SYNERGIES BETWEEN MEASURES FOR ADAPTATION, EMISSIONS TO AIR AND WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURE

SYNERGIES BETWEEN MEASURES FOR ADAPTATION, EMISSIONS TO AIR AND WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURE Marianne Bechmann and Lillian Øygarden NIBIO Trondheim,

EVALUATION OF SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS Environmental measures in agriculture Effects on water quality, emissions to air and climate adaptation Background for targeting of subsidies towards several objectives

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE Regional Env. Programme (RMP): 460 mill. kr. Special env. measures in agriculture (SMIL): 220 mill. kr. Production grants Photo: Landbruksdirektoratet

EVALUATED TARGETS Water quality: particles, nutrients and pesticides Biology in water: effects on fish, insects and algea Emissions to air: Ammonia, methane, nitrous oxide Carbon storage in soil Climate adaptation Sustainability: soil threats, resource utilisation Ecosystem services: food production, recreation Land use and land management Emissions from animal husbandry were not evaluated

Tiltak/Målområde Vannforurensning Biologisk effekt i ferskvann Klimagasser og luftforurensning Karbonbinding Klima -tilpasning Bærekraft, ressursvern Andre effekter og påvirkninger på økosystemtjenester Nitrogen Fosfor Erosjon Pesticid Fisk Bunndyr Alger Amm.akk Metan*** Lystgass*** Fosfor Matjord Beskrives med stikkord Arealtiltak - RMP Ingen/utsatt jordarbeiding sammenlignet med høstpløying ++ +++ +++ - ++ + ++ 0 0 + 0 Vår (+) Dir ++ + + Redusert matproduksjon Lysere vinterlandskap Friluftsliv og tilgjengelighet Direktesådd høstkorn versus høstpløying Fangvekster i tillegg til utsatt jordarbeiding ++ +++ +++ -- ++ + ++ 0 0 + (+) ++ + + Redusert matproduksjon +++ + ++ - + (+) (+) 0 0 + + ++ 0 + Redusert matproduksjon Grasdekte vannveier + ++ +++ 0 ++ + + 0 0 0/+ + +++ 0 ++ Redusert matproduksjon Grasdekt buffersone + ++ +++ + ++ + + 0 0 0/+ + ++ 0 + Redusert matproduksjon Turstier langs vassdrag Variasjon i landskapet Andre grasdekte arealer + ++ +++ ++ ++ + + 0 0 0/+ + ++ 0 + Variasjon i landskapet Hydroteknikk og økologiske rensetiltak - SMIL Hydrotekniske tiltak 0 ++ +++ 0 ++ + (+) 0 0 0 0 +++ 0 + Drenering -/+ +/0 ++/0 0/+ +/0 +/0 +/0 0 0 +/0 0 +++ 0 0 Økt matproduksjon Negativt for kulturminner Fangdammer etc. + +++ +++ (+) ++ + + 0 0 0 0 ++ + ++ Variasjon i landskap Flomdempende Økt biomangfold Kantvegetasjon + ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ + 0 0 0 ++ ++ 0 ++ Variasjon i landskapet Økt biomangfold

