efgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkps vkffkzd fo ys k.k % fo ks k lanhkz ukansm ftygk

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1 efgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkps vkffkzd fo ys k.k % fo ks k lanhkz ukansm ftygk S Y N O P S I S Lokeh jkekuan rhfkz ejkbokmk fo kihb] ukansmp;k lkekftd kkl=s fo k kk[ks varxzr vfkz kkl= fo k;krhy fo kokplirh inohlkbh lknj Lka kks/kd] Ckfcrk x.kirjko gsckjs Lkkekftd kkl=s ladqy Lok-jk-rh-e-fo kihb] ukansm ekxzn kzd] izk-mkw-ih-ih- yks.kkjdj lgk ;d izk/;kid] Lkkekftd kkl=s ladqy Lok-jk-rh-e-fo kihb] ukansm Lokeh jkekua an rhfkz Z ejkbokmk fo kihb] uka ans sm Tkkusokjh

2 efgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkps vkffkzd fo ys k.k % fo ks k lanhkz ukansm ftygk izlrkouk% 20 os krd gs Hkkjrh; fl=;kap;k vkffkzd] lkekftd o jktdh; thoukrhy gks.kkú;k Qkj eksb;k Økarhpk lk{khnkj vkgs- dkj.k 20 O;k krdkp;k iqokz/kkzi;zar Hkkjrkrhy L=h gh cú;kp xks VhlkBh mis{khyh xsysyh gksrh rlsp fryk Lor%P;k?kjh gh nq ;e i/nrhph okx.kqd fegk;ph ;kyk lektkrhy #<h] ijaijk] L=h gh QDr mihkksxkps lk/ku vkgs- vlk n` Vhdksu dkj.khhkwr gksrks rls dkgh izek.kkr fl=;k Lor% gh ;kl tckcnkj gksr;k- dkj.k izkphu dkgkps tj vki.k fufj{k.k dsys rj vkiy;kyk vls fnlwu ;sbzy dh] tsogk euq ; gs racqrhy HkVds thou txr gksrs rsogk iklwu rj 19 O;k krdkp;k mrrjk/kkzi;zar ;ke/;s lektkph fufezrh gks.;kiklqu rks flfkj gksåu dqavwc Ik/nrh vflrrokr ;sbz Ik;ZarP;k Qkj eksb;k dkgkr lq/nk L=h gh izr;sd dk;kzr iw# kkph leku okvsdjh gksrh] ijarw ^pqy vkf.k eqy* ;kap;k o?kjdkekp;k tckcnkjhus rh fipqu xsyh gksrh] rlsp rh?kjkckgsjhy brj dk;kzlkbh QDr iq# kp dls ;ksx; vkgsr o L=h gs dk;z dj.;kl lefkz ukgh vlk tks fopkj lektkr #tfoyk xsyk ;keqgs Hkkjrh; L=h Lor% yk pkj fhkarhp;k vkr lqjf{kr letw ykxyh vkf.k?kjkckgsjhy dk;z{ks=krhy frp;k Hkwfedsyk frusp eqbekrh fnyh- ;kyk dkgh va kh L=h Lor% vkf.k dkgh izek.kkr Hkkjrh; iq# k iz/kku lald`rh] #<h] ijaijk] dqvwackph tckcnkjh R;kaps lektkr vl.kkjs nq ;e LFkku] f k{k.kkpk vhkko br;knh xks Vh dkj.khhkwr vkgsr- R;keqGs Hkkjrh; L=hpk vks ksfxd {ks=krhy o?kjkckgsjhy dk;z{ks=kr frpk okvk gk vr;yi gksrkvk/kqfud o [kqy;k vfkzo;olfksp;k ;qxkr vks ksfxd {ks=kr vusd fl=;k m kstd o dkexkj Eg.kwu egrokph Hkqfedk ctkor vkgsr-,[kkn;k m ksxkph LFkkiuk d:u R;kps lapyu dj.kkjh o R;kl ; kloh dj.;klkbh fofo/k dk;kzph tckcnkjh ikj ikm.kkjh L=h Eg.kts L=h m kstd gks; o v kk i/nrhp;k m ksx fdaok O;olk;kr uksdjh d#u vkiyh miftohdk dj.kkú;k fl=;kauk L=h dkexkj vls lacks/kys tkrs- ek= rjhgh Hkkjrklg brj vusd ns kkr L=h;kaP;k Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkyk lkkrr;kus nq ;e LFkku fnys tkr vkgs- fl=;kauh nsuafnu dksvqafcd dk;kzr ts ;ksxknku fnys vkgs- ;kps vkffkzd ekiu ns[khy dsys tkr ukgh- ek= 21 O;k krdkp;k lqjokrhl L=h f k{k.kkp;k ok<r;k 2

3 izek.kkeqgs o vks ksfxd ØkarheqGs mriknu izfø;sr o lsok{ks++«kkr L=h&dkexkjkpk lghkkx vr;ar osxkus ok<ysyk fnlrks- HkkjrkP;k rqyusr ;qjksfi;u jk Vªs] vesjhdk] tiku] dksjh;k] dwumk ;k iq<kjysy;k ¼ns kkrhy½ o izxr jk Vªkrhy efgyk g;k lozp {ks=kr eksb;k la[;sus dk;z djhr vkgsr- rsfkhy vfkzo;olfkk] lkekftd ifjflfkrh] iq# kkap;k cjkscjhus leku ntkz o okx.kqd f k{k.kkph leku la/kh vknh vusd?kvd R;kl dkj.khhkwr vkgsr- Hkkjrh; fl=;kapk sje kdrhrhy lghkkx togikl iq# kkap;k cjkscjhus vkgs- vf/kdrj fl=;k g;k dksvqafcd dk;kzlkbh vkiys Je [kphzr dsy;keqgs R;kauk vkffkzd eqy; fnys tkr ukgh- Eg.kwu fl=;kap;k Je kdrh ckcr vh;kl dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- Je g;k kcnkp;k O;k[;k vkf.k vfkz iq<hy izek.ks lkafxrysy;k vkgsr- O;k[;k vkf.k vfkz % 1. OXFORD DICTIONARY: The People engaged in or available for work either in a country or area in particuler firm or industry.,[kk+ k ns kkr fdaok {ks=kr vfkok R;kef/ky,dk fof k V lalfksr fdaok dkj[kk.;kr dke dj.kkjs vfkok dkeklkbh miyc/k vl.kkú;k yksdkapk leqg- 2. WIKIPEDIA : The work Force or labour Force is the labour pool in employment it is generally used for to decribe those peoples working for a single company but can also apply to a geographical region like a city state or country. ^^Je kdrh fdaok Jfed kdrh Eg.kts jkstxkj vlysy;k v kk yksdkapk leqg ts lkeku;r%,dkp m ksx ok dkj[kku;krhy yksdkaps o.kzu djrs ijarq rs,dk izns kkrhy] jkt;krhy o ns kkrhy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kykgh ykxq imrs-** 3. CAMBRIGE DICTIONARY : The Group of people who work in country industry company etc. ^^,[kkn;k dkj[kkuk] O;olk;ok ns k br;knh e/khy dk;z dj.kkú;k yksdkapk leqg-** 3

