gekjs ns'k esa [kk kuu dh mit fo'ks"k ys[k lanhi dqekj,oa Mh- ds- ekgs'ojh

Transkript

1 lnhi dqekj,o Mh- ds- ekgs'ojh gekjs ns'k es [kk kuu dh mit c<+kus ds fy, finys dbz n'kdks ls vfèkd ls vf/kd jklk;fud mozjdks dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gsa vkdm+s crkrs gs fd lu~ 1950&51 es 0-07 fefy;u Vu jklk;fud mozjdks dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k tcfd lu~ 2000&01 es budh [kir c<+dj fefy;u Vu gks x;h tks ;g iznf'kzr djrk gs fd jklk;fud mozjdk- dk iz;ksx 1 fdxzk ls 96 fdxzk izfr gsdvs;j izfr o"kz rd c<+ x;ka vusd oskkfudk- }kjk fofhkuu LFkkuk- ij fd;s x;s yecs 'kksèk dk;ks± ls ;g fl) gqvk fd jklk;fud mozjdks dk yxkrkj iz;ksx eǹk dh mozjk 'kfdr ds Ìkl ds lkfk gh Qly mriknu ij Hkh izfrdwy izhkko Mkyrk gsa jlk;uk- ds vfu;fer,o vr;fèkd iz;ksx ls fdlkuk- dh vkffkzd flfkfr ds lkfk&lkfk i;kzoj.k dks Hkh uqdlku igq prk gsa doduk'kd o dhvuk'kd tksfd ikni jksxk- dh jksdfkke ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkrs g ] e`nk ikfjflfkfrdh ds lkfk&lkfk ikuh ds lzksrk- rfkk vu; lhkh tho&turqvk- ds LokLF; dks cqjh rjg izhkkfor djrs g A ikni jksx izcuèku e- eq[;r% gkfudkjd jlk;uk- dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gs] ftuls vusd izfrjksèkh jksxk.kq mriuu gks ldrs g A blds vykok ;s jlk;u nwljs thok- dks Hkh cqjh rjg izhkkfor djrs gsa doduk'kd vusd dod chtk.kqvk- ij izhkkoghu gksrs g ] tslsfd pkjdksy jkwv jksx dkjd dod esøksqksfeuk QSfl;ksfyuk dk chtk.kq eǹk e- 20 o"kks ± rd thfor jg ldrk gsa tcfd dqn tso&mozjd] tsls L;wMkseksukl thok.kq bldks [kre djus e- iw.kz :i ls l{ke gs A lkfk gh ;s fdlh vu; tho dks Hkh uqdlku ug igq pkrsa jklk;fud mozjdk- dh ekx e- fnu&izfrfnu o`f) gksrh tk jgh gsa budh njk- e- o`f) rfkk ekx o iwfrz ds chp vurj Hkh yxkrkj c<+rk gh tk jgk gsa,sls e- vkffkzd :i ls detksj fdlkuk- dh vko';drk dks iw.kz djus ds fy, lkfkzd,o llrs lzksr ds :i e- tsfod d`f"k gh,d ek=k lkèku lkeus vk;k gsa lw{e tsoizks ksfxdh ds {ks=k e- jk"vªh;,o vurjkz"vªh; oskkfudk- }kjk dh x;h vkèkqfudre [kkst- viuk fof'k"v LFkku j[krh gs A tso mozjdkds mi;ksx ds fy, fdlkuk- es oskkfud le>,o l`tukred lksp mriuu djus dh vko';drk gsa tso mozjdks ds mi;ksx ls vpnh Qly mriknu ds lkfk&lkfk jklk;fud mozjdk- ds vfu;f=kr mi;ksx ls {kh.k gqbz eǹk dh ljpukred,o fø;kred 'kfdr dks cuk;s j[kus,o lj{k.k e- Hkh lgk;rk feyrh gsa lw{ethok- dk tso mozjd ds :i e- mi;ksx tso mozjdk- ds bfrgkl ij tc ge utj Mkyrs rks irk pyrk gs fd lozizfke Ýklhlh oskkfud ck fluxkwyv us tsfod u=ktu ;ksfxdhdj.k ¼biologicl nitrogen fixtion½ dh voèkkj.kk izlrqr dh vksj gsyjhxsy rfkk ck fluxkwyv 34

2 s vusd dod chtk.kqvk- ij doduk'kd izhkkoghu gksrs g ] tsls fd pkjdksy jkwv jksx dkjd dod esøksqksfeuk QSfl;ksfyuk dk chtk.kq eǹk e- 20 o"kks ± rd thfor jg ldrk gs esøksqksfeuk QSfl;ksfyuk foyqkfkz ¼1886½ us bldk lefkzu fd;k FkkA izk;ksfxd :i ls tsfod ukbvªkstu flfkjhdj.k dks cstfjd ¼1888½ uked lw{etho oskkfud us izekf.kr fd;k rfkk lozizfke ngyuh Qlyk- dh tm+ke- ikbz tkus okyh xz ffk;k- ¼nodules½ ls ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k djus okys thok.kq dks iz;ksx'kkyk ifjflfkfr;k- e lofèkzr djus e- lqyrk izkir dha lozizfke Ýklhlh oskkfud ck fluxkwyv us tsfod u=ktu ;ksfxdhdj.k dh voèkkj.kk izlrqr dh vksj gsyjhxsy rfkk foyqkfkz ¼1886½ us bldk lefkzu fd;k FkkA izk;ksfxd :i ls tsfod ukbvªkstu flfkjhdj.k dks cstfjd ¼1888½ uked lw{etho oskkfud us izekf.kr fd;k rfkk lozizfke ngyuh Qlyk- dh tm+k- e- ikbz tkus okyh xzffk;k- ls ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k djus okys thok.kq dks iz;ksx'kkyk ifjflfkfr;ke s lofèkzr djus e- lqyrk izkir dha mugk-us bl