] izkpk;z xq.koarjko ns keq[k f k{k.k egkfo ky;] iqln ft-

Transkript

1 ;orekg ] izkpk;z xq.koarjko ns keq[k f k{k.k egkfo ky;] iqln ft- Received: 04/09/2012 Reviewed: 07/09/2012 Accepted: 10/09/2012 RESERCH PAPER IN EDUCATION egkrek xka/khthauh ekamysys vkffkzd fopkj vktp;k vk/kqfud dkgkr ns[khy egrokps Bjrkr] dkj.k uohu vkffkzd /kksj.kkaeqgs csdkjh] nkfjnz] fo kerk] iznq k.k br;knhe/;s ok< gksr vkgs- o R;keqGs lektke/;s la?k kz fuekz.k gksoqu fgald okrkoj.k r;kj gksrs- Eg.kqu xka/khthauh lr;] vfgalk] vlaxzg] la;e Lons kh Jeizfr Bk] lokszn; fo olr dyiuk br;knh ekamysys fopkj vktp;k [kktxhdj.k@tkxrhdhdj.k o mnkjhdj.kkp;k dkgkr Qkjp mi;ksxh Bjrkr- vfoduf ky ns kkp;k vkffkzd fodkl izfø;sr R;kauh xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy lkeku;?kvdkyk fo ks k egro fnys- R;kauh vkiys vkffkzd rrokku e;kzfnr xjtk o lk/kh jkg.kh ;ke/kqu fo kn dsys] egkrek xka/khps vkffkzd fopkj gh dkgkph xjt vkgs- xzkfe.k vfkzo;olfkspk eq[; O;olk; ksrh vlqu ;k vfkzo;olfksp;k fodklkph vko ;drkk egroiq.kz vkgs- o ;krqu xfjch] vkffkzd fo kerk] csjkstxkjh b-lel;kaph fuehzrh vlqu ;klkbh [ksmh Lo;aiq.kZ cufo.ks gkp mrre mik; vkgs- vktp;k tkxrhdhdj.kkp;k Li/ksZr e- xka/khthaps vkffkzd fopkj gs foduf ky jk VªkaPkk fuajrj o larqyhr fodkl?kmowu vk.k.;klkbh vf/kd izhkkoh vkgsr,dfolko;k krdkrhy vko;ukauk vkiy;kyk lkeksjs tkowu lekt ifjorzu djko;kps vkgs- v/;krehd o usfrd ewy;kapk vaxhdkj d:u vki.k lektkyk lq[kh] le`/n lek/kkuh o izxr d:u v/;krehd o usrhd ewy;kapk vaxhdkj djk;yk ikghts- e- xka/khauh O;Dr dsysy;k fopkjkr vktps f k{k.k vks ksxhdj.k] lkekthd o os;fdrd fufrerrk br;knh fopkjkauk egrokps LFkku fnys laiq.kz ekuo tkrhp;k lokzaxhu fodklkyk i;kz;kus eku o eqdrhpk ekxz nk[kfo.;kpks dke xka/kh fopkjkr vly;kus R;kaph izd kkzus vkt tkuho gksr vkgs- Lokra=] lerk] o fo oca/kq ;k yksd kkgh izf.kr rhou ewy;kapk mn~?kks k d:u R;kapk [kachji.ks iqjldkj o vaxhdkj dj.kkjs e- xka/khthap;k vkffkzd fopkjkph ;k orzeku ;qxkr xjt vkgsegkrek xka/khap;k vkffkzd fopkjkps fparu dj.ksegkrek xka/khauh lkaxhrysy;k ekxkzrqu >kysy;k vkffkzd fodklkpk vh;kl dj.kseksbs mn;ksx ;kaf=dhdj.k xzkeks ksx vkf.k fodsanzhdj.kklac/kh xka/khthap;k fopkjkapk vh;kl dj.kslokszn; ;k dkyiuspk vh;kl dj.ks- Hkkjrkrhy lokzaxh.k ifjorzuke/;s egkrek xka/khp;k izhkkokpk vh;kl dj.ks- 109

