izdj.k 1 ys Hkkjrh; lektjpuk

Transkript

1 izdj.k 1 ys Hkkjrh; lektjpuk 1-1 fganw /kez pkrqo.;z O;oLFkk tkrho;olfkk ¼O;k[;k½ 1-2 vuqlwfpr tkr nfyr lekt ¼O;k[;k½ 1-3 MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkaps cks/n /kekzrhy fopkj 1-4 cks/n /kez 1-5 egkjk Vªkrhy cks/n yksdkaps izek.k 1-6 iq.ks ftyg;krhy cks/n yksdkaps izek.k 1-7 MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkaps ;ksxnku 1-8 fganw L=h 1-9 cks/n L=h 1-10 lkjka k 8

2 izlrkouk izdj.k 1 ys Hkkjrh; lektjpuk izr;sd ns kkrhy lekt la?kvuk o R;kaps fohkktu ;k Lrjhdj.kkps Lo:i R;k ns kkph HkkSxksfyd ifjflfkrh thoukp;k xjtk] lkald`frd ijaijk o Lrjhdj.k,sfrgkfld fo kersoj Bjr vlrs- dkj.k ekuo,dthulh o loz leku ulrks- Eg.kwup txkr dks.kr;kgh lektkr dks.kr;k uk dks.kr;k izdkjs fo kerk vk<gwu ;s.ks- LokHkkfod vkgs- ;k fo kersp;k vk/kkjsp lektkrhy Lrjhdj.k o fohkktu gksr vlrs vkf.k gs Lrjhdj.k lkekftd O;oLFkslkBh vko ;d vlrs- dkj.k tj izr;sd O;Drhus Lor%P;k dqorhizek.ks o cq/nhizek.ks dke dsys rj egrreqy R;k lektkl fegrs- izr;sd lektkr dkgh fof k B oxkzph xjt vlrs mnk- ckg; o varxzr k=qiklwu lektkps j{k.k dj.kkjs kkjhfjd lkef;z ykhkysy;kaps oxz o Qk;ns ok fu;e lektkl?kkywu ns.kkjk oxz] vko ;d R;k xjtkap;k olrwps mriknu dj.kkjk oxz tuetkr xq.kkap;k dykoj] O;Drh dks.kr;kgh oxkzr Lor%P;k dqorhizek.ks lekfo B gksow kdrs- ;k lekt oxkzp;k dk;kzuarj lektkl tklrhr tklr ykhk o vkuan izkir gksow kdrks fganw /kez % dks.krkgh lekt la?kvhr Ogk;pk vlsy rj R;kyk,[kkns la?kvu rro Lohdkjkos ykxrs- oa k] Hkk kk] jk Vª vkf.k /kez gh la?kvu rros txkp;k bfrgklkr fhkuu fhkuu 9

3 yksdkauh vkj;ysyh gksrh- Hkkjrh; fganwuh Hkk kk vkf.k oa k gs la?kvu rro u lk/krk /kez gs izeq[k la?kvu rro eku; dsys vkf.k R;kps ikyu dj.ks vfuok;z vlsp gksrslqlald`r izkklaiuu vlk,d lekt Hkkjrkr vkyk vkf.k flfkj >kyk ;k lektkyk vk;z ;k ukokus vksg[kys tkr vlsvk;z ;s.;k vxksnj Hkkjr vkslkm izns k uogrk- euq ;kp;k ckcrhr Hkkjrke/;s R;kosGsl nzfom vlwu okuj jk{kl b- tekrh ygku ygku iqatdk d:u oklro;kl gksr;k- vk;kzap;k ;s.;kus vk;kzae/;s vkf.k ;k tekrhe/;s izkjahkh?ku?kksj la?k kz >kyk ijarw vk;kzap;k vkdze.kkiq<s ;k tekrhpk fvdkok ykxyk ukgh vkf.k vk;kzauk flfkjrk vkyh 2 - ;K gk vk;kzap;k LFkkuh /kez gksrk- vk;kzauh ;KlaLd`rh tso<;k izns kkr iljoyh rso<;k Hkwehyk vk;kzorz Eg.kw ykxys- vkiy;k Hkwfefo k;h tktoy; vfhkeku] ijlijkafo k;h mrdv vkreh;rk vkf.k R;kaP;k laj{k.kklkbh vkrecfynku dj.;kph fl/nrk ;k frugh xks Vh osn okm%e;kr jk Vªfu Bk Eg.kwu fo kn dsy;k vkgsr 3 - osfnd dkgh jkt;i/nrh dqvqacklkj[kh gksrh vk;z yksd fganwlfkkukr olkgr d:u jkgw ykxys rsogk R;kaP;kr dks.kr;kgh izdkjpk Hksn uogrk dh o.kzo;olfkk uogrhngk ikp dqvqacs,dtqvhus t kh jkgrkr- r kkp izdkjs vk;kzaph ksdmks dqvqacs iatkckr izfke,dtqvhus olkgr d:u jkgr gksrh- tlt kk vk;kzap;k olkgrh ok<r xsy;k r kk izek.kkr la?k kkzps izlax okjaokj gksow ykxy;kus 10

4 R;krwu o.kzo;olfkspk izlkj gksow ykxyk- o.kzo;olfkk Eg.kts fganw lekt O;oLFksph,dsdkGh vko ;d ekuyh xsysyh O;oLFkk gks;- lektkp;k LokLF;klkBh osfnd n` V;kauh ekuoh thoukr prqzfo k iq: kkfkz] lkekftd LokLF;,sfgd vkf.k ikjyksfdd mrd kz lk/kkok Eg.kwu fufezysyh xq.k/kekzf/k Bhr LFkwy lekto;olfkk ;kp cjkscj T;kaps vkbz cki fganw vlrhy rks fganw] fganwlfkkukr T;kapk tue >kyk rks fganw] tks fganw dk;nk ekurks rks fganw 4 v kk dkgh O;k[;k fo}kukauh fganwp;k ckcrhr lkafxrysy;k vly;kus R;krwu o.kzo;olfkk egrokph ekuyh- o.kz %& o.kz Eg.kts jax] lektkrhy eq[;r% pkj fohkkxkrhy oxkzlkbh ;kpk okij dj.;kr vkyk- R;keqGs o.kz Eg.kts lekt O;oLFksr varhkzwr izfrek vl.kkjk o.kz/kez o.kz gk jax vkf.k /kekzoj vk/kkjysyk vkgs 5 - _Xosnke/khy vusd lqdrke/;s o.kz gk jax vkf.k mtg ;klkbh okij.;kr vkyk R;kpizek.ks _Xosnkrhy dkgh yksdke/;s T;k yksdkap;k Ropspk jax xmn vkf.k mtg vkgs v kk xvk kh lacaf/kr lkafxrysyh vkgs 6 - ;ko:u o.kz Eg.kts jax ;kap;k kh lke; vly;kps fnlwu ;srs- lekto;olfks o.kkzyk egrokps LFkku vly;kps fnlrs- 11

5 o.kz fuekz.k gks.;klkbh R;k dkgkph lekto;olfkk egrokph Bjyh gksrh- dkj.k nsorkalkbh lqdrs xk.kkjk] ;KklkBh d`r;s dj.kkjk vkf.k jktkyk ekxzn kzu dj.kkjk vlk,d oxz gksrk- rj ;q/ns dj.kkjk ohj iq: kkapk nwljk,d oxz gksrk- ;k oxkzpk myys[k czeg vkf.k {k= kcnkauh dsysyk vk<grks- ;k nksu oxkzps ijlijka kh vr;ar lgdk;z gksrs- ;k nksu oxkzo;frfjdr ts yksd f kyyd jkfgys R;kapk myys[k ^fo k* Eg.kts izkk ;k kcnkus dsyk vkgs- rkri;z vk;z lektkr ggwggw czkeg.k] {kf=;] os ; vls rhu oxz fuekz.k >kys- izfker% ;k rhu o.kkzr fohkkxysyk gk lekt gksrk- i.k dkykarjkus vk;z mrrjkrhy fujfujkgs yksd ;k lektk kh,d:i gksow ykxys R;keqGs uo;kus vk;z lektkr lekfo B >kysy;k ;k yksdkapk,d Lora= oxz fuekz.k >kyk R;kykp kqnz vls uko fnys xsys 7 - ;kuqlkj lekto;olfkk pkj o.kkze/;s fohkkxyh xsyh vkf.k ;krwup pkrqo.;z lekt O;oLFkk vkdkjc/n gksr xsyh- ;k pkj o.kkzp;k jaxlaxrhe/;s vls fnlrs dh izr;sd o.kkzpk jax osxgk vlwu R;kps rs osf k V vly;kus o.kzo;olfkk lektke/;s egrokph ekuyh xsyh ;k pkj o.kkzr czkeg.k ika<jk vkgs- {kf=; yky os ; fiogk vkf.k kqnz dkgk 8 vls o.kkzps jax vlwu ;k vk/kkjkoj lekt O;oLFkk vk/kkjysyh gksrh ;kp lekt O;oLFksyk pkrqoz.;z O;oLFkk Eg.kwu eku;rk gksrh pkrqoz.;z O;oLFkk %& 12