thok.kq dks cslhyl jsmhlhdksyk uke fn;k] ftls vc jkbtksfc;e ysx;wfeukslsje ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa mugk-us lu~ 1902 e-,t+ksvkscsdvj rfkk 1925 e-,t+kslikbfjye uked thok.kq dks Hkh lofèkzr fd;ka O;kolkf;d :i ls tso mozjd dk fuekz.k lozizfke lu~ 1895 e- ekscs rfkk fgyvuj uked oskkfudk- us vesfjdk e- fd;k FkkA bl mrikn dks mugk-us ^^ukbvªsthu** uke fn;k FkkA ukbvªsxe 'Nitrgm' uke ds mrikn ij lu~ 1898 e- izfke ptent LohÑr gqvk FkkA ;s mrikn jkbtksfc;e thok.kq }kjk fufezr fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr e- tso mozjdk- dh fn'kk e- lu~ 1934 e- dne mbkrs gq, jkbtksfc;e Vhds ¼inoculum½ dk fuekz.k fd;k x;ka tso&mozjdks dh ^lrr~ d`f"k i)fr*] (sustinble griculture technique) ^lesfdr dhv&ikni izcèku* ¼integrted insect-pest mngement½ rfkk lesfdr ikni iks"kd izcèku* ¼integrted plnt nutrient mngement½ e- izeq[k Hkwfedk gsa tso&mozjd ijkøe; 'kfdr ds lzksr ds lkfk&lkfk i;kzoj.k&fe=k Hkh gsa buds mi;ksx ls fdlh izdkj dk iznw"k.k ug QSyrkA vusd izdkj tso mozjd ijkøe; 'kfdr ds lzksr ds lkfk&lkfk i;kzoj.k& fe=k Hkh gsa buds mi;ksx ls fdlh izdkj dk iznw"k.k ug QSyrkA vusd izdkj ds lw{etho fo'ks"kdj thok.kq iksèkk- dh tm+k-,o muds vklikl ds {ks=k es fuokl dj lgthoh izdkj dh lec)rk LFkkfir dj ysrs g A ;s iksèkks dks izr;{k ;k vizr;{k :i ls ykhk igq pkrs g A ds lw{etho fo'ks"kdj thok.kq ¼bcteri½ iksèkk- dh tm+k-,o muds vklikl ds {ks=k es fuokl dj lgthoh izdkj dh lec)rk LFkkfir dj ysrs g A ;s iksèkks dks izr;{k ;k vizr;{k ¼direct or indirect½ :i ls ykhk igq pkrs g A iksèkk- dh tm+k- ;k eǹk e- jgus okys ;s lw{etho ok;qemyh; ukbvªkstu dks Lor=k :i ls ;k nyguh Qlyk- dh tm+k- e- ik;s tkus okys thok.kqvk- }kjk ;ksfxdhdj.k dj iksèkk- dks ukbvªkstu miycèk djkrs g A bue- ls dqn iksèkkdh o`f) dks c<+kok nsus okys thok.kq tsls jkbtksfc;e] L;wMkseksukl o,t+ksvkscsdvj vkfn] o`f) gkwekzsu tsls bumksy,lhfvd,flm ¼IAA½] 35

3 ,tksjkbtksfc;e lkbuksjkbtksfc;e lkbvksdkbfuu] ftcjsfyu vkfn dk lzko dj iksèks dh o`f) e- lgk;rk djrs g A blds vykok bue- ls dqn thok.kq feêh e- miflfkr vfoys;dkjh QkWLQsV dks foys;dkjh dkczfud QkWLQsV e- cny dj iksèkk- dks miycèk djkrs g A ;s thok.kq de vkf.od Hkkj okys ;ksfxd lkbmªksqksj dk Hkh lzko Hkh djrs g ] tks fd,d vk;ju fpysfvx ¼ykSg vo'kks"kd½ inkfkz gsa,slk dj ;s thok.kq gkfudkjd ikni jksxtud dodk- dks lekir dj iksèkk- dh j{kk djrs g A dodk- dh cká dksf'kdk fhkfùk ¼cell wll½ cuus ds fy, vk;ju,d vko';d ;ksfxd gs] ftldh vuqiflfkfr e- gkfudkjd jksxtud dod viuh o`f),o fodkl djus e- vlgk; gks tkrs gs-a Hkkjr,d d`f"k&izèkku ns'k gsa vktknh ds lkfk gh ns'k e- d`f"k&mriknu o`f) ds fofhkuu igyqvk- ij fopkj&foe'kz vkjehk gqvka ftlds ifj.kkelo:i gfjr&økfr ds vkàku ds lkfk gh vkèkqfud rduhd,o de jkbtksfc;e nyguh Qlyk- dh tm+k- e- xzfufkdkvks ds :i es jgus okyk lgthoh thok.kq gsa ehlksjkbtksfc;e,o lkbuksjkbtksfc;e,sls thok.kq gs tksfd nyguh Qlyks dh tm+ks es xzffk;k cukus es rfkk ukbvªkstu flfkjhdj.k es lgk;d fl) gq, gs ykxr ds llkèkuk- ij fopkj fd;k x;ka gfjr&økfr dks lkfkzd cukus e- mpp xq.koùkk okys mozjdks] O;ofLFkr d`f"k llkèku] mpp dksvh ds chtks rfkk i;kzir ty vkiwfrz dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk jgha vfèkd [kk kuu mriknu ds fy, mozjdk- dh ekx yxkrkj c<+rh gh tk jgh gsa pw fd bu mozjdk- ds fuekz.k e- mpp Lrj dh vijkøe; llkèku mtkz ¼non-renewble energy½ dh vko';drk gksrh gs blfy, budk fuekz.k fueu Lrj ij ug fd;k tkrk ldrk gsa,slh fo"ke ifjflfkfr;k- e- lw{ethok- dk mi;ksx dj vkffkzd ØkfUr ykbz tk ldrh gsa nqfu;k e-,sls dbz ns'k g S tks lw{ethoks dk mi;ksx dj vkffkzd :i ls l{ke gks pqds g A lw{ethok- dh nsfgd fø;kvkgsrq mpp