UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NEW DELHI

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1 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NEW DELHI Western Regional Office Pune 7 Minor Research Project AHMEDNAGAR MADHIL ADIVASHI LOKANCHE BRITISHANCHYA VIRUDHATIL UTHAO vgenuxje/khy vkfnoklh yksdkaps fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkrhy mbko File No /10(WRO), dated : 11 May 2011 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR DR. AMBADE KISAN MARUTI Associated Professor & Research Guide PG Department of History & Research Center New Arts Commerce and Science College, Ahmednagar ( M.S.)Pin MARCH 2017

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY izklrkfod %& vgenuxj ftygk lokzaxh.k n`"vhdksukrwu egrokpk ftygk Eg.kwu egkjk"vòkr vksg[kyk tkrks- jkf"vò; pgoghrwu ns kkpk vflerk tksikl.;kph egrokph Hkwfedk vgenuxj ftyg;kus ctkoysyh vkgsvgenuxj ftyg;kpk lkekftd ifjflfkrh tj cf?kryh rj vki.kkyk fofo/k tkrh&tekrhps rlsp /kekzps yksd ftyg;kr vlysys fnlrkr- R;kr vkfnoklh yksdkaph la[;k laxeusj] vdksyk ;k ifjljkr tklr vlysyh fnlwu ;srs yk ejkbh lrrspk 'ksov gksåu ;kfbdk.kh baxztkaph lrrk flfkj >ky;kuarj 1800 rs 1900 ;kdkgkr Eg.ktsp 19 O;k 'krdkr vkfnoklh fhkyy] dksgh ;k tekrhps fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr mbko dsys- 19 O;k 'krdkr fczfv k lrrsp;k fojks/kkr ts vkfnoklh yksdkauh mbko dsys vkgsr R;kapk vh;kl izlrqr la kks/kukr dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- 1½ la kks/kukph vko ;drk %& fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr ts mbko oafprkauh dsys R;k mbkokph n[ky vkt i;zarp;k bfrgkl ys[kukus?ksrysyh ukgh- Eg.kwu,df=ri.ks vkfnok kh tekrhus ts mbko dsys rs orzekudkyhu lektkyk ekfgr Ogkos ;k gsrwus la kks/kukph vko ;drk Hkklyh Eg.kwu ;k fo"k;kph fuom dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- 2½ la kks/kukps mfn~n"v;s %& 1- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; fegfo.;klkbh vkfnoklh tekrhus ts mbko dsys R;kph tkf.ko fuekz.k dj.ks- 2- vgenuxje/khy vkfnoklh mbkokph O;kidrk letw.k?ks.ks- 3- Hkkjrh; Lokra«;kph vflerk [kkyp;k?kvdkai;zar d kh ltyh rs igk.ks- 3½ x`fgrds %&

3 1- fczfv kkaph lkezkt;oknh izo`rrh 2- lektkrhy 'kksf"kdkaps dsysys izpam 'kks"k.k- 3- vkfnoklhph la?kfvr Hkwfedk- 4-,d 'krd Hkj >kysys mbko igk.ks- 4½ la kks/ku i/nrh Bfrgkl gs lkekftd 'kkl= vly;keqgs lkekftd 'kkl=krhy la kks/ku i/nrhpk okij la kks/kdkyk vkiy;k la kks/kukr djkok ykxrks- bfrgkl gs 'kkl= vly;keqgs dkxn vlys rj bfrgkl vu;fkk bfrgkl ukgh- R;keqGs,sfrgkfld?kVuspk os/k?ksrkauk dkgh i/nrhpk okij djkok ykxrks- izlrqr la kks/kukr fo ys"k.kkred logsz{k.k vkf.k o.kzukred la kks/ku i/nrhpk okij dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- 5½ izdj.kkuqlkj ekam.kh %& 1- ifgys izdj.k la kks/ku i/nrhps vkgs- 2- nlqjs izdj.kkek/;s vgenuxjph ik ozhkwehph ekamyh dsysyh vkgs- 3- frljs izdj.kkr vgenuxje/khy vkfnoklh lektkpk lkekftd thoukpk vk<kok?ks.;kr vkysyk vkgs- 4- izdj.k pkje/;s 19 O;k 'krdkp;k iwokz/kkr vkfnoklh yksdkauh fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr ts mbko dsys R;kph ekam.kh dsysyh vkgs O;k 'krdkp;k mrrjk/kkzr vgenuxje/khy vkfnoklhaps y<s izdj.k ikp e/;s dj.;kr vkysys vkgs- 6- izdj.k lgke/;s fu"d"kz vgsvgenuxj ftyg;krhy ekuoh thou] ik ozhkweh let.ks egrokps vkgs- egkjk"vòkr vusd jktdh; cny?kmwu vkys- R;kpk ifj.kke vkffkzd o lkekftd {ks=kr >kyk- lkrokgu dky[kam] okadkvd o ;kno] cgke.kh dky[kam] futke kkgh] vkfny kkgh] ejkbs kkgh] fczvh k jktov v kk vusd jktfd; lrrkauh vkiyh gqdqer xktoyh vkgs-

4 vk;kzaps fganqlfkukr vkxe.k gks.;kiwohz ^vkfnoklh* fganqlfkkukr eqg jfgoklh gksrs- R;k dkgkr vkfnoklh VksG;k&VksG;kauh jkgr gksrs- vk;z fganqlfkkukr vky;kuarj vkfnoklhap;k cú;kp VksG;k vk;z yksdka kh lejl >ky;k- dkgh VksG;k ijkhkwr gksowu rj dkgh VksG;k Lor%ph vflrro fvdo.;klkbh nú;k[kksú;kp;k o txaykp;k vkj;kyk tkåu jkfgy;k- Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklhauk R;keqGs ^fxjhtu* vls EgVys tkrs- eqgps rs ;kp Hkwfeojps vly;keqgs R;kauk ^Hkqfetu*] ^Hkqfe=* vls nsf[ky Eg.krkr- usgeh vj.;kr jkg.kkjs Eg.kwu ^vj.;d* vlsgh R;kauk lacks/ku;kr ;srs- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukus R;kauk vuqlwfpr tekrh Eg.ktsp vkfnoklh fdaok vkfne tkrh lacksf/kys tkrsfhkyykapk iwoz bfrgkl %& nzfomh Hkk"ksr ^foyyw* fdaok ^fcyyw* ;kpk vfkz /kuq";ck.k vlk djrkr- fhkyykap;k gkrh usgeh /kuq"; vls Hkkjrh; tekrhisdh lokzr tklr la[;sph gh tekr- ok;o;sdmwu iatkce/;s vjc vkf.k eqflye yksd vkys rsogk rsfks jkg.kkjs jtiwr nf{k.ksdms LFkykarjhr >kys- jtiqrkauh esokm] jktlfkku] xqtjkre/;s jkg.kkú;k vkfnoklh tekrhauk [kkyh nf{k.ksdms ikbfoys- R;keqGs fhkyy tekr likv] lqihd izns kkrwu iozr jkaxkr o taxykp;k izns kkr eksb;k la[;sus vkyh- vktgh lkrekgk] vftabk] lkriqmk] lg;knzh] fo ] vjoyh ;k iozrkap;k fhkyy] gkvdj] csjm ;k vkfnoklh tekrh cgqla[;sus vkgsr- 2 ;k vknhoklh tekrh taxykap;k vkj;kus jkgqu f kdkj] QGs] daneqgs [kkåu vkiyh miftfodk Hkkxorkr- ;kap;kr f k{k.kkpk vhkko tk.korks- dkj.k VksG;kVksG;kaP;k :ikus gh tekr fo[kqjysyh fnlrs- d/khd/kh gh tekr pksjh yqvekjgh djrkuk fnlwu ;srsuanqjckj ftyg;krhy olkok] ogoh] ikmoh vkf.k xkohr] ekoph] dksd.kh ;k vkfnoklhaph eqg olrhlfkkus lkrekgk] lkriqmk] lg;knzh] vjoyh gksrs- rs dkgh fhkyksjh Hkk"ksrhy yksdxhrkao:u Li"V gksrs-

5 dksgh gh tekr e/;izns k] egkjk"vò] xqtjkr jkt;kar vk<grs- rh dkgh Hkkxkr vuqlqfpr tekr Eg.kwu vksg[kyh tkrs- rj dkgh Hkkxkr ;k tekrhyk ekxkl oxkzp;k Js.khr Bso.;kr vkys vkgs- dksg;kar lksudksgh] <ksj dksgh] egknso dksgh vkf.k eygkj dksgh vls oxz dksg;kaps imrkregkjk"vòkr ;krhy nksu oxz vk<grkr-,d Eg.kts ekls ekj.kkjs dksgh o nqljs Eg.kts 'ksrh dj.kkjs dksgh- ekls ekj.kkjs lksudksgh oxkzr eksmrkr rs vuqlqfpr tekrhr eksmr ukgh dkj.k R;kaph vkffkzd o lkald`frd flfkrh lq/kkjysyh vkgs- vuqlqfpr tkrhr egknso dksgh o eygkj dksgh ;kapk ek= lekos k gksrks- rs dksd.k o ns kkr eksb;k izek.kkr vk<grkr- MkW- foylu ;kauh dksg;kap;k vusd 'kk[kk fnysy;k vkgsr- R;kr vkxzh] vghj] oan] fhkyy] fhkykos] fhkjys] paph] nksj] vxj Vksdjs] gsyekj] dcosj] djkms] [kkj] egknso] Mksaxj ÅQZ jkt] eygkj] vxk dquqe] pqeyh] iku] Hkjh] ejkbk] ek[kh] easnkys] esrk vxj /kuxj] eqlgs] usgjs] jkgrkmdj] f kax] rksdh] rk;ms] Bk.kdj vxj f[klrh o oyh- 34 togkjps jkt?kjkus gs dksgh gksrs- eygkj dksgh] egknso] lksu dksgh o <ksj gs izeq[k dksgh xv gks;- <ksj dksgh lokzr dfu"b lacks/kys tkrkregknso dksgh %& egknso dksg;kaph eksbh olrh vgenuxje/;s vkgs- [kamksck o,dohjk nsohph rs HkDrh djr- R;kaph jksx fuokj.k dj.kkjh ojlqckbz gh,sd izeq[k nsork vkgs- nljk] fnokgh] v{k ; r`rh;k ;kalkj[ks l.k rs lktjs djrkrdksg;kapk uol o ea=ra=koj [kqi fo okl vlrkseygkj dksgh %& gs [kamksckps ¼ eygkjhps HkDr ½ vly;keqgs R;kauk gs uko imysys vlkos- gs ik.kh Hkj.;kps dke djhr vlkosr- R;kauk ikuhkjh dksgh vlsgh Eg.krkr- dkj.k eygkj dksgh Bk.ks] eqacbz] ia<jiqjp;k ifjljkr vk<grkrvgenuxje/;sgh R;kaph olrh vkgs- vgenuxje/;s vk<g.kkú;k eygkj dksgh oxkzrhy vla[; dksgh 'ksrh djrkr- ejkbs kkghr rs xm dksvkap;k

