र जम त जज ब ईच य य वशयक ध रण : एक अ ययन इ तह स वभ ग म ख, र ण ल म ब ई म हल मह व य लय स वरग व, ज. न गप र मह र भ रत izlrkouk % lrjko;k krdkr egkjk Vªke/;s f kokthegkjktkakp;k usr`rokr fganoh LojkT; mn;kl vkys- R;kekxhy [k&;k izsj.kk kdrh f kokthegkjktkkap;k ekrk fttkckbz gksr;kekrsp;kp laldkj{kersrqu f kokthegkjktkkaps O;fDreRo?kMys- fttkckbz dsog tuenkr;kp uogs rj LojkT;kP;k izsjd kdrh vkgs- Lokra«;klkBh kgkthjkts lkj[ks /kmim djhr vlrkauk R;kauk vis{khr ; k fegr uogrs Eg.kwup R;kaps Lora= jkt; fufezrhps LoIUk fttkckbzus f kokthegkjktkap;k ek/;ekus iw.kz dsys- LojkT;kph fufezrh djrkauk fttkckbzus yksddy;k.kdkjh iz kkldh; ;a=.kk jkcowu iztsph fu Bk laiknu dsyh- fttkckbze/;s ifjflfkrhuq:ik fu.kz;?ks.;kph {kerk gksrh- R;k f kokthegkjktkap;k vuqiflfkrhrgh LojkT;kPkk dkjhkkj mrd` BfjR;k lkahkkghr vls- iz kkluke/;s fttkckbzpk fu.kz; egroiw.kz ekuyk tkbz- R;kaP;k dr`zrokyk ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkr rksm ukgh- izlrqr kks/kfuca/kkr fttkckbzp;k U;k;fo k;d /kksj.kkpk vh;kl dj.;kr vkysyk vkgsfttkckbzps U;k;fo k;d /kksj.k % 1P a g e
fttkckbz gh lozlkeku; fl=;kaizek.ks pqy vkf.k ewy ;ke/;s /ku;rk eku.kkjh lkeku; L=h uogrh- nsofxjhp;k ;kno jkt?kj.;kpk okjlk ykhkysy;k y[kqth tk/ko ;k ijkdzeh iq: kkph rh kqj du;k gksrh] rj mn;iqjp;k jkt?kjk.;krhy kgkthjkts Hkkslys ;k ijkdzeh iq: kkph rh ohj iruh gksrh- tk/ko vkf.k Hkkslys ;k nksugh {kf=;?kjk.;kps laldkj fttkckbzoj >kysys gksrs- kgkthjkts b-l- 1636 e/;s dukzvdkr xsy;koj R;kauh iq.ks tgkfxjhp;k dkjhkkjkph laiw.kz tckcnkjh fttkckbzoj lksifoyh- 1 kgkthjktkauk fttkckbzp;k dr`zrokph iw.kz tk.kho gksrh- fttkckbz LojkT;krhy U;k;fuokMk dj.;kdjhrk cjspnk lnjsoj cls- R;k iztsp;k vmhvmp.kh o røkjh,sdqu?ksr o R;koj ;ksx; rks fu.kz; nsr vls- kgkthjktkarqsz R;k tgkfxjhrhy i=s dk<hr- 2 fttkckbzp;k f klrhckcr iztsp;k eukr vknj gksrk- tgkfxjhpk dkjhkkj ikg.;kdjhrk fttkckbzdms Qkjlh f kddk gksrk- R;kpk vkdkj dq;jhlkj[kk vlwu ykach 6@8 bap rj :anh 1@2 bap gksrh- 3 fttkckbzp;k f kdd;koaj **fttkvkå okfynk b jktk lhokth** vlk etdqj gksrk- 4 fttkckbzp;k dkjhkkjklac/khr loz i=akoj v kkizdkjpk f kddk vk<gqu ;srks- fttkckbz fg,deso jkt;drhz L=h vkgs dh] ftp;k i=akoj Qkjlhe/;s eksgksj mbfoysyh fnlrs- R;kiwohZ dks.kr;kgh jkt;dr;kz