^^lkekftd?kvuk vkf.k lel;k ;k ckcr Kku izkirhdjhrk dj.;kr vkysy;k O;ofLFkr la kks/kukyk vki.k lkekftd la kks/ku Eg.krks-**

Transkript

1 baxzth Hkk ksr la kks/kukyk Research vls Eg.krkr- Re-search Eg.kts iqugk iqugk kks/k.ks vlk vfkz ykork ;srks- ufou rf;s kks/k.;klkbh vkf.k tquh rf;s ijh{k.kklkbh dsysyk fpdhrld o i/nr khj vh;kl Eg.kts la'kks/ku gks;- ftkklk gh euq ;kph eqyhkwr izowrrh vkgs- dks.krhgh ekfgrh tk.kwu?ks.;kpk] R;k ekfgrhrhy rf; o lr;rk imrkgwu ikg.;kpk o oklrfod rf; kks/kwu rs txkyk lkax.;kph euq ;kph izo`rrh vlrs] R;klkBh rks vkiy;k Kkusafnz;kpk mi;ksx djhr vlrks-,[kkn~;k fo k;klaca/kh vf/kdkvf/kd Kku laiknu dj.ks vkf.k R;kph vf/kdkf/kd dkj.k feekalk dj.ks Eg.kts la kks/ku gks;- txkr lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktdh;] HkkSxksfyd vkf.k usfrd?kvuk usgeh?kmrkr- R;kl fuf pr dkj.k vlrs- ijarq R;kph vkiy;kyk ekfgrh ulrsdks.kr;kgh?kvusckcr vls dk?kmys\ gk Ikz u eukr ;s.ks o R;keqGs vki.k vlolfk gks.ks ghp la kks/kukph ifgyh ik;jh vkgs- ;k iz ukpk lkrr;kus ikbiqjobk dj.ks] R;k fo"k;k kh lacaf/kr laiw.kz ekfgrh vkf.k vkdmsokjh laxzghr dj.ks] ;k ekfgrhps kkl= kq/n i/nrhus fo ys k.k dj.ks] R;kph i/nr khj ekam.kh dj.ks] R;kps fuozpu dj.ks] R;kph dkj.kfeekalk dj.ks] vkf.k R;kph mrrjs kks/k.ks ;k loz izfdz;kapk kkl=h; la kks/kukr lekos k gksrks- ^^lkekftd losz{k.k gh,d lgdkjh izøh;k vkgs] T;kr oskkfud i/nrhpk mi;ksx v kk orzeku lkekftd lel;k o ifjflfkrhp;k v/;;ukr o fo ys kukr dsyk tkrks dh] ts fuf pr HkkSxksfyd lhek o dkj.kkauh izhkkfor >kys vlsy- izkirk

2 rf;s] fu d kz o lqpukapk v kk izdkjs izlkj Ogkok dh] lektkp;k lkeqfgd KkukP;k Lo:ikr vkf.k cq/nherrk iw.kz lg;ksxh fø;kalkbh,d kdrh Eg.kwu fuekz.k gksrhy**- gwjhlu ^^lkekftd la kks/ku gh,d kkl=h; ;kstuk vlwu ftpk mìs k rkfdzd vkf.k Øec/n i/nrhonkjk ufou rf;kapk kks/k?ks.ks] tqu;k rf;kaps iquzijh{k.k dj.ks vkf.k R;kaP;kr vk<gwu ;s.kkjs vuqdze] b- laca/kh dk;zdkj.khkko vkf.k R;kauk lapkfyr dj.kk&;k uslfxzd fu;ekaps fo ys k.k dj.ks gk vkgs-^^ ^^lkekftd?kvuk vkf.k lel;k ;k ckcr Kku izkirhdjhrk dj.;kr vkysy;k O;ofLFkr la kks/kukyk vki.k lkekftd la kks/ku Eg.krks-** ^^,d=hr jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k ftoukrhy fø;k khy varhkwzr izfø;kaps la kks/ku Eg.kts lkekftd la kks/ku gks;-** ^^KkukP;k d{kk folrkfjr dj.ks] R;kph vpqdrk rikl.ks vkf.k fl/nkrkap;k ekam.khlkbh fdaok dysp;k O;kogkfjd mi;ksxklkbh gs Kku fdrir mi;ksxh vkgs gs ikg.;klkbh kkl=h; i/nrh kks/kwu dk<.ks] R;kps fo ys k.k dj.ks vkf.k lkekftd ftoukp;k ladyiuk ekam.;kph O;ofLFkr i/nrh Eg.kts lkekftd la kks/ku gks;-** (Meaning and Significance of Design of Reaserch) la'kks/ku vkjk[kmk gh kkl=h; lkekftd la'kks/kukph,d izeq[k ik;jh vkgsdks.krsgh dk;z O;ofLFkri.ks ikj ikm.;klkbh lozizfke R;k dk;kzpk vkjk[kmk r;kj djkok ykxrks- R;kr la kks/kdkyk i/nr khj fu;kstu] R;kph :ijs kk vkf.k

3 ekam.khps Lo:i fuf pr o Li V djkos ykxrs- ;kykp la kks/kukpk vkjk[kmk vls Eg.krkr- Lka kks/kukpk fo k;] mìs'k] v/;;u {ks=] dkyko/kh] ekfgrh ladfyr dj.ks] ekfgrh ladfyr dj.;kp;k i/nrh] uequk fuomhps vk/kkj Bjfo.ks] rf; ladyukph lk/kus Bjfo.ks] RkF;kps fo ys k.k] la kks/ku dk;kzpk [kpz br;knh ckch la kks/kukiwohz BjokO;k ykxrkr- Hkfo ;kr mn~hko.kkú;k lel;k o vmp.khpk vankt?;kok ykxrks vkf.k dk;kzph ;kstuk vk[kkoh ykxrs- ;kykp la kks/kukpk vkjk[kmk Eg.krkr- dkgh rkkauh la kks/ku vkjk[km~;kp;k O;k[;k iq<hy izek.ks dsy;k vkgsr- ^^la kks/ku vkjk[kmk] la kks/kukph ;kstuk] lajpuk vkf.k,d j.kfurh vkgs- T;kOnkjs la kks/ku iz ukaph mrrjs izkir dsyh Tkkrkr vkf.k fhkuuro izlkj.kkoj fu;a=.k Bsoys tkrs-** ^^fof k V?kVus kh fdaok lel;s kh laca/khr fu d kz izlkjhr dj.;klkbh frps la kks/ku dj.;kiqohzps la kks/ku dk;kzrhy lahkko; ifjflfkrhp;k lanhkkzr dkgh fu.kz;?ks.;kp;k izøh;syk la kks/ku vkjk[kmk vls Eg.krkr-** ^^fu.kz; fø;kfuor dj.;kph flfkrh ;s.;kiwohzp fu.kz; fu/kkzjhr dj.;kp;k izøh;syk la kks/ku vkjk[kmk vls Eg.krkr-** ^^la kks/kukp;k mfì VkP;k iwrzrslkbh fu"d kkzph lca/nrk vkf.k la kks/ku dk;kzrhy fero;; ;kph lkaxm?kkyrk ;s.;kp;k n` Vhus rf;kaps ladyu vkf.k fo ys k.k dj.;klkbh vko ;d vl.kkú;k vvhaph fu;ksftr O;oLFkk Eg.kts la kks/ku vkjk[kmk gks;-** (Objects of Research Design)

