Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II

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1 Emne VIN130_1, BOKMÅL, 2011 HØST, versjon 08.aug :15:59 Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II Emnekode: VIN130_1, Vekting: 10 studiepoeng Semester undervisningsstart og varighet: Vår, Høst, 2 semestre Semester eksamen/vurdering: Vår Fagpersoner - Otto Aareskjold (Emneansvarlig) - Evy Margrethe Gundersen (Emneansvarlig) Introduksjon Videreutdanning i intensivsykepleie er en integrert utdanning og emnet må sees i sammenheng med VAIOB 20, samt VIN 141 og VIN 151. Innhold INTENSIVMEDISIN: Sentrale tema: Svikt i vitale funksjoner Lungene og respirasjonssystemet Skade/svikt i lungene og respirasjonssystemet Respiratorbehandling Hjertet og sirkulasjonssystemet Hemodynamikk Elektrofysiologi Hjernen og nervesystemet Væske og elektrolyttforstyrrelser Ernæring av intensivpasienten Nyrene/dialyse Gastrointestinaltraktus Hematologisk svikt Endokrinologisk svikt Alvorlige infeksjoner og sepsis Traumer og - metabolisme Pediatri og nyfødtmedisin ANESTESIOLOGI OG KIRURGI: Sentrale tema: side 1

2 VIN130_1 - Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II Anestesiformer og ettervirkninger Aktuell kirurgi Anvender kunnskaper om aktuelle medikamenter innenfor intensivmedisin Anvender kunnskaper om fysiologiske og patofysiologiske prosesser knyttet til kliniske problemstillinger Arbeidsformer Aktuelle arbeidsmåter i undervisningen kan være seminar, forelesning, dialog/samtale, simulering, selvstudium, gruppearbeid med og uten veiledning, demonstrasjon, samt studentundervisning. Forkunnskapskrav Ingen Anbefalte forkunnskaper Kunnskaper i tråd med bachelorgrad i sykepleie etter rammeplan fra Eksamen/vurdering Vekt Hjemmeeksamen 1/1 Hjelpemidler Eksamen i medisinske- og naturvitenskapelige emner avlegges i 2. semester, og gjennomføres som en individuell eksamen. Besvarelsen skal være på ord - forside, innholdsfortegnelse, litteraturliste og eventuelle vedlegg kommer i tillegg til maksimalgrensen for antall ord. KONSEKVENSER VED IKKE BESTÅTT EKSAMEN: Studenter som ikke har fullført og bestått emnet, senest ved utsatt prøve, vil ikke ha adgang til å fremstille seg til eksamen i eventuelle påfølgende emner hvor dette emnet er angitt som forkunnskapskrav. For studenter ved videreutdanning hvor det ikke er årlig opptak, er det imidlertid mulig å søke om individuelt opplegg når det gjelder tidspunkt for nye arbeidskrav eller nye eksamener/prøver dersom kravet ikke er innfridd innen de oppsatte tidspunkt. Søknad om dette stiles til og behandles av instituttleder. Vilkår for å gå opp til eksamen/vurdering Individuelt begrunnet litteraturoversikt over 700 sider selvvalgt pensum (se Litteratur) Overlapping Emne Reduksjon (SP) Kliniske studier 2 - Intensivsykepleie (VINP11_2) 5 side 2

3 Emne VIN130_1, BOKMÅL, 2011 HØST, versjon 08.aug :15:59 Emne Reduksjon (SP) Intensivsykepleie 1 (VIN100_2) 5 Åpen for V-INTENSP Emneevaluering Emnet evalueres i tråd med fakultetets retningslinjer og plan for dette. Litteratur Det tas forbehold om enkelte justeringer i litteratur/ pensum. Eventuelle justeringer publiseres på it`s learning senest innen semesterstart. Den foreliggende liste representerer en ressursliste. Noen av referansene kan være gjennomgående for flere emner. Det forventes at studenten supplerer denne listen med relevante artikler og forskningsbasert kunnskap. Abusdal, G. og Holen, I. (2006). Endokrin svikt. T. Gulbrandsen og D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Aguilar - Naschimento, J. E. & Kudsk, K. (2008). Early nutritional therapy: the role of enteral and parenteral routes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 11, Algaza, A. G., Cerdan, M., Varon, J. (2006). Therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation (2006) 70, Arroyo-Novoa, C. M. et al (2008). Pain related to tracheal suctioning in awake acutely and critically ill adults: A descriptive study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 24, Auzinger, G. & Wendon, J. (2008). Intensive care management of acute liver failure. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 14, Bagshaw, S. M., Bellomo, R. (2007). Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Bagshaw, S. & Gibney, N. (2008). Conventional markers of kidney function. Critical Care Medicin, 36 (4) (suppl.): S152-S158 Bakkelund, J. & Thorsen B. H. (2006). (2.opplag). Pulmonal monitorering. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. Oslo: Akribe Bakkelund, J. og Thorsen B. H. (2006). Lungesvikt. T. Gulbrandsen og D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Berry, B. E. (2002). Assessing tissue oxygenation. Critical Care Nurse, vol. 22, no. 3) Besselink, M., van Santvoort, H. C., Witteman, B. J. & Gooszen, H. (2007). Management of severe pancreatitis: it`s all about timing. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, side 3