4 4. COLLINS DICTIONARY : The work Force is the total number of people in a country or a region who are physically able to do a job and o available for work. Or The work Force is the total number of people who employed by a particular Company. ^^,[kk k ns kkrhy vfkok izns kkrhy kkjhfjdn` V;k Je dj.;kl mi;qdr o,[kkns Je dj.;kl miyc/k vlysyk fof k V yksdkapk leqg Eg.kts Je kdrh gks;-** fadaok ^^,dk fof k V m ksfxd eamgkdmwu jkstxkj miyc/k >kysy;k yksdkapk leqg Eg.kts Je kdrh gks;-** 5. Census of India : The Total number of workers employed by a company on a specific Job, Project etc ^^fdlh fo ks k uksdjh] ifj;kstuk vkfn ij,d daiuhonkjk fu;ksftr Jfedksa dh dqy la[;k-** 6. MERRIAN WEBSTER DICTIONARY : The worker engaged a specific activity or enterprise. ^^,dk fof k V dkekr fdaok miøekr xaqrysys Jfed Eg.kts Je kdrh gks;-** Jekpk vfkz% dks.kr;kgh izr;{k vfkok vizr;{k ekscny;kp;k vis{ksus dsy;k tk.kkjs kkjhfjd vfkok cksf/nd d V Eg.kts Je gks;- ksrdjh] lqrkj] xoamh br;knh gs kkjhfjd d V djrkr o g;k lokzps d V ekscny;klkbhp vlrkr o rs Je ;k O;k[;sr eksmrkr- ijarq,[kk kus ekscnyk u?ksrk d V vfkok dk;z dsy;kl rs JekP;k O;k[;sr eksmr ukghr- mnk- xk;dkus,[kkns xk.ks fj;k> Eg.kwu vfkok Lor%P;k lek/kkuklkbh xk;y;kl rs Je gkså kd.kkj ukgh- ijarq rsp xk.ks tj eku/kuklkbh,[kk k dk;zøekr xk;y;kl rs Jeke/;s eksmrsmriknu izfø;se/;s Je gk,d vfuok;z?kvd vkgs- uslfxzd lk/ku lkeqxzh] dppkeky] vls loz miyc/k vlwu gh R;kP;kojhy mriknu izfø;k dj.kkjk Je gk?kvd ulsy rj mriknu gksr ukgh- Jekpk ok<rk okij Jekph xq.korrk o vf/kd Jekrqu lk/kys tk.kkjs dks ky; vfkok 4

5 dk;z{kerk ;k ckch vkti;zarp;k ekuoh izxrhl dkj.khhkwr BjY;k vkgsr] ijaijsus Hkweh] Je] HkkaMoy o la;kstd gs pkj?kvd mriknukps eqyhkwr?kvd ekuys xsys vlwu R;krgh Je ;k ekuoh?kvdkl rqyusus vf/kd egro vkgs- dkyz ekdlz ;kauh vkiy;k lektoknh fopkjiz.kkyhr Je gk,dp mriknu?kvd ekuyk vkgs o Jekrwu mrikknu lk/ky;k tkrs vls vkxzgkus izfriknu dsys vkgs- vk/kqfud lekto;olfksr ;a=s] Lo;apyhdj.k] lax.kdhdj.k ;kapk eksb;k izek.kkoj okij gksr vlyk rjh ;k ra=kkukpk izr;{k fouh;ksx] R;kps mi;kstu R;kaph fufezrh ns[khkky ;klkbh Jekph xjt v<gi.ks vkgs- Hkkjrkyk fodklkp;k n` Vhus pkyuk ns.;klkbh Hkkjrkr fl=;kapk dkekrhy lghkkx ok<o.;kpk rk lyyk nsr vkgsr- L=h iq# k HksnHkko gk?kvd fl=;kap;k ;k flfkrhyk dkj.khhkwr vkgs- dkekp;k fbdk.kh L=h iq# k izek.kkpk rksy <Gyk vkgs- rlsp deh osrukp;k m ksxke/;s fl=;kap;k uksdú;k fnlqu ;sr vkgsr- mnk- mriknu {ks=kr rack[kq mriknu] r;kj dims] dkim fxj.;kae/;s fl=;kaps izek.k izfke iklqu tklr vkgs] rlsp f k{k.k] lkamik.kh O;oLFkkiu] LoPNrk br;kfne/;s fl=;k tklr izek.kkr fnlrkr- [kj rj fl=;kapk dkekef/ky lghkkx gk lektkp;k ekufldrsoj voyacqu vlrks- gs Hkkjrkckcrhr vxnh Li V vkgs- eqgkr L=hus?kjkckgsj imwu dke dk djk;ps? vlk eqyhkwr iz u vktgh fopkjyk tkrks- dke d#u islk defo.ks lairrh fuekz.k dj.ks rhps O;oLFkkiu dj.ks gs loz L=hyk le`/n djrs- vkt tkxfrd ikrghoj efgykapk dkekef/ky lghkkx ok<r vlrkuk Hkkjrkr rs deh gksrkuk fnlr vkgs- Hkkjrkr efgykje kdrh lghkkxkpk(female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) nj gk VDds,o<k vkgs- i.k ok< gks.;k,soth rks Hkkjrkr deh >kyk vkgsfl=;kaps vkffkzd lghkkx o la/khp;k Xykscy tsamj fjiksvz 2015 P;k funsz kadkr 144 ns kkr Hkkjrkpk 136 dzekad gksrk- ;ke/;s phu VDds] vesfjdk VDds] usikg VDds] ckaxykns k 35-1 VDds] Jhyadk 35 VDds] ;qjksfi; jk Vªs gs ns k oj gksrs] rj ikfdlrku VDds] vjc VDds gs ns k HkkjrkP;k [kkyh gksrs] rlsp,dw.k tkxfrd efgykapk dkexkj lghkkx nj igk;pk vly;kl rks nksu n kds togikl flfkj gksrk] vls y{kkr ;sbzy yk tkxfrd efgyk Jfed lghkkx nj gk VDds rj 2012 yk rks VDds,o<k gksrk] Eg.kts nksu n kdkr tkxfrd ikrghoj efgyk Jfed lghkkx 5