4 dks.kr;kgh la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kps nksu eqyhkwr mìs'k vlrkr- ifgyk la'kks/ku lel;kaph mrrjs izkir dj.ks gk gks;- rh mrrjs fo'olfu;] olrqfu"b o vpwd vlkohr rlsp rh vkffkzdn`"v;k ijom.kkjh vlkohr- la'kks/ku lael;sp;k lanhkkzr vuqhko izkek.; iqjkok vk.k.;klkbh fopj.kkoj (Variance) fu;a=.k Bso.ks gk la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kpk nqljk mìs'k gks;- v'kk izdkjs la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kps izeq[k nksu mìs'k fnlwu ;srkr- 1- la'kks/ku lel;kaph mrrjs izkir dj.ks- 2- fofhkuu fopj.kkoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks- gs nksu mìs'k dsanzorhz Bsowu la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kph fufezrh dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- (Types of Research Design) la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kps fofo/k izdkj vlys rjh la'kks/ku mìh"vkuqlkj ikmysys la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kps pkj izdkj vfr'k; egroiw.kz vkgsr- gs pkj izdkj iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr- 1- ijhp;kred la'kks/ku vkjk[kmk 2- o.kzukred la'kks/ku vkj[kmk 3- funkukred la'kks/ku vkjk[kmk 4- iz;ksxkred la'kks/ku vkjk[kmk nf{k.k ukxiwje/khy >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkú;k yksdkaps lkekftd vkf.k vkffkzd lel;kaps fo'ys"k.k ;k izlrkfor fo"k;kp;k la'kks/kuklkbh ijhp;kred la'kks/ku vkjk[kmk ¼Formulative Research Design½ vkf.k o.kzukred la'kks/ku vkjk[kmk ¼Descroptive Research Design½ ;k izdkjkapk mi;ksx dsysyk vkgs- rf;kapk 'kks/k?ks.;klkbh ifjp;kred vkf.k fuozpuklkbh o.kzukred la'kks/ku vkjk[km;kpk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-

5 rf;kzps ladyu izkfkfed o f}rh; rf;kap;k vk/kkjkoj dj.;kr vkys vkgsizkfkfed rf; ladyuklkbh eqyk[kr vuqlwphpk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk R;kr xw>svl~ 2005 rs 2010 vkf.k ftygk lkekftd o vkffkzd lekykspu ukxiwj ftygk 2005 rs 2010 vfkz o lkaf[;dh lapkyuky; egkjk"vª 'kklu] eqacbz ;krhy uksanhph enr?ks.;kr vkyh vkgs- (Sampling Method) (Sampling Meaning and Nature) rf; ladyu dj.;klkbh la'kks/kd cjspnk Lor% la'kks/ku {ks=kr tkåu la'kks/ku fo"k;k'kh rlsp?kvuka'kh lacf/kr O;Drha'kh laidz izlrkfir djrks o ekfgrh fegforks- ;kykp vuqhko fejhr rf; ladyu vls Eg.krkr- dks.kr;kgh fo"k;kp;k lel;k leqgk'kh lacaf/kr vl.kkjh rf;s ladfyr dj.;kp;k iq<hy nksu i/nrh vkgsr- 1- tux.kuk i/nrh (Census Method) 2- uequk i/nrh (Sampling Method) la'kks/kdkus ojhyisdh uequk i/nrhpk mi;ksx dsyk vkgs-,dk iwozfu/kkzfjr ;kstusuqlkj,ddkap;k,dk leqgke/kwu,d fuf'pr izfr'kr fuom.ks Eg.kts uequk fuom gks;* ^uequk 'kcnkpk mi;ksx dsog dks.kr;kgh lexzkp;k,ddkl fdaok,dk Hkkxk dfjrk dsyk ikfgts- T;k Hkkxkl ;k fo'oklkus fuomys vlrs dh] rks lexzkps izfrfuf/kro djhy* ^uequk R;krhy ukokizek.ksp,d fo'olr leqgkpk y?kw izfrfu/kh vkgs-*