mtkz dh vko';drk ug gksrh gs] blfy;s lw{etho d`f"k&mriknu c<+kus e- egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkus e- l{ke g A tso mozjdks dk,d Qly ij mi;ksx djus ds ckn vkus okyh nwljh Qly ij Hkh vpnk izhkko im+rk gsa vhkh gky gh e- ubz ifjdyiuk ßck;ksoSyh tso&izks ksfxdhþ ¼biovlly for biotechnology½ dk izfriknu fd;k x;k ftle- tsofofoèkrk lj{k.k ¼biodiversity coservtion½ gsrq fcuk vkuqof'kd ifjorzu fd;s gq, lw{ethok- ¼non-GMO½ dk iz;ksx tsomozjd] tsododuk'kd rfkk tsodhvuk'kd ds :i e- fd;k tkuk crk;k gsa bl ifjdyiuk dk vkèkkj ßvPNh ikfjflfkfrdh vpnk O;kikjÞ ¼good ecology is good business½ gsa blds vuqlkj tsofofoèkrk] tsoizks ksfxdh,o O;kikj dk lesfdr mi;ksx ßlrr~ Ñf"k i)frþ e- fd;k tkrk gsa iksèkk- dh o`f),o fodkl ds fy, fofhkuu iks"kd rrok- dh mfpr ek=kk e- vko';drk gksrh gsa bu iks"kd rroks es ls vfèkdk'k iks"kd rro eǹk ls vo'kksf"kr fd;s tkrs g A orzeku le; e- vfèkd Qly mriknu ds fy, vizkd`frd :i ls bu iks"kd rrok- ds vlrqfyr iz;ksx ls eǹk dh mozjk 'kfdr fujrj {kh.k gksrh tk jgh gs ftlls eǹk dh vkèkkjhkwr izkd`frd ljpuk,o lrr~ d`f"k mriknu nksuk- cqjh rjg izhkkfor gq, g A lkfk gh jlk;uk- ds cgqrk;r e- iz;ksx djus ls eǹk e- gkfudkjd Hkkjh èkkrq, tsls 'kh'kk] ikjk o vklszfud dh ek=kk e- o`f) ds lkfk&lkfk ikuh ds lzksr Hkh vlkeku; :i ls iznwf"kr gq, g A jlk;uk- dh ;g ek=kk u dsoy e` nk ljpuk vfirq vusd ykhkdkjh lw{ethok- dks Hkh vlkeku; :i ls izhkkfor djrh gsa vr% bl izdkj ds i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dh jksdfkke ds fy, orzeku e- d`f"k iz.kkyh e- jklk;fud mozjdk- ds lkfk&lkfk izkd`frd llkèkuk- }kjk fufezr i;kzoj.k Lusgh mriknk- ds iz;ksx dh mi;ksfxrk c<+h gsa tsfod] dkczfud rfkk jklk;fud llkèkuk- ls izkir iks"kd rrok- ds lfeefyr ¼integrted½ mi;ksx ls u dsoy lrr~ d`f"k mriknu es o`f) gksrh gs cfyd eǹk dh mozjk 'kfdr e- o`f) ds lkfk&lkfk i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k ls Hkh cpk tk ldrk gsa vr% lesfdr iks"kd izcèku ¼integrted nutrient mngement½ ds vuqlj.k ls de ykxr e- vfèkd isnkokj ds lkfk&lkfk eǹk,o i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k ls Hkh cpk tk ldrk gsa lw{ethok- e- ok;qemyh; ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k] ikni gkwekszul tsls b.mksy&3,flfvd,flm] gkbmªkstu lk;ukbm] v?kqyu'khy QkWLQksjl dk?kqyu'khy QkWLQksjl e- ifjorzu] lxfbr vdkczfud ;ksfxdk- dk lkèkkj.k dkczfud ;ksfxdk- e- ifjorzu,o fo?kvu djus dh perdkfjd,o vlhfer {kerk gksrh gsa lkfk gh dqn lw{ethoks dk mi;ksx nwljs ikni jksx tud lw{ethokdh o`f) jksdus] mugs ekjus] rfkk vur e- jksxk- ls Qlyk- dks cpkus e- fd;k tk jgk gsa ; fi bu lw{ethok- ls iw.kz ykhk budh l[;k rfkk xq.koùkk ds vkèkkj ij feyrk gsa rfkkfi ok;qemyh; dkjd budh fø;k'khyrk,o xq.koùkk dks izr;{k,o ijks{k :i ls izhkkfor djrs g A tso mozjdks dk iz;ksx vusd okgd inkfkks± tsls ydm+h dk cqjknk] fyxukbv] pkjdksy] ihv ¼ekWl½ vkfn e- feykdj fd;k tkrk gsa tso mozjd viuh mikip;h fø;kvk- ds QyLo:i lzkfor gksus okys fofhkuu gkwekszu],uvhck;ksfvd,o fovkfeu vkfn }kjk iksèkk- dh o`f),o mriknu dks c<+kus e- lgk;d gksrs g A blds vfrfjdr tso mozjd gkfudkjd eǹk tfur jksxk- dks fu;f=kr djus e- Hkh lgk;d fl) gksrs g A tso mozjd fdlh izdkj dk iznw"k.k ug QSykrs g S rfkk iksèkk-,o mi;ksx djus okyk- ij budk dksbz brj izhkko ¼lkbM bqsdv½ ug im+rk gsa bugh dkj.kk- ls foxr dqn n'kdk- ls tso mozjdk- dh ekx yxkrkj c<+ jgh gsa buds mi;ksx ls jklk;fud mozjdk- ij fuhkzjrk e- deh vk;h gsa buds iz;ksx ls isnk gqbz Qly dk ewy; Hkh lkeku; Qly ds ewy; ds dbz xquk vf/kd gksrk gsa,sls mrikn 'kjhj ds fy, gh ugh vfirq i;kzoj.k dh n`f"v ls Hkh vuqdwy lkfcr gks jgs gsa tso mozjd % oxhzdj.k,o vfhky{k.k izd`fr e- tso&pø ¼life cycle½ 36