6 njke/;s 0-08 VDds,so<h?klj.k >kyh gksrh- xsy;k dkgh o kkziklqu lkrr;kus Hkkjrh; efgykapk dkekef/ky lghkkx deh gksr pkyyk vkgs- ;kyk cjhp dkj.ks vkgsr- Hkkjrkrhy #<h o ijaijk vkgsr- tj?kjkr vkffkzd ifjflfkrh pkaxyh vlsy rj Hkkjrkr?kjkckgsj fl=;kauk dkekl ijokuxh ukdkjy;k tkrs rj d/kh d/kh R;k dke dj.;k,soth QDr f k{k.kp?ksr vlrkr- L=hus xjt vlyh rjp uksdjh djkoh- vu;fkk?kj lkahkkgkos v kh ekufldrk lektke/;s vkgs- dkj.k fl=yk FkksMp?kj pkyok;p vkgs-?kj rj iq# k pkyorks vls vkrkik;zar lektkpk o fl=;kapk gh n`f Vdksu vkgs Eg.kts LofodklklkBh L=hus dke djkos gh vk.k[kh gh lgti.ks LohdkjY;k tkr ukgh- ;ke/;s dkgh vfu B eku;rseqgs lektkrhy efgykapk Je kdrhrhy lghkkx deh vly;kps fnlqu ;srs- HkkjrkP;k vfkzo;olfkse/;s fnolsafnol ok< gksr vlwu 2012&2013 ;k o kkze/;s Hkkjrkps ldy jk Vªh; mriuuk ¼ft-fM-ih-½ 5-6 VDds gksrk rj lu 2015&2016 ;k vkffkzd o kkzae/;s R;kr 2 VDdsus ok< gksåu Hkkjrkpk ft-fm-ih- 7-6 VDds,o<k >kyk- ;kp osgsl Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfksrhy 2004&2005,dw.k jkstxkj gs n{ky{k gksrs T;ke/;s iq# k Jfed lghkkx nj 84 VDds rj L=h Jfed lghkkx nj gk VDds gksrk- rj 2011&2012 ;k vkffkzd o kkzr VDds,dw.k jkstxkj rj R;ke/;s iq# k o efgyk Jfed lghkkx nj vuqøes VDds o VDds gksrs- Eg.kts iq# kkapk Jfed lghkkx njke/;s 0-40 VDds L=h Jfed lghkkx njkr VDds,o<h eksbh?kv >kyh- 2004&2005 ;k o kkzr csjkstxkj iq# kkaph la[;k 2-10 VDds,o<h gksrh- rj csjkstxkj efgykaph la[;k 2-60 VDds,o<h gksrhrj 2013&2014 ;k o kkzr csjkstxkjkph iq# kakph la[;k 2-90 VDds,o<h >kyh o csjkstxkj fl=;kaph la[;k 4-90 VDds,o<h >kyh- Eg.kts iq# k csjktxkjkaph la[;k 0-80 VDdsus ok<yh rj R;kp tkxh efgyk csjkstxkjkph la[;k 2-30 VDdsus Eg.kts nqivhis{kk tklr ok<yh- Ekfgykaps f k{k.k % ^ L=h lk{kj rj laiw.kz dqvwac lk{kj * vls egkrek xka/khuh EgVysys vkgs] ns kkp;k fodklkpk fopkj dsyk rj ns kkp;k izxrhps lk/ku Eg.kts rsfkhy fl=;kaps lektkrhy LFkku y{kkr?ks.ks vko ;d vkgs- Eg.kqu lkekftd o vkffkzd cnyke/;s L=hph Hkwfedk egrokph Bjr vlrs- Hkkjrh; lald`rhpk fopkj dsyk vlrk L=h iq# k gs dqvwackrhy egrokph Hkwfedk ctkor vlrkr- Eg.kwu iq# kkcjkscj 6

