkgsr- lektdy;k.k [kkr;kdmwu osgsoj fon;kosru u feg.ks] ;klkj[;k O;oLFkkidh; vmp.kh vkgsr o ;k lkú;kapk ifj.kke vkfnoklhaps ks{kf.kd [kpphdj.k vlk gks.kkj vkgslksuh ch- Mh- ¼1975½ & iq<hy la kks/ku Jh- lksuh ch-mh- ;kauh vkxzk fon;kihbkrwu 1975 lkyh iw.kz dsys- Jh- lksuh ;kaps la kks/ku ek= oxhzd`r tekrhap;k fon;kf;kzafo k;h u gksrk oxhzd`r tkrhap;k ¼,l-lh-½ fon;kf;kzackcr >kys vkgs- R;kaP;k la kks/kukpk fo k; ^^dkwystkr f k{k.k?ks.kkú;k oxhzd`r tkrhp;k ¼,l-lh-½ fon;kf;kzaps iz u** vlk vkgs- gs la kks/ku fopkjkr?ks.;kps dkj.k brdsp dh oxhzd`r tkr] R;k ekukus f k{k.kkr] vkffkzd ckcrhr iq<kjysyh letyh tkrs- R;kaph rjh ks{kf.kd ifjflfkrh dk; vkgs\ R;ko:ugh vkfnoklhap;k f k{k.kkpk Lrj dgkok- uequk fuom djrkauk ;k la kks/kdkus mrrj izns kkrhy if pe fohkkxkrhy kkgk o egkfon;ky;kaph fuom dsyh- T;k ftyg;kr oxhzd`r tkrhps 36 is{kk deh fon;kfkhz vkgsr] rs ftygs uequ;krwu oxg.;kr vkys- kkys; fon;kf;kzaph fuom djrkauk dyk] okf.kt; o kkl= ;k frugh kk[kkarxzr egkfon;kay;kph fuom dj.;kr vkyh- fuomysy;k uequ;kr 95 VDds iq: k fon;kfkhz gksrs rj 5 VDds L=h fon;kfkhz gksrs- ;k fon;kf;kzauk iz ukoyh nsåu ekfgrh fegfo.;kr vkyhla[;k kkl=h; lk/kukr phldosvj VsLV ¼Chisquare Test½ pk okij dj.;kr vkyk-

33 flax vkj- vkj- ¼1981½ mn;iwj & vkje kkgkacjkscjp vkfnoklh fon;kf;kzalkbh th olrhx`gs pkyfoyh tkrkr- R;kapk vkfnoklh f k{k.kkr vlysyk okvk kks/k.;kps dke Jh- flax vkjvkj- ;kauh dsys vkgs- R;kauh ^^jktlfkkukrhy olrhx`g;qdr kkgkarhy vkfnoklh o oxhzd`r tkrhp;k fon;kf;kzap;k rmtksmhpk vh;kl-** fon;khkou th-,l-vhplz dkwyst] mn;iwj ;sfkwu 1981 e/;s iw.kz dsyk- ;kgh,dk izdkjp;k vkje kkgkp- gk vh;kl R;kauh 12 isywrwu dsyk- T;ke/;s 1½ ks{kf.kd lo;h 2½ fopkj o fujh{k.k kdrh 3½ O;Drh O;Drhlaca/kkrhy ewy;s 4½ cksy.;krhy vks?k 5½ rmtksm dj.;kckcrph yofpdrk 6½ vkomh 7½ fon;kf;kzapk dksvqafcd n` Vhdksu 8½ fon;kf;kzapk kkgsfo k;h n` Vhdksu 9½ O;fDreRo izdkj 10½ loz lk/kkj.k lel;kckcr rmtksm 11½ lkekftd vkffkzd ik ozhkweh 12½ kkgs kh toghdrk- uequk fuomrkauk 6 olrhx`g;qdr kkgkarhy b;rrk 5 oh rs 11 oh ;k oxkzr f kd.kkjs vkfnoklh o oxhzd`r tkrhps fon;kfkhz fuomys- ;k fon;kf;kzaph os;fdrd ekfgrh] R;kaP;k vfhk:ph lwpho:u fegfoyhrlsp R;kaP;k vkomhph ekfgrh] vh;kl lo;h ;kckcrph ekfgrh fegfo.;kr vkyhlaxos foykl ¼2004½ vkfnoklh lekt & la kks/kdkus ih-,p- Mh- ps dke vkfnoklh lektkoj dsys vkgs- vkfnoklhpk lkekftd] ks{kf.kd o vkffkzd n` Vhdksukrwu fopkj d:u R;kpk mn~fn V Bjowu gk lekt brj lektkis{kk osxgk dlk vkgs g;kph ekam.kh g;kr dsyh vkgs- vkfnoklh gk lekt Hkzed dfkk] tknqvks.kk] ejhvkbz] lrokbz g;kapk dksi gkså u;s Eg.kwu g;kph iqtkvpkz djrkr- eygkj g;k R;kaP;k nsokyk iqtrkr- vkfnoklhph lkekftd n` Vh ikgr- vk;z