6 laj{k.kkps dk;z djr vlrs- R;keqGs R;kauk xmdjh gh lakk izkir >kysyh fnlrs- flagxm] rksj.kk] jktxm ;k fdyy;kaps oa k ijaijkxr j{kd gs dksghp gksrs- eygkj dksg;kapk fcgs dksm.;kpk gh O;olk; gksrk- 35 yxu dksgh yksdkar fookg vlxksy?kjk.;kar gskrs- ;kf kok; fof k"b xksekrp fookg dj.;kph ijaijk dksgh lektkr fnlrs- mnk- ckacgs] xksyh;kaps yxu xksms] fgys] >katjs] ukmdj o fipm ;kap;k kh gksrs rj ckt fookgkph izfkk iqohziklwu pkyr vkysyh vlyh rjh vfydms rh izks< fookg :ikarjhr >kysyh fnlrsb-l pk mbko gh Hkkjrh; bfrgklkrhy,d vr;ar egroiw.kz?kvuk gksrh- fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkrhy rks,d l kl= y<k gksrk- ;k y<;kph lq:okrhph ukanh tjh Hkkjrh; f kik;kaph camkgh gh vlyh rjh R;kph O;kIrh ek= dsog f kik;kap;k camkiqjrhp flfer jkgw 'kdyh ukgheqgkrp Hkkjrkrhy fofo/k xv 'ksrdjh] dkexkj] dkjkxhj] fhkyy] dksgh] Bkdj] jkeks kh ;klkj[;k vkfnoklh tekrh ;k fczvh kkap;k fo:/n vlarq"v gksr;k vkf.k ;k loz xvkauk vkiyk vlarks"k n kzfo.;kph la/kh 1857 P;k mbkokus fegkysyh gksrh- fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkryk gk vlarks"k tjh 1857 P;k mbkokr vfr k; izhkkohi.ks ekamyk xsysyk vlyk rjhgh rks vpkud mqkgwu vkysyk uogrk- ;k vlarks"kkyk iwohzp;k vusd o"kkzph ik ozhkweh gksrh- dsog fhkyykap;k mbkokaiqjrs cksyk;ps >kys rjh fhkyy tekrhapsgh vusd o"kkziklwu mbko fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr pkywp gksrs- b-l P;k mbkoklkj[kh eksbh?kvuk?kmy;keqgs lgkftdp fhkyykap;k y<;kaps 1857 P;k mbkokiwohzps y<s o 1857 P;k mbkoke/khy y<s vls nksu Hkkxkr fohkkx.kh dj.ks vh;klkp;k n`"vhus egrokps Bjrs pk mbko laiw.kz Hkkjrkr >kysyk gksrk ;k vuq"kaxkus egkjk"vòkrgh dksygkiwj] jrukfxjh] vgenuxj] csgxko br;knh fbdk.kh mbko >kysys gksrs- ;k mbkokp;k vxksnj b-l e/;s egkjk"vòkr lrrk gksåu fczvh kkapk,dn=h vaey egkjk"vòkr izlfkkfir >kysyk gksrk- rsogkiklwup

7 egkjk"vòkrhy osxosxg;k Hkkxkr fczvh kkafojks/kh mbko lq: >kysys gksrs- ;k mbkokph ik ozhkweh fczvh kkap;k lkekftd] vkffkzd] /kkfezd 'kks"k.kkr gksrh- 'ksrhoj vfkzo;olfkk voyacwu vlysy;k egkjk"vòkr 'ksrhph izpam okrkgr uo;k jktovhr >kysyh gksrh- fud`"v izdkjph 'ksrh o nq"dkgkps dk;e oklro; ;keqgs 'ksrdú;kaph izpam okrkgr >kysyh gksrh- v kk ifjflfkrhr 'ksrdú;kaph fczvh kkadmwu pkyysyh figo.kwd Fkkacr uogrh- ;k ifjflfkrhe/;s xkosp;k xkos vksl imr gksrh- ;kpk izhkko 'kgjh thoukoj ikm.ks gsgh LokHkkfod gksrs- dkj.k 'kgjkrgh /kku; izpam egkxys gksrs- b-l lkyh egkxkbzeqgs iq.ks 'kgjkrgh naxk HkMdysyk gksrk-,o<sp ukgh rj 'ksrdú;kauk fczvh kkaph ^dk;e/kkjk i/nr* izpam tkpd okvw ykxysyh gksrh- 'ksrdjh,o<s =klysys gksrs dh] tfeuhph ikg.kh djk;yk tk.kkú;k vaeynkjkoj 'ksrdjh gyys d: ykxysys gksrs-,dw.kp fczvh kkaph lrrk izlfkkfir >ky;kuarj fczvh kkauh ts vusd dj lkeku;kaoj yknysys gksrs R;keqGs O;kikj] m ksx/kans dkjkxhj] 'ksrdjh ;kaps [kpphdj.k >kysys gksrs- ;krwu fczvh k jktovh fo"k;h tulkekuu;kap;k eukr vlarks"k fuekz.k >kysyk gksrk- ;k vlarks"kkps i;kzolu b-l rs b-l i;zarp;k dkgkr egkjk"vòkr fczvh kkap;k fo:/n vusd ygku eksb;k mbkokr >kysys gksrsfczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr lq: >kysys gs mbko fofo/k vkfnoklh tekrhapsgh gksrs- ;ke/;s fhkyy] jkeks kh] dksgh o Bkdj ;k tekrh fo ks"krokus vxzlfkkuh gksr;k- b-l rs 1831 ;k nje;ku [kkuns kkrhy fhkyykauh rhoz Lo:ikps y<s fnys- ;sfkhy fhkyykauk y<;kps usr`ro f=acdph MsaxGs ;kus dsysys gksrs- b-l e/;s fhkyykauh f kjiwj ;sfksgh mbko dsysyk gksrk- ;kp nje;kup;k dkgkr iq.ks ftyg;kr mekth ukbzdkus jkeks kkauk la?kvhr d:u baxzrkp;k fo:/n cam iqdkjys gksrs- rks Lor% jkeks kkapk EgksjD;k >kysyk gksrk vkf.k fczvh k vf/kdkú;kauk R;kus vxnh tsjhl vk.kysys gksrs- fczvh kkauh LFkkfud dkjhkkj] lekto;olfkk] /kez o vfkzdkj.k

8 ;kr glr{ksi lq: dsysyk vly;keqgs ;sfkhy fofo/k tekrhae/;s ts vlarks"k /kqelr gksrk R;krwup gs mbko?kmr gksrsegkjk"vòke/;s xksam] fhkyy] egknso dksgh ;k loz tekrhauh mbko dsysys gksrs- eqgkr ;k loz tekrh y<.kkú;k o jkt;dr;kz tekrh gksr;kfczvh kkap;k lrrk LFkkiuse/;s R;kaph jkt; y;kl xsyh gksrh-,dw.kp R;kaP;k vflrrokpkp iz u fuekz.k >ky;kus rs cam[kksj njksms[kksj cu.ks LokHkkfod gksrs- b-l e/;s lkriqm;kp;k Hkkxkr fhkyy cam[kksjkap;k 50 VksG;k gksr;k- ;k dky[kamkr Hkkxqth ukbzd] rav;k fhkyy] jk?kksth Hkkaxjs ;kaps cam xktysys gksrs- b-l P;k lqekjkyk fhkyykap;k VksG;kauh o dksg;kap;k VksG;kauh Bk.ks] vgenuxj] ukf kd] /kqgs o iq.ks ftyg;kr cú;kp fbdk.kh baxztkfo:/n cam dsysys gksrs- 2 fczvh kkauh mrrj o nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy eksbky;k lrrk laiq"vkr vk.kwu vkiyk,dn=h vaey laiw.kz Hkkjrkoj izlfkkfir dsysyk gksrk- gk vaey laiq"vkr vk.k.;klkbh ;k LFkkfud lrrkauhgh fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr cam lq: dsysys gksrs- R;kaP;k ;k camkp;k izhkko egkjk"vòkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhaojgh gksrs- eqgkr vkfnoklh tekrh ;k lgu khy tekrh gksr;k- rfkkih Lor%oj gks.kkú;k vu;k;kp;k fojks/kkr ek= ;k tekrhauh dvk{kkus mhkk jkg.;kl lq:okr dsyh gksrh vkf.k R;kr fhkyygh ekxs uogrs- vkfnoklh tekrhauh fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr mbko dk dsysvkfnoklh tekrhauh fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr dsysy;k mbkokaph dkj.k feekalk % bfrgklkrhy dks.krhgh?kvuk fuf pr v kk dkj.k feekalsf kok;?kmysyh ukgh- R;keqGs egkjk"vòkr fofo/k vkfnoklh tekrhauh fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr th cam dsys- R;kikBhekxsgh fuf pr v kh dkj.k feekalk gksrhvkbjko;k 'krdkiklwu fczvh kkauh Mksaxj nú;kr jkg.kkú;k vkfnoklh tekrhauk fofo/k izdkjkauh =kl ns.;kl lq:okr dsysyh gksrh- ;kps i;kzolu R;kaP;k vlarks"kke/;s >kysys gksrsrrdkyhu dky[kamkrhy lkodkj] O;kikjh] da=kvnkj ;kauh vkfnoklh izkarkr?kqlqu rsfkhy eqgp;k jfgok kkauk yqv.;kl lq:okr dsysyh gksrh-

9 oklrfod ;k yqvhlkbh ;k yksdkauk fczvh kkaph Qwl gksrh- R;keqGs ;k tekrhae/khy vlarks"k vf/kd ok<r pkyysyk gksrk- ;k mbkokae/;s fhkyykauh b-l rs 1848 P;k nje;ku [kkuns ke/;s] gksl tekrhauh 1832 e/;s NksVk ukxiwj ;sfks] [kklh tekrhauh 1829 rs 1832 nje;ku vlke ;sfks] dks;k o lafkkgkauh b-l rs 1856 e/;s vka/kzizns k ;sfks rj eqamk tekrhauh 1899 rs 1900 P;k nje;ku NksVk ukxiwj ;sfks br;knh mbkokapk myys[k djkok ykxrks- 3 vkfnoklh lald`rhyk Hkkjrh; lald`rhp;k mrfkkukph xaxks=h ekuys tkrs- ;k vkfnoklhauk Lor%P;k osxg;k :<h] ijaijk] pkyhjhrh gksr;k- R;keqGs R;kaph,d Lor%php Lora= v kh lald`rh gksrh- fczvh kkauh vkfnoklh tekrhap;k HkwHkkxkoj glr{ksi dsyk rlkp rks R;kaP;k ijaijk jhrhfjokt ;kap;k ckcrhrgh dsysyk gksrk- fczvh kkauh ;k ijaijkae/;s dsysyh <ogk<og ;k yksdkauk veku; gksrh- ;k vkfnoklhap;k dkgh izfkk ;k fo?kkrd vly;k rjhgh R;kauk R;k vfr k; fiz; gksr;k- R;keqGs tsogk dkgh fczvh k vf/kdkú;kauh ckygr;k] euq";cgh] v kk vekuoh izfkkaoj canh?kkryh rsogk vkfnoklh yksdkauk gs vkiy;kojhy lkald`frd vkøe.k okvysys gksrs- 4 ;krwu lald`fr j{k.kklkbh ;k tekrhauh fczvh kkap;k fo:/n cam lq: dsys vls v/kksjsf[kr gksrsfczvh kkauh dks.krsgh dkj.k u lkaxrk vkfnoklhap;k Mksaxj nú;kap;k Hkkxkr] 'ksrhe/;s vfrøe.k dj.;kl lq:okr dsysyh gksrh- vkiy;k lkezkt;kpk folrkj dj.;klkbh R;kauh vkfnoklhaps izkar dkcht dsys gksrsvkfnoklhauk gs vfrøe.k o glr{ksi lgu u >ky;kus R;kauh mbko lq: dsys R;ke/; pksj 1768( fhkyy 1818 rs 1848( gksl 1820 rs 1822( [kklh 1829 rs 1832( flaxqks 1830 br;knh mbkokapk lekos k gksrk- 5 MksaxjnÚ;krhy vlysy;k [ksm;kapk jkt; dkjhkkj dj.ks lksis tkos ;k vuq"kaxkus fczvh kkauh vkfnoklhae/khy LFkkfud yksdkaph iksyhl f kikbz Eg.kwu fu;qdrh dsysyh gksrh- vkfnoklh gs vaxk fiamkuh f/kiikm gksrs o dkvd