L=hP;k i=akoj f kddk vly;kps vk<gqu ;sr ukgh- 5 fttkckbzus LojkT;krhy orus ] bukes] ikvhy&dqyd.khzi.kkps c[ksms lksmowu dk;n;kps ckcrhr f klr fuekz.k dsyhfttkckbzdmqu nknksth dksamnsokp;k fu.kz;kpk vogsj % LojkT;kph cka/k.kh dfjr vlrkauk xfjc & Jhear] ygku & eksbk vlk dqbykgh HksnHkko u djrk lokzaukp leku U;k; fegkok vls fttkckbzps /kksj.k gksrs- LojkT;krhy dq.kkojgh vu;k; >kyk rj rh O;Drh FksV vkiyh xk&gkuh fttkckbzdms ekamhr vlsloz ckchaph l[kksy pksd kh dsy;kuarj vkiy;k vf/kdk&;kaph fnysys fu.kz; pqdhps vk<gqu vky;kl rs fu.kz; Mkyowu fttkckbz ;ksx; cktqus fu.kz; nsr- Ykq[kks foðy gk f kjog ijx.;kpk ns kdqyd.khz gksrk- R;kyk dkugksiar o iq: kksrreiar vls nksu iq= gksrs- yq[kks foðykus vkiyk ts B iw= dkugksiar ;kl 2P a g e
ijx.;kps ns kdqyd.khz o xkodqyd.khzi.kkps vf/kdkj fnys rj iq: kksrreiarkl dlc;kp;k eqtsjh o eksgrqkz ;kap;k dqyd.khzi.kkpk vf/kdkj]?kj] okmk o lairrh fnyhdkugksiarkl jrukth o foðyiar rj iq: kksrreiarkl frekth o eqjkj vls iq= gksrsfoðyiarkpk iq= jkekth vkf.k iq: kksrreiarkpk iq= frekth gs nks?ksgh nknksth dksamnsokdms orukps dke lkahkkghr- rsogk frekthus nknksth dksamnsokdms orukpk ijaijkxr okn frl&;k ih<hps dkgkr miflfkr dsyk- R;kosGh nknksth dksamnsokus iwohzph okv.kh jí d:u ns kdqyd.khzi.kkps oru jkekth o frekth ;k nks?kkauk lkj[ks okvqu fnys- 6 R;kaP;k fu.kz;keqgs frekthpk Qk;nk >kyk ijarq jkekthp;k eukr vkiy;koj vu;k; >ky;kph [kar?kj d:u clyh- rsogk nknksthp;k U;k;nkukoj vlarq V gksåu jkekthus iq.;kl fttkckbzp;k HksVhyk tkåu vkiyk fuokmk xksrlhksr dj.;kph ekx.kh dsyh- fttkckbzyk R;kph ekx.kh U;k ; okvyh- R;kauh ykxyhp nknksth dksamnsokpk fu.kz; jí dsyk o iqugk xksrlhksr fuokmk dj.;kpk vkns k fnyk- yxsp nknksthus f kjog ijx.;kp;k gokynkjkl i= ikbowu ns keq[k] ikvhy o orunkj ;kapsleksj jkekth o frekth ;kapk fuokmk xksrlhksr djkok v kh lqpuk dsyh- 7 R;kapsrhy fuokmk xksrlhksr d:u fttkckbzus jkekthyk U;k; fegoqu fnykx.kks xckthps buke ijr % x.kks xckth rchc ;kl iq.ks ijx.;krhy osgjoms ;sfkhy tehu kgkthjktsauh buke fnyh gksrh- ijarq iq<s f kokthegkjktkauh bukes vuker djkoh vls QekZu dk<y;kus osgjoms xkokrhy eksdíekus x.kks xckthps buke vuker dsys- R;keqGs ljg rks fttkckbzdms nkn ekx.;kdjhrk vkyk- fttkckbzus x.kks xckthph røkj,sdq.k?ksry;kuarj