7 fl=;kauk dqavwckr egrokps LFkku vkgs- fl=;k g;k dke d#u vfkkztzukr lgk ;d Hkwfedk fuhkor vlrkrvksipkfjdf k{k.k vkf.k vuksipkfjd f k{k.k % vksipkfjd vkf.k vuksipkfjd f k{k.kkp;k lkis{k eqy;koj >kysyk okn vusd o kkzaiklqu vflrrokr vkgs-,[kk k kkgsr fdaok fo kihbkr ijaijsus vksipkfjd f k{k.k gksrs vkf.k vuksipkfjd f k{k.kkis{kk rs vf/kd eksbs ewy; vlrs- tls dkekp;k fbdk.kh f kd.ksf k{k.kklkbh lkekftd] lkald`frd flod`r vkn kz Eg.kwu vksipkfjd f k{k.kklkbh gh ladyiuk izfke 1973 e/;s fldcuzj vkf.k dksy ;kauh vkogku dsyh gksrs- T;kus nkok dsyk gksrk dh vk;q ;kr lokzr tklr xks Vh vuksipkfjd izfdz;sonkjk pkaxy;k izdkjs f kdrkr- mnkgj.kkfkz Hkk ksrhy f k{k.k mnkgj.k Eg.kqu- f kok; ekuooa k kkl=kkauh vlsgh lkafxrys dh LFkkfud f k{k.kkr vn;kigh ospkfjd f k{k.k?ks.;kr vkys ukgh] T;ke/;s,dgh ks{kf.kd lalfkk uogrhnjjkstp;k thoukr vls?kmrs ts ;k Kkukpk fdaok f k{k.kkpk iqjsiqj okij gksr ukgh fdaok iq.kzi.ks le`/n gksr ukgh- ;keqgs vksbzlhmhp;k f k{k.k ea+«;kauh 1996 e/;s lokzae/;s thouhkj f kdo.;kps /kksj.k?kksf kr dsys- ;ke/;s ikp [kamkrhy 23 ns kkapk lekos k vkgs- ;kus vksipkfjd vkosnu khy vkf.k vuksipkfjd gs ;qjksih;u ;qfu;u kh tksmysys vkgs- ;kus thouhkjkp;k f k{k.kklkbh /kksj.ks fodflr dsyh vkgs- th fo ks kr% dkekp;k fbdk.kh vksipkfjd vkf.k vuksipkfjd f k{k.kkph vksg[k ivowu ns.;klkbh R;kps ewy;ekiu dj.;klkbh vkf.k izekf.kr dj.;klkbh vko ;drsoj dsafnzr vkgsvksipkfjd vkf.k vuksipkfjd f k{k.kkps egro % fodklkr f k{k.k egroiq.kz Hkqfedk ctkor vlrs- vksipkfjdf k{k.kkp;k izos kkp;k iyhdms vl.kkú;k eksb;k yksdla[;kp;k yksdkauk tqgwu?ks.;kp;k ks{kf.kd la/kh o ufou dks ky;] Kku iznku dj.;klkbh kkys; dk;zdzekis{kk egrrokps vkgs- 1960P;k dky[kamkp;k mrrjk/kkzr vkf.k 1970 P;k lqekjkl vuksipkfjd f k{k.kkyk yksdilarh izkir gkså ykxyh vkt vuksipkfjd f k{k.k okjaokj vkf.k vkthou f kd.;kph,d ladyiuk Eg.kwu ikfgyh tkrs- 7

8 [kktxh efgykae/;s vuksipkfjd f k{k.k yksdfiz; vkgs- dkj.k ;keqgs [kktxh o lkoztfud nksugh fdz;k dykikue/;s efgykapk lghkkx ok<yk vkgs- lk{kjrk dk;zdze fl=;kap;k vkrelaekukoj ukv;e; ifj.kke djrkr- dkj.k rs vkffkzd] lkekftd] lkald`frd vkf.k jktfd; {ks=kr R;kaP;k {kersyk eqdr djrkr- ;qusldks 2010 uqlkj vuksipkfjd f k{k.k f k{k.kkp;k leku izos kklkbh efgykarhy fuj{kjrk u V dj.;klkbh vkf.k O;kolkf;d izf k{k.k] fokku] ra=kku vkf.k fujarj f k{k.k ;ki;zar efgykauk izos k lq/kkj.;kl enr djrs- xsj HksnHkkoiq.kZ f k{k.k vkf.k izf k{k.k fodklkyk izksrlkgu ns[khy nsrsv kk lk{kjrk vkf.k vuksipkfjdf k{kf.kd dk;zdzekph ifj.kke dkjdrk dksvqafcd lekt o ikydkap;k lghkkxkoj vk/kkjys tkrslektkp;k ;ksx; okvpkyhlkbh o fl=;kap;k le`/n thsouklkbh L=h f k{k.k gs Qkj egrokps vkgs] dkj.k T;k ns kkrhy fl=;k g;k f kf{kr vkgsr- R;k ns kkps vkffkzd] lkekthd o lkald`rhd thou gs muukr >kysys vkgs- R;keqGs efgykaps thou gs QDr R;kaP;k dqavwcklkbhp uogs rj ns kkp;k izxrhlkbh fdrh xjtsps vkgs gs y{kkr ;srs P;k tux.kusuqlkj Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k dksvh vkgs] T;ke/kwu dksvh iq# k rj dksvh L=h;k gksr;k- Hkkjrkrhy 2016 ;k o khz ekuoh lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;kus f k{k.kkoj dsysy;k logsz{k.kkuqlkj izkfkfed Lrjkojhy kkys; f k{k.kkrhy eqyhph la[;k 95556] ek/;fed kkys; eqyhph la[;k rj mpp ek/;fed f k{k.k?ks.kkú;k eqyhph la[;k 11061,o<h gksrh e/;s R;kr 21 VDds ok< gksåu mpp f k{k.k?ks.kkú;k eqyhph la[;k 15-3 n ky{k,o<h >kyh ;ke/kwu 12-4 n ky{k eqyh g;k inohps f k{k.k?ksr vkgs- R;ke/kwu VDds dyk kk[ksr] VDds fokku kk[ksr] O;kikj kk[ksr] 4-5 ra=kku kk[ksr] 4-0 VDds vfhk;kaf=dh kk[ksr 15 VDds g;k brj kk[ksr f k{k.k?ksr vkgs- rlsp ;kp o khz 1-9 n ky{k eqyh g;k ino;ksrrj f k{k.k iq.kz djhr vkgs T;ke/;s 5-4 VDdsdyk kk[ksr] 1-4 O;olk; kk[ksr] 2-3 VDds f k{k.k kk[ksr] 0-5 VDds dk;nk kk[ksr] 0-8 VDds lax.kd kk[ksr] 0-4 VDds ra=kku kk[ksr] 0-5 os dh; kk[ksr rj 0-2 VDds vfhk;kaf=dh kk[ksr f k{k.k iw.kz djhr vkgsr vkf.k ;k lokzrhy fegwu 40 VDds eqyh g;k ih-,pmh ps la kks/ku dk;z djhr vlrkr- 8