6 ^,dk fuf pr la[;se/;s O;Drh] O;"Vh fdaok fujh{k.kkl,dk fof'k"v lexzkrwu dk<.;kph izfø;k fdaok i/nrh ok v/;;ukp;k gsrwus,dk lexzkrwu,dk Hkkxkph fuom Eg.kts uequk fuom i/nrh gks;-* lexzkrhy,ddkauk uequ;ke/;s fuomqu ;s.;kph lahkko;rk vkgs fdaok ukgh ;k vk/kkjkoj uequk fuom i/nrhps nksu izdkj imrkr- 1½ lahkko;rk uequk fuom i/nrh 2½ vlahko;rk uequk fuom i/nrh lahkko;rk uequk fuom i/nrhps pkj izdkj imr vlys rjh izlrkfor la'kks/kuklkbh lgt fuom vfkok lk/;k ;kn`fpnd i/nrhph fuom dj.;kr vkyh- ;kn`fpnd i/nrhpk mi;ksx izkfkfed rf; ladyuklkbh dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- dkj.k v/;;ukps fo'o o lhkklnkaph la[;k rlsp fo"k; br;knhapk fopkj dsy;kl gh uequk fuom i/nrh ;ksx; o mi;ksxh vkgs- ;k uequ;kpk vkdkj 110 vkgs- 110 gk uequ;kpk vkdkj izek.k letyk tkrkslk/kk ;kn`fpnd uequk fuomi/nrhr lexzkrhy,ddkph uequ;klkbh fuom dj.ks gs la'kks/kdkp;k gkrh ulrs- la'kks/kd Lor% vkiy;k bpnsuqlkj dks.kr;kgh,ddkpk uequ;kr lekos'k d: 'kdr ukgh- R;keqGs lexzkrhy izr;sd,ddkyk uequ;kr lekfo"v gks.;kph leku la/kh vlrs- uequk fuom djrkuk i{kikr gks.;kph 'kd;rk ulrs- izr;sd,ddkyk uequ;kr lekfo"v gks.;kph la/kh fdrh izek.kkr vkgs gs la[;k'kkl= i/nrhp;k vk/kkjs Li"V djrk ;srs- ;k i/nrhr lexzkrhy,ddkpk uequ;kr lekos'k gks.ks gs izr;sd,ddkp;k uf'kckoj voyacwu vlrs- Eg.kwup ;k i/nrhyk ;kn`fpnd uequk fuom i/nrh vls Eg.krkr- gh i/nrh vfr'k; 'kkl='kq/n vkgs- lexzkrhy,ddkarwu uequk fuom.;klkbh iq<hy isdh,dk i/nrhpk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks-

7 vkiyh Kkusafnz;s gs rf; iz.kkyhps [kjs vk/kkj vkgsr- Eg.kwu Kkusafnz;kaP;k vk/kkjs gks.kkjk flfkrhcks/k fdaok fujh{k.k Eg.kts rf;s gks;- lr; Eg.kwu flodkj djrk ;så 'kd.kkú;k vkf.k lokzaps,der gkså 'kd.kkú;k?kvukauk rf; vls Eg.krkr- ^^rf;,d?kvuk vkgs] dh ftp;k fujh{k.k vkf.k ekiukp;k fo"k;kckcr lokzae/;s vf/kd izek.kkr lger vk<gwu ;srs**- ^^lkekftd rf; O;ogkjkpk ¼fopkj] vuqhko fdaok fø;k½ vlk i{k vkgs dh] T;kps fujh{k.k olrqfu"b :ikr 'kd; vkgs vkf.k ts,dk fof'k"v rúgsus O;ogkj dj.;kl ck/; djrs** rf; dsog ewrz olrqi;zarp e;kznhr ukgh- lkekftd 'kkl=kr fopkj] vuqhko vkf.k Hkkouk ns[khy rf; vkgsr- rf;kauk v'kk HkkSfrd fdaok 'kkjhfjd] ekufld fdaok HkkoukRed?kVukaP;k :ikr ikghys ikfgts dh] T;kaph [kk=hiwozd iq"vh dsyh tkå 'kdsy- vkf.k T;kapk Hkk";kaP;k txkr lr; Eg.kwu flodkj dsyk tkå 'kdsy-** dks.kr;kgh la'kks/kukr rf;s egrokph vlrkr- dkj.k?kvukaps v/;;u d:up R;k?kVuslacf/kP;k rf;kaps ladyu dsys tkrs- R;k rf;kap;k vk/kkjkojp fu"d"kz ekamys tkrkr Eg.kwu rf;kaps 'kkl=h; i/nrhus ladyu dj.ks vko';d vlrs- la'kks/kudrkz Lor% v/;;u {ks=kr tkåu v/;;u fo"k;k'kh fdaok lel;sp;k lacf/kr th ekfgrh ftoar O;Drh dmwu eqyk[kr] vuqlwph fdaok iz'ukoyhp;k enrhus fdaok izr;{k fujh{k.kkonkjk xksgk djrks R;kl izkfkfed rf; vls Eg.krkr- izkfkfed

8 rf;s la'kks/kudr;kzus,df=r dsysyh vly;keqgs rh vf/kd olrqfu"b vlrkr- ftoar O;Drh vkf.k fujh{k.k gs izkfkfed rf;kzps nksu L=ksr vkgsrv½ izkfkfed raf;kp;k L=ksrkvarxZr v'kk O;fDrapk lekos'k gksrks dh] T;kauk v/;;u fo"k;kps Kku vlrs fdaok R;kpk R;k fo"k;k kh togpk laca/k vlrks v'kk O;fDraph fuom djrkuk fo'ks"k lko/kfxjh ckgxk;yk ikghts- fofo/k O;olk; o O;kikjkr vlysy;k O;Drh] R;k {ks=krhy iwohzps jfgoklh] iq<kjh b- dmwu rf; ladyhr dsy;kl rs v/;;u dr;kzaps egroiw.kz vax cuw 'kdrsc½ izkfkfed rf;kapk nqljk L=ksr fujh{k.k gk vkgs- fujh{k.kkonkjs,dk O;fDrP;k fdaok leqgkp;k thouklaca/kh vusd egroiw.kz rf;s,df=r dsys tkå 'kdrs- ijarq R;kdfjrk fujh{k.k djrkauk i{kikr o iwozxzg Bsow u;s- O;fDraP;k O;ogkjklaca/kh rf;kauk,d=hr dj.;kdfjrk izr;{k fujh{k.k gk,d mi;ksxh L=ksr vkgsfujh{k.kkonkjs lkeqnkf;d thouk'kh laca/khr vkarfjd vkf.k xksifu; xks"vh lq/nk tk.kwu?ksrk ;srkr- izkfkfed rf;s la'kks/kudrkz Lor% ladfyr djrks- ek= fonrh; rf;s brj O;fDrauh iwohzp xksgk dsysyh vlrkr- rh fyf[kr Lo:ikph vlrkr- gh rf;s izdkf'kr] vizdkf'kr izys[k] vgoky] lkaaf[;dh] glrfyf[krs] i=s] nsuafnuh br;knhp;k Lo:ikr vlrkr- la'kks/ku drkz vkiy;k fo"k;k'kh laca/khr ekfgrh ;krwu xksgk djhr vlrksf}rh; rf;s nksu L=ksrk}kjs izkir dsyh tkrkr- ifgyk L=ksr Eg.kts O;fDrxr izys[k gks;- ;kr izkeq[;kus vkredfkk nsuafnuh] i=s b- pk lekos k gksrks- nqljk L=ksr lkoztfud izys[k gks;- ;kr izkeq[;kus lkoztfud jsdkmzl~] iqlrds] tux.kuk vgoky] fofo/k vk;ksx o lfer;kaps vgoky] okf"kzd vgoky] lkaf[;dh fohkkxkus r;kj dsysys vgoky] lkirkfgds br;knh e/khy fyf[kr ekfgrh R;kplkscr f'kykys[k] Lrwi] mr[kuukr lkimysy;k olrw],srhgkfld L=ksr b- iklwu izkir rf;s ns[khy f}rh; rf;s letys tkrs-