4 VIN130_1 - Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II Bibby, P. (2001). Introducing ward - based epidural pain relief. Pain Supplement diary Blondet, J. J. & Beilman, G. J. (2007). Glycemic control and prevention of perioperative infection. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Bouza, E. & Burillo, A. (2009). Advances in the prevention and management of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 22: Brush, KA. (2007). Abdominal compartment syndrome. Nursing, july, Burns, S. M. (2005): Mechanical Ventilation of Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Patients Requiring Weaning, Critical Care Nurse, Vol. 25, No. 4, August 2005, p Butler, Btaiche & Alaniz (2005). Relationship between Hyperglycemia and Infection in Critically Ill patients. Pharmacotherapy, vol. 25, no. 7, pp Castrèn, M., Silfast, T., Rubertsson, S., Niskanen, M., Valsson, F. & Sunde, K. (2009). Scandinavian Clinical practice guidelines for therapeutic hypothermia and postresuscitation care after cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 58 Chapman, S. & Day, R. (2001). Spinal anatomy and the use of epidurals. Pain Supplement diary Chapman, M.J., Nguyen, N.Q. og Fraser, R.J.L. (2007). Gastrointestinal motility and prokinetics in the critically ill. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Cheatham, M. L. (2008). Intraabdominal pressure monitoring during fluid resuscitation. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 14, Christiansen, Toft, Jørgensen, Andersen, Tønnesen (2004): Hyperglycemia and mortality in critical ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 30: Collier, B. R., Giladi, A, Dossett, L. A., Dyer, L., Fleming, S. B. & Cotton, B. A. (2008). Impact of High-Dose Antioxidants on Outcome in Acutely Injured Patients. Journal of Perenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 32(4), Combes, A. et al (2007). Is tracheostomy associated with better outcomes for patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation? Critical Care Medicin, 35(3), Couchman, B. A. et al (2007). Nursing care of the mechanically ventilated patient: What does the evidence say? Part one. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 23, 4-14 Criddle, L. M. (2003). Rhabdomyolysis. Pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment. Critical Care Nurse, vol. 23 no.6 Davies, A. R. (2007). Practicalities of nutrition support in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 10, Dellinger, R. P. et al (2008). Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: Critical Care Medicine, 36(1), Den norske lægeforening. Standard for intensivmedisin (2001). 2. reviderte utgave Dirkes, S., Hodge, K. (2008). Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Adult side 4