10 vly;kus R;kpk,d izdkjpk ncnck LFkkfud [ksm;kaoj vlk;pk- ;k iksyhl teknkjkauk fczvh k ixkj k;ps- R;kp cjkscj LFkkfud [ksm;krwu egrokpk O;Drh Eg.kwu yksdkadmwu okf"kzd HksV R;kauk fegk;ph rfkkih fczvh kkauh dk; kus v kk HksVh?ks.;koj canh vk.kyh gksrh- R;keqGs ;k teknkj yksdkauh fczvh kkapk fo:/n mbko lq: dsys- jketh Hkkaxjs ;kus dsysyk mbko ;kp dkj.kkus >kysyk gksrk- & Ramaji Bhangre who in his youth had been a famous outlaw and during the latter years of Bajirao s region had become a most useful police officer on the establishment of British rule, waited on the Collector and was appointed chief constable or Jamadar of one of the hill Police posts. According to custom in addition to his pay, Ramji received as a yearly meeting or bhet present from every village a rupee, a fowl, and some rice, and a sheep from ever flock that passed through his charge Ramji did good service until an order came that no Government servent was to take any present in addition to hip pay. This order was applied to Ramji and his chickens; he wrote to ask that an exception might be made his favour; and as he got no answer to his letter he asked for his discharge. His discharge was refused and he was given six months leave. At the end of the Six months leave as nothing was done to raise his salary, or to make up for his loss of perquisites he went into outlary 6 ;ko:u Li"V y{kkr ;srs dh] fczvh kkauh LFkkfud teknkjkauk th o"kkzlus fegk;ph R;koj canh?kkryh gksrh- R;keqGs ;k teknkjkauk vkiy;k uksdjhr lkjl; Bjys ukgh- jketh Hkkaxjs ;kus fczvh kkauh vkiy;kyk ;k dk; krwu oxgkos v kh fouarh dsysyh gksrh ijarq rh fczvh kkauh ukdkjyh o R;keqGs R;kus uksdjh lksm.;kpk fopkj dsykfczfv kkaph dsog lgk efgu;kaph jtk eatwj dsyh o R;keqGs R;kus fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr cam iqdkjysfczvh kkauh vkiy;k eglwykr ok< Ogkoh ;k dkj.kklro ns[khy taxyh Hkkxkoj opzlo izlfkkfir dsysys gksrs- R;kauh rsfkhy jfgok ;kaoj izpam tqyeh dj yknysys gksrs- ykdwm foøhlkbh izpam izek.kkr oukaph rksm dsysyh gksrh- taxyh mriknukoj vkiyh ekydh gdd lkax.;kl lq:okr dsysyh gksrh- R;keqGs vkfnoklh mbko dj.;kl izo`rr >kysys gksrs- ;k f kok; ;k

11 vkfnoklhap;k xjhchpk o R;kaP;k nkfjnz;kapk Qk;nkgh fczvh k?ksr gksrsfczvh k yksd R;kaP;kdMwu vxnh gyd;k ntkzph dkes d:u?ksr gskrs- R;kaP;kdMwu vxnh xqjkaizek.ks o vf kf{kr vly;kus R;kaP;koj gks.kkú;k vu;k;kph tk.kho R;kauk lq:okrhyk >kyh ulyh rjhgh uarj ek= R;kaP;kr fczvh kkafo:/n vlarks"k fuekz.k gks.;kl lq:okr >kyh- lq:okrhyk fuewvi.ks gh xqykexhjh lgu dj.kkjs vkfnoklh 'ksovh camkus isvwu mbysvkfnoklhap;k ;k mbkoke/;s /kkfezd dkj.kgh rso<sp egrokps gksrs vls Eg.kkos ykxsy- f[kzlrh fe kuú;kauh ;k vkfnoklh Hkkxkr izos k d:u R;kauh f[kz pu /kez flodkjkok ;klkbh rs fofo/k ekxkzus iz;ru djhr gksrs- /kekzarj gh ckc brj Hkkxkarhy yksdkaizek.ks vkfnoklhaukgh veku; gksrh-,dw.kp fczvh kkauh vkfnoklh lektkaoj pkyfoysyk vu;k;] vr;kpkj] lkekftd :<haoj gks.kkjh vfrøe.k xqykefxjh v kk vusd dkj.kkauh ;k vkfnoklhauh fczvh kkap;k fo:/n mbko dsys- 19 O;k 'krdkp;k iwokz/kkrhy fhkyykaps mbko & b-l P;k camke/;s lalfkkfud] f kik;kacjkscjp vkfnoklh lety;k tk.kkú;k vusd tekrhauh mbko dsys- fczvh k ljdkjp;k vu;k;h vkf.k tqyeh /kksj.kkafo:/n ns kkrhy fofo/k Hkkxkrwu izfrfø;k mev.;kl lq:okr >kysyh gksrh- Hkkjrh; turse/khy fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr tks valrks"k gksrks rks b-l P;k mbkokrwu fnlwu vkyk-,dw.kp Hkkjrh; vlarks"kkph izfrfø;k mbkokrwu mevysyh gksrh- rfkkih gk lxgk vlarks"k vpkud mqkgwu vkyk vls ek= uogrs- b-l P;k mbkokiwohzgh NksV eksbs cam fonzksg pkywp gksrs vkf.k rs vkfnoklh tekrhae/;sgh >kysys gksrsfdacgquk T;k dkgkr f kikbz vkf.k lalfkkfud fczvh kkacjkscj,dfu"b gksrs- R;kp dkgkr fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr Bkei.ks mh;k jkfgy;k R;k vkfnoklh tekrh gksr;kb-l P;k mbkokiwohz vgenuxj e/khy fhkyykap;k mbkokyk lq:okr gh laxeusj rkyqd;krhy fuexko tkgh ;sfkwu >kkyh- ;sfkhy

12 f=acdth MasxGk gk is ko;kapk /kkmlh vkf.k,dfu"b lsod gksrk- ijarq R;kl fczvh k ljdkjus xaxk/kj kkl=h ;kap;k [kwukp;k xqug;kr idmwu dsnsr Bsoys gksrs- ;k nje;ku is ko;kauh baxztkcjkscj rsukrh QkStspk djkj dsysyk vly;kus rks baxztkap;k fojks/kkr tkå 'kdr uogrk- f=acdthus dsnsr vlrkauk eksb;k f krkqhus Lor%ph lqvdk d:u?ksryh o baxztkap;k fojks/kkr camkps j.kf kax Qqadys- R;kus izfke [kkuns k] ckxyku] ;k Hkkxkrhy fhkyy o jkeks kh yksdkauh la?kvhr dsys o R;kuarj vgenuxj ftyg;krhy vdksys o laxeusj rkyqd;kr ;såu rsfkhy fhkyy o dksg;kauk la?kvhr d:u baxztkap;k fojks/kkr fpfkkoys- f=acdthp;k ;k loz dkjokbze/;s R;kl is ko;kaphgh vkffkzd enr gksrh- gh ckc fczvh kkauk letyh gksrh- rsukrh QkStsP;k djkjkus is kos m?kmi.ks f=acdthyk enr d: 'kdr ulys rjhgh R;kaph Nqih enr f=acdthyk gksrh gh ckc fczvh kkap;k y{kkr ;srkp fczvh kkauh,d i= is ko;kauk ikbfoys gksrs o R;kr fyfgys gksrs dh],d efgu;kp;k vkr f=cadthyk vkep;k Lok/khu djk rksi;zar tkehu Eg.kwu 24 rklkp;k vkr rqeps pkj fdyys jk;xm] iqjanj] f=acd o flagxm vkep;k rkc;kr kis ko;kauh pkj fdyys fczfv kkap;k Lok/khu dsys ek= f=acdthyk idm.;kph mik;;kstuk dsyh ukgh- 7 ;ko:u Li"V fnlwu ;srs dh] is ko;kapkgh f=acdthp;k camkyk iw.kz ikbhack gksrk- vfkkzr fczfv kkaiklwu ejkbs kkgh [kkylk gkså u;s ;klkbhpk,d vkrz iz;ru ckthjko is ko;kpk ;kikbhekxs letkok ykxsyf=cadth MasxGkus fofo/k Hkkxkr jkgwu baxztkauk =kl ns.ks pkywp Bsoysfo ks"krokus R;kus ckxyk.k] [kkuns k] vdksys] laxeusj ;k Hkkxkrhy dksgh] fhkyy o jkeks kh ;k vkfnoklh yksdkauk gkrk kh /k:u R;kus baxztkafo:/n cam mhkkjysys gksrs- R;kus LFkkfud yksdkap;k eukr fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr rs< fuekz.k Ogkok ;klkbh lozrksijh iz;ru dsysys gksrs- R;kus fczvh kkaps fdyys yqvysys gksrs- R;kp cjkscj T;k vkfnoklhap;k orunkú;k u"v >kysy;k gksr;k R;kauk R;kus fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkr la?kvhr dsysys gksrs-

13 f=acdthps cam fczfv kkadjhrk =klnk;d Bjr gksrs- R;kps cam eksm.;kdfjrk tujy MksOgVu ;k fczvh k vf/kdkú;koj tckcnkjh lksifo.;kr vkysyh gksrh- ;k vuq"kaxkus tujy MksOgVu gk lsu;kfu kh vgenuxje/;s nk[ky >kyk- R;kus f=acdth MksaxGkoj gyyk dsyk ijarq rks R;kP;k gkrkrwu fulvyk- fczvh kkauh camoky;kapk EgksjD;k idm.;klkbh fczvh k vf/kdkjh cf{klkaps vkfe"k iztsyk nk[kfor vlr- ;kuqlkj baxztkauh f=acdthyk idmqu ns.kkjkl cf{kl fnys tkbzy vlk tkfgjukek dk<yk o ukf kd Hkkxkrhy o.kh fnamksjh tog vkgsjokm ;sfks f=acdthyk fczfv kkauh idmys ek= fczfv kkauk f=acd MsaxGsyk e`r;wnamkphp f k{k k;ph gksrh ijarq R;keqGs yksdkae/khy vlarks"k vk.k[kh ok<sy ;k fhkrhus fczfv kkauh dsog R;kl pqukjp;k fdyy;kr dsnsr Bsoys o 'ksovh b-l e/;s R;kpk rsfksp e`r;w >kyk- 8,dw.kp f=acdthp;k mnkgj.kkojwu y{kkr ;sbzy dh] vkfnoklhap;k mbkokp;k ckcrhr vgenuxje/khy ifgys cam f=acdth MsaxGsP;k ek/;ekrwu >kys gksrs- oklrfod f=acdth gk ejkb;kapk fo oklw lsod gksrk- ejkb;kaph lrrk fn?kzdky fvdkoh ;klh R;kps iz;ru vlk;psijarq fczfv kkauh b-l yk ejkbs kkgh [kkylk dsyh- ;kuarj ts eksbs ljnkj gksrs rs vkivkiy;k eqyq[kkoj LFkkf;d >kys= ;k izokgkr ygku eksbs fdyysnkj ;kaph ifjflfkrh fcdv cuyh gksrh= v kk ifjflfkrhr is kokbzph o ejkbh jkt;k kh tks izekf.kdi.ks okxyk rks vgenuxj ftyg;krhy f=acdth MsaxGk ek= nqnsoh Bjyk o R;kyk vkiys thou ekrheksy?kkykos ykxys- 9,dw.k vls Li"V gksrs dh] f=acdth MsaxGk ;kl ejkb;ka kh,dfu"b jkgwu fczfv kka kh la?k"kz dj.ks Hkkx imysejkbs kkghp;k ikmkokuarj ejkbk ljnkjkap;k rkc;kr vlysyk,d,d izkar fczfv kkauh vkiy;k opzlok[kkyh vk.k.;kl lqº dsysyh gksrs- vxnh vgenuxj izkarkpk fopkj dsyk rj R;kosGh vgenuxj f kans o gksgdj ;kap;k rkc;kr gksrs- R;kosGh baxztkauh f kans o gksgdjka kh la?k"kz d:u vgenuxj izkar vkiy;k opzlok[kkyh vk.kysyk gksrk- ejkb;kap;k dkgkr