9 (Sources of Data) & v/;;u fo"k;ka'kh lacf/kr O;Drh vkf.k izr;{k fufj{k.kkpk izkfkfed L=ksrkar lekos'k gksrks- fo"k;k'kh lacf/kr O;fDraP;k eqyk[krh?ksåu rf; ladyhr dsyh tkrkr- rj eqyk[kr?ksrkuk fdaok fujh{k.kkp;k mìs'kkusp eqn~nke fq:u] oklrfod] HkkSxksfyd] vkffkzd flfkrhpk vankt?ksrk ;så 'kdrks- T;k eqyk[krhpk mìs'k fofo/k lkekftd fo"k; vkf.k?kvuk ;kap;k lanhkkzr 'kks/k?ks.ks gk vlrks R;kyk la'kks/kukred eqyk[kr vls Eg.krkr- ;k eqyk[krhpk mìs'k dsog la'kks/kukiqjrk e;kzfnr vlrks- vkf/kp fuf'pr dsysy;k iz'ukap;k vuwlwfpuqlkj eqyk[kkr?ks.kkjk fo"k;k kh lacf/kr O;fDryk iz'u fopkjrks o R;kauh fnysyh mrrjs vuqlwfpr Lor% fygwu?ksrks R;kyk vksipkjhd eqyk[kr vls Eg.krkr- T;k fo"k;kps v/;;u djko;kps vkgs R;k fo"k;k kh lacf/kr iz'u r;kj d:u R;kph,d vuqlwph ¼iz'ukoyh½ r;kj d:u rso<sp iz'u ;kr fopkjys tkrkr- brj iz'ukauk oko ulrks fdaok vuqlwfpr ijhorzu dsys tkr ukgh- Eg.kwu ;k eqyk[krhyk fu;af=r eqyk[kr vls ns[khy Eg.krkr- T;k eqyk[krhe/;s eqyk[kr drkz vkf.k eqyk[kr nkrk nk?ksp Øe'k% iz'u fopkj.;kps o mrrj ns.;kps O;Drh'k% dke djrkr R;kyk O;fDrxr eqyk[kr vls Eg.krkrgh i/nrh lr; ekfgrh izkir dj.;kp;k n`"vhus egrokph vkgs- pwdhph mrrjs R;kp osgh nq:lr djrk ;srkr- lksi;k Hkk"ksr iz'u fopkjrk ;srkr- mrrjsgh tesy R;k Hkk"ksr nsrk ;srkr- brjakph <ogk<og uly;kus iz'udrkz o mrrjnkrk nks?ksgh eueksdgsi.kkus iz'u mrrjs d: 'kdrkr- R;keqGs xksifu;] HkkoukRed b- iz'ukaph

10 lq/nk mrrjs izkir dsyh tkå 'kdrs- R;keqGs gh i/nrh v/;;uklkbh mi;qdr o lr; ekfgrh izkir d:u nså 'kdrs- ;k eqyk[krhe/;s xq.kkred Lo:ikph ekfgrh ladfyr dsyh tkrs- leqgkp;k v/;;uklkbh vkf.k vijh.kkedkjd lel;kap;k v/;;uklkbh mrrjnkr;kyk R;kaP;k HkwrdkG] orzekudkg o Hkfo";dkGk lcaf/kps iz'u fopk:u xq.kkred rf;s ladfyr dsyh tkrkr- xq.kkred eqyk[krhlkbh vuqhkoh] izf'kf{kr o larqyhr eqyk[krdr;kzph vko';drk vlrs- rsogkp xq.kkred rf;s ladfyr dj.ks 'kd; gksrsizlrqr la'kks/kuklkbh r;kj dj.;kr vkysy;k eqyk[kr vuqlwfpe/;s,dw.k 100 iz'ukapk lekos'k vlsy- R;k iz'ukaps nksu izdkjkr oxhzdj.k dj.;kr ;sbzy- 1½ lkeku; Lo:ikps iz'u] 2½ mfì"vkyk vuq:i iz'ulkeku; Lo:ikP;k iz'ukae/;s uko] irrk] f'k{k.k] dqvwackph ik'ozhkweh] okf"kzd mriuu] mriuukps fofo/k L=ksr o ln`'; la[;k] 'ksrh] m ksx] jkstxkj b- iz'ukapk lekos'k jkghymfì"vka'kh vuq:i iz'ukae/;s o"kkzrhy jkstxkjkps fnol] dqvwackrhy lhkklnkapk lghkkx] LFkykarjkph dkj.ks] dkekps Lo:i] jkstxkjk lca/khlel;k] izf'k{k.k] izksrlkgu] enr lkekftd pkyhfjrh] O;lu] [kpkzps Lo:i b- iz'ukapk lekos'k jkghyeqyk[kr vuqlwphe/;s fopkjys tk.kkjs loz iz'u ojhy Lo:ikr vlrhy- R;krhy dkgh iz'ukaph i;kz;h mrrjs fnyh tkrhy- R;krhy ;ksx; i;kz;koj [kw.k djko;kph vlsy- dkgh iz'ukaph mrrjs olrwfu"b Lo:ikph vlsy rh mrrjnkrk fdaok iz'udrkz uksanow 'kdsy- dkgh iz'ukaph mrrj gks; fdaok ukgh v'kh k;ph vlsy- R;keqGs eqyk[krhps Lo:i folr`r Lo:ikps jkghy o dks.kr;kgh i/nrhus dk gksbzuk lr; tk.kwu?ks.;kpk la'kks/ku dr;kzpk mìs'k jkghy- ;k O;frfjDr O;lu] LokLFk] ijhlj] laxr] xqugsxkjh br;knh lcaf/kr ekfgrh ijh{k.kko:u izkir dj.;kpk iz;ru jkghy-