9 ;ko#u vkiy;kyk vls y{kkr ;sbzy dh] Hkkjrke/;s mppf k{k.kkrhy eqyhps izek.k gs ok<r vkgsijarq R;kuqlkj efgykaps jkstxkj ok<rkauk fnlr ukgh e/khy vk;,e,q us dsysy;k vh;klkr vls y{kkr vkys dh] 1991 e/khy efgyk dkexkjkps izek.k gs 35 VDds gksrs gs 2014&15 e/;s f k{k.kkp;k rqyusus ok< Ogk;yk gos gksrs ijarq nqnzsokus rs 2014&15 e/;s 27 VDds,o<s >kys vkgs Eg.kts HkkjrkP;k ckcrhr eqyhps f k{k.k vkf.k R;kpk dkekrhy lghkkx ;kr fo#/n laca/k fun kzukl ;srs- Hkkjrkrhy efgyk dkexkjkp;k ckcrhrhy dk;ns% 1- Hkkjrkrhy jkt;?kvusr 14 Onkjs lekurspk gdd dye 15 kjs HksnHkkokiklwu laj{k.k gdd o dye 21 kjs tx.;kp;k os;fdrd Lokra«;kpk gdd eqyhkwr vf/kdkj Eg.kwu cgky dsyk vkgs- 2- n bdoy fje;wujs ku,dv 1976 vfkkzrp ;k dk; kuqlkj dks.kr;kgh {ks«kkr uksdjh nsrkauk L«kh&iq: k vlk Hksn gks.kkj ukgh] tj L«kh&iq: k nks?ksgh,dp dke djr vlrhy rj R;kauk R;k dkekpk leku ekscnyk fegkok gs dk; kr Li V dsys vkgs- 3- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukp;k vkfvzdy 39 uqlkj izr;sd ukxjhdkyk ex rks L«kh vlks fdaok iq: k leku dkekpk ekscnyk gk leku fegkykp ikfgts- 4- Ekgkjk Vª kklukus 1993 lkyh jkt; efgyk vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk d#u nqczy fl=;kap;k xjtkoaj y{k dsanzhr dsys vkgs- Rklsp n Qs;j ost dfevh 1948 uqlkj gh L«kh vlks iq: k nks?kkauk leku dkekpk leku ekscnyk fegkok vls funszf kr dsysys vkgs- ijarq Hkkjrkr vktgh efgyk dkexkjkauk nq ;e LFkku fnys tkrsdeh is kkr gos rso<s dke d:u?ksryks tkrs f kok; dks.krhgh iqoz lqpuk u nsrk R;kauk dkeko:u dk<qu VkdY;k tkrs- oymz bdksukwfedus 15 rs 64 o ksz o;ksxvkrhy efgyk dkexkjkp;k logsz kukr vls ueqn dsys vkgs dh] Hkkjrkrhy T;k efgyk dkexkj dke djrkr R;krhy 66 VDds dkekpk ekscnyk R;kauk fegr ukgh] rlsp Hkkjr L«kh&iq: k lekurk funsz kadkr 108 O;k LFkkukoj Qsdyk xsyk vkgs- Hkkjrkph ;k Øeokjhr 21 vadkuh?klj.ks >kyh vkgs- rlsp efgykauk drz`ro fl/n dj.;kp;k feg.kkú;k la/khe/;s Hkkjr 139 O;k rj efgykp;k vkjksx; vkf.k lks;h lqfo/kke/;s 141 O;k LFkkukoj vkgs- 9

10 kgjh vlks ok xzkfe.k nksugh fbdk.kh efgyk dkexkjkauk iq: kkp;k rqyusr tks ekscnyk fdaok etqjh fegrs rh fuee;kis{kkgh deh fegrs vkf.k gs la?kvhr {ks«kkr o vla?kvhr {ks«kkr nksugh fbdk.kh igk;yk fegrs- Hkkjrkr gs izek.k Qkj eksbs vkgs- czhdle/;s lkfey vl.kkú;k pkj ns kkaisdh Hkkjr gk lxg;kr [kkyp;k LFkkukoj vkgs- Xykscy tsamj xwip;k 2010 P;k fjiksvzuqlkj efgyk o iq: k ;kap;k ixkjkrhy rqkor 2010 e/;s 57 VDds gksrh rj 2017 e/;s rh 67 VDds oj xsyh vkgs brj«k dkekp;k fbdk.kh rs 35 VDds vkgs rj xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ksrh lkj[;k fbdk.kh rs 60 VDds,o<k vkgs Eg.kts iq: kkauk R;kp etqjhps frrd;kp rklklkbh 60 VDds tklr etqjh fegrs- 21 O;k krdkr izos k djrkaukps gs,d iz[kj oklro vkgs vkf.k rs Hkkjrp ukgh rj txhkjkrhy fodflr ns kgh ;koj mik;;kstuk kks/k.;kps dk;z dfjr vkgsrla kks/ku lkfgr;kpk vk<kok % la kks/kukp;k dk;kzr ys[kd lkfgfr;d vh;kld o la kks/kd ;kauh dsysy;k v/;;ukpk okij Hkfo ;kr lacaf/kr?kvdkyk Ogkok gk gsrq ckgxkwu lkfgr;kph fufezrh >kysyh vlrs- R;kpkp Hkkx Eg.kwu izlrqr kks/k izca/kkr fo k;ksp;k lanhkkzr vk<kok?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs- 1- fotsanz dkcjk ¼2001½% ;kauh lu 1971&1981 ;k dky[kamkr ejkbokmk Je kdrhph rqyuk egkjk Vª o if pe egkjk Vªk kh d:u ejkbokm;krhy Je kdrhr gks.kkú;k ok<hph dkj.k feekalk ;kpk vh;kl dsyk- R;kr egkjk Vªkrhy if pe egkjk VªkP;k rqyusr ejkbokm;ke/;s Hkwehfgu vkf.k vyihkw/kkjdkapkk oxz eksb;k izek.kkr fnlwu vkyk vkgs- ;kps dkj.k ok<rh yksdla[;k vkf.k nkfjnz; vkgs- ejkbokm;kp;k xzkeh.k vfkzo;olfkse/;s L«kh ksretqjkaps izek.k vf/kd vkgs- lu 1971&1981 ;k dky[kamkr L«kh iq: k ksretqjkap;k la[;sr ok<>kyh vkgs- ;k oxkzyk feg.kkjk vfu;ehr jkstxkj o csdkjh gs nkfjnz;kps eq[; dkj.k vkgs- vls fun kzukl vkys vkgs- 2- eqdkne ikvhy 2001% ;kauh L«kh Je kdrhps ns kkp;k vkffkzd fodklkr egrro] L«kh iq: kkap;k jkstxkjkps Lo:Ik ;kpk vh;kl dsyk ;kap;kers ksrh O;olk;kr iq: kkap;k rqyusr fl«k;kauk feg.kkjk jkstxkj deh vkgs- ejkbokm;kr ksrh O;olk;kr vfrfjdr yksdla[;k vkgs- ;k yksdla[;syk brj O;olk;kr ogfo.ks vko ;d vkgs- ;klkbh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ksreky izdzh;k m ksx]?kjxqrh m ksx] 10