2 egkrek xka/khthp;k fopkjkaph vktp;k dkgkr mi;qdrrk izklafxdrk Li V dj.kse- xka/khthap;k Hkkjrh; tuthoukpk o vk kk&vkdka{kkpk orzekudkg o Hkfo ;dkg ;k nksugh n` Vhus fopkj djkok R;kaP;k vkffkzd fopkjkapk dsanzfcanq ekuoh lq[kh ftoukpk kks/k jkghyk vkgs- vkffkzd o xzkfe.k lrrsps fodsanzhdj.k gk R;kaP;k vkn kz jkt;kapk xq.k HkkjrklkBh vkt egroiq.kz Bjr vkgs- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk cny.;klkbh xzkeks ksx i/nrh lqpfo.kkjk gk ifgykp f k{k.krk gks;- ekuoh fi<h vkffkzdrk] f k{k.k vkjksx; g;k lkj[;k vfregrokp;k ckcrhr dedqor u gksrk etcqr dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- Eg.kqu e- xka/khthap;k vkffkzd fodklkph vko ;drk orzeku dkgkr vkgs- lerk] Lokra= o U;k; gk yksd kkghpk d.kk vlysy;k ;k Hkkjr ns kkr vr;k/kqfud Jhearh o ijeko/kh.kh xjhch gs fonkjd n` ; vkt loz= fun kzukl ;sr vkgs- ksrdjh o ksretqjkauk vkt thou tx.ks dbhu >kys vkgs- dtkziksbh ksrdjh cka/ko vkregr;k djhr vkgsr- R;klkBh f k{k.k gs Ñrh khy vlkos f k{k.kkrqu mrikndrsp;k rrokyk egro ns.;kr ;kos vls R;kaps er gksr- lk/ku kqfprsoj Hkj ns.kkjh] xzkfe.k vfkzo;olfkspk iqjldkj dj.kkjh iz;ksx khy O;Drh gh e- xka/khthaph izfrek vkgs- R;kauh vfodlhr o fodu khy ns kkp;k vkffkzd fodkl izfø;sr xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy lkekku;?kvdkuk fo ks k egro fnys- HkkaMoy kkgh jk Vªkizek.ks eksb;k izek.kkoj xqaro.kqd udjrk y?kq o dqvhj m ksx o Ñ khoj vk/kkfjr ygku m ksx O;olk;kae/kqu Lo;ae jkstxkj fuehzrhoj fo ks k Hkj fnyk ;ka=hdhdj.kkis{kk Jeiz/kku mriknu ra=kpk okij ;kyk egro fnys ;keqgs lokzauk jkstxkjkph la/kh miy/n gksbzy o Hkkjrkrhy [ksmh Lo;aiq.kZ gksrhy o O;kikjh ns kkpk larqyhr fodkl gksbzy- vls f k{k.k vlkos dh] O;kikjh vfkzizkirh >kyh ikghtsvls iz;ru R;kauh dsys- ;klkbh R;kauh R;k dkgkr fo kf;kzauk pj[kk pkyfo.;kpk lyyk fnyk R;kaps vls er gksrs dh] xzkfe.k Hkkxkr fufezr gks.kkú;k olrqaph nsok.k?ksok.k Ogkoh R;keqGs Hkkjrh; LkaLÑrhph tio.kqd gksbzy- o ns kkpk vkffkzd fodkl lq/nk gksbzy- vfkkzrp R;kaps vkffkzd fopkj gs xzkfe.k vfkzo;olfksyk vf/kd egro ns.kkjs vkgsr- R;kaP;k ers fons kkps va/kkuqdj.k dj.;kis{kk vkiy;k xjtk e;kzfnr Bsoqu Lor%yk vko ;d vl.kkú;k olrq LFkkfud LFkjkoj fuekz.k djko;kr vls R;kaps fopkj?ksrs- Hkkjrh; xzkfe.k vfkzo;olfkk o e- xka/khth ;kaps vrqv ukrs gksrs- dkj.k egkrek xka/khauh HkkjrkP;k fodklkyk eqgea=p ^[ksm;kapk fodkl* vlk fnyk vkgs- R;kauh Lo;aiq.kZrsP;k rrokuqlkj Lor%P;k xjtk e;kzfnr Bsoqu tklrhr tklr xjtk iwrhzph lk/kus Lor% fdaok xkokrp fuekz.k dj.ks gks;] ;k lk/kukaph,dk [ksm;krqu nqlú;k [ksm;kr vk;kr fu;kzr djk T;keqGs lozp [ksmh le`/n o Lo;aiq.kZ gksrhy- vfodlhr fodu khy ns kkalkbh egkrek xka/khthaps fopkj dks.kr;kgh dky[kamkr mi;qdr o ekxzn kzd Bjrkr- tso<h ekx.kh rso<kp iqjobk djk Eg.kts vkffkzd eanhph flfkrh fuekz.k gks.kkj ukgh- Lkektkr T;k izek.ks lgdk;z izse o ijlij fgrkp;k n` Vhdks.kkrqu O;ogkj pkyrkr R;kpizek.ks vkffkzd jpukgh vlkoh vls R;kaps er gksrs- ;kaf=dhdj.kkps foijhr ifj.kke Hkksx.;kis{kk xzkfe.k y?kq 110

3 e- xka/khthap;k ers cq/nhpk fodkl dsog iqlrdhkkukrwup gks.kkj ukgh- [kjs cks/nhd f k{k.k kjhjko;kp;k ;ksx; okijkrqup gksrs- eqykauk glro;olk; f kdoqu R;kOnkjs mriknu dj.;kps e- xka/khthauh lqufoys egkrek xka/khthap;k f k{k.kin~/krhr Ñrhyk egro fnys vkgstkwu M;qbZ o xka/khth ;kap;k rrokkukrhy lke;,dp vkgs- Hkkjrklkj[;k nkfjnz;kus o csdkjhus fimysy;k ns kkr NksVs m ksx/kansp rkjd B: kdrkr R;klkBh [kknh o pj[kk br;knh xksf Vauk vxzøe nsoqu NksVs m ksx o xzkeks ksxkauk egro fnys ikghts- dqvhj m ksxkoj vf/kd Hkj kok vls R;kaps vkffkzd fopkjk fo k;h er gksrsf k{k.kkonkjs fo kf;kzauk pj[kk izf k{k.k fnys vkf.k R;k dkekpk ekscnyk fo kf;kazyk fnyk rj ;k dkekyk v/khd xrh ;så kdrs- Jeiz/kku f k{k.kkonkjs mriknu ;koj R;kapk Hkj gksrk- mriknukpk gsrw ijlijkp;k xjtk Hkkxfo.ks gk vlkok mriknuklkbh LFkkfud Jehd o Jeiz/kku mriknu ra=] lksih o gydh midj.ks o ra=s ;ke/kqu mriknu dsy;kl Qkj eksb;k mriknukph vko ;drk Hkkl.kkj ukgh vkf.k xzkfe.k mriknu ra=keqgs ns kkr iq.kz jkstxkjhph flfkrh fuekz.k gksbzy v kk izdkjs e- xka/khthp;k vkffkzd fopkjkph vko ;drk vkgsegkrek xka/kh gs izf k{khr vfkz kkl=k uogrs ijarq R;kaP;k lkekthd] vkffkzd fopkjkao:u rs Fkksj lekt kkl=k o vfkz kkl=k Bjrkr] xka/khthauh vkiys vkffkzd fopkj ekamrkauk e;kzfnr xjtk o lk/kh jkg.kh ;ke/kqu fo kn dsys- R;kuqlkj R;kaP;k vkffkzd fopkjkapk ijke kz?ksrk vls funsz kukr ;srs dh] lektkps thou&t; dj.ks vkf.k R;klkBh f k{k.kkonkjs vkiyk pfjrkfkz pky.;klkbh dks.krkrjh xq.k laiknu djkokojhy jk Vªlar rqdmksth egkjktkap;k vksfoapk efrrkfkz gk xka/khthaizek.ks vkgs- Eg.kts f k{k.kkonkjs,[kknk xq.k laiknu d:u vkiyk mnfuzokzg rjh pkpyk ikghts- oxzdyg Fkkacfo.ks vko ;d vkgs ukghrj vkffkzd fo kerk u V gks.kkj ukghleuo;kpk ekxz vlkok R;klkBh xka/khthauh gǹ;ifjorzukpk ekxz lkafxrysyk vkgs- ;kdfjrk lk/ks thou tx.;kpk o lairrh laxzg u dj.;kpk ekxz R;kauh lkaxhrysyk vkgsvkiyk okjlkxr pk vkysyk O;olk; izr;sd O;Drhus djkok R;keqGs udks vl.kkjh rhoz Li/kkZ u V gksbzy O;olk;krhy mriukph rqkorgh nqj >kyh ikfgts- v kh lektjpuk xka/khthauh flodkjyh gksrh- 111