11 izlrqr la'kks/kukpk fo"k; ^^nf{k.k ukxiwje/khy >ksimiíhr jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k lkekftd o vkffkzd lel;k** ¼dkyko/kh 2007 rs 2009½ vlk vkgs- izlrqr la'kks/kukpk dkyko/kh 2007 rs 2009 ;k nksu o"kkzapk vkgs- dks.kr;kgh lel;sps oskkfud i/nrhus v/;;u dj.;klkbh la'kks/kdkyk R;k fo"k;kps iwozkku vl.ks vko';d vkgs- R;kp cjkscj R;k fo"k;klaca/kh FkksMk Qkj vuqhko lq/nk vl.ks vko';d vkgs- ;k iwozkkukp;k o vuqhkokp;k vk/kkjs rks vkiy;k la'kks/kuklaca/kh dks.krs rjh lkeku; vuqeku fuf'pr djrks- gs vuqekup R;kyk la'kks/ku dk;kzlkbh ekxzn'kzd Bjrkr- iwozkkukf'kok; la'kks/kd R;k fof'k"v lel;spk lokzaxh.k fopkj d: 'kd.kkj ukgh- la'kks/kuk laca/kh la'kks/kdkp;k eukr vlysys vuqeku iwozdyiuk vfkok fopkj ;kaukp x`ghrd`r;s vls Eg.krkr- (Definition of Hypothesis) %& ^^x`ghrd`r;s Eg.kts,d lkekftd vkf.k dke pykå lkeku;hdj.k vfkok fu"d"kz vlwu R;kps ijh{k.k djko;kps vlrs- la'kks/kukp;k izkjafhkd volfksr x`fgr,d vuqeku] eux<u dyiukiw.kz fopkj vfkok lgkku br;knh isdh dkghgh vlw 'kdrs- ijarq rs la'kks/kukpk vk/kkj curs** ^^iw.kz ijh{k.kkvarh ts fo/kku la'kks/ku dk;kzlkbh flodkjkos fdaok ukdkjkos gs Bjfoys tkrs R;k fo/kkukyk x`fgr d`r;s vls Eg.krkr-**

12 gks;-** ^^x`fgrd`r;s fdaok midyiuk Eg.kts x`fgr /kjysys fo/kku] rro fdaok vv ^^rf; fujh{k.kkoj vk/kkjysy;k vkf.k Hkfo";dkyhu la'kks/kukyk izksrlkgu ns.kkú;k vuqekukyk x`fgrd`r;s fdaok midyiuk vls Eg.krkr-** izlrkfor la'kks/kukph x`fgrd`r;s [kkyhyizek.ks vkgsr- 1- >ksimiv~v;kap;k fufezrhl o R;kr gks.kkú;k ok<hl lkekftd vkf.k vkffkzd ckch tckcnkj vkgsr- 2- fohkdr dqvqac i/nrh] dke u dj.;kph izo`rrh] dqvaqc fu;kstukpk vhkko] vf kf{kri.kk] O;lu br;knheqgs >ksimiv~v;k fuekz.k >ky;k vkgsr- 3- >ksimiv~vhokfl;kap;k n;fu; flfkrhph izeq[k dkj.ks xjhch] csjkstxkjh] dtzcktkjhi.kk] ljdkps nwyz{k] ljdkjh enrh ef/ky nyky br;knh vkgsr- 4- >ksimiv~vhoklh;kap;k lkekftd o vkffkzd izxrhr lokzf/kd ck/kd?kvd %& ljdkjhph vflfkj /kksj.ks] nqjn`"vhpk vhkko] >ksimiv~vhoklh;kaph mnklhu Hkwfedk o vlg;ksxh o`rrh gs vkgsr- 5- xqam] pksj] xqugsxkj] O;luh] nwczy] fhkdkjh b- yksd >ksimiv~vhe/;s jkg.ks ilan djrkr- 6- >ksimiv~vhokfl;kap;k lkekftd o vkffkzdflfkrhr lq/kkj.kk dj.;klkbh x`g o dqvhj m ksxkapk fodkl] vks ksxhdj.k] lkekftd lgdk;z] >ksimiv~vhoklh;kapk lg;ksx] cksf/nd izcks/ku vkf.k ljdkjps nh?kzdkyhu fu;kstu br;knh ckch vko ;d ulwu vfuok;z vkgsr- 7- vkffkzd nwczyrk gs >ksimiv~v;k fufezrsps izeq[k dkj.k vkgs- vkffkzd lcyrsph ifjfjlfkrh fuekz.k >ky;kl yksd >ksimiv~vh lksmwu brj fbdk.kh jkgk;yk tkrkr-