14 vgenuxj izkrkar ;s.kkjs tso<s xm o fdyys gksrs R;koj orunkj Eg.kwu fhkyy o dksgh ;kauk j[kokyhps dke lksifo.;kr vkysys gksrs- fo ks"kr% vdksys] laxeusj] ukf kd] tquuj Hkkxkrhy orunkjkaoj csdkjhps lkov fuekz.k >kysys gksrs- R;keqGs gs csdkj gks.kkjs orunkj ;kauh camkpk ifo=k?ksrysyk gksrk- vgenuxj ftyg;krhy 'ksoxko Hkkxkrhy iwohzpk lqhksnkj /kjeth izrkijko gk gksrk- 'ksoxko fczfv kkap;k rkc;kr tkrkp /kjeth izrkijko ;kus bxaztkafo:/n mbko lq: dsyk gksrk- R;kps cam eksm.;kpk fczfv kkauh iz;ru dsyk gksrk- ;klkbh dw- ikwfvatj] ekwdyhu o flefk ;kap;koj cam eksmhr dk<.;kph tckcnkjh lksifoysyh gksrh- ;k vf/kdkú;kauh R;kps cam eksmhr dk<.;klkbh R;kauh la?kvhr dsysy;k dkgh yksdkauk vkffkzd vkfe"k nk[kowu cktwyk dsys rj dkghauk vgenuxjp;k fdyy;kr dsn dsys- v kkizdkjs /kjeth izrkijkops cam fczfv kkauh eksmhr dk<ys gksrs- dsnsr BsoysY;k lsu;kph izpam okrkgr R;kauh dsysyh gksrh- rsfkhy gks.kkjh miklekj vu;k; o NG ;keqgs ds kauh rq:axkrgh cam dsys gksrs- rsfkhy igkjsdú;kaph gr;kjs fgldkowu?ksåu R;kauk ekjgk.k dsyh gksrh- 10 ;k ds kaps cam eksm.;klkbh ikwfvaxtj ;kus rsfks lsu; ikbfoys o R;kaP;koj csnqv xksghckj dsyk v kk izdkjs ds kaps cam ns[khy fczfv kkauh eksmwu dk<ys gksrsvgenuxjp;k fdyy;krhy ds kaoj xksghckj dsy;kph ckreh brj= iljy;keqgs ;k?kvusps froz imlkn ilj.ks LokHkkfod gksrs- ;k xksghckjkr lqekjs 80 camokys Bkj >kysys gksrs- R;keqGs fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr brj fhkyy o dksgh yksdkae/;s izpam vlarks"k iljysyk gksrk- ;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu b- l e/;s csykiwj] lksubz] czkeg.kh ;k Hkkxkrhy /kkmlh o 'kwj fhkyykauh la?kvhr gksåu baxztkafo:/n cam iqdkjysys gksrs- la?kvhr gksåu fczfv kkauk dksamhr idmk;ps vlk dv camoky;kauh jpysyk gksrk- o ;klkbh mrrj fganqlfkkukrhy dkgh brj camoky;kaphgh enr fegkoh v kh ;kstuk R;kauh vk[kysyh gksrh- ;k vuq"kaxkus dvkph ckreh egkjk"vòkrhy brj camoky;kauk iksgpfoyh xsyh o loz dvoky;kauh xqiri.ks yklwu ;sfks tekos

15 o mrrj fganqlfkkukrwu camoky;kaph enr fegrkp fczfv kkaoj gyys djkosr v kh,dw.k ;kstuk vk[k.;kr vkysyh gksrh- ;k dvke/;s fhkyy cgqla[ksus lghkkxh gksrs- ijarq ;k dvkpk lqxkok fczfv kkauk vxksnjp ykxyk o fczfv kkauh dk dv v; kloh dsyk- 11,dw.kp ;k camke/;s fhkyykuk vik; kp vkys vlsp Eg.kkos ykxsy- eqgkr vi; k ;s.;kps dkj.kgh vkivkilkrhy erhksn o,suosgh fczfv kkacjkscj dsyh tk.kkjh fqrqjh gsp gksrsfhkyykap;k mbkokp;k ckcrhr vh;kl djrk,d xks"v izd"kkzus tk.kors rh Eg.kts fczvh k camoky;k VksG;kaps mbko eksmhr dk<hr gksrs rjhgh R;k vi; kkrwu camoky;kap;k vk.k[kh VksG;k la?kvhr gksåu iqugk fczfv kkap;k fojks/kkr mh;k Bkdr gksr;k- ;kyk dkj.k fczfv kkauh dqv furh gksrh- is kokbzuarj fczvh k ljdkj Jhear] tehunkj] izfrf"br yksdkapk lueku Bsor gksrs o ts NksVs dedqor vkgsr R;kapk vieku djhr gksrs- vkfnoklh tekrh Eg.kwu fczfv kkauh R;kauk usgehp f>mdkjys gksrs- f kok; fofo/k Hkkxkr ts vkfnoklh fdyysnkj ljnk ukbzd Eg.kwu dke ikgr gksrs rlsp dkgh Hkkxkr orunkj Eg.kwu dke igkr gksrs R;kauk fczfv kkauh usgehp inko:u nwj dsysys gksrs- ;k vlarks"kkph ifj.khrh usgehp camkr >kysyh gksrh- ;kp nje;kup;k dkgkr b-l e/;s vgenuxj Hkkxkr fhkyy cam[kksj rqdmhus fiaigusj o lkøh ;sfks ljdkjh [kthuk yqvyk gksrk- ;kp osgh Hkhek ukbzd ;kus lqyrkuiqjkoj gyyk d:u baxztkauk gsjk.k dsysys gksrsb-l rs 51 nje;kup;k dkgkr fhkdkú;k ukbzd] Hkkxpan ukbzd] dqaoj thok ;klkj[;k fhkyykauh baxztkauk [kwi =kl fnysyk gksrk- vls vlys rjhgh fczvh k R;kaps cam eksm.;kpk dlks khus iz;ru djhr gksrs- fn- 4 vkwdvksacj 1857 jksth ys- gsujhp;k usr`rok[kkyh vgenuxjp;k iksfyl rqdmhus fhkyykaoj grrk dsyk- ;kp nje;ku laxeusj toghy panukiqjhp;k VsdMhoj gsujhp;k e`r;w >kkyk gksrk- ;kosgh camoky;kapk EgksjD;k Hkkxksth ukbzd gk [kkuns kkrhy egknsokp;k Mksaxjh Hkkxkr oklro; djhr gksrk- duzy

16 FkWpj o ewdu g;kauh R;kyk Mksaxjke/;s igko;kl ykoys gksrs- fhkyykauh ikg.k ksj gs [ksms yqvys gksrs o ;k ijhljkrhy VsyhQksuP;k rkjk rksmwu brj xkokaojgh gyys p<foys gksrs- fhkek ukbzdkus 800 fhkyykap;k usr`rok[kkyh fn- 12 vkwdvkscj 1857 jksth loz okgrqd can ikmyh o fczfv k ljdkjoj ladv vks<owu vk.kys gksrs- b-l P;k 'ksovh fluuj ;sfks fhkyykauh yqvekj njksms eksb;k Lo:ikr dsysys gksrs- 12 ;kp nje;ku fhkyykauh cktkjkr foøhlkbh vkysys /kku; brj olrw rlsp O;kikÚ;kadMhy jks[k jdde njksms Vkdwu glrxr dsy;kp;k?kvukgh?kmysy;k gksr;k- ;k nje;ku dkgkrhy fhkyy camoky;kaps LQqrhZLFkku Hkkxksth ukbzd ;kus 'kahkj fhkyykaph rqdmh mhkkjyh gksrh- ;kp lqekjkl fhkek ukbzd] [kkt;k ukbzd] g;kap;k rqdmhus uksogsacj 1857 e/;s dysdvj eqddkeh vlysy;k banksj o:u [kthuk o vkqwph ywv dsyh gksrh- ;ko:u vls Li"V fnlrs dh] tso<k tqyqe fczfv k vkfnoklhaoj djr gksrs- rso<sp fhkyy fpfkkoys tkr gksrs o fczfv kkp;k fojks/kkr la?kvhr gksr gksrsfczfv kkauh dsysy;k vr;kpkjkpk dsog LFkkfud Hkkxkrp izhkko imr gksrk vls ukgh rj brj izkarkrhy?kvuspk izhkkogh camklkbh rso<kp izsj.kknkbz Bjr gksrk- [kkuns kkrhy vkfnoklhap;k fojks/kkr MÒe VÒk;y ukokpk [kvyk fczfv kkauh pkyfoysyk gksrk- o R;kuqlkj 57 yksdkauk xksgh?kkywu Bkj dsys gksrs- gh ckreh vgenuxjp;k fhkyykauk letrkp R;kpk cnyk?ks.;klkbh ukanxko ;sfks fhkyykauh,d= tek;ps Bjfoys gksrs-,dw.k pkj ksp;k lqekjkl fhkyykaph la[;k gksrh o R;kauh fczfv kkaoj gyys p<foys gksrs- gk gyyk ijrowu yko.;klkbh ys- LVqvVZ dw- ekåav xsesjh o ys= psacyzu ;k vf/kdkú;kalghr rhu ks lsau;kph QkSt vkysyh gksrh- ;k pdedhe/;s dw- ekåav xksesjh ys- psacyaszu t[keh >kysys gksrs rj ys- LVqvVZ e`r;weq[kh imysys gksrs- 13 ;kosgh baxztkadmhy togtog 19 yksd e`r;weq[kh imys gksrs o 50 t[keh >kysys gksrs- rlsp fhkyykadmhy 25 yksd e`r;qeq[kh imysys gksrs-