5 Emne VIN130_1, BOKMÅL, 2011 HØST, versjon 08.aug :15:59 Intensive Care Unit: History and Current Trends. Critical Care Nurse, Supplement February Dolan, B. og L. Holt Accident & Emergency; Theory into practice. Baillière Tindall Elsevier Duane, T. M., Ivatury, R. R., Aboutanos, M. B., Wolfe, L.G. & Malhotra, A. K. (2008). Are trauma patients better off in a trauma ICU? Journal of Emergencies Trauma and Shock, 1 (2), Edwards, S. L. (2008). Pathophysiology of acid base balance: The theory practice relationship. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 24, Eikeland, A., Gimnes, M. & Madsen Holm, H. (2006). Kardiovaskulær monitorering. T. Gulbrandsen og D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Eikeland, A., Gimnes, M. & Madsen Holm, H. (2006). Sirkulasjonssvikt. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Eikermann M. et al. (2006): Muscle force and fatigue in patients with sepsis and multiorgan failure. Intensive Care Medicine. 134: Elia, M. & De Silva, A. (2008). Tight glucose control in intensive care units: an update with an emphasis on nutritional issues. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 11, El Sohl, A. A. et al (2008). Outcome of septic shock in older adults after implementation of the sepsis "bundle". Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 56, Ely E. W., Kleinpell R. M. et al. (2003): Advances in the Understanding of Clinical manifestations and Therapy of Severe Sepsis: An Update for Critical Care Nurses, American Journal of Critical care, march 2003, Volume 12, No. 2, p Emslie, C. (2005) Women, men and coronary heart disease: a review of the qualitative literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(4) Feistritzer, N. R. (2007). Wound healing, dressings and drains. I: J. Rothrock (red.) Alexander Care of the patient in surgery. St. Louis: Mosby Ferrie, S. & East, V. (2007). Managing diarrhoea in intensive care. Australian Critical Care. 20, 7-13 Frankel, H., Sperry, J. & Kaplan, L. (2007). Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcer Development in a Best Practice Surgical Intensive Care Unit. The American Surgeon, 73, 12, Frossard, J., Steer, M. L., Pastor, C. M. (2008). Acute pancreatitis. The Lancet, 371, Goodman, B. P. & Boon, A. J. (2008). Critical illness neuromyopathy. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic of North America, 19, Gommers, D. & Bakker, J. (2008). Medications for analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit; an overview. Critical Care, 12(suppl.3), 1-5 Granja, C. et al (2008). Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after critical care: The early illness amnesia hypothesis. Critical Care Medicine, vol.36, nr. side 5

6 VIN130_1 - Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II 10, Griffiths, R. D. & Jones, C. (2007). Seven lessons from 20 years of follow-up of intensive care unit survivors. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Gunther,.M. L., Morandi, A., Wesley Ely, E. (2008). Pathophysiology of delirium in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Clinics, 24, Hartemink, K. J., Wisselink, W., Rauwerda, J. A Novel applications of therapeutic hypothermia: report of three cases. Critical Care, October 2004 Vol 8 No 5 Heidegger, C.P., Darmon, P. & Pichard, C. (2008). Enteral vs. parenteral nutrition for the critically ill patient: a combined support should be preferred. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 14, Helsedirektoratet. (2009). Beslutningsprosesser for begrensning av livsforlengende behandling hos alvorlig syke og døende. Nasjonal veileder. Hess, D. R. & Kacmarek, R. M. (2002) Essentials of mechanical ventilation. McGrawHill Professional Hill, S. N. (2007). Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine, 35(10), Hofsø, K. & Coyer, F.M. (2007). Part 1. Chemical and physical restraints in the management of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU: Contributing factors. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 23: Hofsø, K. & Coyer, F.M. (2007). Part 2. Chemical and physical restraints in the management of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU: A patient perspective. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 23: Hovda, K. E., Bjornaas, M.A., Skog, K., Opdahl, A., Drottning, P., Ekeberg, Ø. & Jacobsen, D. (2008). Acute poisonings treated in hospitals in Oslo: A year prospective study (I): Pattern of poisoning. Clinical Toxicology, 46, Huskins, W.C. (2007). Interventions to prevent transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Jain, M. & Sznajder, J. I. (2008). Peripheral airways injury in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 14, Janka, J. & O Grady, N. P. (2009). Clostridium difficile infection: current perspectives. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 15: Johnson, JM. (2009). Management of Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema. A Literature Review. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 31 (1), Jones, C. og Griffiths, R.D. (2007). Patient and caregivers counseling after the intensive care unit: what are the needs and how should they be met? Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Kallmyr, K. (2004). Utforming av framtidas intensivenheter - trender konsekvenser - økonomisk gevinst. HMT: Tidsskrift for helse, miljø og sikkerhet, side 6