13 izlrwr la'kks/ku dk;kzoj x`ghrd`r;kpk izhkko im.;kph 'kd;rk vr;kf/kd vkgs- ;kps dkj.k vls dh] la kks/kdkps vpsru eu dks.kr;kgh x`ghr izes;kyk fl/n dj.;kpk fdaok fujlr dj.;kpk iz;ru d: 'kdrs- Eg.kwu la kks/kd mi;qzdr x`ghrkapk vk/kkj?ksåu pkyr vlrkauk 'kwu; x`ghr izes;kpkgh vk/kkj?ksr vkgs dh] T;keqGs izlrwr la'kks/ku dk;z iwozx`g nqf"krkus xzkflr gkså u;s vkf.k lr; fu"d"kz izlrwr djrk ;srhy- euq";kps jkg.kheku] lkekftd o vkffkzd Lrj ;k ckch R;kP;k vkffkzd mriuukoj voyacwu vlrkr- T;kps vkffkzd mriuu tklr R;kps jkg.kheku mpp ntkzps o lkekftd Lrj ojpk vlrks- vkffkzdflfkrh o:u R;kapk lkekftd o vkffkzd Lrj Bjfoyk tkrks- lektkr vkffkzdn`"v;k lcg o cq/nhthoh oxkzdmwu xjhc o dkckmd"v dj.kkú;k oxkzph usgehp vogsyuk gksr vlrs- xjhc Eg.kts T;kps vkffkzd mriuu deh vkgs rs yksd] ts vkiy;k izkfkfed xjtkgh iw.kz d: 'kdr ukgh rs yksda] xjhc Eg.kts vkiy;k xjtkaps vks>s MksD;koj?ksÅu tx.kkjs yksd] vkiy;k vkffkzd] lkekftd o 'kkfjfjd xjtk iw.kz dj.;klkbh T;kauk jk=afnol iz;ru djkos ykxrs] fopkj o fparu djkos ykxrs rs yksd- R;kauk vkiy;k xjtkap;k vksö;k[kkyh ncwu ukbzyktkus >ksimiv~vhr jgkos ykxrs rs yksd Eg.kts xjhc gks;- xjtk tklr o mriuu deh v kk ifjflfkrheqgs yksdakuk >ksimiv~vhr jgkos ykxrs- fo ks"k Kku o dks ky;krhy deh ;keqgs fdrrsdkauk Jfed Eg.kwu dke djkos ykxrs o >ksimiv~vhr jkgkos ykxrs- >ksimiv~vhps Lo:Ik o flfkrh ikfgy;kuarj dks.khgh iqugk R;k olrhdms ikg.;kph bpnk O;Dr djhr ukgh v kh ifjflfkrh vlrkauk lq/nk fnolasfnol >ksimiv~v;kaph la[;k dk ok<r vkgs\ >ksimiv~v;kapk vkdkj dk eksbk gksr vkgs\ ;kapk vh;kl dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- Hkkjr izxrh khy o fodlu khy ns k vkgs vls EgVys tkrs- rjh >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkú;kaph la[;k dk ok<r vkgs\ csjkstxkjh dk ok<r vkgs\,dhdms rk] ra=k o dq ky dkjkxhjkaph deh vlrkauk rs dk fuekz.k gksr ukgh\ fhkdkjh] pksj] xqam]

14 nk: xkg.kkjs] osbfcxkjh ;kaph la[;k dk ok<r vkgs\ ;kpk vh;kl dj.;klkbh o xjhchps] nkjhnz;kps pø o R;kaP;k oklrfod Lo:ikpk vh;kl dj.;klkbh nf{k.k ukxiwjkrhy >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkú;k yksdkaps lekftd o vkffkzd v/;;u dj.ks vko ;d vkgs] vls okvrs- Ikz kklukiq<s lektkrhy,dk?kvdkps oklrfod Lo:i lknj dj.ks] R;kaP;k lq/kkj.kkalkbh dsysy;k iz;rukaph ekfgrh loz lkeku;kauk ns.ks o iz kklukus dsysy;k iz;rukauk R;kauh dlk izfrlkn fnyk] R;kps dk; ifj.kke >kys\ ;kps v/;;u d:u R;kaP;k lq/kkj.kslkbh dkgh mik; lqpfo.ks vko ;d vkgs- ;k f kok; v/;;ukph vko ;drk iq<hyizek.ks lkaxrk ;sbzy- 1- >ksimiv~v;kap;k la[;sr gks.kkú;k ok<hph dkj.ks 'kks/k.ks 2- >ksimiv~vhp;k oklrfod Lo:ikps izxvhdj.k dj.ks- 3- >ksimiv~vhrhy yksdkap;k vkffkzd iz ukps Lo:i izxv dj.ks- 4- >ksimiv~vhrhy yksdkap;k lkekftd lel;k tk.kwu?ks.ks- 5- >ksimiv~v;kapk brj olr;kaoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke tk.kwu?ks.ks- 6- >ksimiv~vhrhy nkfjnz;] csdkjhph dkj.ks tk.kwu?ks.ks] R;koj mik; lqpfo.ks b- P;k dkj.kklkbh v/;;u dj.ks vko ;d vkgs- >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkjs yksd xjhc] nkfjnz;] xyhpn vlys rjh] 'kgjkrhy jlrs LoPN dj.;kps] [ksm;krhy?kk.k lkq dj.;kps] esysyh tukojs xkokckgsj usåu Vkd.;kps dk;z rs djhr vlrkr JhearkP;k?kjh?kjxqrh dkes] lqkbz] /kqykbz] LoPNrsps dke rs djhr vlrkr- vki.k vlopnrsr jkgwu] Jherkauk LoPNrsps /kms gsp yksd nsrkr- 'ksrdú;kap;k 'ksrhyk enr dj.ks] iq<kú;kap;k bysd kue/;s jk=fnol dke dj.;kps dkegh gsp yksd djhr vlrkr- ;keqgs lektkyk >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkú;k yksdkaph xjt vkgsp VksiY;k] ijms] rkv;k] g;kckch gsp yksd iqjforkr- lkú;k txkrhy vlopnrk g;kap;kp enrhus nwj dsyh tkrs- /kq.;k &

15 HkkaM;klkBh ;kap;k f kok; Jhearkuk nwljk vk/kkj ulrks-?kjxmh o nwdkukr uksdj gs loz ;kauk >ksimiv~vhrwup fegr vlrs] Eg.kwu lektkrhy o vfkzo;olfksrhy ;kaps LFkku egrokpsp vkgs- gs lektkyk iz kklukyk] lkeku; tursyk o Lor%>ksiMiV~Vhr jkg.kkú;kauk ivowu ns.ks vko ;d vkgs- ;k Hkwrykoj fnl.kkjh izr;sd fpt olrw mi;ksxh vkgs- dkmh] dpjk] rqvysy;k olrw] nxm] ekrh mi;ksxh vlrkr- ex >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkjs yksd fu:i;ksxh dls\ vlk iz u fuekz.k gksrks- dkj.k izr;sd xks"vhyk nksu cktw vlrkr- R;kps pkaxys okbzv mi;ksxgh vlrkr- R;kpizek.ks >ksimiv~v;kap;kgh nksu cktw vlrhyp R;akpsgh dkgh xq.k/kez vlrhy- R;k xq.k nks"kkaps Lo:i iz kklu] lekt o brjkaleksj ekam.ks vko ;d vkgs- vh;klkf kok; xq.k nks"kkaph fuoog dyiuk dj.ks pwd gksbzy- ;klkbh ^^HkaMkjk ftyg;krhy >ksimiv~vhr jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k lkekftd o vkffkzd lel;kaps fo ys"k.k** gk fo"k; vh;klklkbh?ks.;kr vkyk vkgslektkp;k vusd cktwaoj izhkko Vkd.kkÚ;k ;k?kvdkps pkaxys okbzv ijh.kke uddh vkgsr- i.k rs dks.krs vkgsr\ R;kaph dkj.ks dk; vkgs\ R;koj mik; dk;\ ;kaph mrrjs kks/kus vkffkzdn`"v;k o lkekftdn`"v;k Qkj egrokps vkgs- nf{k.k ukxiwjp;k fodklkr ;k yksdkapk lghkkx gh vlw 'kdrks- fdaok fodklkr rs ck/kkgh B: 'kdrkr- lektkp;k izxrhps rs vk/kkjgh vlw 'kdrkr fdaok vlkekftd rrokauk izsj.kk ns.kkjs L=ksrgh B: 'kdrkr- v kk yksdkapk vh;kl dj.ks Qkj egrokps vkgs- ^^nf{k.k ukxiwje/khy >ksimiv~vhe/;s jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k lkekftd o vkffkzd lel;kaps fo ys"k.k** ;k fo"k;kojhy v/;;ukps mfì"v;s iq<hy vkgsr- 1- >ksimiv~v;k fuehzrhph dkj.ks 'kks/k.ks- 2- >ksimiv~v;kap;k orzeku Lo:ikpk vh;kl dj.ks- 3- >ksimiv~v;kapkk brj olr;kaoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke o izhkkokapk vh;kl dj.ks- 4- >ksimiv~v;kae/;s jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k nsfud thoukpk vh;kl dj.ks-