6 _Xosnkrhy iq: k lqdrkr lekt iq: kkps ldkjkred o.kzu vlwu rs kfjjkp;k vo;okap;k xq.k/kekzizek.ks rrdkyhu lektkl vko ;d vlysy;k fo k ¼eq[k½ j{k.k ¼ckgw½ mriknu ¼ekaM;k½ vkf.k lsok ¼ik;½ vls lekt fodklkyk gkrhkkj yko.kkjs oxz dze k% czkeg.k] {kf=; os ; vkf.k kqnz gs ;k lekt iq: kkps pkj vo;okaiklwu fuekz.k >kys vkgsr vls o.kzu dsys tkrs- iq: k tj lektkpk izfrd ekuyk rj gs pkj o.kz R;kP;k pkj vo;ok}kjs fuekz.k >kys- vls izfrdkred o.kzu dsysys vk<grs- euq ;kp;k kfjjkrhy izr;sd vo;okl T;kizek.ks egrokps LFkku vkgs- R;kpizek.ks lektkr izr;sd o.kkzl leku LFkku vkgs- T;kizek.ks,[kkn;k vo;okph mis{kk o gkuh >kyh rj kjhj fod`r gksrs R;kpizek.ks lektkrhy dks.kr;kgh o.kkzl gkuh iksgksp.ks Eg.kts LokLF; fvdfo.ks dbh.k vly;kus izr;sd o.kz vkivkiy;k ifjus egroiw.kz vkgs Eg.kwu lokzaps LFkku R;k R;k tkxh egroiw.kz vkgs tkrh O;oLFkk %& tkr gk Hkkjrh; lekto;olfkspk,d izeq[k?kvd vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkr ygku ygku xks Vhiklwu eksfyd fopkjki;zar vk<g.kkú;k fofo/krsps eqg tkrh gsp vkgs- tkrh lalfkk dsogk o d kh vflrrokr vkyh ;kcn~ny fopkjoarke/;s,d er ukgh- iwohzp;k ekul kkl=kkap;k ers fganq lektkph tkrhae/;s th fohkkx.kh >kyh rh fujfujkgs yksd fujfujkgs /kans d: ykxy;keqgs >kyh vlkoh- dkghap;k ers] Hkkjrh; 13

7 tkrho;olfkk o mppkfupp LFkku Bj.kkjh tkrhph pkj o.kkzrhy fohkkx.kh oa k kq/n Bso.;kps ts iz;ru dsys- R;koj vk/kkjysyh gksrhtkr ;k kcnkyk baxzthr dklv ¼Caste½ vls EgVys tkrs- dklv gk kcn iksrqzxht kcnkrhy dklvk ¼Casta½ gks;- dklv ;kpk vfkz tkr oa k gks;- Eg.kts pkaxy;k dqvqackrhy O;Drh 10 ;kp izek.ks ywvhu Hkk ksrhy dklvw ¼Castu½ ;kps :ikarj dklv ¼Caste½ vlwu Eg.kts kq/n 11 vlk vfkz fnlwu ;srks- Hkkjrh; lekt fdaok O;oLFkslkBh jdr kq/nhlkbh okijyk tkrkstkr gk kcn dlk cuyk gs ikfgys rj tkrhhksnkps Lo:i fnlwu ;srs- lald`r e/khy tkrh ;k kcnkps rs ejkbh :i vlwu tue&tue.ks] tue?ks.ks ;kps HkwrdkGkrhy :i Eg.kts tueysys vls gksrs- ;ko:u tkrh ;k kcnkpk vfkz,dkp xvkr tueysy;kapk leqg vlk gksrks 12 R;keqGs tkr ;k kcnkyk egro izkir >kys vlwu tkrh Eg.kts tue Eg.kwu oa kkog vlkgh vfkz ;krwu r;kj gksrkstkrh O;oLFkk gh dqg iajijsr flfkjoysyh lkekftd dekzph o O;olk;kph okv.kh gs tkrhhksnkps,d egrokps dkj.k vkgs- lektthou O;ofLFkr fjrhus pkyo.;kdfjrk lkekftd dekzph okv.kh gksr vlrs fdaok R;k&R;k O;olk;kaP;k xvkauk eku;rk izkir gksr vlrs- vlk lekt kkl=akpk,d loz lkeku; fl/nkaur vkgs- dekzph ok O;olk;kph okv.kh gksr vlrkuk R;k R;k dekzph dks ky; T;k lkekftd xvkr vlrkr] rks 14

8 xv vkiyh thohdk R;k dekzrwu fuekz.k djrks- Eg.kwu dekzyk fpdvwu jgkrks vkf.k ;krwup iq<s tkrh O;oLFkk vkdkjkyk ;sr vlrs- Hkkjrh; lekto;olfksr tkrho;olfkk egroiw.kz ekuyh tkrs- R;keqGs ewdloscj ;k fopkjoarkus HkkjrkP;k Hkwehojhy ifo= la?kvu gs tuekoj vk/kkjhr vkgs vls lakfxrys 13 rj Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFksr tkr eksbh izhkkoh ekuyh xsyh- fganqe/;s tuegh tkrhph [kw.k gksr tks O;Drh tkrhpk lhkkln rks fganq gks;- vkf.k ;ke/;s tks ukgh rks fganw ukgh 14 - Hkkjrh; lekt jpuse/;s tkrhyk mppk LFkku gksrs- ;kojp lkekftd jpuk flfkjkoyhfganq /kekzps laldkj lokzaoj >kys vly;kus dezokn] iqutzue] vafre lr;] czegdyiuk] eqdrh] vr;alaldkj vkf.k tkrh/kez br;knhpk pkaxykp izhkko fuekz.k >kyk gksrk- ;k /kezrokpk vk/kkj?ksåup tkrh lalfksph mhkkj.kh >kyh vkf.k ;kp rrokapk Lohdkj d:u R;kP;krwu fuekz.k gks.kkjh lkekftd fo kerk] lkekftd vu;k; vkf.k lkekftd Js.kh ;kapsgh Lora«ki.ks lefkzu gksr xsys] vkf.k rh tuefl/n ekuyh xsyh- ;krwu tkrh&tkrhrhy fo kerk ijkdksvhyk xsyhtkrheqgs euq ;kaph fdaer xq.kako:u u Bjrk rh tkrho:u B: ykxyh- dkekph fohkkx.kh u gksrk- dke dj.;kph dk;e Lo:ikph fohkkx.kh >kyh- tkrho:u /kank o /kan;ko:u tkr vksg[k.;kpk iz?kkr imyk- ;keqgs tkrh&tkrhaps Lora= xv fuekz.k gksåu,d tkr nqlú;k tkrhiklwu vyx o Lora= jkgw ykxyh 15-15

9 v kk izdkjp;k tkrh; i/nrhp;k lektjpuseqgs,dk O;Drhus nqlú;k O;Drh kh dls okxkos ;kph f kdou u fegrk,d tkrhus nqlú;k tkrh kh dls okxkos] dks.krs fu;e vkf.k ca/kus ikgkohr gs Bjys xsys- ksovh R;kPkk vlk ijh.kke >kyk dh fof k B tkrhl fof k B :<h ijaijk vkpkj i/nrh fuekz.k >kyh- /kezxzafkkr ofj B tkrhuh dks.krs gdd vf/kdkj mihkksxkos vkf.k okijkosr gsgh Li V dj.;kr vkys- R;kr dfu B tkrhuh ofj B tkrhaph lsok djkoh vls Li V ueqn dj.;kr vkys 16 - ;kuqlkj tkrhph O;k[;k jpuk iq<hy izek.ks dj.;kr vkyhbjkorh dosz %& ;kap;k ers tkr gh dkgh FkksMs viokn oxgrk,d varfozokgh xv vlrks gk xv,dk Hkkf kd izns kkr iljysyk vlrks varfozokgh i/nrhps ikyu vkf.k,dk Hkkf kd izns kkr flehr vlrks- ;keqgs tkrhps lhkkln ijlijka kh HkkfodkaP;k fdaok lks;jhdkp;k ukr;kus lacf/kr vlrkr- R;kP;keqGs tkr Eg.kts ukrsokbzdkapk leqg gks; 17 - pkldz dqys %& tsogk,d oxz iw.kzr oa kkoj vk/kkfjr vlrks rsogk R;kyk,d tkr vls EgVys tkrs 18 - MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj %& ;kap;k ers fganw lektkph eqg jpukp tkrh; i/nrhoj vk/kkjsysyh vkgs- tkr gh ek.klkp;k lkekftd] jktfd; vkf.k vkffkzd thoukoj fu;=a.k Bsors- eukq ;kph fdaer fdaok Js BRo xq.kkaoj fdaok d`rhoj voyacwu ulwu rs tkrhoj o tuekoj voyacwu Bsoys 16