4 vks ksfxdj.kke/;s eksb;k vo?km m ksxkcjkscj dqvhj vkf.k y?kq m ksxkapk fodkl Ogkok vls R;kaps er gksrs- ;a=konkjs vl.kkú;k eksb;k m ksxkyk R;kapk fojks/k gksrk- dkj.k e khuuh osgsph cpr gksrs ijarq,d e khu gtkjks yksdkap;k rksamph Hkkdj ikmrs- rlsp ;a=ra=kpk vfrjhdr mi;ksx ekuokyk vkg kh cuorks- y?kq o dqvhj m ksxkeqgs QDr jkstxkjp izkir gksrks- vls ukgh rj Hkkjrklkj[;k vf/kd yksdla[;k vlysy;k yksdkauk vkrelarks k ns[khy izkir gkrks- HkkaMoy] lairrh ;kauk usfrd ewy;karwu ikg.;kpk n` Vhdksu gs xka/khthaps vkffkzd fopkj nsr vkgsr- v/;kre o usrhd ewy; ;kap;k ek/;ekrwu l kdr vkffkzd lektkph fufezrh dj.ks gkp xka/khthapk vkffkzd fopkjkapk gsrq vkgsegkrek xka/khthauh Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkspk d.kk vl.kkú;k ksrh vkf.k xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy vkffkzd laiuursyk egro fnys vkgs- Eg.kwup R;kauh Lons khpk eksb;k izek.kkr iqjldkj dsyk dkj.k tj Lons kh olrqaph fuehzrh vkf.k foøh ok<yh rj R;k ek/;ekrqu lozd k fodkl lk/krk ;sbzy- R;kauh ng.ks] dkam.ks] lkc.k] dkxn r;kj dj.ks v kk vusd m ksxkauk egro fnys vkgs- Lons khpk iqjldkj Eg.kqu rs Lor% [kknhps dims okijr R;kaps vls fopkj gksrs dh Lora= Hkkjrkph vfkzjpuk v kh vlyh ikfgts dh frp;k vkj;k[kkyh dks.khgh ek.kql vuu ol=kf kok; jkg.kkj ukghxzkeks ksx o y?kqm ksx fodflr dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- dkj.k Hkkjrkr vf/kd yksdla[;k vly;kus JeiqjoBk vf/kd vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy Jekpk ;ksx; okij Ogko;kpk vlsy rj xzkfe.k Hkkxkr m ksx izlfkkfir dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- csdkjh gsp nkfjnz;kps eqg vkgsvyihkq/kkjd ksrdú;kyk iq.kz osg jkstxkj izkri d:u ns.;klkbh R;kauh pj[;kyk vkf.k ksrhyk izk/kku; fnys- lokszn; Eg.krs lokzap;k dy;k.kkr vkiys dy;k.k vkgs dks.krsgh Je gs deh ntkzps ukgh R;keqGs lokzauk feg.kkjk ekscnyk lkj[kk vlkok- Eg.kts lokszn; ;kstuk gks;- loz tkrh /kekzrhy yksdkauh,dtqvhus jkghys ikghtsvls R;kaps er gksrs lokszn; ;kstuse/;s vkffkzd Lokoyacu lrrsps fodsanzhdj.k xzkfe.k d dqvhj m ksxkapk fodkl] ;a=kpk vyiokj lekt mi;ksxh lsokaps jk Vªh;dj.k br;knh xks Vh visf{kr gksr;k- egkrek xka/khthap;k ers ekuokps QDr fopkj pkaxys vlqu pky.kkj ukgh rj R;kpcjkscj R;kaps vkpj.k ns[khy pkaxys vlkos vls R;kaps er gksrs- vfgalk gs lozjs B cy vkgs vls rs ekuhr gksrs vk/kqfud HkkaMoy kkgh e/;s JfedkaP;k ewy;kaph figo.kqd dsyh tkrs- R;keqGs fgalk?kmqu ;sr vly;kus xka/khthauh v kk HkkaMoy kkghyk fojks/k dsyk- Eg.kqu xka/khthap;k vfkz kkl=kyk vfgalkred Eg.kqu lacks/kys tkrs- 112