34 vkf.k vuk;z g;kp;k lkald`frd la?k kz e/kwu vk;kzauh vuk;kzaoj vkiys opzlo dkcwr Bsoys ijarq togkj lkj[;k t;ckeqd.ks ukokpk jktk iq.kz togkj izkarkpk jktk >kyk- vktgh togkje/;s dks.krsgh dke R;kaP;k Le`rh LFkkGkiklwu lq: gksrs- vkfnoklh lektkrhy mijksdr?kvdkpk fopkj ;kr dj.;kr vkykrqdkjke fouk;d ¼1994½ %& vkfnoklh lkfgr; Lo:i o lfe{kk ;kauh vkfnoklhaps lkfgr; :ijs kk ekamwu vkfnoklh lkfgr;kr Hkj Vkdysyh fnlrs- vkfnoklh lkfgr;kr ejkbh lkfgr;kpk izkjahk lar dohp;k ^dko;k* us >kyk vlyk] T;kauk ejkbh kkjnspseqdqni.kh lacks/kys xsys vlys rjh v kk larkauh lar rqdkjke] lar,dukfk] lar Kkus oj] lar rqdmksth egkjkt] lar xkmxsckck gs miokn oxgrk vkiy;k dko;krwu vkfnoklh lewgkps fp=.k dsys ukgh- f kokth egkjkt;kap;k vxksnj tquuj izkarkrhy cgqrsd Mksaxjh fdyy;kaps vkf/kir; egknso dksgh vkfnoklh tekrhp;k uk;dkdms vly;kps iqjkos fegrkr-,o<sp dk; i.k flagxm ftadyk R;kosGh xmkp;k ckjk njokt;koj ckjk ckjk egknso dksgh j[kokynkj gksrs- vkfnoklh lkfgr;kr 1- Lokra«;kiwoZ dky[kam 2- Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kam- Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kamkps pkj VIis ekuys tkrkr- 1- fla/kq lald`rh 2- osfnd dky 3- e/;;qxhu 4- fczfv k dkg gks;- ifgy;k 3 VII;krhy Hkkjrh; okm~%e;kr ^vkfnoklh* gk kcnp vflrokr ukgh- osnk] Jqrh] iqjk.ks] vkj.;ds] mifu kns br;knh okm~%e;kr fhkyy] dksjdq] dksyke] okjyh] dkrdjh] eqamk] lafkky] [kklh] xkjks gks] feuk] ikj/kh] dks;k v kk tekrh okpd lacks/kukp;k uksanhp vk<grkr- vk;kzauh ;k vkfnekaph udks rh nsuk d:u R;kauk ns kks/kmhyk ikbors- ;k ;q/nkps o.kzu Lor% egkrek Qqysuh d:u Bsoys vkgs-

35 xksam fhkyy {ks=h gksrs eqg/kuh A bjk.kh ekuwuh vkys rsfks A rj iq<s fyfgrkr kwj fhkyy dksgh kjkus rksmhys A gkdyquh fnys jkuhouh A e/;;qxhu dkgkiklwu dkgh [kq.kk vkfnoklh dko;kp;k fegrkr- b-l ;k lkyh tk;ck eqd.ks ukokp;k togkj lalfkkukr uk: fhkyy o ldw egknso dksgh vls nksu doh gksåu xsys- vkfnoklhauh la?k kz khy dj.;kph kdrh QDr R;kaP;k,sfrgkfld vf/k Bkukr vkgsos lweu ¼2004½ Lora= Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl ;kr la kksf/kdsus fo kokplirh inohlkbh Lora= Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl ;k kh kzdk[kkyh izca/k lknj dsyk- ;kr ls kksf/kdsus vkfn; tkrh] vk;z o vuk;kzpk la?k kz] vkfnoklh mrirrh] vkfnoklhapk nsuafnu dk;zøe] vkfnoklhph nsors] vkfnoklhaps l.k mrlo] vkfnolh lald`rh] vkfnoklh dyk dqlj] vkfnoklhph euksjatu] dfkk] ukv;laldrh br;knhpk lkaxksikx fopkj ekamyk vkkgs- Lora= HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkr vkfnoklh tekrhuk Eg.kwu lacks/ky;k xsys- Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvysr lq/nk vkfnoklh tekrhauk] U;k;] gdd] laj{k.k o br;knhckcr la kks/kuij ekfgrh ekamysyh vkgs- vkfnoklhp;k Lora= thou ksyhoj R;kauk izdk k >ksr Vkdysyk vk<grks- vkfnoklhp;k lkald`frd thoukpk] bfrgklkr uksan d:u] vkfnoklhp;k lakld`frd thoukpk] bfrgklkr uksan d:u] vkfnoklhp;k ks{kf.kd muurhdms y{k os/k.;kpk iz;kl dsyk vkgs-

36