10 tkrs- tkrh; i/nrheqgs dkekp;k fohkkx.kh,soth dkexkjkaph o eukq ;kph dk;e Lo:ikph fohkkx.kh >kyh 19 - tkrh ;k kcnkpk vfkz T;k iq: k L=h xvkr vkilkr fookg gksrkr i.k ckgsjp;kar gksr ukgh- R;k xvkyk tkrh vls Eg.krkr vuqlwphr tkr %& Hkkjrh; lekt gk vusd tkrh&tekrhr fohkkxysyk vly;kus ijaijsizek.ks R;kaph jpuk,[kkn;k marjmh izek.ks vkgs- Hkkjrke/;s vk/kqfudhdj.kkph lq:okr >ky;koj gs fp= cnyw ykxys- fczvh kkap;k jktovhe/;s f k{k.kkps njokts lokzauk [kqys >kys- ijaijkxr O;olk; Vkdwu uohu O;olk; dj.;kph eksdghd fegky;kus lkekftd lq/kkj.ksrwu lerk o Lokra«;kph uoh eqy;s lekt /kqfj.kkauh Lohdkjyh vkf.k yksd kkghp;k LFkkiusrwu ;k ifjorzukp;k izdzh;sl izk/kku; ykhkysvli` ; fmizslm vkf.k R;kuarj gfjtu Eg.kwu vksg[kyk tk.kkjk oxz vuqlwfpr tkrh Eg.kwu vksg[kw ykxyk- b-l lk;eu dfe kus vuqlwfpr tkrh izfke lakk okijyh- Hkkjr ljdkj dk;nk 1935 e/;s ifgy;kankp vuqlwfpr tkrh gh lakk okij.;kr vkyh 21 - vuqlwfpr tkrhr izkeq[;kus vli` ; gksr 22 ;kuqlkj fczvh kkauk vli` ; ekuy;k xsysy;k oxkzpk lekos k vuqlqfpr tkrhr dsyk vkf.k R;kuqlkj vuqlqfpr tkrhph ifgyh vf/kd`r ;knh izdkf kr dj.;kr vkyh- Lokra«;kiwohZph vli````````````` ;rk ukgh kh dj.;kpk iz;ru d:u 17

11 vli``````````````````````` ;rk fueqzyukus osx?ksryk gksrk- ;kpcjkscj Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feg.;kph nkv kd;rk vly;kus HkkjrkP;k lafo/kku fufezrhps dk;z pkyw gksrs- vli` ;kaps usr`ro dj.kkjs MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj gs lafo/kku lferhrhy izhkkoh lhkkln gksrs- tsogk lafo/kku r;kj dj.;kps dk;z pkyw gksrs- R;kposGsl lafo/kku lferh b-l izek.ks vuqlwfpr tkrh gh lakk okijhr vls- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj lafo/kku elqnk lferhps v/;{k gksrs- R;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukpk elwnk r;kj dj.;kr vkyk- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkuke/;s dye 341 vkf.k 366 ;ke/;s vuqlwfpr tkrhps LFkku fuf pr dj.;kr vkys vkgs- Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvusp;k dye 341 e/;s vuqlwfpr tkrh ;kckcr rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh ;kuqlkj 341 ¼1½ ¼2½ % 1½ jk Vªirhyk ¼dks.kR;kgh jkt;kp;k fdaok jkt;{ks=kp;k½ ckcrhr vkf.k rs jkt; vlsy rj R;kP;k jkt;ikykp;k ¼fopkj?ksrY;kuarj½ tkfgj vf/klwpus}kjs R;k jkt;kr ¼fdaok izdj.k ijros la?k jkt;{ks=kr½ ;k lafo/kkukp;k iz;kstukfkz vuqlwfpr tkrh ekuy;k tkrhy- R;k tkrh oa k fdaok tutkrh vfkok tkrh oa k fdaok tutkrh ;kaps Hkkx fdaok R;krhy xv fofufnz B djrk ;srhy- 2½ lalnsyk dk; k}kjs dks.krhgh tkr oa k fdaok tutkrh ;kapk Hkkx fdaok R;krhy xv [kam ¼1½ [kkyh dk<ysy;k vf/klwpusr fofufnz B dsysy;k vuqlwfpr 18

12 tkrhpk lwfpr lekfo B djrk ;sbzy fdaok rh e/kwu oxg.;kr ;sbzy i.k mdr [kamk[kkyh dk<ysy;k vf/klwpusyk uarjp;k dks.kr;kgh vf/klwpus}kjk iwohz odrkuqlkj vlsy R;krwu vu;fkk Qjd dsyk tk.kkj ukgh 23 - ;kpcjkscj Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvusp;k dye 366 e/;s vuqlwfpr tkrh ;kaph O;k[;kgh Li V dj.;kr vkyh vkgs rh ;kizek.ks %& dye 366 ¼24½ vuqlwfpr tkrh ;kapk vfkz ;k lafo/kkukp;k iz;kstukfkz vuqpnsn 341 [kkyh vuqlwfpr tkrh vly;kps ekuys xsys vkgs- v kh tkr oa k fdaok tutkrh vfkok v kk tkrhps oa kkps fdaok tutkrhps Hkkx vfkok R;krhy xv vlk vkgs 24 - ;kizek.ks vuqlwfpr tkrh laca/kh Li V Lo:ikr O;k[;k dj.;kr vkyh- Hkkjr ljdkj dk;nk 1935 ;k dk; kuo;s vuqlwfpr tkrh gh lakk izfker% okijyh vkf.k Lokra«;ksRrj dkgke/;s gh Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvusus ;kp lakspk Lohdkj dsykvuqlwfpr tkrh gh lakk okij.;kiwohz iapek] ifjgk] vr;at] pkamkg] vnqr] tkrh cfg d`r] fmlizsm Dykl] gfjtu b- 25 lakkauh vli` ; lektkph vksg[k gksrhvuqlwfpr tkrh Eg.kts,dsdkGps vli` ; o.kkzjeo;olfksus,dk eksb;k leqgkyk fofo/k dkj.k ijaijkauh vli` ;?kks khr dsys- R;kus lk/kslq/ks 19

13 ekuoh though tx.ks v kd; d:u Vkdys gkrs- Kku] eku] lrrk] lairrh] lald`rh vkf.k lozlo ;kap;kiklwu nwj BsoY;kus R;kph flfkrh lekt cfg d`r >kyh vkf.k ;kp?kvuseqgs lektke/;s ufou oxz fuekz.k >kyk rks Eg.kts ^^nfyr** gks; nfyr ;k kcnkph O;k[;k nfyr kcnkpk ifrr imysyk vkf.k nhunqcgk vlk vfkz bfks eqghp vfhkizsr ukgh rj ;k ns kkrhy lekt O;oLFkse/kwu gk kcn fuekz.k >kyk vkgs- lkekftd vkffkzd ks{kf.kd vkf.k jktdh; v kk {ks=kaiklwu,[kknk lekt ekxkl jkfgy;kus R;kaph t kh vourh gksr vlrs- r kkp izdkjph vourh o.kzo;olfksrwu r;kj >kysy;k lektkph fdaok o.kkzph >kysyh gksrh- ifj.kkeh lekt O;oLFksP;k pksdvh ckgsjps thou tx.;kl Hkkx imys vkf.k lokzafx.k v/kksxrhdms okvpky lq: >kyhnfyr kcn ejkbh] fganh] xqtjkrh vkf.k vusd Hkkjrh; Hkk kkae/kwu okijyk tkrks- nfyr Eg.kts kqnz nqcgk vkf.k nfjnzh O;Drh gks; 26 - pqjmysys] rqmoysys vkf.k mis{khr o.kz vlkgh nfyrkpk vfkz fnlwu ;srks 27 - ;kpizek.ks lektkrhy kksf kr vlkgh nfyr letyk tkrks 28 - ;kpcjkscj nkcysyk] gydh tkr 29 ] vlkgh nfyrkpk vfkz fnlwu ;srks- R;kpizek.ks fganwe/khy rs kqnz T;kauk vu; tkrhizek.ks lekt vf/kdkj izkir ukgh 30 - vlk nfyr vfkz letyk tkrks- 20