17 ;kp nje;ku vgenuxje/;s vdksyk] laxeusj] jkgqjh] ikjusj ;k Hkkxkrhy fhkyykauh Hkkxksth ukbzdkap;k usr`rok[kkyh mbko lq: dsys gksrs- Hkkxksth ukbzd gk iksfyl [kkr;kr teknkj Eg.kwu uksdjhl gksrk- R;kus b-l e/;s cam[kksjkauk vizr;{k enr dsyh gksrh Eg.kwu R;kl f k{kk >kysyh gksrh- R;kus b-l e/;s cam[kksjkauk vizr;{k enr dsyh gksrh Eg.kwu R;kl f k{kk >kysyh gksrh- ;k fhkyyka kh fczfv k ljdkj fo:/n mbko dsysys gksrs- HkkjrkP;k vusd vkfnoklh Hkkxkrgh mbko >kysys gksrs- R;ke/;s nf{k.k ukf kd o mrrj vgenuxj ;k Hkkxkr jkg.kkú;k nsku Mksaxjh tekrh dksg ho fhkyy ;kaps mbko egroiw.kz Bjysys gksrs- R;kauh Lokra«;klkBh fczfv kkafo:/n la?k"kz dsysys gksrs- 14 is'kokbz T;kosGh fczfv kkauh ftadyh R;kosGh vgenuxj f kan;kp;k opzlok[kkyh gksrk- osylyhus vgenuxjpk izns k fczfv kkap;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh vk.kyk gksrk- vgenuxj ftyg;kpk Hkkx fczfv kkap;k rkc;kr T;kosGh vkyk R;kosGh vdksys] laxeusj] ukf kd] tquuj ;k Hkkxkrhy togtog 30 fdyy;koj o xmkoj ygku ygku orunkj Eg.kwu fhkyy o dksgh gs vkfnoklh yksd j[kokyhph dkes djr gksrs- vkiy;k orunkjhoj gyyk gksrkp ;k yksdkauh orunkjh djrk fczfv kkauh ftdaysy;k Hkkxkr camkgh lq: dsyh gksrhfczfv k ljdkjus vgenuxje/khy dksgh ukbzdkap;k orunkjh u"v dsysy;k gksr;k- R;k dksgh ukbzdkapk izeq[k jketh Hkkaxjs gk gksrk- R;kyk fczfv k ljdkjus lg;knzhp;k Hkkxkr teknkj Eg.kwu useys gksrs- R;kyk ixkjf kok; izr;sd [ksm;krwu,d :i;k,d dksacmh vkf.k dkgh rkanwg feg.;kph O;oLFkk dsysyh gksrh- R;keqGs dks.kr;kgh ljdkjh uksdjkus vkiy;k ixkjkf kok; dks.krhgh HksV o utjk.kk?kså u;s vlk gqdqe ljdkjpk gksrk- gk dk;nk jketh Hkkaxjs ;kykgh ykxw gksrk- ;k gqdwekph vaeyctko.kh vkiy;koj gkså u;s vls R;kps Eg.k.ks gksrs- r kk Lo:ikps i= R;kus vkiy;k vf/kdkú;kyk ikbfoys gksrs- i.k ;k i=kps mrrj R;kyk

18 vkys ukgh R;keqGs fpmwu tkåu R;kus vkiy;kyk lsosrwu eqdr djkos v kh ekx.kh dsyh gksrh- ljdkjus R;kyk uksdjhrwu eqdr u djrk lgk efgu;kph jtk fnyh- lgk efgu;kuarj R;kus vkiy;k ixkjkph ekx.kh dsyh- R;kP;k ixkjkpk ek= fopkj >kyk ukgh- ;k xks"vheqgs rks vf/kdp fpmyk gksrk- R;keqGs R;kus jruxmkp;k fhkyy fdyysnkjkp;k izksrlkgkukus fczfv k ljdkjfo:/n cam dsys gksrs- 15 jruxmkpk fdyysnkj xksfoanjko [kkms ;kus ejkbs kkgh vlrkuarj baxztkp;k uksdjhr jgk.ks ukdkjys- R;keqGs fczfv kkuh R;kdMwu fdyyk [kkyh d:u?ksryk o fdyy;kp;k cktwyk ts fdyy;kps laj{k.k djhr gksrs- R;k yksdkaukgh fczfv kkauh dkeko:u dk<wu Vkdys gksrs- xksfoanjko [kkms ;kps oa ijkxr pkyr vkysys fdyysnkjkps oru dk<wu?ksry;keqgs R;kus b-l e/;s fczfv kkfo:/n cam dsys gksrs- R;kyk ;kosgh f kcanhrwu deh gksåu csdkj >kysy;k yksdkauh enr dsyh gskrh- rlsp jketh Hkkaxjs gk dksd.kkr jkgwu R;kyk enr djhr gksrk- xksfoanjko [kkms ;kus vkiy;k rkc;krwu xsysyk fdyyk ijr feg.;kpk o csdkj >kysy;k yksdkap;k O;oLFksdfjrk yqvekj dj.;kyk vkiy;k yksdkauk ijokuxh fnyh gksrh- R;keqGs ;k cam[kksj yksdkadmwu vki.kkl =kl gksr vkgs- v kk røkjh vkliklp;k Hkkxkrwu baxzt ljdkjdms ;så ykxy;k gksr;k- rsogk R;kapk canksclr dj.;kdfjrk dwivu ekwfduvkw k ;kyk lsu;klg xksfoanjko [kkms ;kap;koj ikbfo.;kr vkys gksrs- ;k camkr xkokrhy fdrh yksd lghkkxh >kys vkgsr ;kpk vankt dwivu ekwfduvkw k ;kyk ykxyk ukgh- rlsp usedh dksbs gyyk djkok gs R;kyk letr uogrs- cam[kksjkpk canksclr dj.;kyk xsy;koj gs yksd R;kP;k fo:/n mbko djhr vlr- ;keqgs rks vxnh =klwu xsysyk gksrk- 'ksovh R;kyk vls letys fd ;k mbkokyk dkgh dqyd.khz dkj.khhkwr vkgsr- uarj R;kus dkgh dqyd.khz yksdkauk fo oklkr?ksåu fopkjiwl djrkp R;kauh ekwfduvkw k ;kyk vlk lyyk fnyk dh R;kus

19 cam[kksjkps dk; Eg.k.ks vkgs rs,sdw.k?;kosr- Eg.kts R;kaP;kfo:/n lsu; ikbfo.;kps dkghp dkj.k im.kkj ukghekwfduvkw k Lor% lg;knzhp;k?kkvkojhy vo?km fbdk.ks nú;k f[kam?kkv o jlrs ;kaph ekfgrh vkiy;k lsu;kyk nsr gksrk- R;kpcjkscj ;k camoky;kps izeq[k dks.k vkgsr- R;kauk dks.kkpk ikfback vkgs dk\ R;kaP;k yi.;kp;k tkxk,d= dksbs vkgsr] rs loz dksbs terkr o R;kaps fbdk.ks dksbs o rs fdrh vkgs] ;k xks"vhph ekfgrh R;kus fegfoyh gksrh- ;k loz ekfgrhlg R;kus,d iyvu vkiy;k enrhyk ekxowu?ksryh o rqdmhyk ckjhp;k?kkvkr vk.kwu Bsoys gksrs- rlsp ekysxko] iq.ks] vgenuxj ;k HkkxkdMs tk.kkú;k vkf.k R;k Hkkxkrwu vdksys] laxeusj ;k HkkxkdMs ;s.kkú;k eksd;kp;k tkxk jks[kwu BsoY;kuarj gr;kjcan jkgwu dksgh yksdkap;k yi.;kp;k tkxk vkf.k R;kauk dks.k enr djr vkgs gs 'kks/k.;kpk iz;ru dsysyk gksrk- 16 dwivu ekwfduvkw kus dsysyy;k canksclrkyk izr;qrrj ns.;kdfjrk vkf.k R;kyk enr dj.kkjh xkos dksgh camoky;kauh yqvyh gksrh vkf.k rs VksG;k d:u jkgw ykxys gksrs- R;kaP;k vls y{kkr vkys dh] baxzt lsfudkauh loz jlrs vkf.k ik.kh fi.;kph fbdk.ks vkmoyh vkgsr- v kk izdkjs camoky;kuh dksamh loz cktwus >ky;keqgs R;kapk ukbzykt >kyk gksrk- R;kuk vuugh feg.ks dfb.k >kys gksrs- R;kaph loz izdkjph enrgh can >kysyh gksrh- xkodjh fczfv k vf/kdkú;kap;k tcjnlrheqgs camoky;ka kh QVdwu okxw ykxys gksrs- loz cktwus canksclr d:u fczfv kkauh lsfud camoky;kauk ikbykx djr gksrs- fczfv k lsfudkafo"k;h ekfgrh fegrkp camokys Mksaxj ibkjkoj igwu tkr vlr- izr;{k lkeuk dj.;klkbh vkf.k vkiys lkef;z deh vly;keqgs lsfudkauk gr;kjcanh vly;keqgs foukdkj.k izk.kkl eqdkos ykx.kkj gksrs- fczfv kkiq<s vkiyk fuhkko ykx.kkj gs camokys vksg[kr gksrs- vuuik.;kokpwu O;kdwG flfkrhr vlrkuk camoky;krhy 80 yksdkauk fczfv kkauh idmys o ;k yksdkauk idmwu vgenuxjp;k fdyy;kr dsnh Eg.kwu Bso.;kr vkys gksrs- camkpk 'ksov >ky;kph [kk=h fczfv k

20 vf/kdkú;kauk [kqn~n dwivu ekwfduvkw k ;kyk okvr gksrs- i.k camkpk lozloh eksmysys uogrs?kmysy;k?kvuseqgs camoky;kauh rlk Hkkl fuekz.k dsyk gksrk- 17 fczfv kkauh dkgh camoky;kauk idmwu vgenuxjp;k fdyy;kr Bsoys vkgs] gh ckreh camoky;karhy jkek fdjok ukokp;k cam[kksjkyk dgrkp R;kus fczfv kkafo:/n mbko dsyk gksrk- rks vksrwjp;k Hkkxkr igwu tkrk R;kpk ikbykx dj.;kdfjrk dwivu yqdhu ys VuaV ykbzv ys VuaV QkSohZl ;k izeq[kkekqzr rhu iyv.kh ikbfo.;kr vky;k gksr;k- R;kauh jkek fdjok ;kyk pkjgh cktwuh?ksjys o vlgk ; flfkrhr idmys o R;kP;kcjkscjP;k yksdkauk idmwu vgenuxj] Bk.ks o iq.ks ;sfkhy rq:axkr Bso.;kr vkys gskrsb-l e/;s brj camoky;kauk ng kr clkoh Eg.kwu jkek fdjok ;kyk [kquh cam[kksj Bjowu R;kyk Qk khph f k{kk fnyh xsyh gksrh- 18 jk?kksth Hkkaxjs gk uxj ukf kdp;k ljgn~nhoj oklro; dj.kkjk vlwu R;kps dksgh yksdkaoj opzlo gksrs- R;kykgh vkiy;k tkrhrhy yksdkaoj baxztkauh dsysyk vu;k; vkomysyk uogrk- R;keqGs rks camkl izo`rr >kyk gksrk- baxztkfo:/n cam dj.;kdfjrk lk/ku lkeqxzhph Hkjiwj tekoteo Ogkoh Egkwu R;kus lkodjkuk vmowu islk mhkk dsyk gksrk- v kk izdkjph yqvekj lq: dsy;keqgs R;kpk canksclr Ogkok Eg.kwu yksdkauh R;k fo:/n fczfv kkdms røkjh dsy;k gksr;k- R;kr lkodjkp;k tklrp lghkkx gksrk jk?kksthp;k dkjok;k fnolsafnol ok<rp gksr;k- lkodkjkus jk?kksthp;k lanhkkzr ekfgrh fczfv kkauk fnysyh gksrh- R;keqGs iksfyl R;kP;k ikbhekxs gksrs- i.k rks iksfylkp;k gkrh ykxr uogrk- rsogk iksfylkus jk?kksth Hkkaxjs ;kp;k EgkrkÚ;k vkbzyk =kl ns.;kyk lq:okr d:u frpk vuohr vlk NG dsyk rjh frus vkiy;k eqykpk fdaok R;kyk enr dj.kkú;k lkfkhnkjkaph ekfgrh ns.;kl ukdkjys gksrs- 19 vkiy;k vkbzpk NG iksfylkauh dsy;keqgs rj jk?kksth Hkkaxjs vf/kdp larkiyk o R;kus iksfylkaoj gyyk dsyk gh ckreh iksfylkauk letkrp R;kauh rsfkwu ig dk<k gksrk- lkodkj yksdkap;k røkjheqgs vkiy;k