4 ,tksvkscsdvj] eǹk e- ik;k tkus okyk,tksvkscsdvhfj;slh dqy dk eqdrthoh thok.kq gs dks iwjk djus e- lw{ethok- dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa tso mozjd vfoys;dkjh iks"kd rrok- dks foys;dkjh iks"kd rroks es ifjofrzr djrs gsa deikslv izfø;k e- mrikfnr rfkk iz sfjr dj ukbvªkstu flfkjhdj.k izfø;k e- egroiw.kz ;ksxnku nsrs g A ijurq tso mozjd izks ksfxdh,o buds fuekz.k gsrq lw{ethok- ds vfhky{k.kk- dk Kku gksuk vfr vko';d gs ftlds vhkko e- tso mozjdk- dk fuekz.k lehko ug gsa tso mozjdk- dks rduhdh :i ls mudh dkf;zdh ds vkèkkj ij rhu izdkj ls oxhzd`r fd;k tk ldrk gs % vfodyih vukwdlhthoh ¼obligte nerobes½] vfodyih vkwdlhthoh ¼obligte erobes½ rfkk fodyih vukwdlhthoh ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k djus okys tso mozjd lgthoh :i e- tsls jkbtksfc;e],tksyk],ukfcuk rfkk vlgthoh ¼eqDrthoh½ LorU=k :i ls ¼,tksVkscSDVj] uhy&gfjr 'ksoky½ lgpkjh,tkslikbfjye,lhvkscsdvj] QkWLQsV lpydkjh tsls QkWLQsV vo'kks"kd ekbdksjkbtk,o QkWLQsV foys;dkjh cslhyl] L;wMkseksukl vkfna lkfk gh deikslv mriz sjd tso mozjd tsls lsy;wykst fo?kvudkjh tsls VªkbdksMªekZ] lsy;wykseksukl] ekbjks'khjh;e rfkk fyfxuu fo?kvudkjh vkfkzkz scsdvj izeq[k gs A jkbtksfc;e tso mozjd ¼Rhizobium biofertilizer½ jkbtksfc;e nyguh Qlyk- dh tm+k- e- xzfufkdkvks ¼nodules½ ds :i es jgus okyk lgthoh thok.kq gs tks fd ok;qemyh; ukbvªkstu dk ;ksfxdhdj.k dj mls iksèkk- dks miycèk,tkslikbfjye lgpkjh lgthoh gsa ;g iksèkk- dh tm+k- e- ik;k tkrk gsa ukbvªkstu eqdr loèkzu ekè;e e- bldh vpnh o`f) gksrh gsa Qlyk- e-,tkslikbfjye tso mozjd dk mi;ksx djus ij ;s thok.kq 'kh?kz gh tm+ ds izhkkoh {ks=k e- oèkzu djus yxrs gs rfkk tm+ ds pkjk- vksj thok.kqvks dk,d vkoj.k cu tkrk gsa ;s thok.kq oèkzu ds i'pkr~ iksèks dh tm+ke- izos'k djds blds oydqv {ks=k e- izos'k dj tkrs g vksj thou&;kiu djrs g A djkrk gsa gky gh es dqn,sls jkbtksfc;k ¼rhizobi½ Hkh n`f"vxr gq, gs tks fd bu iztkfr;ks ls ckgj gsa eq[; :i ls ehlksjkbtksfc;e,o lkbuksjkbtksfc;e,sls thok.kq gs tksfd nyguh Qlyks dh tm+ks es xzffk;k cukus es rfkk ukbvªkstu flfkjhdj.k es lgk;d fl) gq, gs A lw{etho oskkfud csdvhfj;k ds,d lewg dks izksvhvkscsdvhfj;k dqy es,tksvkscsdvj vmkdkj n.mk.kq gksrk gs tks ;g vk;q] xq.k o oèkzu ds lkfk&lkfk vius vkdkj e- Hkh ifjorzu dj ldrk gsa,tkslikbfjye tso mozjd pyu'khy thok.kq gksrk gs ftle-,d èkq zoh; d'kkfhkd ik;k tkrk gs ¼,tksLikbfjye lgpkjh lgthoh gs½ j[krs gs ftls α, β, γ, δ vksj, lhyksu es ckvk tk pqdk gsa iwoz es lhkh tm+ks es xzfufk;k cukus okys thok.kq α&izksfvvkscsdvhfj;k es LFkku j[krs Fks ijurq ckn ds 'kks/k dk;ksz ls irk pyk fd dqn vu; thok.kq Hkh ;g dk;z djrs gs os β- Protobcteri es vkrs gs A ;g,d vk'p;ztud 'kks/k dk;z dk ifj.kke Fkk tks lozizfke egroiw.kz if=kdk ^uspj* ¼vd&2002½ es Nik FkkA izkjehk e- lhkh tm+k- e- xzfufkdk, cukus okys thok.kqvk- dks jkbtksfc;e o'k e- j[kk tkrk FkkA ysfdu vktdy bug- dqy&jkbtksfc;slh es rsjg vyx&vyx o'kk- e- j[kk x;k gsa tks fueu izdkj gs % 1- jkbtksfc;e evj] elwj] cjlhe] jktek vkfn( 2- cz smhjkbtksfc;e ew xqyh] lks;kchu] ew x vkfn e-( 3-,tksjkbtksfc;e rus e- xz ffk dk fuekz.k djrk gsa mnkgj.k lslcsfu;k jkslvª svk( 4- ehlksjkbtksfc;e( 5-lkbuksjkbtksfc;e( 6-ehFkkbykscSDVhfj;k( 7- cz[kqymsfj;k( 8- D;qifj,foMl( 9- fmokslh;k( 10- gcszlikbfjye( 11- dkjkscsdvez( 12- QkbykscSDVhfj;e( 13- lkbfuyka ¼lzksr % fyu vksj lkfkh] 2008½ jkbtksfc;e,d xfr'khy] xzke&vxzkgh ¼grm-negtive½ rfkk n.mk.kq ¼rod shped½ vkdkj dk thok.kq gksrk gsa ble- vur'kpksy ¼endospore½ dk vhkko gksrk gsa ;hlv fu"d"kz esuhvkwy vxj ¼yest extrct mnitol gr½ loèkzu ekè;e ¼culture medium½ ij ;s