14 nfyr gk lekt O;oLFksP;k ek/;ekrwu fuekz.k >kysyk kcn vlwu rgkxkgkrhy lekt cfg d`r] nqczy ekxklysyk] kksf kr fimhr v kk izdkjph volfkk vlysy;k lekto;olfkse/kwu fuekz.k >kysyk vkgs- nfyr gk kcn izfke egkrek Qqys ;kauh 19 O;k krdke/;s okijkr vk.kyk 31 R;kpizek.ks b- l e/;s fmlizsm Dykl rqsz iq.;krwu izdkf kr gks.kkú;k orzeku i=kr nfyr ca/kw ¼nfyr fe=½ vlk myys[k vls- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj vkiy;k ejkbh Hkk k.kkae/;s nfyr gk kcn okijhr vlr 32 - nfyr ¼HkXu½ gk kcn uohu ukgh- lad`r n kzu b-l e/;s ^^fmlizsm Dykl** lkbh faganh vkf.k ejkbh Hkk kkarj gks;- fczvh k ;klkbh vkrkph vuqlwfpr tkrh gh lakk okijhr vls R;kizek.ks b- l e/;s MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkauh 33 fyfgysy;k ^n vuvpscy* ;k xzafkkr MkW- vkacsmdj czksdu ewu ph fuom djrkr nfyrkaps baxzthrhy Hkk kkarj gks; 34 - nfyr vusd izdkjs vksg[kyk tkrks- tkrhckg; tkrh cfg d`r] fmlizsm Dykl] vli` ; vkf.k vuqlwfpr tkrh 35 ;k ukokus vksg[k.;kr vkyk- ;k nfyr oxkzp;k yksdkauh cks/n /kez Lohdkjyk rj ;k ns kkyk uohu thou ykhksy vkf.k rks vkiyh tyn xrhus izxrh djhy- ;k mn~ns kkus MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ;kauh 1956 e/;s cks/n /kekzpk Lohdkj dsyk- 21

15 gs /kekzarj Eg.kts vk/kqfud Hkkjrkr lq: >kysys,d uos ioz gksrs- cks/n /kez uhfroj vf/kf Br vkgs rlsp cq/n gk ekxznkrk vkgs- cq/nkus vkiy;kdms ekxzn kzd Hkwfedk irdjyh cq/nkpk /kez Eg.kts uhrh! cks/n /kekzr nsokph tkxk uhrhus?ksryh vkgs- /kez ;k kcnkpk dzkarhdkjd vfkz cq/nkus fopkjkfkz ekamyk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkaps cks/n /kekzojhy fopkj %& 1- lektkp;k LFkS;kZyk fucza/kkpk fdaok uhrhpk vk/kkj ikfgts- ;kisdh dks.kr;kgh,dkp;k vhkkoh lekt [kk=hus jlrgkyk tkbzy- 2- tj /kez pkyw jgko;kpk vlyk rj rks cq/nh izkek.;oknh vlyk ikfgts- fokku gs cq/nh izkek.;oknkps nqljs uko vkgs- 3- /kekzus dsog furhph lafgrk cu.ks gs dkgh /kekzps lozlo ukgh- /kekzp;k usfrd lafgrsus Lokra«; lerk fu ca/kwrk ;k eqyhkwr rrokauk eku;rk fnyh ikfgts- 4- /kekzus nkfjnz;kyk ifo= ekurk dkek u;s fdaok R;kyk mnkrr Lo:i nsrk dkek u;svkacsmdjkap;k ers ;k loz vis{kk cks/n /kez iw.kz djrks Eg.kwu izpfyr loz /kekzae/;s txkr /kekzpk Lohdkj djkok vlk,dp /kez vkgs- rks Eg.kts cks/n /kez 37-22

16 1-4 cks/n /kez %& cks/n /kekzpk mn; gks.;klkbh izkphu dkgkrhy o.kzo;olfkk egrokph Bjyh- dkj.k mrrj Hkkjrkr pkj o.kkzaph vk;kzauh rj iw.kz LFkkiuk dsyh gksrhp rh o.kzo;olfkk tog tog tuefl/n ekuyh tkr vls- brdsp uogs rj czkeg.k vkf.k {kf=; ;k nksugh tkrh MksbZtM >ky;k vlwu R;kaP;k ijlij opzloklkbh rhoz ravk pkyw gksrkv kk ;k dkgkr fganwlfkkukrhy dfiy oklrw ;k,dk uxjkp;k kkd; ;k mioukps lq;zoa kh; {kf=; dqy gksrs- v kk {kf=; dqgkr xksre cq/nkapk tue f[k-iw- 563 e/;s >kyk-,d vfhktkr vkf.k gq kkj Eg.kwu cq/nkaph x.kuk gksr vlscq/nkps dqy {kf=; vly;kus {kf=; ijaijsrp ok<yk 38 - cq/n Lor% {kf=; vly;kus {kf=; o.kkzyk Js B ekuhr i.k vls vlys rjh ;k lektkrwu QqVwu fu?k.;kl nksu egrokph dkj.ks fo ks k ekuyh tkrkr-,d rj osfnd iafkkrhy fgalk o nqljs tqu;k /kekzrhy tkrhhksn f kok; dezbkapk p<sy dekzfhkeku o vki.k gsp dk; rs eks{kkl tkå gh Hkkoukgh cq/nkyk phm vk.k.;kl dkj.k >kyh ;k nksu dkj.kkeqgs cq/nkus Lor%pk /kez LFkkiu dsykekjkpk ijkhko d:u /kezekxz kks/kwu dk<y;koj cks/khlro cq/n >kyk] ;sfkwu iq<s T;kyk lacq/n rfkkxr] lqxr] /kezjkt] ekjkftr] ftr b- lakk ykorkr- R;kus gk ekxz o;kp;k 36O;k o khz kks/kwu dk<yk vkf.k R;krqup cks/k izkir lk/kd cq/n vls ekuysys vkgs- Hkxoku cq/nkus 23

17 izorhzr dsysy;k /kekzyk cks/n vls Eg.krkr 39 - txkry;k eksb;k /kekzr ;k /kekzph x.kuk gksrs- Hkkjrke/;s ns[khy MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ;kauh dsysy;k /kezdzkarhuarj cq/nhlv yksdkaph la[;k gh izr;sd n kdkr ok<rp xsysyh vkgs e/;s cqf/nlv yksdkaps izek.k gs,dw.k yksdla[;sp;k 0-74% gksrs uarj rs ok<r tkåu 2001 e/;s rs 0-77 brds >kysys vkgs 38 - ;k vuq kaxkus egkjk Vªkrhy cq/nhlv yksdkaph la[;k iq<hy rdr;kuqlkj nk[kfork ;srs- 1-5 egkjk Vªkrhy cq/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k izlrqr rdr;ke/;s egkjk Vªkph,dw.k yksdla[;k] vuqlwfpr yksdla[;k vkf.k cqf/nlv yksdkaph yksdla[;k vkf.k R;kaP;kr gks.kkjs cny ;kps lknjhdj.k dsysys vkgs- Year of Censu s Total Population of Maharasht ra % Varientat ion in the decade in General Schedul ed caste populat ion % to total populati on % Varientatio n in the decade Budhist populati on % total popu latio n % Varient ation in the decade Source : Census of India (2001), The first Report on Religion Data 24

18 vuqlwfpr tkrhps izek.k o rlsp ;k vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;s cq/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k fdrh vkgs ;kaph vkdmsokjh n kzfoysyh vkgs ;ko:u vls fnlrs dh] 1961 uarj egkjk Vªkrhy cks/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k gs ok<rp xsysys vkgs- ;kaps laiw.kz Js; MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkaukp tkrs- R;kauh dsysy;k /kezdzkarheqgs egkjk Vªkrhy vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;s brj tkrhais{kk cks/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k gs lokzr tklr vkgs- 1-6 iq.ks ftyg;krhy cq/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k %& Name of the Distric t Total Populatio n Year Census Total populati on of Budhist % Total populati on Total populati on of S.C. % Total popul ation Poona Source : Census of India (2001), The first Report on Religion Data ojhy rdr;kr egkjk Vªkrhy iq.ks ftyg;krhy,dw.k yksdla[;k vuqlwfpr tkrh vkf.k cq/nhlv yksdla[;k ;kps izek.k krokjhe/;s ns[khy nk[kfoysys vkgsojhy rdr;kr 1951 uarj 1981 i;zar cq/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k izr;sd n kdkr ok<rp xsy;kps fnlrs ijarw 2001 e/;s rs deh >ky;kps fnlrs ijarw vuqlwfpr tkrhrhy brj 25