21 dqvqackyk iksfylkauh =kl fnyk R;keqGs R;kus ukf kd o vgenuxj ftyg;kr ekjokmh lkodkj yksdkaph ukds dki.;kl lq:okr dsyh gksrh- R;keqGs ;k Hkkxkrhy dkgh lkodkj yksd dqvqacklg vgenuxj ;sfks oklro;kyk vkysys gskrs- R;kauh vkiy;k røkjh izr;{k ftygkf/kdkjh ;kap;kdms dsy;k gksr;k- R;keqGs jk?kksthyk idm.;klkbh fczfv k iksfyl vdksy;kdms jokuk >kys gksrs- gh ckreh jk?kksthyk dgrkp rks Hkwfexr >kyk gskrk- iq<s R;kus vkiyk ekspkz ia<jiwjdms vksgowu frdms yqvkyqv lq: dsyh gksrh- 'ksovh tujy xsy ;ky lsu;?ksåu R;kpk canksclr dj.;klkbh ikbfoys gksrs- tujy xsyus jk?kksth Hkkaxjs ;kyk ia<jiwje/;s idmwu uarj vgenuxjyk vk.k.;kr vkys vkf.k iq<s R;kP;koj [kqukpk vkjksi Bso.;kr vkyk gksrk- R;kph pksd kh gksåu R;kyk Qk kh ns.;kr vkyh i;zar vkiy;k orunkú;k xsy;keqgs vlarq"vi.ks fczfv k ljdkj fo:/n camkps iz;ru vgenuxj ftyg;kr lq:p gksrs- 20 b-l iqohz vgenuxj ftyg;krhy fhkyy o dksgh yksdkauh fczfv kkafo:/n l kl= mbko dsysys gksrs- gs cam tjh fczfv kkus eksmwu dk<ys vlys rjh uarjp;k dkgkr v kkp Lo:ikps cam ;k Hkkxkr >kysys gksrs-,dw.kp ojhy loz foospuko:u vls Li"V gksrs dh] b-l P;k mbkokr vkfnoklh tekrhaps ;ksxnku fuf pr vlys rjhgh vkfnoklhaps gs mbko b-l P;k iwohziklwup lq: >kysys gksrsb-l pk mbko gk HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy,d egrrokps ioz ekuys tkrs- gh?kvuk HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkp;k n`"vhus tso<h egrroiw.kz gksrh rso<hp egrroiw.kz rh egkjk"vªkp;k bfrgklkp;k ckcrhr gksrh P;k mbkokr fofo/k oxz] oafpr xv vkivkiy;k fgrklkbh] vflrroklkbh] Lokra«;klkBh >xmr gksrs- Hkkjrkr lrrk LFkkiu djhr vlrkuk fczvh kkaps vusd fbdk.kh vkfnoklh tekrhcjkscj la?k"kz >kys gksrs- ;kr mrrj vgenuxje/khy fhkyykauh eksb;k izek.kkr lghkkx?ksryk gksrk- vgenuxj ftygk gk futkeh izns kkp;k ljgn~nhoj gksrk R;keqGs fczfv k Hkkxkr yqvkywv

22 d:u futkeh izns kkr igwu tk.ks fhkyykauk lksis gksrs- R;kaP;k lsu;kr jksfgys ibk.kkaph la[;kgh y{k.kh; gksrh- R;kaP;kr jk"vªoknkph Hkkouk vkiy;kyk igko;kl fegrs- oklqnso cgoar QMD;kauh ns[khy fhkyykph Hkjrh vkiy;k lsu;kr dsyh gksrh- vkiy;k e;kznkaph rqviqat;k lk/ku lkeqxzhph o euq";cgkph dyiuk vlrkukgh ;k rgkxkgkrhy yksdkauh vkiyh Hkwfedk O;ofLFkr ctkoyh gksrh- vkfk.k fczfv kkafo:) dsysy;k la?k"kkzeqgs 1857 ph Ikk ozhkweh r;kj >kyh gksrh- 1 egkjk"vªkrhy nf{k.k ukf kd vkf.k mrrj vgenuxj ;k fbdk.kp;k fhkyy vkf.k dksgh ;k tekrh is ko;kaps dv~vj lefkzd vly;kus rs baxztka kh lrr ;q) djhr gksrs- vxnh 1857 pk mbko gks.;kiwohziklwup fczvh kkafo:)ps fhkyykaps mbko lw: >kysys gksrs- vkfnoklh tekrhauh cam djk;ps] baxztkap;k izns kkr yqvkyqv djk;ph vkf.k baxztkauh ;k tekrhae/;s ng kr iljkoh Eg.kwu R;kaph /kmidm djk;ph o R;kauk dbksj f k{kk djk;ph gs fur;kpsp lehdj.k cuysys gksrs- camoky;kauk dbksj f k{kk dsy;k fdaok Qk khp;k f k{kk fny;k] rj R;kaP;k camkph /kkj deh gksbzy gk fczvh kkapk fo okl fu"qg Bjr gksrk- fczvh kkauh jketh Hkkaxjs vkf.k jk?kksth Hkkaxjs ;klkj[;k vkfnoklh tekrhrhy usr;kauk Qk khp;k f k{kk lqukoy;k gksr;k vls vlys rjhgh 1857 P;k mbkokr ;k vkfnoklh tekrhauh vxnh løh; vlk lghkkx?ksrysyk gksrk P;k mbkokp;k ckcrhr fopkjdjrkuk gs Li"V gksrs dh] ;k camkph lq:okr f kik;kap;k mbkokrwu >kyh- ;k mbkokr fczvh kkap;k fo:) vlysy;k izr;sd vlarq"v v kk xvkus vkivkiy;k ijhus lghkkx?ksryklgkftdp R;ke/;s lalfkkfud] dkexkj] ksrdjh o vkfnoklh tekrhgh gksr;k- egkjk"vªkiqjrk fopkj djrk vls y{kkr ;srs dh ;k camkpk izhkko egkjk"vªkoj im.ksgh LokHkkfod gksrs- egkjk"vªkr fczvh k dky[kamkr tso<s mbko >kys R;kaph dkj.ks] Lo:Ik osxosxgh gksrh- vxnh cam ; kloh gks.;kph kd;rk ulrkaukgh camokys cam djhr gksrs- fdr;sdnk ;k

23 camoky;kaukp vi; k ;sr vls] R;kph dkj.ksgh r khp gksrh- R;ke/;s lqlw=hdj.kkpk vhkko] mnklhurk] e;kznhr kl=lkbk] fqrwjh br;knhapk lekos k gksrk- ijarw vls vlrkukagh ^; k ;soks vfkok u ;soks* ijdh; jktov myfkowu Vkd.ks gh R;kekxph eq[; Hkwfedk gksrh- o ;k Hkwfedsrwu gs cam?kmwu vkysys gksrs- 2 fczvh k jktovhyk fojks/k dj.;klkbh Hkkjrkr ts mbko >kys R;k lokzapk canksclr dj.;kpk ijdh; jkt;dr;kzauh iz;ru dsyk gksrk- R;klkBh LFkkfud iztsoj kl=canhlkj[ks dk;ns yknwu R;kaP;kdMs vlysyh loz kl=s ljdkjdms tek djkohr vlk tkghjukek fczvh kkauh dk<yk gksrk- ;k kl=canhp;k gqdqekyk csjm] fhkyy] dksgh b- vkfnoklh tekrhauh izfrlkn fnyk ukgh- vusd VksGh izeq[kkauk gk tkghjukek eku; uogrk- R;keqGs R;kauh ljdkj kh vlgdkj iqdk:u vusd fbdk.kh cam dsys gksrs- R;keqGs egkjk"vªkr vusd Hkkxkr ;kph fb.kxh imyh gksrh ps cam vkf.k R;ke/khy fhkyykapk lghkkx,o<;kp iwjrk fopkj dsyk rj vls y{kkr ;sbzy dh fczvh kkauk lrrk LFkkiu djhr vlrkauk fhkyykap;k iz[kj fojks/kkpk lkeuk djkok ykxyk gksrk- fo ks"kr% 1857 P;k mbkokr nf{k.k ukf kd vkf.k mrrj vgenuxjp;k fhkyykauh eksb;k la[;sus lghkkx?ksrysyk gksrk- rrdkyhu vgenuxj ftygk gk futkeh izns kkp;k gn~nhr vly;keqgs baxzth Hkkxkr ywvekj d:u futkeh izns kkr igwu tk.ks lksis tkr gksrs- R;keqGs vgenuxj izkar fhkyykap;k camklkbh vuqdwy Bjr gksrk- fhkyy tekrhauk vkiy;k e;kznk] viqjs euq";cg o kl=kal=kaph dyiuk gksrhv kk ifjflfkrhr ;k rgkxkgkrhy yksdkauh vkiyh Hkwfedk ctkoyh gksrh o R;krwup egkjk"vªkr,d uos jktdkj.k vkdkjkyk vkys gksrs- baxztkauh lozizfke 1757 e/;s IyklhP;k y<kbzus vkiyh lrrk Hkkjrkr izlfkkfir djk;yk lq:okr dsyh gksrh o iq<hy dkgkr R;kauh laiw.kz Hkkjrkoj vkiyk vaey izlfkkfir dsyk gksrk- IyklhP;k y<kbzuarj cjkscj 100 o"kkzauh fczvh kkap;k fojks/kkauk eksbs cam?kmwu vkys- ;k camkiwohzgh vusdkauh fczvh kkauk

24 fojks/k dsyk gksrk] rks fojks/k fczvh kkauh Øwj i)rhus nmifo.;kpk lrr iz;ru dsysyk gksrkegkjk"vª o [kkuns kkr eksb;k Lo:ikps cam >kys gksrs- ;k camkaps usr`ro Hkkxksth ukbzdkus Lohdkjys gksrs- Hkkxksth ukbzd ;kapk izhkko fhkyy lektkoj fo ks"k vly;keqgs dksijxko] jkgwjh] ikjusj] vkdksys] fluuj o futkeh jkt;krhy 50 rs 60 fhkyykap;k VksG;k R;kyk ;såu fegkysy;k gksr;k- b-l e/;s vdksyk] laxeusj] jkgqjh vkf.k ikjusj ;k Hkkxkrhy 7000 fhkyy Hkkxksth ukbzdkp;k usr`rok[kkyh la?kfvr gksowu fczvh kkafo:) la?k"kkzph r;kjh d: ykxys gksrs- dks.kr;kgh lalfkkfudkph enr ulrkukgh dsog Lo;aLQwrhZus ;k vkfnoklh Økafrdkjdkauh mrrj Hkkjrkbrdk ijkøe vgenuxje/;s xktoyk ;ko:u vgenuxje/khy fhkyy Økafrdkjdkaps Lons k izse fuf pr eku; djkos ykxrs- vgenuxj ftyg;krhy camkps usr`ro dj.kkjs camksth ukbzd gs vdksys rkyqd;kr iksyhl [kkr;kr teknkj gksrs- b-l e/;s R;kus vkiy;k dkekr nqyz{k dsysizr;{k camkr Hkkx u?ksrk camke/;s Hkkx?ksrysY;k vkiy;k tkrhkkbz cam[kksjkadms nqyz{k dsys gksrs- vfkkzr vizr;{ki.ks R;kauk enr dsyh gksrh- ;k vkjksik[kkyh baxztkauh R;kauk idmwu f k{kk BksBkoyh- baxzt vf/kdkú;kadmwu iksfylkaekqzr vkiy;k tkrcka/kokaoj fdaok fujijk/kh tursoj gks.kkjs vu;k; Hkkxksthus vkiy;k MksG;kauh ikfgys gksrs- R;keqGs R;kpk LokfHkeku tkx`r >kyk gksrk-,d o"kkzph f k{kk iqjh gksrkp] ijr,d o"kz pkaxy;k okx.kqdhpk tkfeu R;kyk n;kok ykxyk gksrk- ijarq tkehukps,d o"kz iw.kz gks.;kp;k vxksnjp rks camkr mrjyk gksrs- 4 Hkkxksthus fnukad 10 vkwxlv] 1857 jksth ¼ kfuokjh½ vgenuxj Hkkxkr mbko dsyk gksrk- HkkxksthP;k y<kbzpk tksj ok<r pkyy;keqgs R;kpk canksclr dj.ks] baxztkauk Hkkx gksrs- fnukad 4 vkwdvkscj 1857 jksth ys VuaV ts-mcy;w gsujh gk FkWpj o Vsyj ;kap;k usr`rokr nksu iyvuh?ksowu Hkkxksth ukbzdkoj pky d:u vkyk gksrk- ifgyh pded ukanwj f kaxksvsp;k VsdMhoj