16 5- >ksimiv~v;ke/;s jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k okbzv lo;h] O;lukf/kurk o xqugsxkjh izo`rrhp;k dkj.kkapk 'kks/k?ks.ks- 6- >ksimiv~vhe/;s jkg.kkú;ka yksdkap;k vkffkzd lel;kapk vh;kl dj.ks- 7- vkffkzd dkj.kkeqgs fuekz.k gks.kkú;k lel;k tk.kwu?ks.ks- 8- >ksimiv~vhrhy fuoklh yksdkap;k 'ks{kf.kd Lrjkapk vh;kl dj.ks- 9- >ksimiv~vhrhy fuoklh yksdkap;k lkekftd lel;kapk vh;kl dj.ks- 10- R;kaps fuokl o vkjksx; br;knh?kvdkapk vh;kl dj.ks- 11- >ksimiv~vh lq/kkj.kslkbh ljdkjus dsysy;k iz;rukaps eqy;ekiu dj.ks- 12- >ksimiv~vhp;k orzeku ifjflfkrhr lq/kkj.kk dj.;klkbh mik; ;kstuk lwpfo.ksbr;knh mìs kkus izlrwr v/;;u ¼la'kks/ku dk;z½ dk;z gkrh?ks.;kr vkys vkgs- izlrqr la kks/kudk;z nf{k.k ukxiwje/khy >ksimivv;k fdaok xfypn olr;kaoj dsanzhr dj.;kr vkys vkgs- >ksimiv~vhokfl;kapkp vh;kl dsyk vkf.k lkaf[;dh; funsz'kukps ikyu d:u fu"d"kz dk<.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- ;k vk/kkjkoj dk<.;kr vkysy;k fu"d"kkzoj fdrh fo'okl Bsokok vlk iz'u fuekz.k gks.;kph 'kd;rk ukdkjrk ;s.kkj ukgh- dkj.k pks- fdeh- {ks=kp;k ftyg;krhy 774 xkos o lkr 'kgjkr fo[kqjysy;k >ksimiv~vhoklh;kapk vh;kl dj.;klkbh ljdkjyk dezpkú;kaph fo kky lsuk fuekz.k d:u fn/kzdkg losz{k.k djkos ykxsy R;kr vfkz] Je] o osg gh Hkjiwj [kpz gksbzy rjhgh lr; ifjflfkrh leksj ;sbzyp vls ge[kkl Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukghla'kks/kudr;kzus dkgh yksdkaph enr?ksåu gs dk;z dj.;kpk fopkj dsyk rjh R;kyk dkg] {kerk] lk/kus o izfrlkn ;kaph e;kznk vkgs- ;k e;kznkaeqgs vls fuf pr dsys dh] nso fun kzukp;k vk/kkjkoj 300 >ksimiv~vhok kh;ka kh laidz lk/kwu vkf.k R;kaP;k kh ppkz d:u o fujh{k.k i/nrhpk voyac d:u ekfgrh o lead xksgk djk;ps o v/;;ukph fo'olfu;rk ok<ok;ph ;kdfjrk 'kgjh Hkkxkrhy

17 izr;sd >ksimiv~vhp;k vkdkjekukuqlkj 10 rs 20 ifjokjkapk losz{k.kkr lekos k djko;kpk gs ifjokj,desdkaaps 'kstkjh vlw u;sr vls fuf pr dj.;kr vkys- fuomysy;k >ksimiv~vhrwu 1 rs 5 ifjokj lozs{k.kklkbh?ks.;kr vkys- nf{k.k ukxiwj >ksimiv~vhok kh;kaps v/;;u djko;kps vly;keqgs,dw.k 30 rs 35 HkkxkP;k >ksimiv~vh;kaps los Z{k.k dj.;kr vkys- izr;sd >ksimiv~vhoklh;kap;k eq[; lel;k lkj[;k vly;k rjh 'kgjh o xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ifjflfkrheqgs dkgh lel;k fhkuu Lo:ikP;k vlq 'kdrkr- R;keqGs dk<.;kr vkysys fu"d"kz lokzalkbh ykxw gksrhy vls [kk=hus lkaxrk ;s.kkj ukgh- R;kp izek.ks dkgkp;k vks?kkr dkgh fu"d"kz dkyckg~; Bj.;kph 'kd;rkgh vlw 'kdrs- >ksimiíhr jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k loz lkekftd o vkffkzd lel;kaps v/;;u dj.ks fof'k"v dkgkr 'kd; ukgh- R;keqGs fu"d"kz dkg lkis{k] O;fDr lkis{k] LFkG lkis{k vlw 'kdrkr- R;kapkgh fopkj izlrqr la kks/kukr dj.ks egùoiw.kz Bj.kkj vkgs- izlrqr fo k;kp;k la kks/kuklkbh ukxiwj kgjkrhy nf{k.k Hkkxkrhy fofo/k >ksimivv~haph fuom dj.;kr vkyhikp HkkxkaiSgh ¼iwoZ] if'pe] mrrj] e/; o nf{k.k½ ;kisdh nf{k.k Hkkxkrhy >ksimivv~hrhy jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k vkffkzd o lkekftd flfkrhpk vh;kl djko;kpk vly;kus ;k Hkkxkph ¼nf{k.k½ gsrwiwozd dj.;kr vkyhf kok; nf{k.k ukxiwje/khy >ksimivv~;kae/;s jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k vkffkzd o lkekftd lel;kapk lozd k vh;kl d:u R;k vk/kkjkoj dk<ysy;k rarksrar vkf.k vpwd fu d kkzoj ;ksx; mik;;kstuk lqpfork ;koh ;klkbh v/;;udr;kzus [kkyhy mfí Vs Bsoyhrukxiwj kgjkp;k pkjgh cktqauh] nf{k.k HkkxkP;k ifjljkr O;kid izek.kkr vl.kkú;k >ksimivv~;k pkyr;k fqjr;k euq ;kps y{k vkdf kzr djrs- ;k >ksimivv~har loz=?kk.k vlrs o R;kP;k e/; Hkkxkr Lor%ps thou O;rhr dj.kkjs