19 tkrhae/;s gs izek.k fue;kgwu tklr vly;kps fnlrs Eg.ktsp iq.;ke/;s ns[khy cq/nhlv yksdkaps izek.k gs tklr vkgs- 1-7 MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkaps ;ksxnku ¼1899&1956½ % egkrek Qqys] fob~by jketh f kans br;knhauh vli` ; lektkp;k m/nkjklkbh eksbs iz;ru dsys- kkgw egkjktkauhgh vli` ;kap;k pgoghl ikbhack fnyk gksrk- ijarw vli` ; lektkps,deq[kh usr`ro dj.ks QDr vkacsmdj ;k vli` ; tkrhr tueysy;k usr;kl kd; >kys- izfke eqacbz fo kihbkrwu inoh laiknu dsy;kuarj vkacsmdj vesfjdk o baxyame/;s mppf k{k.k?ks.;kl xsys o rsfkhy izfl/n fo kihbkap;k lokszpp ino;k laiknu d:u rs Hkkjrkr ijrys rsogk Hkkjrh; lektdkj.k o jktdkj.k,dk fof k B VII;koj vkys gksrs- vli` ; lektkl dks.krsgh jktdh; o lkekftd LFkku uogrs- jktdkj.kkoj mpp tkrhps opzlo gksrs- ejkbk o brj tkrhauh vkiyh jktdh; pgog lq: dsyh gksrhvkacsmdjkauh ;k ifjflfkrhpk vh;kl d:u vkiy;k vli` ; cka/kokap;k lkekftd o jktdh; gddklkbh >xm.;kps eukseu Bjfoys o 1920 iklwu vli` ;kaps la?kvu dj.;kl o R;kaP;k tkx`rhl lq:okr dsyh- vli` ;kae/;s vkiy;k gddkph tk.kho Ogkoh lokzauk R;kaps Eg.k.ks letkos Eg.kwu vkacsmdjkauk eqduk;d ¼1920½ cfg d`r Hkkjr ¼1927½ gh fu;rdkfyds lq: dsyh- vkiy;k lektkp;k jktdh; la?kvuklkbh flfkj jpuk vlkoh Eg.kwu cfg d`r fgrdkjh.kh lhkk ¼1924½ Lora= etwj i{k ¼1926½ vkf.k ksm;qym 26

20 dklv QsMjs ku ¼1942½ ;klkj[;k jktdh; la?kvuk o i{k LFkkiu dsys- egkm ;sfkhy ponkj rg;koj lr;kxzg dsyk uarj >kysy;k xksyest ifj knkae/;s vli` ;kaps izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu rs gtj jkfgys- vli` ;kauk Lora= ernkj la?k fegkosr ;ko:u egkrek xka/kh kh erhksn >kys o ksovh iq.ks ;sfks djkj d:u xka/kha kh R;kauk le>ksrk djkok ykxyk- v kk izdkjs iz;ru d:ugh fganw /kekze/;s dkghp Qjd imr ukgh gs R;kaP;k y{kkr vkys o R;kauh /kekzpk R;kx djko;kpk Bjoyk e/;s ;soys ;sfks vli` ;kaph th ifj kn >kyh rsfks R;kauh eh ^^fganw Eg.kwu tuekyk vkyks vlyks rjh fganw Eg.kwu ej.kkj ukgh**] gh dzkarhdkjd /kddknk;d?kks k.kk dsyh- rsogkiklwu R;kapk /kekzarjkpk fopkj lq: >kyk o ksovh 1954 e/;s vkacsmdjkauh ukxiwj ;sfks vkiy;k yk[kks vuq;k;kaleosr cks/n /kekzph fn{kk?ksryh ;k /kekzarjkeqgs yk[kks vli` ;kauh cks/n /kez flodkjyk- vkacsmdj egkj tkrhps gksrs R;keqGs /kekzarj dj.kkjkae/;s ;kp tkrhps izek.k tklr gksrsvkacsmdjkauk Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvusps f kyidkj vls EgVys tkrs dkj.k rs?kvuk lferhp;k elwnk lferhps 1947 e/;s v/;{k >kys- R;kaP;k lferhus?kvuspk ifgyk elwnk r;kj dsyk o?kvuk lferhr R;koj ppkz gksowu varhe?kvuk r;kj >kyh e/;s vkacsmdjkapk e`r;w >kyk R;kuarj 27

21 R;kaP;k rksyeksykpk o izfrhkspk usrk vli` ; lektkyk ykhkyk ukgh fganw L=h fl=;kauk T;k lektkr lekurspk luekukpk o izfr Bspk ntkz o LFkku vlrs- rks lqlald`r lekt vlrks- fganwlfkkukr ekr`lrrkd dqvqaci/nrh gksrh rsogk fl=;kauk lkekftd izfr Bk o lueku gksrk- dkgkp;k vks?kkr ekr`lrrkd i/nrhpk yksi gksowu iq: k iz/kku dqvqac O;oLFkk vflrrokr vkyh vkf.k fl=;kauk lektkr dfu B ntkz izkir >kyk- egkhkkjr dkgkr fl=;kauk os ; vkf.k kqnzkizek.ksp okjkaxrh izkir d:u?ks.;kpk vf/kdkj gksrk- rks gh iqugk Le`rhdkGkr ggwggw dk<wu?ks.;kr vkyk- is kokbzr L=h;kauk mihkksx; olrqais{kk osxgs LFkku uogrsfl=;kauk iq: kkaizek.ks eu cq/nh bpnk vkdka{kk vlrkr gs kkl=kizek.ks iq: kkaukgh eku; uogrs-?kjkrhy nkxnkfxus lairrh o kkshksp;k olrqizek.ksp L=h ns[khy izn kzuh; mi;qdr o laj{k.kh; vkgs- rh vcyk vkgs Eg.kwu iq: kkusp frps laj{k.k djkos- ijarq fl=;kus Lokra=o`Rrhus jkgw u;s 41 - Le`frxa/k gsp jkt;o;olfkk vkf.k lekto;olfkk pkyfo.;kps lafo/kku gksrs- izr;sd ofj B tkrhauh fl=;kalkbh dbksj fucza/k dsys gksrs- fl=;kaoj tso<s tklr vkf.k dbksj fucza/k rso<h R;k tkrhph dqvqackph izfr Bk o [kkunkuhi.kk tklr vls ekuys tkr gksrs- 28

22 ifrozrk] ckyfookg] iqufozokgcanh] ds koiu] lrh ;k vekuq k o dzqj] izfkk] :< >ky;k gksr;k] fl=;kauh imn~;kr jgkos iq: kkaleksj ;sow u;s] eksb;kus glw cksyw u;s] ikn=k.ks?kkywu iq: kkleksj tkow u;s- rls dsy;kus e;kznk Hkax gksrks- lektkr iqjk.kkrhy jk/kk&d`.kkps eqd ukrs eku; gksrs- xzafkkrwu ekrk Eg.kwu L=h;kapk xksjo dsyk] nsork o x`gy{eh Eg.kwu mnkrrhdj.k dsys i.k O;ogkjkr ek= ekrk] Hkfxuh lgpfj.kh] l[kh fiz;lh gs ukrs veku; d:u R;kaph fovacuk o NG dsyk] R;keqGs fl=;kauk izr;{kkr nklh] Hkksxnklh]?kjdke dj.kkjh gqdweh eksydjh.k ;k ifydmsp luekukps LFkku d/kh izkir gksow kdys ukghis kokbzr fl=;kapk cktkj Hkjr vls- nkl&nklh fod.;kph o fodr?ks.;kph m?km izfkk gksrh- ljnkj tgkxhjnkj nklh fodr?ksowu is kos] ljnkj o ukrsokbzdkauk HksV nsr vlriq.;kr cgqrsd Jhear x`glfkkap;k?kjh ysdokgs dqgach.kh o xqyke vlr f kok; dlfc.kh iksjh fodr vlr 42 - ckyfookgkph izfkk vly;keqgs lkb o kkzpk tjbgh vkb&ngk o kkzp;k dksog;k ckfyds kh fookg dj.;klkbh cksgy;koj p<r vls- nq dkg] jksxjkbz ;q/n v kk vkirrhr fu/ku >kys rj fryk?kjp;kaps f ko;k kki,sdr i kqizek.ks nklhps thou txkos ykxs- iq: kkauk fdrhgh fookg dj.;kph /kez kkl=kph ijokuxh gksrh- ek= fl=;kauk xsysys lkshkkx; iqugk izkir dj.;kpk vf/kdkj uogrk- 29