7 Emne VIN130_1, BOKMÅL, 2011 HØST, versjon 08.aug :15:59 3, 6-11 Karlsson-Stafseth, S. (2006). Traumer. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Kellum, J. A., Bellomo, R. & Ronco, C. (2008). Definition and classification of acute kidney injury. Nephrone Clinical Practice, 109, King, D. A., Cordova, F. & Scharf, S.M. (2008). Nutritional aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 5, Kirby, J. P. & Gunter, O. L. (2008). Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in the surgical intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 14, Kirksey, K. M., Holt-Ashley, M. & Goodroad, B. K. (2001) An easy method for interpreting the results of arterial blood gas analysis. I: Critical Care Nurse, vol. 21, no. 5 Kirksey, K. M., Holt-Ashley, M. & Goodroad, B. K. (2001) An easy method for interpreting the results of arterial blood gas analysis. I: Critical Care Nurse, vol. 21, no. 5. Kopjar, Dieserud & Wiik (2005). Selvpåførte forgiftninger behandlet i sykehus, Tidsskr. Nor Lægeforen. 125: Kvistad, M., Remøy, S. & Vedum, T. (2006). Nyresvikt. T. Gulbrandsen og D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Latenser, B. A. (2009). Critical care of the burn patient: The first 48 hours. Critical care Medicine, 37(10), Lescot, T., Abdennour, L., Boch, A. L. & Puybasset, L. (2008). Treatment of intracranial hypertention. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 14, Lindgren S, Almgren B et al. (2004): Effectiveness and side effects of closed and open suctioning: an experimental evaluation. Intensive Care Medicine, 2004, 30: Littlejohns, L. R. & Bader, M. K. (2001). Guidelines for the management of severe head injury: clinical applications and changes in practice. I: Critical Care Nurse, vol. 21, no. 6 Lorente, L., Villegas, J., Martín, M. et al. (2004): Catheter-related infection in critical ill patients, Intensive Care Medicine, 30: Lunghar, L. & Ambrosio, C. M. D. (2007). Noninvasive ventilation on the older patient who has acute respiratory failure. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 28, Martindale, R. G. et al (2009). Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: executive summary. Critical Care Medicine, 37 (5), Mastad, V. (2006). Nevrointensivpasienten. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe McDonald, V. & Ryland, K. (2008). Coagulopathy in trauma: optimizing haematological side 7

8 VIN130_1 - Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II status. Trauma, 10, Mehanna, H. M., Moledina, J. & Travis., J. (2008). Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it. British Medical Journal, vol. 336, Meltzer, J. S. & Moitra, V. K. (2008). The nutritional and metabolic support of heart failure in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 11, Meyer, K. (2006). Organdonasjon. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Meyer, K. & Bjørk, I. T. (2008). Change of focus: from intensive care towards organ donation. European Society for Organ Transplantation, 21, Morandi, A. et al (2008). Understanding international differences in terminology for delirium and other types of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 34, Murray, W. B. & Foster, P. A. (2001). Crisis resource management among strangers: Principles of organizing a multidisciplinary group for crisis resource management. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 12: Murray, J. M. (2003) The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale: A Canadian perspective on emergency department triage. Emergency Medicine; 15(1) Muscedere, J. et al (2008). Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prevention. Journal of Critical Care, 23, Nickolaus, M. J. (1999). Diabetes insipidus: a current perspective. I: Critical Care Nurse, vol. 19, no. 6 Oakley, P. A., Coleman, N. A. & Morrison, P. J. (2001) Intensive care of the trauma patient. I: Resuscitation, 48 Opdahl, H. (2008). Oksygentransport og oksygeneringssvikt: Kortfattet oversikt over fysiologi, patofysiologi og behandling, med vekt på respiratoriske og sirkulatoriske problemer hos akutt- og intensivpasienter. Oslo: Linde Gas Therapeutics AGA Pedersen, C.M., Rosendahl-Nielsen, J.H. & Egerod, I. (2008). Endotracheal suctioning of the adult Intubated patient - What is the evidence? Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 25(1), Persson, S. (2003) Kardiologi: hjärtsjukdommar hos vuxna. Lund Studentlitteratur Pinder, S. og Christensen, M. (2008). Sedation breaks: are they good for the critically ill Patient? A review. Nursing in Critical Care, 13(2), Polderman, K. H. & Callaghan, J. (2006). Equipment review: Cooling catheters to induce therapeutic hypothermia? Critical Care, vol 10 No 6 Powell - Tuck, J. (2007). Nutritional interventions in critical illness. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66, Pun, B.T. & Wesley Ely, E. (2007). The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium. CHEST, vol. 132, nr.2, side 8