xksn;] xksy] nwfèk;k jx ds xqpns ¼colony½ ds :i e- fodflr gksrs g A blds fdukjs,dne lkq gksrs g A,t+ksVkscSDVj tso mozjd ¼Azotobcter biofertilizer½,tksvkscsdvj] eǹk e- ik;k tkus okyk,tksvkscsdvhfj;slh dqy dk O;kolkf;d Lrj ij mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys vlgthoh ¼eqDrthoh½ tso mozjd@lw{ethoh; fohksn lw{ethoh; fohksn mrikn lec) Qly (Antgonist Strin) (Products) (Intended Crop) 1.,xzkscSDVhfj;e jsfm;kscsdvj nkbxkwy xkyvjksy&, uksxky uksjckd& 84 lh Qy] uv] ltkovh ulzjh,o iks/ks 2-,tksLikbfjye cz SlhysUl,stks&xzhu?kkl,o pkjk Qlys 3-,tksLikbfjye czslhysul & cd th;k&fuv eddk 4-,tksLikbfjye ykbzikfqje&br-17 5-,tksLikbfjye ykbzikfqje&crt-1,stksxzhu&m eddk 6- cslhyl,ekbyksfydohqlhul GB99 DokVe&400 XkksHkh] [khjk] ddm+h] yksdh,o ltkovh Qlys 7- Ckslhyl lcvhfyl CG-122 Ckk;ks bym Vh,e 8- Ckslhyl lcvhfyl bfid] gkbz flvd N/T dksfm,d] TkkS] chul] dikl] evj] /kku vksj jkbt+ks&iyl] lcvhfydl] fllve&3 lks;kchu 9- Ckz[kqyMsfj;k flis f'k;k CY;w&lfdZy] fmus;] buvjls V,YQk&,YQk] tks] chul] evj] cktjk] dikl] eddk] lfct;k,o xsgw A 10- L;wMkseksukl yksfjlsul CykbVcSu& A506 dksudohj] fodvl Ckknke] lsc] psjh] e'k:e] uk'kikrh] vkyw] LVªkcSjh] VekVj 11- L;wMkseksukl flfjutsbz Ckk;ks&lsc& 10 uhcw,o lsc dqy ds Qy 12- LVª SIVksekbfll xzhfl;ksfojfml&k-61 EkkbdksLVksi [ksr] lcth,o ltkovh Qlys 37

5 vkffkzd :i ls d`f"k mi;ksxh Qlyks ds fy, O;kolkf;d Lrj ij miyc/k gksus okys thok.kq&fuosf'kr tso mozjd izfrjks/kd fohksn mrikn izfrjks/k&jksxk.kq lec) Qly mn~hko ns'k (Antgonist Strin) (Products) (Trget-pthogen) (Intended Crop) (Country of Origin) L;wMkseksukl flif'k;k CY;w&lfdZy jkbtksdvksfu;k lksysukbz lcth okyh Qlys ikbffk;e LVhu] ekbøksckb;kyl esmhlku] WI ¼;w-,l-,-½ L;wMkseksukl yksfjlsul MSxj&th jkbtksdvksfu;k lksysukbz] dikl,dkstu bud] ys xgkwjus] ih-,- ikbffk;e,yvhee ¼;w-,l-,-½ cslhyl lcvhfyl bfid jkbtksdvksfu;k lksysukbz] dikl,o nyguh Qlys ;wtsfj;e iztkfr ª LVª SIVksekbfll xzhfl;ksfofjfml ekb;kslvksi vkyvjusfj;k iztkfr] lcth,o ltkovh Qlys ;wtsfj;e iztkfr xqlvkqlkwu bud] MSykl ¼;w-,l-,-½ djehjk ck;ksvsd] gsy L;wMkseksukl yksfjlsul bv-5 fodve QkbVks Fkksjk Vksyklh;kbZ e'k:e flyoku] dvkuuhx] ih-,- ¼;w-,l-,-½ feyj],q-lh-] flyok] ih-lh-,xzkscsdvhjh;e jsfm;kscsdvj csdwvsjksgtw Økmu xky jksx xqykc tkiku L;wMkseksukl yksfjlsul ck;ks&dksv ;wtsfj;e iztkfr xktj vkwlvª sfy;k vuw ck;ksvsd bvjus'kuy fy- Qjhnkckn] gfj;k.kk] Hkkjr L;wMkseksukl yksfjlsul ck;kslhy ;wtsfj;e iztkfr fljh;yl] nkys,o lfct;k cslhyl lcvhfyl ck;ksvksd dksfjvhde bufolh;e] dks- Fkh,bZ pk; VksDykbZ,DlisjhesUVy LVs'ku,lksfljku] tksjgkv] vle L;wMkseksukl yksfjlsul iur ck;ksdvªksy,tsuv&3 eǹk tfur jksxks ds jksxk.kq nyguh,o lcth Qlys th- ch- iur fo'ofo ky;] iuruxj] mùkjkpy eqdrthoh thok.kq gsa bldh lkr iztkfr;k ik;h tkrh g A ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k e- bldh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gksrh gsa,tksvkscsdvj vmkdkj n.mk.kq gksrk gsa ;g vk;q] xq.k o oèkzu ds lkfk&lkfk vius vkdkj e- Hkh ifjorzu dj ldrk gsa blfy, bls cgq:ih ¼pleomorphic½ thok.kq dgrs g A izfrdwy okrkoj.kh; ifjflfkfr;k- e- ;g vius pkjk- vksj,d eksvk cfgpksy ¼cyst½ cuk ysrk gsa blh pksy ds dkj.k ;g thok.kq Å"ek] èofu vfhkfø;k] ijkc xuh izdk'k ls cpko dj ldrk gsa vksj vuqdwy ifjflfkfr;ke- ;s cfgpksy iqu% vdqfjr gksdj u;s thok.kqvks e-s ifjofrzr gks tkrs g A ;s thok.kq pyu'khy gksrs g A budh dqn iztkfr;k- e- dksf'kdk, iqjkuh gks tkus ij Hkwjs&dkys jx dk inkfkz cukrh gs] ftls esykfuu dgrs g A blds dkj.k loèkzu ekè;e ij thok.kq&xqpn ¼colony½ dkyh fn[kk;h nsrh gsa ^esykfuu* dk fuekz.k Vkbjksflu ds ;g thok.kq pyu'khy gksrk gs ftldh lrg