25 >kyh gksrh- R;kosGh kj.k ;s.;kl Hkkxksthyk fujksi ikbfo.;kr vkyk gksrki.k Hkkxksth kj.k xsyk ukgh- ifj.kkeh baxzth lsu;k kh Hkkxksthph tksjkph y<kbz lq: >kyh- Hkkxksthus gsujhoj nksu xksg;k >kmwu R;kpk cgh?ksryk gksrk- R;keqGs FkWapjus nksugh iyv.khlg ek?kkj?ksryh gksrh- ijarq ys VuaV Vh- FkWapj o eklvj Vsyj ;kap;k usr`rok[kkyh fczvh k QkSatkuh fhkyy cam[kksjkaoj tksjnkj gyyk dsyk R;kr vusd fhkyy ekjys xsys gksrs- R;kuarjgh fhkyykauh vusd fbdk.kh baxztkap;k fo:) mbko lq:p Bsoys- 5 egkjk"vªkr b-l P;k mbkokph tckcnkjh lkrkú;kp;k jaxks ckiwthoj Vkd.;kr vkysyh gksrh- rj vgenuxjph tckcnkjh Hkkxksth ukbzdkoj Vkd.;kr vkysyh gksrh P;k camkap;kosgh vgenuxj ftyg;kr eksb;k izek.kkoj vlolfkrk fnlr gksrh- nf{k.k ukf kd o mrrj vgenuxj ftyg;krhy 7000 fhkyy cam[kksjkauh fczvh k lrrk myfkwu Vkd.;kpk iz;ru pkyfoyk gksrk- R;keqGs cam[kksjkauk fuivwu dk<.;kps dke iksfylkaoj lksifo.;kr vkys gksrs- R;klkBh,d [kkl dksgh iyv.k]?kksmng o ik;ngkp;k rqdmhus iksfylkaph kdrh ok<fo.;kr vkyh- Hkkxksth ukbzdkp;k usr`rok[kkyh ukf kd vkf.k vgenuxj ;sfks fhkyy mbko djr gksrs- 18 vkwdvkscj 1857 jksth vdksyk rkyqd;krhy le ksjiwjp;k Mkasxjh VsdM;ke/;s fhkyy vkf.k iksyhl o duzy ewdup;k usr`rok[kkyh la?k"kz >kyk gksrk- R;kr iksfyl drzo;koj vlysys ys VuaV xzwge o,q-,l-pwieu gs t[keh >kys gksrs- 6 Hkkxksth ukbzdkpk canksclr dj.;klkbh vgenuxjp;k iksfyl lqifjmsav ys VuaV ts-mcy;q gsujh gk ukanwj f kxksavs ;sfks ;sowu nk[ky >kyk gksrk- R;kus,dne cam[kksjkaoj gyyk u djrk laxeusj vkf.k fluuj ;sfkhy ekeysnkjkauk Hkkxksthps eu ogowu kj.k ;s.;klkbh ikbfoys gksrsijarq kj.k ;s.;kl Hkkxksthus udkj nsrkp fhkyy o baxzt ;kp;kr la?k"kz lq: >kyk gksrk- vdksyk ;sfkhy fhkyykapk mbko &

26 Hkkxksth ukbzdkp;k camkpk mxe gk [kú;k vfkkzus vgenuxj ftyg;krhy vdksys ;k fbdk.kkgwu >kysyk gksrk- rks vdksys rkyqd;kr iksfyl [kkr;kr teknkj Eg.kwu uksdjh djr gksrk- fczvh kkadms pkdjh djhr vlrkauk R;kus lqjokrhl vfr k; fu"bsus vkf.k fczvh kka kh,dfu"b jkgwu pkdjh dsysyh gksrh- ijarw ghp fu"bk pkdjh djhr vlrkauk fczvh kkauh Hkkjrh;kaoj pkyfoysyk vu;k; o vr;kpkj R;kus vxnh togwu ikfgysyk gksrk- R;keqGs R;kus b-l iklwu vkiy;k jkt;fu"bsp;k dkekr nqyz{k dsys- izr;{k camkr lghkkxh u gksrk R;kus fhkyykaekqzr gks.kkú;k camkghdms nqyz{k dj.;kl lq:okr dsyh gksrh o R;kauk vizr;{kfjr;k enr dsysyh gksrh- fczvh kkap;k gh ckc y{kkr ;srkp R;kauh Hkkxksthl f k{kkgh dsysyh gksrh- fczvh k vf/kdkú;kadmwu iksfylkaekqzr fhkyykaoj tk.khoiwozd vu;k; vr;kpkj dsys tkr gksrs- ;kphp phm Hkkxksthyk gksrh- fczvh kkauh dsysyk fl=;kapk NG Hkkxksthus ikfgyk gksrk- lsfudkap;k xksghckjkyk cgh imysy;kaps vkf.k Qklkoj yvdfoysy;k Økafrdkjd cam[kksjkaps Hkh"k.k fp= R;kaP;k MksG;kleksj mhks gksrs- fnolsafnol gksr vlysy;k vu;k;kph vkf.k vr;kpkjkph,dw.kp ifjflfkrh R;kl ikgor uogrh Eg.kwu R;kus camoky;kauk lgk ; dj.;kl lq:okr dsyh- Ukaknwj f kxksavs ;sfks Hkkxksthus fnysyh >wat,o<h fudjkph gksrh dh] R;kP;k ifgy;k xksghrp gsujh?kksm;ko:u [kkyh imyk o nqlú;k xksghyk rks e`r;weq[kh imyk- fczvh kkap;k lsu;kaph gh [kwieksbh gkj gksrh- R;keqGs FkWpjus vkiy;k nksugh iyvuhalg ek?kkj?ksryh gksrh- R;kuarj iqugk FkWpj o Vsyj ;kauh fhkyya cam[kksjkaoj gyys p<foysys gksrs- ;k gyy;kr vusd fhkyy Bkj gkså ykxys R;keqGs vusd fhkyy tho okpfo.;klkbh igwu tkå ykxys gksrs- cam[kksj fhkyykauk ek= ;k igdqvs iukpk jkx ;sr gksrk- R;kaP;k n`"vhus gh,d kjesph ckc gksrh

27 vls vlrkaukgh fhkyykauh vusd fbdk.kh baxztkap;k fo:) mbko pkywp Bsoysys gksrs- 7 ikjusj ;sfkhy fhkyykaps mbko & ikfkzth ukbzd gk vkiy;k fnm ks lkfkhnkjkalg jkgwjh vkf.k ikjusj Hkkxkr baxztka kh y<k ns.;kl r;kj gksrk- rlk R;kus frdms /kqekdwg ekamyk gksrk- gh ckreh vgenuxj ;sfks ;sowu iksgksprkp R;kP;koj lsu;kph rqdmh u ikbork R;kyk mins kkp;k nksu xks"vh lkaxwu R;kP;k VksGhps fu kl=hdj.k djkos vls nknksck ikamqjax MsI;qVh ewftlvªsv vgenuxj ;kauh Bjfoys gksrs- R;kauh cjkscj iksyhl usy;kl gs cam[kksj fcfkjrhy vlk fopkj d:u nknksck ikamqjax vkiy;k dkjdwuklg ikfkzth ukbzdkp;k rgkoj xsys gksrs- vf/kdkjh ;k ukr;kus vkiy;kyk HksV.;kl u ;srk vkiyk fgrfpard ;k ukr;kus vki.kkl HksV.;kl vkyks vkgksr vlk /kksdk ird:u nknksckauh ikfkzth o vu; fhkyy usr;ka kh leksjkleksj ppkz d:u cam[kksjhiklwu R;kauk ijko`rr dj.;kpk iz;ru dsyk gksrk- 8 ikfkzth ukbzdkph [kk=h gksrkp R;kuh vkiy;k dkgh yksdkauk lko/kfxjhpk b kkjk nsowu,dk VksGhlg esftlvªsv nknksck ikamqjax ;kap;k HksVhyk rks vkyk nknksckauh fu kl=hdj.kkpk tkghjukek ikfkzth ukbzdkyk okpwu nk[kfoyk- baxztkap;k l kl= nykiq<s ikfkzth ukbzdkpk Vhdko ykx.kkj ukgh- fu"dkj.k izk.kkl eqdkos ykx.kkj ;kis{kk kl= dk;n;kizek.ks fczvh k ljdkjp;k Lok/khu d:u xq.;kxksfoankus okxkos vlk mins k dsyk gksrk- R;kosGh ikfkzth ukbzdkus vkiys Eg.k.ks R;kaP;kiq<s ekamys gksrs- vkegh is kos ljdkjps fi<htkr uksdj vkgksr] vkep;k ckitkn;kauk is kos ljdkjus 30 xmkph vkf.k 60 xkokph orunkjh fnyh gksrh- rh ;k VksihokY;kauh fgldkowu?ksry;koj vkegh vkep;k orukdfjrk >xmo;kl udks dk \ ;koj nknksck ikamqjaxkauh R;kph letwr?kky.;kpk iz;ru dsyk- nknksckap;k cksy.;kpk ifj.kke gksowu vkiys kl= ikfkzth uk;dkus R;kP;kaiq<s vk.kwu Bsoyh vkf.k VksGhokY;kauh R;kpk