11 y?kq dqvhjks ksx ;koj fo ks k Hkj ns.;kr ;kok- dkgh m ksx fl«k;kalkbh jk[kho Bsokosr- O;olkf;d f k{k.k loz lekos kd dj.;kpk iz;ru djkok vlk vh;klkvarh fu d kz dk<yk vkgs- 3- uhrk vkuan 2003% ;kuh fofo/k O;olk;krhy fl«k;kap;k lghkkx njkr >kysy;k cnykpk vh;kl dsyk ;kap;kers lu 1971&2000 ;k dky[kamkr lkoztfud [kktxh {ks«kkr fofo/k O;olk;kr f k{k.kkeqgs fl«k;kapk lghkkx nj ok<yk vkgs- brj loz O;olk;kis{kk ksrh O;olk;kr L«kh etqjkapk lghkkx nj lokzf/kd vkgs ;kckcr vh;kl dsyk vkgs- 4- d:.kk dqyd.khz 2004 % ;kauh xkzeh.k efgykap;k vkffkzd l{kfedj.kklkbh f k{k.kkps egro ;kpk vh;kl dsyk R;kaP;k ers] xzkeh.k efgykauk vkffkzdn` V;k l{ke gks.;klkbh ksrhoj vk/kkjysys y?kq m ksx lq# dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkr?kjxqrh vusd O;olk; lkeqnkf;djhr;k lq# djrk ;srkr- ksrekykoj vk/kkjysy;k vuu/kku;kojhy izfdz;k m ksx tj xzkeh.k Hkkxkr fodflr dsy;kl vusd efgykauk jkstxkj fegwu rs vkffkzd&n` V;k l{ke gksrhy ;kckcr vh;kl dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- 5 kkarh pdzorhz ¼1975½ % ;kauh L=h etqjkapk ksrh o iqjd O;olk;krhy lghkkx nj ksr o dqvwackrhy dkekps rkl vkf.k osrukpk vh;kl dsyk R;kaP;k ers] L=h ksr etqj gh dqvwackr vkf.k ksrhr dke d#u nqgsjh Hkwfedk iw.kz djr vkgs- ksrh cjkscjp ksrh kh iqjd O;olk;kr lghkkx nj tklr vkgs- dqvwackr pkj rkl o ksrhr vkb rkl rh dke djrs- L=h iq# k osru njkr fhkuurk vkgs- ksrhr L=h;kapk Ik;kZIr mi;ksx d#u?ks.;klkbh R;kaph dk;z{kerk vkf.k dq kyrk ok<fo.ks] vk/kqfud O;olk;kaps izf k{k.k izkr;kf{kdkonkjs ns.ks] ;ksx; O;oLFkkiu vkf.k fumcsl ;kstukaph xjt vkgs- 6 fyykxqykvh ¼1976½ % ;kauh lu 1964 rs 1965 nje;ku xzkfe.k pksd khpk vh;kl dsyk vkgs- R;kaP;kers Hkkjrkrhy xzkeh.k Hkkxkr L=h ksr etqjkap;k csdkjhpk iz u vf/kd vkgs- vkfkkztzukr L=h ksr etqjkapk lghkkx nq ;e vkgs- iq# k ksr etqjkap;k rqyusr L=h ksr etqjkauk feg.kkjk jkstxkj Eg.kts dkekps fnol deh vkgsr- varjjkt; L=h iq# k ksretqjkap;k csdkjhr rqkor vkgs- ksrh O;olk;koj dke dj.kkú;k L=h iq# k ksretqjkap;k csdkjhps fuezqyu dj.;klkbh dks.krhp v kh fo ks k ;kstuk ukgh- ;keqgs ;koxkzp;k csdkjhpk iz u mxz Lo#ikpk vkgs- ;kckcr vh;kl dsyk vkgs- 11