Tiltak/Målområde Vannforurensning Biologisk effekt i ferskvann Klimagasser og luftforurensning Karbonbinding Klima -tilpasning Bærekraft, ressursvern Andre effekter og påvirkninger på økosystemtjenester Nitrogen Fosfor Large effect Erosjon Pesticid Fisk Bunndyr Negative effect Alger Amm.akk Metan*** Lystgass*** No effect Fosfor Matjord Beskrives med stikkord Arealtiltak - RMP Ingen/utsatt jordarbeiding sammenlignet med høstpløying Direktesådd høstkorn versus høstpløying Fangvekster i tillegg til utsatt jordarbeiding ++ +++ +++ - ++ + ++ 0 0 + 0 Vår (+) Dir ++ + + Redusert matproduksjon Lysere vinterlandskap Friluftsliv og tilgjengelighet ++ +++ +++ -- ++ + ++ 0 0 + (+) ++ + + Redusert matproduksjon +++ + ++ - + (+) (+) 0 0 + + ++ 0 + Redusert matproduksjon Grasdekte vannveier + ++ +++ 0 ++ + + 0 0 0/+ + +++ 0 ++ Redusert matproduksjon Grasdekt buffersone + ++ +++ + ++ + + 0 0 0/+ + ++ 0 + Redusert matproduksjon Turstier langs vassdrag Variasjon i landskapet Andre grasdekte arealer + ++ +++ ++ ++ + + 0 0 0/+ + ++ 0 + Variasjon i landskapet Hydroteknikk og økologiske rensetiltak - SMIL ++ +++ +++ - ++ + ++ 0 0 ++ +++ +++ -- ++ + ++ 0 0 +++ + ++ - +/0 (+) (+) 0 0 + ++ +++ 0 ++ + + 0 0 + ++ +++ + ++ + + 0 0 Hydrotekniske tiltak 0 ++ +++ 0 ++ + (+) 0 0 0 0 +++ 0 + Drenering -/+ +/0 ++/0 0/+ +/0 +/0 +/0 0 0 +/0 0 +++ 0 0 Økt matproduksjon Negativt for kulturminner Fangdammer etc. + +++ +++ (+) ++ + + 0 0 0 0 ++ + ++ Variasjon i landskap Minor positive effect Varying effect under different conditions Flomdempende Økt biomangfold Kantvegetasjon + ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ + 0 0 0 ++ ++ 0 ++ Variasjon i landskapet Økt biomangfold

SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF WATER QUALITY MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE User manual NIBIOs power point template 21.09.2017 7

SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF WATER QUALITY MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE Changed tillage User manual NIBIOs power point template 21.09.2017 8

CHANGED AND REDUCED TILLAGE

KJELLE PLOT STUDY SITE, BJØRKELANGEN

Harrowing No tillage Ploughing Photo: Lillian Øygarden

SYNERGIES OF CHANGED TILLAGE

SYNERGIES OF CHANGED SOIL TILLAGE Water quality: ++/+++ Reduced conc. of soil particles, phosphorus and nitrogen -/-- Increased use of pesticides increased concentrations of pesticides in water Biology in water: +/++ Improved conditions for biology Emissions to air: 0 No effect on ammonia and methane emissions + Positive effect on nitrous gas emission 0/+ Carbon storage in soil: Variable effect ++ Climate adaptation: Positive effect + Sustainability: Less loss of soil and phosphorus Other ecosystem services: Lower food production, improved recreation

SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF WATER QUALITY MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE Changed tillage Catch crops User manual NIBIOs power point template 21.09.2017 14

CATCH CROPS FOR REDUCED EROSION AND NITROGEN LEACHING

SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF WATER QUALITY MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE Changed tillage Catch crops Grass covered areas User manual NIBIOs power point template 21.09.2017 16

Grass covered areas

SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF WATER QUALITY MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE Changed tillage Catch crops Grass covered areas Hydro-technique Sedimentation pond User manual NIBIOs power point template 21.09.2017 18

Drainage and hydrotechnical solutions Sedimentation ponds

SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF WATER QUALITY MEASURES IN AGRICULTURE Changed tillage Catch crops Grass covered areas Hydro-technique Sedimentation pond Manure management User manual NIBIOs power point template 21.09.2017 20

MANURE SPREADING

SYNERGIES: All measures mentioned have a positive effect on losses of soil and phophorus The positive effect on soil and phosphorus losses have a positive effect on biology in water The emissions of nitrous oxides are reduced by most of these measures Carbon storage is affected positively or not affected Several measures are needed for climate adaptation Sustainability: Phosphorus resources Soil resources Recreational values and landscape

CONFLICTS: Some measures cause risk of increased use of pesticides and hence pesticide concentrations in water Tile drainage may under certain circumstances cause increased nitrogen losses to water Several measures cause reduced food production

CONCLUSION There are more synergies than conflicts Cost-effectiveness of measures should include more than one target Variation due to climate, soil and agricultural production system need to be reflected Synergies may be a criteria for prioritising subsidies in future environmental programmes