ij,d d'kkfhkd ;k rhu ik'oz d'kkfhkdk, ik;h tkrh gsa ;g vkwdlhthoh thok.kq,lhfvyhu vip;u djus dh {kerk j[krk gs rfkk 10» lqøkst ;qdr ukbvªkstu eqdr loèkzu ekè;e e- vpnh o`f) djrk gsa Vkbjksflust,tkbe dh miflfkfr e- vkwdlhdj.k ls curk gsa loèkzu ekè;e ij bldk oèkzu fd;k tk ldrk gsa blds thok.kq xqpn ¼colony½ loèkzu ekè;e ij xksy,o pedhys lqsn jx ds fn[kk;h nsrs gsa,lhvkscsdvj thok.kq xzke&vxzkgh] vr% lgthoh gs tks xuus ds rus] tm+ks ds Årdk-] ifùk;k- rfkk nk#&nzo e-s ik;k tkrk gs,tkslikbfjye tso mozjd ¼Azospirillum Biofertilizer½,tksLikbfjye tso mozjd pyu'khy thok.kq gksrk gs ftle-,d èkq zoh; d'kkfhkd ¼monotrichous flgell½ ik;k tkrk gsa cstfjd us lu~ 1925 e- lozizfke bldh [kkst dh FkhA bldk mi;ksx vis{kkd`r xez LFkkukij gksus okyh Qlyk- e- fd;k tkrk gsa ;g xzke&vxzkgh ¼grm-negtive½] oøh ¼curved½] lfizyk.kq ¼spirill½ gksrk gsa,tkslikbfjye lgpkjh lgthoh ¼ssocitive symbiont½ gsa ;g iksèkk- dh tm+k- e- ik;k tkrk gsa ukbvªkstu eqdr loèkzu ekè;e e- bldh vpnh o`f) gksrh gsa Qlyk- e-,tkslikbfjye tso mozjd dk mi;ksx djus ij ;s thok.kq 'kh?kz gh tm+ ds izhkkoh {ks=k ¼rhizosphere½ e- oèkzu djus yxrs gs rfkk tm+ ds pkjk- vksj thok.kqvks dk,d vkoj.k cu tkrk gsa ;s thok.kq oèkzu ds i'pkr~ iksèks dh tm+k- e- izos'k djds blds oydqv {ks=k e- izos'k dj tkrs g vksj thou&;kiu djrs g A,tksLikbfjye vius iks"k.k ds fy, dkczu lzksr ds :i e- dkczfud veyk- tsls esfyd vey] ysfdvd vey] flfvªd vey rfkk,yqk dhvksxywvsfjd vey dk iz;ksx 38

6 uhy&gfjr 'ksoky djrs g tks fd tm+k- ds lzko ¼root exudtes½ e- miflfkr jgrs g A blh dkj.k ls,tkslikbfjye tm+k- ds lkfk lgpjh j[krk gsa,tkslikbfjye ls Hkh ikni o`f) dkjdks dk lzko gksrk gsa Qlyk- dh dkf;d o`f) e- ;s thok.kq vr;ur ykhknk;d gksrs g A,lhVkscSDVj tso mozjd ¼Acetobcter biofertilizer½,lhvkscsdvj tso mozjd dh [kkst lozizfke czkthy e- dh xbz FkhA,lhVkscSDVj thok.kq xzke&vxzkgh ¼grm-negtive½] vr lgthoh ¼endosymbiont½ gs tks xuus ds rus] tm+ks ds ÅÙkdk-] ifùk;k- rfkk nk#&nzo ¼xylem sp½ e-s ik;k tkrk gsa ;g thok.kq pyu'khy gksrk gs ftldh lrg ij,d d'kkfhkd ¼monotrichous½ ;k rhu ik'oz d'kkfhkdk, ¼flgell½ ik;h tkrh gs A ;g vkwdlhthoh ¼Aerobic½ thok.kq,lhfvyhu vip;u djus dh {kerk j[krk gs rfkk 10» lqøkst ;qdr ukbvªkstu eqdr loèkzu ekè;e e- vpnh o`f) djrk gsa czkthy e- dbz,sls {ks=k g tgk ij xuus dh [ksrh cgqrk;r ls dh tkrh gs tcfd bu {ks=kk- dh mozjk,tksyk ;g ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k }kjk iksèkk- dh o`f) dks c<+kok nsrk gs lhkh uhy&gfjr 'ksoky ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k e- lefkz ug gksrs gs] dqn iztkfr;k gh ;g dk;z dj ldrh gsa dqn uhy&gfjr 'ksokyks e-,d fo'ks"k ljpuk fgvjksfllv ikbz tkrh gsa dqn uhy&gfjr 'ksoky mppoxhz; iksèkk- ds lkfk lgthoh ds :i e- Hkh ik;s tkrs g 'kfdr {kh.k gsa blds vfrfjdr bl eǹk e- dsoy ukbvªkstu,o iksvk'k mozjdk- ds iz;ksx ls gh vpns ifj.kke o Qly o`f) ns[kh xbza bu ifj.kkekdks ns[krs gq,,slk le>k x;k fd xuus ds lkfk ukbvªkstu iznku djus okyk dksbz lw{etho gksuk pkfg,a bl fn'kk e- 'kksèk djus ij ik;k x;k fd,lhvkscsdvj Mkb,uksVªkWfufQDl xuus }kjk iz;ksx dh x;h gkbz UkkbVªkstu e- ls 20 fdxzk- izfr xzke dh nj ls bldk ;ksfxdhdj.k dj jgk gsa bl izdkj bl tso mozjd dh [kkst gqbza uhy&gfjr 'ksoky tso mozjd ¼Blue-green lge biofertilizer½ uhy&gfjr 'ksoky tyh; lw{etho gsa buds xq.kk- dh thok.kq oxz ls vfèkd lekurk gksrh gs rfkk budh dksf'kdk ljpuk izksdsfj;ksfvd ¼prokryotic½ izdkj dh gksrh gsa blfy, bug- lk;ukscsdvhfj;k Hkh dgk tkrk gsa ;s tho ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k djus dh {kerk j[krs g A ysfdu lhkh uhy&gfjr 'ksoky ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k e- lefkz