R;kph cktq U;k ; vly;kps y{kkr ;srkp osgjoms xkokp;k eksdíekyk i= ikboqu x.kks xckthdms iqohz tls buke pkyr gksrs] rlsp iq<sgh pkyqp Bsokos vkf.k *fpjatho jktjh flåckps [kqnz[krkph* ekx.kh d: u;s vlk vkns k fnyk- 8 R;kuqlkj x.kks xckthyk R;kps buke ijr fegkys- ;kosgh fttkckbzus [kqí f kokthegkjktkapk fu.kz; fqjfoyk- ;ko:u fttkckbzph U;k;fu Bqjrk fdrh Js B ntkzph gksrh gs y{kkr 3P a g e
;srs- f kokthegkjktkauhgh vkiy;k ekrksjhp;k fu.kz;kpk lueku d:u x.kks xckthps buke iqozor lq: Bsokos v kh rkfdn osgjoms xkokp;k eksdíekyk fnyh- 9 ;ko:u LojkT;kP;k U;k;fo k;d {ks=kr fttkckbzpk fu.kz; varhe vly;kps y{kkr ;srsxqjoi.kkpk fuokmk % xzkensorsph iqtkvpkz] nsokyk iks kk[k] nkfx.ks?kky.;kps dke xqjokyk djkos ykxsgh dkes rks cyqr;kp;k ekscny;kr dfjr vls- tstqjh ;sfkhy ekrzam HkSjokP;k eafnjkrhy xqjo.kklac/kh ijlnj.kk o lrksok xqjo g;kapsr okn lq: gksrk- rs HkkaM.k fttkckbzdms vkys] rsogk pksd khvarh fttkckbzus ijlnj.kk ;kl tstqjhp;k ekrzam HkSjokP;k eafnjkrhy xqjoi.kkps vf/kdkj fnys- 10 o ijlnj.kk vkf.k lrksok g;kapsrhy HkkaM.kkpk fuokmk d:.k fnyklqyrkuth txnkgsp;k iq=kyk dksy % elqjpk ns keq[k lqyrkuth txnkgs ;kus vqty[kkuk kh gkrfego.kh dsy;keqgs f kokthegkjktkauh R;kph xnzu mmfoyh- R;kph iruh o vyio;hu iq= egknth tho okpfo.;klkbh igqu xsys- dkykarjkus lqyrkuthph iruh jktxmkoj ekrksjh fttkckbzdms ;soqu rhus loz o`rrkar dfku d:u iq= egknthl dksy ns.;kph fouarh dsyh- f kokthegkjktkauk lqyrkuthp;k iq=kl elqjph ns keq[kh n;k;ph uogrh- v kkosgh fttkckbzus f kokthegkjktkauk egknthl elqjph ikvhydh ns.;kps vkns k fnys- R;kizek.ks egknthyk elqjph ikvhydh fegkyh- 11 v kkizdkjs fttkckbzus lqyrkuth txnkgsp;k vlgk ; fo/kosyk o iq=kyk dksy fegoqu fnykfttkckbz xksrlhksp;k v/;{kinh % dkun[kks&;kps ckckth >qatkjjko o ekyksth iraxjko ;k ca/kqe/;s oruklkbh vkilkr HkkaM.ks lq: gksrs- 24 tkusokjh 1667 jksth dkun[kksjs ;k ekog izkarkrhy /kkuhc xkoh,d xksrlhkk Hkjo.;kr ;soqu R;k xksrlhkspks v/;{kin fttkckbzus Hkq kfoys- R;kosGh ckckth >qatkjjko o ekyksth iraxjjko ;kapsrhy okn fudkyh dk<.;kr vkyk] R;kizek.ks orukph okv.kh dj.;kr ;sowu ekyksth iraxjkokauk ckckth >qatkjjkokdmqu R;kaP;k 4P a g e