23 iqufozokgcanh dj.;kekxs iq: kiz/kku O;oLFksps erych vfkz kkl= nmysys fnlrs- fo/kosus dk;e?kjkr jkfgys dh] foukekscnyk nklh dk;e Lo:ikr fegr vls- R;kauk iqjsls vuu o ol= u nsrk fdrhgh o dlyhgh dkes d:u?ksrk ;sr vlsi kqizek.ks ekj>ksm djrk ;sr vls izlaxh dkekxuhgh kkar d:u?ksrk ;sr vls- v kk etcqj fl=;k vkregr;k djhr fdaok rhfkkzp;k fbdk.kh tkowu ckgar gksowu vhkzds frfkkzr Qsdr o frfksp os ;k O;olk; djhr 43 - lfrph pky ds koiukph izfkk ;k izfkkgh R;k dkgkr izpfyr gksr;k] fl=;k czkeg.k vlksr dh] kqnzkrh kqnz tkrhrhy vlksr R;kaps thou] d V] NG] fovacuk] voeku ;kauh f kxksf kx Hkjysys gksrs- /kekzarjkp;k?kks k.ksuarj ckcklkgsckauh tsogk fujfujkg;k /kekzapk rksyfud vh;kl lq: dsyk rsogk fganw /kez kkl=kauh fl=;kaoj dsysy;k vu;k;kph R;kauk tk.kho >kyhosndkgkr fl=;kauk iq: kkap;k cjkscjhpk ntkz gksrk- loz {ks=kr R;kauk leku vf/kdkj o ekukps LFkku gksrs- ijarw euqp;k dkgkr gh ifjflfkrh cnyyh- fl=;kaps loz vf/kdkj euqus dk<wu?ksrys- ^^pwy vkf.k eqy** brdsp R;kaps dk;z{ks= flfer dsys xsys ;kf kok; fl=yk lairhp;k f k{k.kkp;k vf/kdkjkiklwu oafpr Bsoys-,dw.kp L=h Lokra«;koj euqus laiw.kz ca/kus yknyh ggwggw fl=;kap;k vourhyk lq:okr >kyh 44-30

24 gh ifjflfkrh cny.;klkbh o fl=;kauk leku gdd izkir d:u ns.;klkbh ckcklkgsckauh,d elwnk r;kj dsyk- rksp ^^fganw dksm chy** Eg.kwu vksg[kys tkrks- ;k fcykus ikjaikfjd cgqiruhoj canh?kkryh fl=yk ;ksx; dkj.kklkbh?kvlqksvkpk o uoú;kiklwu osxgs jkg.;kpk vf/kdkj fnykeqykap;k cjkscjhus eqyhauk ekyerrspk okjlk fnyk cks/n L=h lozlkeku; Hkkjrh; L=h;kapk fopkj dsy;kuarj vls fnlwu ;srs dh] Hkkjrh; lektkps Lrjhdj.k QDr vkffkzd fud kkaoj gksr ukgh rj nqnszokkus R;kaP;k tkrhpkgh fopkj dsyk tkrks- R;kauk dks.kr;kgh ljdkjh loyrhapk Qk;nk fegok;pk vlsy rj R;kauk vkiy;k tkrhpk ukefunsz k djkokp ykxrks- vkt lekt lajpusrhy fueur Lrjkl vuqlwphr ok nfyr v kh lakk vkgs- T;kauk osfnd dkgkr kqnz ;k ukokus vksg[kys tkrs- MkW- jke kj.k ;kap;k ers vfkzosnkp;k izkjahkh kqnz ;k kcnkph mrirrh kqdz$nz g;k nksu o.kkzus cuyh vlwu T;kpk vfkz nq%[k fufezrh vlk vkgs- rj iqjk.k okme;kr kqnzkph fufezrh kqp Eg.kts nq%[kh gks.ks o bdms frdms HkVd.ks ok fuczy fulrst vlk vkgs 46 - rlsp vusd fbdk.kh kqnzk,soth nklh gk kcn okijyk xsyk vlwu kqnz o nklh gs kcn lekukfkhz okijys tkr vlkosr 47 - g;krwu kqnz L=hps osfnd dkgkrhy dkegh kqnz iq: kkizek.ksp lsok gsp vlkos- 31

25 kqnz iq: kkap;k Hkk;kZaps thou rls gkyk[khpsp gksr R;kauhgh mppo.khz;kap;k?kjh?kjxqrh dkes djkoh ykxrp f kok; R;kaP;k tkrhl fpdvysyk O;olk; iq: kkaizek.ks R;kaukgh djkok ykxsp- R;kizek.ks kqnz iq: kkl nkl vls lacks/kr ek= ;k nkl vkf.k nklh ;kapk vfkz xqyke uls 48 -?kjdkekcjkscjp kqnz L=hl ksretqjh] jlrs >km.ks esyk MksD;ko:u okgwu us.ks esysyh tukojs vks<qu xkokckgsj us.ks b- dkes iq: kkaizek.ks djkoh ykxrposfnd dkgkr kqnz iq: k lsoso;frfjdr ksrhgh djr o dkght.k ksretqjhgh djhr ts Lor%ph ksrh djr R;kauk Eg.kts ksrekydkl dj kos ykxs] R;kauk dj Hkjrk u vky;kl R;kaP;k eqykckgkauk o fl=;kauk ksr ekydkdms vktue dkegh djkos ykxs R;kauk d` khnkl Eg.kr Eg.kts mppo.khz; L=h lkj[ks frps thou dsog pqy vkf.k eqy g;kap;k khp QDr cka/khy uogrs- rj vkffkzd tckcnkjhgh frpsoj gksrh- dksvhy;kus rj vlk fu;ep?kkyqu fnyk gksrk dh] ksrh o i kqikyu dj.kkú;k kqnz iq: kkap;k dk;kzph tckcnkjgh R;kaP;k fl=;koj vkgs 49 - lkjka k L=hyk irhcjkscj ksrkojgh jkckos ykxs f kok; Lor%P;k?kjdkekcjkscj ksrekydkp;k?kjh ksretqjhgh djkoh ykxscks/n dkgkr ek= fl=;kap;k LFkkukr [kqip Qjd imyk- cks/n dkgkr L=h;kauhgh la?kkr izos k fegowu izfr Bk fegfoyh vkrefo okl o muurh vkrelkr dsyh- mnk % xksreh lqtkrk ek= cq/n dkgkr fegkysys gs Lora= 32

26 LFkku euqus /kkfezd dk; kr tk-pd ca/kus fygwu u V dsys- R;keqGs v/;;ukph la/kh ek= lozp fl=;kaph xsyh o kqnz fl=;k vkkukcjkscjp nkfjnz;klgh cgh tkå ykxy;k R;keqGs R;kaps LFkku kqnzkgwu kqnz g;k ikrghoj xsys- nfyr lektkrhy ok kqnz fl=;kauk tjh mpp o.khz; fl=;kaizek.ks lrh o fo/kok fookg canh lkj[;k :<hauk cgh tkos ykxys ulys rjh cyqr ekx.ks] nsonklhpk izdkj] vaxkr ;s.ks] yxulekjahkkrhy :<h ijaijk b- lkj[;k va/kj/nkauk cgh tkos ykxys vkgs 50 - ggwggw lektkoj baxztkap;k ik pkr; lald`rhpk izhkko imw ykxyk o mpp lektkrhy lqf kf{kr o fopkjoar yksdkauh va/kj/nk vmk.khi.kk ;k cn~ny fopkj dj.;kl lq:okr dsyh- xksjs fczvh k yksd vli` ;rk oxsjs ekur uly;kus vusd kqnz fl=;k R;kaP;k?kjkrhy gydhlydh dkes o eqys lkahkkg.ks b- dkes djhr v kkp,dk xksú;k lkgsckdms dke dj.kkú;k lxq.kkckbz leosr vkysy;k iksjd;k T;ksrhyk g;k uo;k lq/kkj.kkoknh ftoukps egro dgys gsp rs vli` ;ks/nkj dj.kkjs uh L=h f k{k.kkl pky.kk ns.kkjs egku vk lektlsod egkrek T;ksrhck Qqys gksrs 51 - xksú;k fe kuú;kauh eqyhap;klkbh kkgk lq: dsy;k rjh lukruh yksdkapk R;kauk Qkjlk ikbhack fegkyk ukgh- Eg.kwu Li` ; fganwp;k fojks/kkl u tqekurk b-l lkyh QqY;kauh izfke eqyhalkbh cq/kokj isbsr kkgk lq: dsyhrj R;kP;k ikbksikb b-l rs 52 ;k o kkzp;k dkgkr 33