ug gksrs gs ] dqn iztkfr;k gh ;g dk;z dj ldrh gs A dqn uhy&gfjr 'ksokyks e-,d fo'ks"k ljpuk fgvjksfllv ¼heterocyst½ ikbz tkrh gsa fgvjksfllv ;qdr lhkh uhy&gfjr 'ksoky ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k e- lefkz gksrs gs A fgvjksfllv dks y?kq ukbvªkstu llfkku ¼mini nitrogen fctory) Hkh dgrs g A,sls uhy&gfjr 'ksokyks es ukbvªkstu dk ;ksfxdhdj.k vkwdlhtu dh miflfkfr e- de gksrk gs tcfd fgvjksfllv jfgr iztkfr;k vkwdlhtu dh vuqiflfkfr e- ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k djrh gsa dqn uhy&gfjr 'ksoky mppoxhz; iksèkk- ds lkfk lgthoh ds :i e- Hkh ik;s tkrs g tsls ukslvkwd o,ukfcuk vkfna vkffkzd :i ls de ykxr ds ;s tso mozjd ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k }kjk Qlyk- dks okfnr ykhk nsus e- lefkz gksrs g A,tksyk tso mozjd ¼Azoll biofertilizer½,tksyk LoPN ikuh ds rkykck-] >hyk- rfkk xm~<k- e- rsjrk gqvk ik;k tkus okyk,d fueuoxhz; ikni gsa bldh lkr iztkfr;k ik;h tkrh gsa Hkkjr e- eq[;r%,- fiuusvk ik;h tkrh gsa ;g ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k }kjk iksèkk- dh o`f) dks c<+kok nsrk gsa,tksyk e- lgthoh ds :i e- uhy&gfjr 'ksoky,ukfcuk,tksyh ik;h tkrh gs ftldk dk;z ukbvªkstu ;ksfxdhdj.k gksrk gsa,slk ekuk tkrk gs fd eǹk es 10 Vu,tksyk ikni dk mi;ksx djus ls tsfod :i ls 40 fdxzk-] ;ksfxdhd`r ukbvªkstu eǹk dks izkir gksrh gsa QkWLQsV foys;dkjh thok.kq ¼Phosphte solubilising bcteri vfkok PSB) L;wMkseksusMsYl dqy ds thok.kq isuhlhfy;e isuhlhfy;e dk mi;ksx tso mozjd ds fuekz.k e- izeq[krk ls fd;k tkrk gs ¼iSuhlhfy;e dh is- yhyslhue rfkk is- MhthVsVe izeq[k QkWLQsV foys;dkjh iztkfr;k gs½ L;wMkseksukl rfkk cslhyslh ds cslhyl dk iz;ksx eq[;r% QkWLQsV vfkok foys;dkjh tso mozjdk- e- fd;k tkrk gsa L;wMkseksukl xzke&vxzkgh ¼grmnegtive½ tcfd cslhyl xzke&xzkgh ¼grm-positive½ thok.kq gsa ;s thok.kq fo"keiks"kh rfkk vkwdlhthoh gksrs g A Xywdkst buds fy, dkczu dk izeq[k lzksr gksrk gsa fdurq ;s vu; lzksrk- dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs g A ^^fidksoklfd;k** loèkzu ekè;e ¼Pikovsky's culture medium½ ij ;s thok.kq vfu;fer >qjhznkj lrg okyh thok.kq&xqpnh ¼colony½ cukrs g A ;s loèkzu ekè;e e- ik;s tkus okys VªkbdSfY'k;e QkWLQsV dks foys; djrs jgrs g ] ftlls buds pkjks vksj,d ikjn'khz pø (solubilistion zone) cu tkrk gsa QkWLQsV foys;dkjh dod ¼Phosphte solubilising fungi½ ½ % QkWLQsV foys;dkjh dod ds :i e- ekwuhfy,lh dqy ds,lijftyl rfkk isuhlhfy;e dk mi;ksx tso mozjd ds fuekz.k e- izeq[krk ls fd;k tkrk gsa,lijftyl dh,- ;wehxsvl],- vkokeksjh rfkk,- ysol,o isuhlhfy;e dh is- yhyslhue rfkk is- MhthVsVe izeq[k QkWLQsV foys;dkjh iztkfr;k gsa isuhlhfy;e ds dkfum+h;eèkj ¼conidiophore½ >km+w ds :i e- ik;s tkrs g ftu ij dk uhfm;k yxs jgrs g tcfd,lijftyl ds dkuhfm;y eq.md ¼conidil hed½ jxhu gksrs g A QkWLQsV ls foys;dkjh dod&ewy ¼Phosphte solubilizing mycorrhiz½ ½ % dod&ewy ¼mycorrhiz½ 39

7 ,Lijftyl ekbdksjkbtk oslhdqyj&vkczldqyj ekbdksjkbtk tso mozjdk- ds O;kolkf;d mriknu ij dbz n'kdk- ls è;ku fn;k tk jgk gs fdurq fqj Hkh buds mriknu Lrj ij dbz lel;k, vk jgh gs dod rfkk mpp ikni ds eè; lgokl dk uke gsa ekbdksjkbtk iksèkk- dks iks"kd rro miycèk djrk gs rfkk fo"keiks"kh izo`fùk dk gksus ds dkj.k ;s Loiks"kh iksèkk- ls dkckszgkbmªsv xzg.k djrk gsa ekbdksjkbtk dks eq[;rk rhu oxks ± e- fohkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gs % 1- ijkriksf"kr ¼endo mycorrhiz½( 2- ckfg% iksf"kr ¼ectomycorrhiz½ vksj 3- vkf'kd cfg&ijkr iksf"kr ¼ectoendomycorrhiz½A QkWLQsV foys;dkjh ds :i e- ijkr ekbdksjkbtk ds izdkj oslhdqyj&vkczldqyj ekbdksjkbtk ¼ose½ ¼Vesiculrrbusculr mycorrhiz, VAM½ dk vkffkzd egro vfèkd gsa ose vfodyih