orukpk 1@4 fgllk tklrhpk ns.;kr vkyk- 12 lokzauh gk fu.kz; eku; dsyk- ;ko:u ekrksjh fttkckbzp;k U;k;{ks=krhy vf/kdkjkph izphrh ;srsfobksth gscrjkokyk dksy % xqatuekogpk ns keq[k fobksth gscrjko flyhacdj gk vqty[kkukyk lkehy gksåu R;kus LojkT;k kh cbzekuh dsyh- vqty[kkukp;k o/kkuarj R;kph flfkrh ek= n;fu; cuyh- R;keqGs vkiyk tho okpfo.;klkbh rks o.ko.k HkVdq ykxyk- v[ksj grcy gksåu R;kus f kokthegkjktkadms vhk;kpk dksy ekfxryk o vkti;zar dsysy;k d`r;kcíy Ik pkrki O;Dr dsyk- LojkT; j{k.kklkbh drzcxkj O;Drhaph fttkckbzyk vko ;drk okvr gksrh- R;keqGs kj.kkxrkyk vkj; nsowu R;kaP;k ijkøekpk okij LojkT;kP;k dk;kzr d:u?ks.ks gh dkgkph xjt gksrh- Eg.kwup fttkckbzus fobksth gscrjkokyk /khj nsowu LojkT;kr ijr ;s.;kl lkaxhrys- 4,fizy 1668 jksth fttkckbzus fobksth gscrjkokyk *rqegh lq[ks vkiyh ns kxrh pkyo.ks] vkep;k rqszus rqeps okbzv lozfkk gks.kkj ukgh* vls vk oklu fnys- 13 v kkizdkjs fobksth gscrjkoklkj[;k tqu;k xqugsxkjkauk ekq d:u fttkckbzus R;kauk iqugk LojkT;kP;k dk;kzr lkehy d:u?ksrysckckthjke o eqdwan dkugks g;kapsrhy oknkpk fuokmk % iq.ks ijx.;krhy ckckthjke o eqdwan dkugks ;k ca/kqe/;s ijx.;kp;k ns kdqyd.khzi.kkps oruklac/kh HkkaM.k lq: gksrs- ckckthjke gk eqdwan dkugkspk vf/kdkj Mkoyqu Lor% vki.kp ijx.;kp;k orukpk mihkksx?ksow ykxyk- R;kfo k;h eqdwan dkugks ;kus fttkckbzdms røkj dsyh- rsogk fttkckbzus ;k nksu ca/kqe/khy HkkaM.kkph pksd kh dsyh] rsogk R;akP;k y{kkr vkys dh ckckthjke gk eqdwan dkugksoj vu;k; djrks-;k HkkaM.kkpk fu.kz; nsrkauk 28 fmlsacj 1668 jksth fttkckbzus ckckthjke ;kl rkdhn fnyh dh *eqdaqn dkugksp;k orukp;k dkjhkkjkps vf/kdkj rqegh fgjkowu?ksrys] ;kiq<s R;kpk dkjhkkj R;kyk d: kok o iqohz tlk dkjhkkj pkyr gksrk R;kipzek.ks ;kiq<sgh pkyokok* 14 vlk fu.kz; nsoqu fttkckbzus eqdawn dkugks ;kl U;k; fegowu fnykpsixhj xkslkohl buke % 5P a g e
tkogh lqh;krhy gqexko ;sfks psixhj xkslkohl buke Eg.kwu dkgh >kms fegkyh gksrh- ijarq e/;arjhp;k dkgkr R;kaP;k bukeke/;s [kam imyk- rsogk fttkckbzp;k fun kzukl gh ckc ;srkp R;kauh tkogh lqh;kps lqhksnkj foðy nrrks ;kauk vkns k nsoqu psixhj xkslkohps buke iqohzizek.ksp iq<sgh pkyq Bso.;kckcr vkns k fnyk- 15 jaxhkv BdkjP;k fejklhpk fu.kz; % ekog izns kkrhy nsgd;kzrh ;sfkhy dqyd.khz jaxhkv Bdkj tks khp;k dqvaqckyk dks<s] vbjs] flo.ks o dksijs ;k pkj xkokrhy HkVi.kkph fejklh ijaijkxr pkyw gksrh- R;kpk dkjhkkj