27 vli` p eqys o eqyh ;kap;klkbh fujfujkg;k xkokrwu o egkjk Vªkrwu kkgk lq: dsy;k 52 - Qqys nkair;kauh lekt fopkjkp;k ewg xkh;kykp gkr?kkywu,dw.k L=hl lueku cgky dsys- kkfjjhd d Vkph dkes djrkp vli` ; L=hgh cnyr;k dkgkizek.ks f k{k.kkp;k macjb;koj mhkh jkfgyh- folko;k krdkp;k lq:okrhl tkr iapk;rhus fryk uoú;kl lksmfpv~bh ns.;kps] iqufozokg dj.;kps o ikv yko.;kpk vf/kdkj iqugk fnyk- brj Li` ; fl=;kap;k rqyusr frps dksvqafcd LFkku ux.; uogrsrjhgh L=h&iq: k laca/kkrhy usfrdrsp;k vf/kdkjkpk iz u nqyzf{kyk tkr uls 53 - nfyr fl=;kap;k ifjorzukpk vr;ar izhkkoh vfo dkj MkW- vkacsmdjkap;k pgoghrwu fnlwu vkyk R;kr iq: kkacjkscj L=h;kaukgh lghkkxh dj.;kr vkys- R;kosGh MkW- vkacsmdjkauh R;kauk uoh n` Vh fnyh o uo;k txkps Hkku Bso.;kcnny vkogku dsys 54 - uqlkr;k pgoghus lekt lq/kkjr ukgh rj?kvusrhy gdd o dk;ns g;kap;k vk/kkjs lekt lq/kkj.ksl pkyuk fegsy gs R;kauh vksg[kys R;klkBh tuehkj >Vys o Lora= HkkjrkP;k?kVusr g;k fof k V lektkl vuqdwy v kk dkgh?kvdkapk lekos k dsyk- brdsp uogs rj T;k lektkr L=h;kaph vogsyuk gksrs R;k /kekzpk Lor% R;kx dsyk o lektkl djko;kl ykowu uocks/n lektkph chts jksoyh- 34

28 vktph nfyr L=h th lgt] LokfHkekuh vkf.k vu;k;kpk izfrdkj dj.;klkbh ltt >kysyh fnlrs- R;kaps,deso dkj.k Lokra«;iqoZ dkgkr nfyr L=h iq: kkauh o dk;zdr;kazuh th ftokikm ijkdk Vk dsyh gs vkgs- vktph nfyr L=h dkyp;k nfyr L=hP;k [kka koj mhkh vkgs- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj o R;kaP;k vuq;k;kauh nfyr L=h ;kauk f k{k.k?ks.;kl izo`rr dsyss] o tj L=h oxkzr tkx`rh >kyh rj R;k vli` ; lektkr Qkj eksbh izxrh?kmow kdrkr vls okjaokj vkiy;k Hkk k.kkrwu ys[kukrwu lkafxrys- R;kp izek.ks L=h;kauh fdrh izek.kkr izxrh dsyh ;ko:u eh nfyr lektkp;k izxrhps eksteki djrks 55 - vls R;kauh vkogku dsys- lk/kkj.kr% Li` ; o vli` ; L=hl,dk osgh f k{k.kkph la/kh izkir >kyh- rjh vkffkzd ok lkekftd lqflfkrheqgs Li` ; L=h ftrd;k >ikv;kus f k{khr gkså kdrs] r kh izxrh vli` ; L=h d: kdyh ukgh- ek= ;kap;k ks{kf.kd izdzh;sr ekax o pkahkkj tkrhrhy L=h;kais{kk rqyusr cks/n f k{khr L=h;kaph la[;k usgehp tklr vkgsvktph nfyr L=h dkgh izek.kkr f kdyh vkgs- R;kpizek.ks Lor%yk f kdrk vkys ukgh rjh Lor%P;k eqykckgkauk rjh fuf pr f k{k.k kos,o<h tkx`drrk rhp;ke/;s fuekz.k >kyh vkgs- uksdjhp;k fuferrkus vuqlwfpr tkrhp;k fl=;kauk brj tkrh; fl=;kaizek.ks LoPNrk] iks kk[kkrhy VkiVhi vkf.k jkg.khekukr cny dsyk- 35

29 R;kP;ke/;s ^^,d fof k B e/;eoxz o czkeg.khdj.k gkså ykxys**] vls n;k iokj ;kaps er vkgs 56 - ek= iwohzp;k nfyr L=h;kais{kk fo ks kr% lqf kf{kr L=hl thou la?k kkzl deh izek.kkr rksam kos ykxy;kus R;kauk R;kaP;k Lotkrh; cka/kokp;k thoukrhy laa?k kkzph tk.k dnkfpr gksr ulkoh vls okvrs- ek= MkW- kadjjko [kjkr ;kap;k ;k laca/khpk fopkj dkghlk osxgk vkgs- R;kaP;k ers vkt ts nfyr L=hps :i vki.kkl fnlrs rs czkeg.khdj.k ok e/;eoxhz;kaps izfrd ulwu lkekftd ifjorzu gksr vkgs o R;kaP;k LFkkukrgh ifjorzu gksr vkgs- loz lektkcjkscj ;k lektkusgh uohu eqy;kapk Lohdkj dsyk vkgs- lekt fodkl izfdz;sr uohu eqy;kapk Lohdkj djrkuk fnlrks- R;krwup,d uolekt fuekz.k gksrks vlk uolket vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;sgh cuyk lkjka k % cq/n ;k lalfkkidkus vkiy;k /kekzp;k vk/kkjs cgqtu lektkp;k Hkk ksr vkiy;k /kezrokpk izlkj d:u v/;kred muurhph nkjs loz tkrh/kekzp;k yksdkauk [kwys dsyh vkf.k vli` ; tkrhp;k yksdkaukgh vkiy;k /kekzph fn{kk nsowu brjkap;k cjkscjhus fhk{kw la?kkr lkehy d:u?ksrys- dkgh dkg ;k /kekzpk izlkj >kyk vkf.k tkrhlalfksp;k ladqphr i.kkyk R;keqGs vkgkgh clykek= o.kzo;olfksph ikus&eqgs [k.kwu dk<.;kr gk /kez ; kloh >kyk ukgh- eqlyekuh vkdze.kkp;k dkgkr 36

30 Hkkjrkrhy kgjh vkf.k xzkeh.k thoukr ts cny >kys R;k vuq kaxkus blyke] cks/n] tsu v kk lozp /kekzauh izpkjkyk lq:okr dsyh- fo ks kr% 11O;k krdkuarj cks/n tsu /kekzrhy mnkjeroknkapk okjlk iq<s pkyfo.kkjs HkDrhiaFk mn;kl vkys- ijes ojkaph vki.k lkjs ysdjs vkgksr R;kyk vki.k lozt.k lkj[ksp vkgksr- ijes oj HkkoHkDrhP;k fuezg var%dj.k o kq/n ikfo«;kpk Hkqdsyk vlrks- br;knh ikjekffkzd f kdo.kheqgs kqnzkap;k vk/;kfred mrd kkzpk ekxz R;kauh eksdgk dsyk- ijarw lk/kq larkph gh pgog /kkfezd {ks=kiqjrhp e;kzfnr gksrhtuefl/n tkrh O;oLFksoj R;krwu fuekz.k gks.kkú;k Hk;kud fo kersoj R;kauh vk?kkr dsys ukgh- myv fganw/kekzrhy dezoknkpk R;kaP;koj tcjnlr izhkko gksrk- R;keqGs fganw lektkiklwu vyx jkgwup vli` ;kauk R;kapk vkreks/nkj dj.;kph okv eksdgh jkghy- fganw /kekzp;k pksdvhyk /kddk clyk ukgh- Hkkjrh; lektkpk ik;k xkao vkf.k tkr dk;e jkfgyh- ijarw ;k fganw /kekzus fl=;kauk brdh dbksj fu;e o ca/kus yknyh dh] L=h o kqnz gs leku ekuys tkow ykxys- ;ke/;s fl=yk egro nsowu egkrek Qqys ;kauh fl=;kap;k m/nkjklkbh kkgk dk<wu vkiys dk;z lq: dsys- [kkl d:u ekax o egkj tkrhp;k fl=;kalkbh kkgk lq: dsyh- ifrozrk] ckyfookg] iqufozokg canh] ds koiu] lrh br;knh :<h ijaijke/;s L=h HkjMyh tkr gksrhfl=;kauk gl.;kpk] eksb;kus cksy.;kpk vf/kdkj uogrk] fl=ps vflrro dsog pqy vkf.k eqy,o<sp gksrs- ;kgwugh 37