5 th lalk/kus e;kznhr vkgsr R;kapk okij tklr dj.;kp;k /kksj.kkyk xka/khth ^ryko vfkzuhrh^ Eg.kr vkf.k th lalk/kus eqcyd vkgsr R;akP;k okijkoj Hkj ns.;kp;k /kksj.kkyk rs *lkxjh vfkzuhrh* Eg.kr vlrtj deh lk/kukaoj vk/kkjhr vfkzuhrh okijyh rj ns kke/;s Li/kkZ ok<sy fgalk fuekz.k gksbzy rs Eg.kr yks[kamkpk okij deh vkf.k ykdmkpk okij tklr dsyk tkok- dksglk] isvªksy ;klkj[ks ba/ku okij.;k,soth Ik kq kdrhpk okij tklr dsyk tkokek- xka/khthap;k vkffkzd fopkjkapk vh;kl djr vlrkauk vls y{kkr ;srs dh xka/khthauh fyghysy;k fganh LojkT; e/;s iq.kzi.ks HkkSrhd okn fojks/kh Hkqfedk?ksryh vlqu ikf pekr; lalñrhyk ukdkjys gksrs- ;k lalñfr kh fuxmhr ;kaf=dhdj.k rkaf=d izxrhyk R;kauh fojks/k dsyk gksrk rlsp R;kauh vkffkzd cktqyk osxgs u ekurk thou fo k;d rrokkukps,d vax ekuys vkgs- lokzauk fdeku oktoh mriuu ns.kkjh forj.k jpuk vlkoh- i.k vfrjsdh laxzg.k] kks k.k VkGwu lokzaps dy;k.k Eg.kts lokszn;,d vlk lekt fuekz.k Ogkok T;kr tkrhhksn u V gksoqu ;k jpusr fokku o ra=kkukpk mi;ksx gksbzyxka/khthap;k vkffkzd fopkjkpk ijke kz y{kkr?ksrk vls fun kzukl ;srs dh] xjhc ns kkap;k vkffkzd fodklklkbh xka/khthaph vkffkzd fopkjlj.kh vf/kd dyid o vkffkzd] lkekftd dy;k.kkp;k n` Vhus mi;qdr v kh vkgs- ek- xka/khthap;k fopkjke/;s nqjn` Vhdksu] orzeku lel;kaps lek/kku o mrrjs kks/kqu ns.kkjk xzke Lo;aiquZrk o loz fopkjkae/;s usrhd vf/k Bku gh xka/khthap;k fopkjkaph os kh V;s lkaxrk ;srhy- vk/kqfud vfkz kkl=kkap;k tksmhps gs fopkj vkn kz o vfkzo;olfkk fuekz.k dj.;kr le{k okvrkr- HkkjrkP;k vkffkzd fodklklkbh R;kps ;ksxnku vuu; lk/kkj.k vkgs- R;kaP;k vkffkzd fodsanzhdj.kkrqu dy;k.kdkjh jkt;kph ladyiuk lk/; gksbzy vktp;k ;qxkr vlysyh vkffkzd fo kerk] nkfjnz csjkstxkjh izr;sd ns kkap;k vkffkzd lel;k vlwu ;k lel;kaps xahkhj :i leksj ;sr vkgs- ;klkbh xka/khps vkffkzd fopkj egroiq.kz vkgsr- 1½ izk-,y- th- ns keq[k & f k{k.k izfø;k o Fkksj f k{k.krk 2½ izk- uk- x- iokj & f k{k.k {ks=krhy fopkjoar 3½ MkW- jkes oj fhkls & egkrek xka/khthaps rrokku 4½ jk Vªlar rqdmksth egkjkt & xzkexhrk 5½ e- xka/khth & esjs liuksdka Hkkjr 6½ iq- y- ns kikams & xka/khth 7½ MkW- e/kqdj ckgñ.k dqamgs & ks{kf.kd rrokku o ks{kf.kd lekt kkl= 113