12 7,l ch ekgh ¼2011½ % ;kauh ejkbokm;krhy efgykap;k fodklkr Lo;algk ;rk xvkph Hkwfedk ;k fo k;h vh;kl djhr vlrkauk Lo;algk ;rk xvkaph LFkkiuk dj.ks vko ;d vkgsrlsp ;ke/;s xzkfe.k efgykapk lghkkx ok<fo.;klkbh vko ;d rh mik;;kstuk dj.ks vko ;d Bjsy- xv inkf/kdkjh ;kauh xvkph tckcnkjh ;ksx;fjr;k lkahkkg.;klkbh dk;nsf kj fu;ekoyh vlkoh v kk fofo/k vko ;d?kvdkoj R;kauh vh;kl dsyk vkgs- 8- f kokuh y{e.k xk;dokm ¼2012½ % efgyk m kstdrk fodklkr Lo;algk;rk cpr xvkph Hkwfeds ckcr v/;;u dj.;kr vkys R;kauh kklukus iq# k iz/kku lekt O;oLFkk u V djkoh] kklukus efgykapk lokzafx.k fodkl lk/; dj.;klkbh efgykauk loz {ks=kr leku la/kh izkir d#u ko;kr- kklukus efgyk fodklkp;k lanhkkzr Hkkjrh; jkt;?kvuse/;s vflrrokr vlysy;k loz dyekaph dkvsdksji.ks veayctko.kh djkoh- efgykackcr /kksj.k pkaxy;k izdkjs jkcokos v kk fofo/k isyqoj R;kauh vh;kl dsyk vkgs- Lka kks/ku i/nrh % izlrqr la kks/kukr efgykapk lkekftd] vkffkzd] ks{kf.kd] jkg.kheku ;kckcr lel;k lq=.k dj.;kr ;sbzy- la kks/ku dk;zikj ikm.;klkbh ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykaps izr;{k HksVh?ks.;kr ;srhy o R;kaP;k JelgHkkxkps fufj{k.k dj.;kr ;sbzy- x`fgrdkap;k ekfgrhp;k vk/kkjs imrkg.kh dj.;kr ;sbzy o la kks/kukp;k mìs kkph imrkg.kh dj.;kr ;sbzy- ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykaps JelgHkkxkps v/;;u dj.;klkbh la kks/ku vkjk[km;kuqlkj R;kaph ekam.kh dj.;kr ;sbzy- izlrkfor la kks/ku dk;kzlkbh rf; ladyu dj.;klkbh iz ukoyhp;k ek/;ekrqu izkfkfed rf; ladyu o xzafk] iqlrds] ekflds ;kap;k ek/;ekrwu nq ;e rf; ladyu ladyhr dj.;kr ;sbzy- la kks/ku dk;z djrkuk lel;k lq=.k]fujh{k.k]oxhzdj.k]x`fgrds imrkg.kh] la kks/ku vkjk[kmk] rf;kaps fo ys k.k o fu d kz] rf;kps fuokzpu iwozdfku d#u izlrqr kks/k izca/kkps la kks/ku dk;z ikj ikm.;kr ;sbzyla kks/kukph xjt % Hkkjrkph tux.kuk 2011 uqlkj ukansm ftyg;kph,dw.k yksdla[;k gh 33]61]292,o<h vlwu R;kr fl=;kaph la[;k gh 14]12]265,o<h vkgs- fl=;kaph ks{kf.kd flfkrh] lkekftd flfkrh] vkffkzd flfkrhps voyksdu dj.ks gs xjtsps vkgs- fl=;kaps cú;kp lel;k vkgsr] ts dh] vkffkzd izxrhyk 12

13 ck/kk Bjr vkgsr v kk lel;kps fujkdj.k d#u R;kaph izxrh dj.ks dkgkph xjt vkgs] ;kvuq kaxkus ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkps vkffkzd fo ys k.k dj.ks vko ;d vkgsla kks/kukps egro% ukansm ftyg;krhy fl=;kapk ks{kf.kd ntkz vkf.k R;kaps Je kdrhe/khy lghkkx ;k izlrqr la kks/ku dk;kzps egro gs L=h gh lektkpk,d eq[;?kvd vkgs] rh lektkph tuuh vkgs- frp;k Je lghkkxkus ns kkp;k njmksbz mriuukr fuf prp ok< gksrs] R;keqGs L=h Jfedkapk jkstxkj] mriuuk] f k{k.k] njmksbz mriuu] dtz] lghkkx nj] dkekps Lo#i] vkffkzd o lkekftd flfkrh] osrunj o jkg.kheku ;kr >kysyk cny ;kapk,df=r vh;kl dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- R;keqGs ftygk iz kklu] egkjk Vª kklukl] tursl] fofo/k lalfksl o kklukl /kksj.k Bjfo.;klkBh gh laiq.kz ekfgrh mi;ksxh imsy- ;klkbh izlrqr fo k;kpk vh;kl dj.ks egrokps vkgsla kks/kukpsmìs k% ejkbokm;krhy ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkps vkffkzd fo ys k.k gk kks/k izca/k iw.kz djrkuk [kkyhy mfì Vs iq<s Bsowu la kks/ku dk;z iw.kz dj.;kr ;sbzy- 1- ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykap;k lkekftd o ks{kf.kd flfkrhpk vh;kl dj.ks- 2- ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykap;k ks{kf.kd lq/kkj.kseqgs gks.kkú;k vkffkzd ifjorzukpk vh;kl dj.ks- 3- ukansm ftyg;krhy xzkfe.k o kgjh efgykapk JelgHkkxkpk rqyukred vh;kl dj.ks- 4- ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykap;k mriuu o [kpkzpk vh;kl dj.ks- 5- ukansm ftyg;kp;k fodklkr efgykap;k ;ksxnkukpk vh;kl dj.ksxzfgrds % ukansm ftyg;krhyefgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkps vkffkzd fo ys k.k ;k izlrqr kks/k izca/kke/;s x`fgrdkap;k vk/kkjs fuomysy;k fo k;klac/khp;k lel;kaps fujkdj.k dj.ks] la kks/kukph fn kk fuf pr dj.ks vkf.k ;ksx; lkexzkph fuom dj.ks ;k lozp fø;k ikj ikm.;kr ;srhy-;klkbh iq<hy xzfgrds?ks.;kr vkysyh vkgs- 13