28 fdrrk fxjfoyk o rs vkiy;k?kjh fu?kwu xsys gksrs- ggwggw cam[kksjkaps fu kl=hdj.k lq: >kys- fu kl= >kysy;k cam[kksjkauk idmwu f k{kk dj.;kr ;s.kkj v kh vqok mbrkp vdksys vkf.k fluuj Hkkxkr Hkkxksth uk;dkus rj jkgqjh vkf.k ikjusj Hkkxkr ijr baxzatkfo:) la?k"kz lq: dsykvf/kdkú;kp;k gkrk[kkyps ckgqys vl.kkú;k lkodkjkaph?kjs R;kauh yqvyh gksrh- ;k yqvkyqvhp;k ckre;k ofj"b vf/kdkú;kap;k dkukoj ;så ykxy;k gksr;k- 9 fhkyy cam[kksj gs vkiy;k lsu;cgkyk o tkghjuke;kyk Hkhd?kkyhr ukgh] myv R;kaP;k la?kvuk ok<r vkgsr] vls ofj"v vf/kdkú;kap;k y{kkr ;srkp- fhkyykapk canksclr dj.;klkbh izhkkoh ;kstuk vk[kyh ikfgts] vls ofj"b vf/kdkú;kauk okvr gksrs- jkgqjh Hkkxkr ikfkzth ukbzdkus ;kpdkgkr jkgqjh lc fmfogtue/;s 100 fhkyykaph rqdmh mhkkjyh gksrh o ;k rqdmhyk?ksåu rks Hkkxksthyk enr dj.;klkbh xsyk gksrk- jkgqjh Hkkxkr >kysy;k la?k"kkzr ys VuaV gsujh Bkj >kyk- R;keqGs ys VuaV ekwavxksesjhus fhkyy lsu;koj gyyk dsyk- ekwavxksesjhp;k lsu;kiq<s vkiyk fuhkko ykx.ks dbh.k vkgs gs y{kkr ;srkp R;kauh igwu tkåu Mksaxjkpk vkj;?ksryk- i.k la/kh lkimrkp rs gyyk djr vlr- rlsp baxztkap;k Nko.;koj Nkik?kkyr] fnolsafnol fhkyykaph la[;k ok<r Pkkyyh gksrh- 10 dksgh lsu;ny ivyuph mhkkj.kh % fhkyykaps ok<rs la?kvu fczvh k vf/kdkú;kauk /kksdknk;d okvr gksrsfhkyykapk canksclr yodjkr yodj dj.;klkbh tujy uvvkwy ;kyk dksgh yksdkaps lsu; mhkkj.;kpk gqdwe ns.;kr vkyk gksrk- R;klkBh vdksys] laxeusj vkf.k fluuj ;k vkfnoklh Hkkxkr R;kyk ikbfo.;kr vkys gksrs- R;kus fhkyykafo:) dksgh yksdkap;k lsu;kaph iyvu r;kj dsyh gksrh- dksgh yksd gs f kokth egkjktkap;k dkgkiklwu iz[;kr gksrs- kwj o dkvd Eg.kwu R;kapk ncnck gksrk- fmlsacj 1857 e/;s tujy

29 uvvkwyus 100 ek.klkauk lsu;kr Hkjrh d:u y"djh f k{k.k nsåu r;kj dsys- 11 dksgh yksdkr vkiqydh fuekz.k Ogkoh vkf.k vkiy;k iyv.khoj vkiy;kp tekrhrhy vf/kdkjh vkgsr gh Hkkouk fuekz.k dj.;kdfjrk ^ckseyk*dksgh tekrhrhy izeq[k tkoth ckseyk ;k dksg;kyk R;k iyv.khoj gokynkj Eg.kwu use.;kr ;såu jk?kksth Hkkaxjs ;kp;k Hkkokl teknkj Eg.kwu use.;kr vkys gksrsbaxzt gs eqrlnh gksrs dkv;kus dkvk dk<kok ;k U;k;kus daiuh ljdkjus jk?kksth Hkkaxjs ;kp;k Hkkokl vkiy;k cktwus ogfoys o Hkkxqth ukbzdkfo:) y<.;kl iq<s mhks dsys- ;k Hkkxkrhy cam eksm.;kdfjrk vkf.k cam[kksjkapk fceksm dj.;kdfjrk eksb;k pkrq;kzus mik;;kstuk d:u izr;{k vkiyh dks.kr;kgh izdkjph gkuh gks.kkj ukgh vlk Mko daiuh ljdkjus Vkdyk gksrk- fhkyykauk iksyhl [kkr;kr?ksåu R;kauk larq"v dj.;kps /kksj.k baxztkauh pkyq Bsoys gksrs- baxzt vf/kdkú;kp;k uohu ;kstuseqgs dkgh dkg kkarrsr xsyk vlyk vls tjh okvr vlys rjhi.k gh kkarrk ojojph gksrh- dkj.k LFkkfud vf/kdkjh Eg.kts T;kaph orus u"v >kyh gksrh- R;k vlarq"v yksdkap;k xqir fpfkko.kheqgs o mrrjsdmwu baxzt vf/kdkú;kal Bkj dj.kkú;kl c{khl ns.;kr ;sbzy v kk ckre;k ;sr vly;keqgs ukf kd] vdksys] [kkuns k o futkekps jkt; ;krhy camkoky;kauh ijr mbko dsys gksrs- gh la/kh lk/kwu dkgh dkg kkar vl.kkú;k Hkkxksth uk;dkus o gjth uk;dkus vgenuxj ftyg;kp;k vdksys] laxeusj Hkkxkr mbko dsys gksrs- Hkkxksth ukbzd le ksjiwj ifjljkr vkgs] vls dgky;koj ys VuaV ekwavxksesjhus llsu; Hkkxksthyk os<ys gksrs- i.k Hkkxksthus Lor%ph lqvdk d:u?ksryh- 12 laxeusj ;sfkhy fhkyykaps mbko % Hkkxksth ukbzd vkiy;k lgdk;kazlg laxeusj] vahkksjnjk ;sfks vkgs vls letrkp dwivu uvvkwyus R;kaP;koj lsu; ikboys gksrs- ;k y<kbzr Hkkxksthpk eqyxk ; koar o brj 10 t.k Bkj >kys- gjth ukbzd ;k

30 fo oklw lgdk;kzalg brj fr?ks dsnsr lkimys- Hkkxksth ek= igwu tk.;kl ; kloh >kyk- b-l P;k vkwdvkscj e/;s Hkkxksthyk HksV.;kP;k mn~ns kkus fhkyykap;k VksG;k futkekp;k izns kkr vlysy;k Hkkxksthyk HksV.;klkBh tek gkså ykxy;k gksr;k- gh ckreh fczvh kkauk letyh gksrh- fczvh k izns kkp;k ftyg;kae/;s lq)k R;kapk canksclr dj.;kl vmp.kh fuekz.k >ky;k gksr;k- ;k ifjflfkrhr LFkkfud lsfudkaph,d rqdmh flesoj Bso.;kr vkyh o iq.ksjh?kksms vlysy;k rqdmhus R;kaP;koj igkjk Bsoyk gksrkdksijxkoe/khy fhkyykaps mbko % b-l-1859 P;k,fizy] es efgu;kr Hkkxksth ukbzd ;kap;k usr`rok[kkyh lsfud vgenuxj ftyg;kr vk<gr gksrs- fnukad 26 vkwdvkscj 1859 jksth Hkkxksthus dksijxko rkyqd;krhy ^dksúgkgk* xko yqvys gksrs- R;kosGh R;kus :Ik;s ¼1800 iksam½,o<h lairrh yqvyh gksrh- dwivu uvvkwyus Hkkxksthpk lg;knzhiklwu uxjftyg;ki;zar ikbykx dsyk gksrk- vr;ar xqir o pig Lo:ikP;k g;k gkypkyh gksr;k- v[ksj 11 uksogsacj jksth dwivu ÝWadlqVjus ¼uohu ftygk iksfyl vf/k{kd½ ;kauh cam[kksjkapk ikbykx dsyk gksrk- baxzt vf/kdkú;kaus vkiy;k cjkscj y<.;kl vkiy;k tkr cka/kokapk mi;ksx dsyk vkgs- gs cam[kksjkap;k y{kkr ;srkp R;kauh vkiyh cktw cgdv dj.;kpk iz;ru dsyk gksrk- ;klkbh fluuj] futkekps jkt; vkf.k uxjftyg;krhy usokls ;k Hkkxkr vkiys izpkjd ikbowu R;kauk enrhl ;s.;kdfjrk cksykoys gksrs- fujksi fegrkp R;k Hkkxkrhy yksdkauhgh enr ns.;kps dcqy dsys gksrs- ;kizek.ks ijr fnolsafnol fhkyykaph la?kvuk O;kid gksr pkyyh gksrh- gs fczvh kkauk letrkp ftygkf/kdkú;kauh cam[kksjkapk ksov dj.;kdfjrk ^lj ÝWdlqVj* ;k iksfyl izeq[kkph R;k dkekoj use.kqd dsyh gksrh- 13

31 ÝWdlqVj lsfudkap;k rqdmhlg cam[kksjkoj pkywu xsyk gksrk- ukf kd ftyg;krhy fluuj rkyqd;kr vlysy;k ehblkxj ;k xkoh cam[kksj vkf.k fczvh k lsfud ;kap;kr la?k"kz >kyk gksrk- ;k la?k"kkzr Hkkxksth ukbzdkus lqvjoj gyyk dsyk gksrk- lqvj tfeuhoj dkslgyk- R;keqGs baxzt lsfud vf/kd [kogys vkf.k baxztkap;k xksghckjkyk fhkyy Økafrdkjd,dkekxwu,d cgh imr gksrs- baxzth lsu;kpk,d Hkkx unh mr:u [kkyh vkyk o ^;q) Fkkacok] kj.k ;k] ekqh fegsy* vls gs lsfud lkj[ks vksjmwu lkaxr gksrs- i.k Hkkxksth ukbzd o R;kaps Økafrdkjd lgdkjh kj.k u ;srk lkj[ks y<r gksrs- va/kkj im.;kp;k lqekjkyk cgqrsd loz Økafrdkjd,drj esys gksrs vxj t[keh gksåu imys gksrsva/kkj imy;keqgs baxztkauh y<kbz Fkkacfoyh gksrh- 14 jk=h [kamsjko dkgs lkaxoh xkokrwu csvkr vkys gksrs- R;kosGh Hkkxksth t[keh gksåu imysyk R;kauh fnlyk- R;kyk mpywu [kamsjko dkgs ;kauh vkiy;kdms vk.kys gksrs- ^^is ko;kap;k o rkr;k VksisP;k bpnsizek.ks ekr`hkwehdfjrk vki.k izk.k tkbz Ik;Zar y<yks- Økarhph isvysyh gh Tokyk vkrkp ; kloh Ogkoh gh ijes ojh bpnk fnlr ukgh- isvysyh gh Tokyk ;kiq<s ;k uk R;k Lo:ikr isvr jkgwu v[ksj ijes ojh dìsus ; kloh gksbzy** vls Eg.kwu Hkkxksthus izk.k lksmyk- R;kpk jkrksjkr var;fo/kh mjdwu lkaxohp;k dkgs dqvqackus lkaxoh xko lksmys gksrs- 15 lqvj ldkgh mbwu ikgrks rj loz Økafrdkjd y<rk&y<rk e`r;qeq[kh imy;kps R;kyk fnlwu vkys gksrs- dkgs dqvqac xkoh uly;kpsgh lkax.;kr vkys- rsogk lqvjus jkxkp;k Hkjkr lkaxoh xko tkgwu m)~olr d:u rks ijr fu?kkyk gksrk- Hkkxksth ukbzdkp;k e`r;wuarj ukf kd o vgenuxj ftyg;kr lq: >kysys Økafr;q) vkiksvki laiys gksrs- Hkkxksthpk ukrsokbzd ekjmksb;k ;kauh iq<s dkgh Økafrdkjd xksgk d:u mbko dj.;kpk iz;ru dsyk- lqvjpk uksdj o fhkyykaph ckreh ns.kkjk,d dksgh ;slw] R;kaph ck;dks o eqys ;kapk ekjmksb;k ;kus [kwu dsyk- rsogk