31 okbzv flfkrh vli` ; fl=ph gksrh- fryk?kjkrhy dkekcjkscj irhcjkscj ckgsjgh dke djkos ykxs] f kok; iksvkpk iz u Eg.kwu mppo.khz;kaph?kjh dkes djkoh ykxyh- rlsp vli` ; L=h Eg.kwu mppo.khz;kaps ns[khy fu;e ikgkos ykxys- rlsp dsog L=h Eg.kwu?kjkrhy ca/kus ;keqgs vli` ; L=hps thou vf/kdp gkyk[khps gksrs- ;k fl=;kap;k gkyk[khp;k iz ukapk vh;kl d:u Qqys nkair; o MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ;kauh fl=p;k fodklklkbh [kú;k vfkkzus iz;ru dsys- Qqys nkair;kauh kkgk dk<y;k R;keqGs fl=l f k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj fegkyk- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkauh fganw dksmfcyklkj[ks kl= oki:u lekurspk vf/kdkj fnyk- R;keqGs cks/n L=h f kdyh o f kdwu Lor%ph izxrh dsyh- lanhkz lqph 1) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1970), Who are the shudras published by Dinkar Sakruikar & Thucker and company Ltd. Page No ) Kenneth W. Morgen (1953), The religion of Hindu The Ronald press company, Page No :-16 3) Ibid, page No. 17 4) Ibid, page No. 22 5) K.P. Bahadur, A History of Indian Civilisation Vol. 1 Publication New Delhi, P.No. :

32 6) ia-egknso kkl=h tks kh ¼1976½] ^^Hkkjrh; lald`rh dksu&6**] Hkkjrh; lald`rh dks k eamg iq.ks] iku ua-&3 7) r=so] iku ua- 5] 8) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1970) Op cit page No.-18 9) Govind Das (1908) Hinduism and India London & Benares Theosophical Publishing New, P.No. : ) J.H. Hutton (1951) Caste in India Oxford University press, London P. NO ) K.L. Mukhopadhyay 2002, Origin and growth of caste in India Vo. 1, Kalpaz Publication, New Delhi. 12) ukenso OgVdj ¼1962½ Hkkjrkrhy tkrhhksn o R;koj mik;] ; kjh izdk ku] dksygkiwj] ikua ) Andre Beteille (1969) Caste: Old and News Asia publishing House Bombay P. No ) Ibid, page no ) Ibid, page no ) I.S.S. Omalley (1974) Indian Caste Customs Vikas publishing house and Ltd. (Indian), P.No ) izk- ; koar lqear] MkW- nrrk=; iqams ¼1988½ egkjk Vªkrhy tkrh lalfkkfo k;d fopkj] izfrek izdk ku iq.ks] 39

33 ik-ua ) flerk kekz ¼1987½] lekt kkl= ds fl/nkar] l:i vwum lul esjb] iku ua ) kadjjko [kjkr ¼2004½] vli` ;kapk eqdrh laxzke] banzk;.kh lkfgr; izdk ku iq.ks] iku ua- 3 20) fo-u- dkdklkgsc cjcs ¼1948½] ekuo/kez fofopu egkjk Vª gfjtu lsod la?k /kqgs] iku- ua ) Joseph Benjamim (1989), Schedules Castes in India Politics & Society, Ess. Ess. publication New Delhi, P.No ) Ibid] P.No ) Hkkjrkps lafo/kku ¼1983½] ¼Hkkjr ljdkj&fo/kh U;k; o daiuh dk;z ea=ky;½] egkjk Vª jkt;kp;k Hkk k.k lapkyuk}kjs vuqoknhr vkf.k lapkyd eqnz.k o ys[ku lkexzh egkjk Vª jkt; ;kap;k}kjs Hkkjr ljdkjp;k orhus eqfnzr o izdkf kr-] ikua ua ) r=so] iku ua ) Ghanshyam Shah (2001) Dalit identity and politics Saga Publication New Delhi P.No ) Ibid, Page No

34 27) n-g- vxuhgks=h ¼1984½] vfhkuo ejkbh&ejkbh kcndks k&3] fogul izdk ku iq.ks 28) ifjey kcndks k ¼ejkBh&baxzth&fganh½ 29) MkW- iz-ua- tks kh ¼1982½] vkn kz ejkbh kcndks k fonhkz ejkbokmk cqd daiuh] iq.ks] ik-ua ) dkfynk iznkl jkt oyyhk ¼2003½] c`gr fganh dks k KkueaMy fy- okjk.klh jkeuoeh laor] iku ua ) /kuat; dhj ¼1966½] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj ikwi;qyj izdk ku izk-fy-]iku ua ) r=so] iku ua ) egknso kkl=h tks kh ¼1970½] ^^Hkkjrh; lald`rh dks k & 6**] Hkkjrh; lald`rh dks k eamg iq.ks] ikua- & 3 34) Census of India (2001), The first Report on Religion Data 41

35 35) kadjjko [kjkr&2006] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdjkaps /kekzarj] banzk;.kh lkfgr; izdk ku] iq.ks] iku ua ) /kuat; dhj&1966] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsmdj] ikwi;qjy izdk ku izk-fy-]iku ua ) fo-ok-ckiv&1935] cks/nn kzu lkj] czegfo k xzafkekyk iku ua ) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, 2007, Bauddha and his Dhamma, Popular Publication, Mumbai, Page No ) r=so 40) larks k nklrkus] ^^ egkjk Vª 2011**] nklrkus jkepanz vkf.k da- iq.ks 30] iku ua ) ljkst dkacgs ¼1999½] euqle`rh fl=;k] MkWvkacsMdj lkfo=hckbz Qqys izdk ku] iku ua ) MkW- kekz jke kj.k ¼1979½] ^^ kqnzks dk izkfpu bfrgkl vuqla/kku ifj kn] U;w fnyyh] iku ua ) xa-jk-lkus ¼1930½] Hkkjr o kkzpk /kkfezd bfrgkl 42

36 egkjk Vª lkfgr; lsod xzafkekyk iq.ks] ikua ua ) /kekzuan dkslach ¼1910½] ^^cq/n /kez vkf.k la?k** fu.kz; lkxj Nki[kkuk eqacbz] iku ua- & 16 45) r=so] iku ua- & 17 46) kkshkk Hkkxor] 1980] ^^nfyr iq: kkp;k vkrepfj=krhy loz izfrek**] ¼vko`Rrh izfke½] L=h ok.kh izdk ku iq.ks&30 iku ua ) r=so] iku ua- & 18 48) Jherh iokj mfezyk o ewu feuk{kh ¼1981½] ^^vkegh bfrgkl?kmfoyk**] L=h izdk k eqacbz] iku ua- 1@2 49) r=so] iku ua- & 4 50) fyckags kj.k dqekj ¼1981½] ^^nfyr lkfgr;** ¼xaxk/kj ikurko.ks½] izpkj izdk ku dksygkiwj] iku ua- & ) r=so] iku ua- & ) MkgkV] /kujkt 1990] Qqys vkacsmdjh pgog] izes; izdk ku ukxiwj] iku ua & 20 43

37 53) r=so] iku ua ) jkolkgsc dlcs ¼1983½] nfyr pgoghph okvpky ds ko xksjs Lekjd VªLV eqacbz] iku ua ) r=so] iku ua ) n;k iokj vkf.k brj laiknd ¼1993½] ^^MkWckcklkgsc vkacsmdj xksjoxzafk**] egkjk Vª jkt; lkfgr; vkf.k lald`rh eamg] iku ua ) kadjjko [kjkr ¼1978½] izsj.kk vkf.k izo`rrh ¼vko`Rrh ifgyh½] bukenkj ca/kw izdk ku iq.ks &30] iku ua