9 Emne VIN130_1, BOKMÅL, 2011 HØST, versjon 08.aug :15:59 Ramritu, P. et al (2008). Catheter-related bloodstream infections in intensive care units: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62 (1), 3-21 Reid, M. B. and Cottrell, D. (2005): Nursing Care of Patients Receiving Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation, Critical Care Nurse, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp Reinertsen, H. (2008). Smerte hos barn. I: Rustøen, T. og Wahl, AK. (red.). Ulike tekster om smerte. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk. Riker, R. og Fraser, G. L. (2005). Adverse events associated with sedatives, analgesics, and other drugs that provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit. Pharmacotherapy, 25(5), supplement, 8-18 Roberts, S. R., Kennerly, D. A., Keane, D. George C. (2003). Nutrition support in the intensive care unit. Adequacy, timeliness and outcomes I: Critical Care Nurse, vol. 23 no. 6 Robinson, B.R.H., Athoa, K.P. & Branson, R.D. (2009). Inhalation therapies for the ICU. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 15, 1-9 Rose, L. og Redl, L. (2008). Minimal occlusive volume cuff inflation: a survey of current practice. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 24(6), Roustan, J. P. et al (2005). Can electroencephalographic analysis be used to determine sedation levels in critically ill patients? Anesth Analg, 101, Rubenfeld, G.D. (2007).Interventions to improve long -term outcomes after critical illness. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13, Ræder, J Anestesiologi. En innføringsbok. Gyldendal Akademisk Sandnes, MH. (2006). Brannskader. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Sapleton, R.D., Jones, N. & Heyland, D.K. (2007). Feeding critically ill patients: What is the optimal amount of energy? Critical Care Medicine, vol. 35, nr.9 (suppl.), S535 - S540 Schilling, U. M. (2009). Intox. 30 patientfall. Studentlitteratur Schweikert, W. D. & Kress, J. P. (2008). Strategies to optimize analgesia and sedation. Critical Care, 12(suppl.3), 1-10 Schweikert, W. D. & Kress, J. P. (2008). Strategies to optimize analgesia and sedation. Critical Care, 12(suppl.3), 1-10 Sessler, C. N., Grap, M. J. & Ramsay, M. A. E. (2008). Evaluating and monitoring analgesia and Sedation in the intensive care unit. Critical Care, 12(Suppl.3), 1-13 Singh, H., Sing, N. & Sekhon, S. (2008). Gastrointestinal Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients. Critical Care Nurse Quarterly, 31(4), Stenqvist, O., Odenstedt, H. & Lundin, S. (2008). Dynamic respiratory mechanics in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: research or clinical tool? Current Opinion in Critical Care, 14, Stokland, O. (2005). Kardiovaskulær intensivmedisin. Oslo. Cappelen Akademiske Forlag. Storm, C., Steffen, I., Schefold, J. C. Krueger, A., Oppert, M., Jörres, A. & Hasper, D side 9

10 VIN130_1 - Medisinske og naturvitenskapelige emner II Mild therapeutic hypothermia shortens intensive care unit stay of survivors after out-ofhospital cardiac arrest compared to historical controls. Critical Care vol. 12 no. 3 Stubberud, D.G. (2006). Leversvikt. T. Gulbrandsen & D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Sumnall, R., (2007). Fluid management and diuretic therapy in acute renal failure. Nursing in Critical Care, 12(1), Sørensen, G. & Fyksen Strøm, G. (2006). Transplantasjoner. T. Gulbrandsen og D.-G. Stubberud (red.). Intensivsykepleie. (2.opplag). Oslo: Akribe Thomson, A. (2008). Nutritional support in acute pancreatitis. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 11, Toublanc, B. et al (2007). Assist-control ventilation vs. low levels of pressure support ventilation on sleep quality in intubated ICU patients. Intensive Care Medicin 33, Unoki, R., Serita, A. & Grap, M. J. (2008). Automatic tube compensation during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Evidence and clinical implications. Critical Care Nurse, 28(4), Varma, M. & Nilsen, A. B. (2008). MARS som behandling til pasienter med alvorlig leversvikt. Inspira, 1, Venkataraman, R. (2008). Can we prevent acute kidney injury? Critical Care Medicin, 36 (4) (suppl.): S166-S171 Vernon, S., Pfeifer, G. M. (2003). Blood management. Strategies for critical care patients. I: Critical Care Nurse, vol. 23 no. 6 Wip, C. & Napolitano, L. (2009). Bundles to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: How valuable are they? Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 22, Zaccheo, M. M. & Bucher, D. H. (2008). Propofol Infusion Syndrome. Critical Care Nurse, 28(3), Zeitzer, M. B. (2005). Inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (2), Zevola, D., Raffa, M. & Brown, K. (2002). Using clinical pathways in patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery. Critical Care Nurse, 22(1), Zeitzer, M. B. (2005). Inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (2), Teoretiske og kliniske studier i ulike deler av utdanningen vil være styrende for valg av litteratur. side 10