14 1- Ekfgykaph ks{kf.kd flfkrh vkf.k vkffkzd flfkrh ;ke/;s togpk laca/k vkgs- 2- fl=;kapk Je kdrhrhy lghkkx gk iq# kkais{kk deh vkgs- 3- Xkzkfe.k o kgjh Hkkxkrhy efgykap;k Je kdrhrhy lghkkxke/;s rqkor vkgsrf; ladyu i/nrh% lkekftd lel;kph mdy dj.ks o lektkyk Kku o R;kaph xjt Hkkxfo.ks gk eq[; gsrw la kks/kukpk vlrks R;ke/;s fofo/k?kvdkoj v/;;u dj.;kr ;såu lel;sps fujkdj.k dj.;kpk iz;ru dj.;kr ;sr vlrks- Eg.kqu izlrqr kks/k izca/kkr iq<hy rf; ladyu i/nrhpk voyac dj.;kr ;sbzyv- izkfkfed rf; ladyu i/nrh % izkfkfed rf; ladyuke/;s izr;{k fujh{k.k] iz ukoyh o eqyk[krh g;k rf; ladyukp;k lk/kukapk okij dsyk tkbzy- T;ke/;s izkeq[;kus uequk Eg.kqu fuom dsysy;k fl=;kap;k o;] ks{kf.kd ntkz] vkffkzd flfkrh rlsp lkekftd lanhkkzrhy vkf.k,dw.kp Je kdrhrhy lghkkxk lanhkkzrhy ekfgrh xksgk dsyh tkbzyc- fonrh; rf; ladyu i/nrh % izlrqr la kks/kuke/;s ukansm ftyg;kph fuom dsyh vly;kdkj.kkus ;k ftyg;kfo k;hph ekfgrh ns.;klkbh nq ;elrks=kpk okij dsyk tkbzy- R;kpizek.ks la kks/kuklkbh vko ;d vl.kkjs rf; ekam.;klkbh fdaok rf; ladyhr dj.;klkbh rlsp iqjd ekfgrh xksgk dj.;klkbh izdk khr xzafks] vizdk khr ekfgrh] kks/kfuca/k] kklfd; vgoky] orzeku i=s] kks/kizca/k] br;knhpk okij dsyk tkbzyv/;;ukph O;kIrh o e;kznk % la kks/kukph O;kIrh % izlrqr la kks/kukps {ks= gs ukansm ftyg;kiqjrs e;kznhr vkgs- ukansm ftyg;krhy efgyka ;k la kks/kukp;k O;kIrhr ;srhyla kks/kukp;k e;kznk % 14

15 izlrqr la kks/ku gs uequ;koj vk/kkfjr vkgs- R;kp izek.ks izlrqr la kks/ku gk dsanz fcanq vlwu fujh{kj fl=;kap;k&ckcr yktkgwi.kk o xksifu;rk lkj[;k o`rrheqgs ekfgrh ladyukoj e;kznk imq kdrkrrlsp nq ;e Lo#ikP;k ekfgrhlkbh fofo/k L=ksr okijy;keqgs miyc/k >kysy;k rf;kaph rarksrar imrkg.kh izr;{k L=ksrk kh gkså kd.kkj ukgh- izlrqr la kks/kukps gs fu d kz ukansm ftyg;kiwjrs e;kzfnr vlrhyuequk fuom % izlrqr la kks/kukr ukansm ftyg;krhy,dw.k 16 rkyqd;kapk lekos k dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- izlrqr la kks/kuklkbh izr;sd rkyqd;krqu 100 efgykaph uequk Eg.kqu fuom dj.;kr ;sbzy- fuomysy;k uequ;kph fohkkx.kh djrkauk 50 VDds g;k efgyk rkyqd;kp;k fbdk.kkgqu vkf.k 50 VDds g;k efgyk xzkfe.k Hkkxkrqu ¼[ksM;krqu½ fuomy;k tkrhy- v kk izdkjs izlrqr la kks/ku gs,dw.k 1600,so<;k uequk vkdkjkp;k rf;koj vk/kkjhr vl.kkj vkgs- izlrqr la kks/kukpk dsanzfcanq gs efgyk gk vly;k dkj.kkus la kks/kuklkbhps fo o gs Qkj eksbs vkgs- Eg.kqu osg]islk vkf.k mi;qdrrk y{kkr?ksowu izlrqr la/kks/kuklkbh uequ;kpk vkdkj 1600,so<k Bjfo.;kr vkysyk vkgsrf; fo ys k.k % ukansm ftyg;krhy efgykapk ks{kf.kd ntkz o Je kdrhrhy lghkkxkp;k lel;kaph mrrjs kks/kwu dk<.;klkbh xksgk dsysyh ekfgrh ;ksx;ik/nrh rdr;kap;k Lo#ikr ekamyh tkbzy- R;kaph iquj imrkg.kh dsyh tkbzy vkf.k VDDdsokjh]ljkljh]lglaca/k br;knh lkj[kh lkaf[;fd; lk/kus okijyh tkbzy o fegkysy;k ekfgrhps lknjhdj.k fofo/k vkys[kakpk okij d#u lqli V Lo#ikr ekamyh tkbzy- Ikzdj.kkph vk[k.kh % 1- izlrkouk 2- Lka kks/ku lkfgr;kpk vk<kok o la kks/ku i/nrh 3- ukansm ftyg;k,d n`f V{ksi 4- Ekfgykaph lkekftd o ks{kf.kd flfkrh 5- Ekfgykaph vkffkzd flfkrh o Je kdrhrhy ;ksxnku 6- fu d kz o f kqkj kh 15

16 lanhkz lqph % 1- izk-mkw-lq/khj cks/kudj]izk- foosd vyks.kh] vwm- e`.kky dqyd.khz lkekftd la kks/ku i/nrh] tkusokjh 2007 Jh- lkbzukfk izdk ku ukxiwj 2- MkW-ih-,y- HkkaMkjdj] lkekftd la kks/ku 2007] fo k cqdl] vksjaxkckn 3- fotsanz dkcjk] 2001 ejkbokm;krhy xzkeh.k jkstxkj o euq ;cg fu;kstu ejkbokmk [kam nksu iku dz 4&89 4- eqdkne ikvhy 2001]L=h jkstxkj o jkstxkj la/kh ejkbokmk [kam Hkkx 2 i` B dz 4& Dr.Neeta Anand 2003, Working Women: Issue & Problems la kks/kd] la kks/ku ekxzn kzd] cfcrk x.kirjko gsckjs lkekftd kkl=s ladqy Lok-jk-rh-e-fo kihb] ukansm izk-mkw-ih-ih-yks.kkjdj lkekftd kkl=s ladqy Lok-jk-rh-e-fo kihb] ukansm 16