jaxhkv Bdkj tks kh pkyfor vls- ijarq nq dkg imy;kewgs jaxhkvkyk ns kkarj djkos ykxys- R;keqGs R;kph ekrk fxfjtkbz o iruh tkudh fujkjhr >ky;kv kkosgh R;kauk iq.ks ;sfkhy fouk;d HkVkus vkj; nsoqu R;kaps iky.kiks k.k dsys- Eg.kwu fxjtkbzus laiw.kz fejklh fouk;d HkVkyk ykowu fnyh- dkykarjkus fxjtkbz o fouk;d HkVkps fu/ku >kys- rsogk ukxs khkv Bdkj ;k O;Drhus rh fejklh vkiyhp vly;kpk nkok dsyk-rlsp vbjs xkokph dqyd.khzi.kk pkyfor vlyksy;k kadjkth Hkksoj ikpdaqmoh ;kusgh vbjs ;sfkhy dqyd.khzi.kk vkiy;kyk nk.kkr fegkyh vly;kpk nkok dsykv kkosgh cqnikpsxko ;sfks tkudh] ukxs khkv Bdkj o kadjkth Hkksoj ;kapsrhy HkkaM.kkpk fuokmk dj.;kr vkyk- rsogk ukxs khkv Bdkj [kksvk Bjyk- rj kadjkth Hkksojyk eqrkyhd Eg.kwu eku;rk ns.;kr vkyh- R;kuarjgh gk okn lq:p jkfgyk- rsogk fttkckbzleksj gk okn U;k;fuokMklkBh Bso.;kr vkyk- tkudhp;k lklqus fouk;d HkV Bdkj ;kl laiw.kz fejklh fnysyh vly;kus o fouk;d HkVkus jaxhkvkph ekrk o iruhps iky.k iks k.k dsy;kewgs pkjgh xkokph tks kh o dqyd.khzi.kkph fejklh fouk;d HkVkP;k iq=kl ns.;kpk fttkckbzus fu.kz;?ksryk- vkf.k 10 uksogs- 1673 jksth dtzr ekogps ns keq[k o ns kdqyd.khz ;kauk loz fejklh fouk;dhkvkps iq=kl ns.;kpk vkns k fnyk- 16 v kkizdkjs cjsp fnolkiklqu pkyr vkysy;k jaxhkv BdkjP;k fejklhpk fu.kz; ykowu fttkckbzus fouk;d HkVkP;k dqvaqckyk R;kapk gdd fegowu fnyk- o;kp;k iap;kgrrjko;k o kkzrgh LojkT;kP;k dkjhkkjkr fttkckbz mrlkgkus Hkkx?ksr vly;kps fnlqu ;srs- 6P a g e
fu d kz % iq.ks tgkfxjhpkk o LojkT;kpk dkjhkkj pkyforkauk fttkckbzus vkn kz iz kklfd; ;a=uk jkcfoyh- LoPN U;k;nku] dmd iz kklu] lokzuk leku U;k;] iztkorlyrk ;k ckch R;kaP;k iz kklukr egroiw.kz gksr;k- fttkckbzus LojkT;krhy xqamfxjh] O;fHkpkj] vr;kpkj] vu;k; eksmqu dk<ys o iztse/;s vu;k;kpk izfrdkj dj.;kph kdrh fuekz.k dsyh- LojkT;kP;k dkjhkkjkrhy U;k;fo k;d {ks=kr fttkckbzus dsysys dk;z myys[kuh; Bjrs- R;k izr;sd rav;kaph l[kksy pksd kh d:u fu.kz; nsr- R;kapk fu.kz; LojkT;kr varhe ekuyk tkbz- R;kaP;k U;k;fuokM;keqGsp vkiy;kojhy vu;k; nwj gkså kdrks- ;kph LojkT;krhy iztsyk tk.kho >kyh- LojkT;kyk yksdkaps ikbcg fegkys o LojkT;kpk o`{k vf/kdp tksekus cgjk;yk ykxyk- ;kps loz Js; vki.kkl jktekrk fttkckbzyk kos ykxsy- v kk dr`zro kkyhuh jktekrsyk ekukpk eqtjk! lanhkzxzafk lqph % 