18 fuoklh o m kps ukxfjd gks.kkjs uxu volfksr fqj.kkjs eqys&eqyh] ;kauk ikfgy;koj Hk;adj ifjflfkrh ikgwu >ksimivv~hrhy fuokl;kap;k thoukrhy izr;sd flfkrhpk vh;kl dj.;kps ekö;k eukr fuekz.k >kysvuu] ol= ;kuarj frljh izkfkfed xjr vkgs ^?kj*] jkg.;kph O;oLFkk gh euq ;kps vkjksx; o lq[k ;kap;k kh?kfu V laca/k vkgs- lqanj o LoPN fuokl LFkku ;kapk euq ;kph dk;z kdrh] dk;zdks ky; o dk;z{kersoj ;ksx; izhkko ikmrks- >ksimivv~h gk ifjlj vlk vlrks dh] tsfks?kk.khps lkezkt; O;kiysys vlrs o thou tx.;klkbh vko';d lks;h&lqfo/kkpk izhkko vlrks- ksovh v kh dks.krh ifjflfkrh ok dkj.k vkgs T;kP;k dkj.kkus xfypn olrhph fufezrh gksrs vkf.k v kh dks.krh dkj.k vkgsr T;klkBh gs yksd ;k ifjljkr jkg.;klkbh r;kj gksrkr- gk rks iz u vkgs dh] izr;sd euq ;kp;k eukr fuekz.k gks.ks LokHkkfod vkgs- ;klkbh ;k fo k;kph gsrwiwozd fuom dj.;kr vkyh- izlrqr la izlrqr la kks/kukr nf{k.k ukxiwje/khy >ksimivv~hr jkg.kkú;k yksdkap;k vkffkzd o lkekftd lel;kapk vh;kl djko;kpk vly;kdkj.kkus >ksimivv~hr jkg.kkú;k loz yksdkapk lekos k ;kr dj.;kr ;kokijarq,d la kks/ku ;k n` Vhus Lor%ph e;kznk y{kkr?ksowu U;kn kz losz{k.k i/nrhph fuom dj.;kr vkyh-,dw.k yksdkae/kwu vkiy;k vh;klkyk 300 mesnokjkaph fuom dsyhvh;klkps fo kky Lo:i y{kkr?ksowu 300 uewus fofo/k >ksimivv~hrwu fuf pr dsys- loz >ksimivv~hp;k izfrfu/khapk lekos k dsyk- iq: k] efgyk] lqf kf{kr] vlqf kf{kr] ;qod] izks<] O;kolkf;d] uksdjh vkf.k loz /kekz kh lacaf/kr yksdkapk lekos k dj.;kr vkyk-

19 izlrqr la kks/kukr ekfgrh xksgk dj.;kpk mís k gk dh] xfypn olrhrhy yksdkap;k vkffkzd o lkekftd lel;kapk kks/k?ks.ks- ;klkbh iz ukoyhpk] eqyk[kr vuqlwph o fujh{k.k i/nrhpk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk- ;ke/;s,dw.k 40 okmkzisdh 30 okmkze/kwu o izr;sd okmkzph yksdla[;k R;ke/;s ¼,l-lh-] vuqlwphr tkrh],l-vh-] vuqlwphr tkekrhph la[;k?ksowu R;kps izek.k dk<.;kr vkys- R;kph ekfgrh [kkyhy lkj.khe/;s ns.;kr vkyh- SHEDULE CASTE Sr. Total Population of Percentage in Ward No. No. Population S.C. Dweller Order

20 Sr. Total Population of Percentage in Ward No. No. Population S.C. Dweller Order

21 SHEDULE TRIBE Sr. Total Population of Percentage in Ward No. No. Population S.T. Dweller Order

22 Sr. Total Population of Percentage in Ward No. No. Population S.T. Dweller Order

23 nf{k.k ukxiwj kgjkr >ksimiv~vhph la[;k 40 vkgs- R;kr jkg.kkú;kaph la[;k vkf.k?kjkaph la[;k,dw.k vkgs- R;kr dkgh eksb;k >ksimivv~;k vkgsr rj dkgh ygku Lo:ikaP;k vkgsrnf{k.k ukxiwj Hkkxkrhy >ksimivv~hph ukos [kkyhyizek.ks vkgs- 1 esmhdy jkeckx fljlisb guqeku uxj duzy ckx tsy okmz egkfoj okmz jktsanz uxj imksgs uxj n'kzu dkwyuh usg: uxj lddjnjk

24 13 j?kqthuxj ctjax uxj panze.kh uxj dks ky;k uxj vtuh pqukhkvv~h xk;=huxj >ksimivv~h ujsanz uxj tksxh uxj jkes'ojh dsykl uxj gjiwj uxj vk;oszfnd ysvkmv nrrk=; uxj Kkus oj uxj tokgjuxj fcmhisb rktckx jeuk ekjksrh fn?kksjh EgkGxhuxj vkf'kzokn uxj U;w lqhksnkj ysvkmv

25 36 v;ks/;kuxj ekusokmk ckiwuxj tkudh uxj f='kj.k pksd ¼MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj pksd½