1- Ckkgsdj] MkW-,l-,- & jk Vªekrk fttkå ¼ fpfdrld pfj= ½] i`- 121] dlc izdk ku tgxko]izfkeko`rrh] 1998-2- Ekwtqenkj] xa-uk-@dosz] fpa-x-@tks kh] fpa-c- ¼laik-½ & f kopfj= lkfgr; [kam & 8] ys- 51] i`- 57&58] Hkkjr bfrgkl la kks/kd eamg iq.ks] izfkeko`rrh 1964-3- dsgdj] u-fp @vkivs] n-fo- & f kokthfuca/kkoyh Hkkx 2 ] i`- 93] Jhf kopfj=dk;kzy; iq.ks] izfkeko`rrh] 1930-4- jktokms] fo-dk- ¼laik-½ &,sfrgklhd izlrkouk] i`- 446] fp= kkgk izsl iq.ks izfkeko`rrh 1928-5- tks kh] ka-uk & vokzphu egkjk Vªsfrgkl dkykarhy jkt;dkjhkkjkpk vh;kl Hkkx 1 i`- 229 iq.ks fo kihb izdk ku iq.ks izfkeko`rrh 1959-6- jktokms] fo-dk- ¼laik-½ & ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkph lk/kus [kam&20] ys- 53] ka-jhnso vkrekjke Nki[kkuk /kqgs] izfkeko`rrh 1915-7P a g e
7- dsgdj] u-fp @vkivs] n-fo- & f kodkyhu i=lkjlaxzg [kam 1] ys 513] i`- 111- Jh- f kokth jk;xm Lekjd eamg iq.ks ] izfkeko`rrh 1930-8- dqyd.khz] MkW- vuqjk/kk xksfoan ¼laik-½ & Jh f kon=irhaph i=s [kam 1 i`- 12&13 ijefe= icyhds ku Bk.ks] izfkeko`rrh 2001-9- casnzs] ok-lh- ¼laik-½ & egkjk Vªsfrgklkph lk/kus fohkkx nqljk] ys- 81] i`- 85] eqacbz ejkbh xzafklaxzgky; eqacbz] izfkeko`rrh 1966-10- iqoksdr] f kodkyhui=lkjlaxzg & 1] ys- 641] i`- 138-11- jktokms] fo-dk- ¼laik-½ & ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkph lk/kus [kam& 15 ] ys- 3] i`- 16] ka-jh- nso vkrekjke Nki[kkuk /kqgs] izfkeko`rrh 1912-12- jktokms] fo-dk- ¼laik-½ & ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkph lk/kus [kam & 16 ys- 22 i`- 37&39] rqdkjke tkoth fu.kz; Nki[kkuk /kqgs] izfkeko`rrh 1913-13- jktokms] fo-dk- ¼laik-½ & ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkph lk/kus [kam& 17 ys- 13] i`- 33] HkkLdj okeu HkV vkrekjke Nki[kkuk /kqgs] izfkeko`rrh 1913-14- jktokms] fo-dk- ¼laik-½ & ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkph lk/kus [kam& 18 ys- 11 i`- 30&31] rqdkjke tkoth fu.kz; Nki[kkuk eqacbz] izfkeko`rrh 1914-15- ns kikams] MkW-iz-u- ¼laik-½ & ejkb;kap;k bfrgklkph lk/kus [kam & 4 ys- 279] i`- 410] b-fo-dk- jktokms la kks/ku eamg /kqgs izfkeko`rrh 2003-16- dsgdj] u-fp @vkivs] n-fo- & f kodkyhu i=lkjlaxzg [kam 2] ys- 1591] i`- 467- Jh- f kokth jk;xm Lekjd eamg iq.ks ] izfkeko`rrh 1930-8P a g e