lgthoh gksrs gsa mug- vc rd iz;ksx'kkyk ifjflfkfr;k- e- loèkzu ekè;e e- fodflr ug fd;k tk ldk gsa ; fi eǹk vkèkkfjr tso mozjd cuk;k tk ldrk gsa tso&mozjd izks ksfxdh dh izeq[k lel;k, ; fi tso mozjdk- ds iz;ksx ls fofhkuu Qlyk- e- vpnh mit o xq.koùkk n`f"vxkspj gksrh gsa fdurq blds ckotwn Hkh tso&mozjd orzeku ifjos'k e- vke fdlku rd ug igq p ik;k gsa tso mozjd izks ksfxdh dh izeq[k lel;kvk- dks pkj oxkz- e- fohkdr fd;k tk ldrk gs % 1- okrkoj.kh; lel;k, ¼environmentl constrints½( 2- mriknu Lrj ij lel;k, ¼constrints t production level½ 3- foi.ku Lrj ij lel;k, ¼constrints t mrketing level½( 4- llkèku Lrj ij tso mozjdk- ds mriknu ds fy, yecs 'kksèk,o vkèkqfud midj.kkdh vko';drk gksrh gs ftuds vhkko e- vpns tso mozjdk- dk fuekz.k ug fd;k tk ldrk gsa lel;k, ¼constrints t resource level½a okrkoj.kh; lel;k, % fofhkuu okrkoj.kh; dkjd tsls vknzzrk] rki] izdk'k vkfn dh ekud :i ls miycèkrk gksus ij [ksr e- tso mozjdk- ds iz;ksx dk mfpr&izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa pw fd tso mozjd thfor lw{ethok- ls fuosf'kr gksrs g ] vr% eǹk ds fofhkuu dkjd bu ij lhèkk izhkko Mkyrs g A bu lel;kvk- dks ns[krs gq, tso mozjdkdk mi;ksx lhfer okrkoj.kh; ifjflfkfr;k- e- gh fd;k tk ldrk gsa mriknu Lrj ij lel;k, % tso mozjdk- ds O;kolkf;d mriknu ij dbz n'kdk- ls è;ku fn;k tk jgk gs fdurq fqj Hkh buds mriknu Lrj ij dbz lel;k, vk jgh gs ] tks fueu izdkj gs % mfpr okgd inkfkz dh vuqiycèkrk,o xq.koùkk ¼Unvilbility of suitble nd good qulity crrier mteril) % okgd inkfkz dh xq.koùkk dk tso mozjdk- ds fvdkåiu ¼shelf-life½ ls lhèkk lcèk gksrk gsa okgd inkfkks ± e- iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys inkfkksz tsls fd pkjdksy] ihv] fyxukbv vkfn dh miycèkrk lhfer gksus rfkk mfpr izkd`frd llkèku ekud Lrj ds u fey ikus ds dkj.k tso mozjd dh mriknu ykxr e- o`f) gks tkrh gsa isfdx lkexzh dh xq.koùkk ¼Qulity of pcking mteril½ ½ % tso mozjdk- dh isfdx gsrq fdlh fo'ks"k ekud dk mi;ksx mrikndk- }kjk ug fd;k tkrk gsa ifj.kkelo:i tso mozjdk- dh xq.koùkk ij izfrdwy izhkko im+rk gsa lw{ethok- dk mrifjorzu ¼Muttion of micro-orgnism½ ½ % fd.ou ¼fermenttion) izfø;k }kjk lw{ethokdk loèkzu fd;k tkrk gsa bu lw{ethoks dk mi;ksx tso mozjdk- ds fuekz.k e- fd;k tkrk gsa bue- mrifjorzu gksus dh lhkkouk yxkrkj cuh jgrh gs ftlls budh xq.koùkk izhkkfor gks ldrh gs] lkfk gh ykxr e- Hkh o`f) gks tkrh gsa mpp xq.koùkk o ;ksx; fohksnk- dk miycèk u gksuk ¼Unvilbility of high potentil nd efficient strins) % tso mozjdks e- iz;qdr gksus okys fofhkuu lw{ethoh; fohksnk- ¼microbil strins) dh xq.koùkk o ;ksx;rk lhèks rksj ij tso mozjdk- dh xq.koùkk dks izhkkfor djrh gsa pw fd {ks=k fo'ks"k dh eǹk o okrkoj.kh; ifjflfkfr;k Hkh lw{ethok- dh xq.koùkk dks izhkkfor djrh g S] blfy, lkeku;r% izr;sd fohksn dk,d {ks=k fof'k"v e- vpnk izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa fdurq tso mozjdk- ds fuekz.k ds fy, {ks=k fof'k"v fohksn vklkuh ls miycèk ug gks ikrs g A foi.ku Lrj ij lel;k, ¼Constrints t mrketing level) : foi.ku tso mozjd izks ksfxdh dh lcls izeq[k lel;k gsa fofhkuu fohksnk- ds,d {ks=k fof'k"v e- gh vfèkd vpns izhkko ds dkj.k] tso mozjd izfl)h ds mpp Lrj ij ug igqp ik;s g A fdurq tso mozjdk- ds fuekz.k ds fy, {ks=k fof'k"v fohksn miycèk ug gks ikrs g A foi.ku dh lel;kvk- ds dkj.k gh tso mozjdk- ls gksus okys ykhkk- dh lhkkouk ij ges'kk iz'u fpug yxk jgrk gsa tso mozjdk- ds foi.ku e- vkus okyh izeq[k lel;k, fueu izdkj gs % tso mozjdk- dk,d {ks=k fof'k"v e- vfèkd izhkkoh gksuk] fuekzrkvkdk tso mozjdk- ds ckjs e- iw.kz tkudkjh nsus e- v{ke gksuk] ljdkjh ru=k dh tso&mozjdk- ds fuekz.k es lhfer Hkkxhnkjh] futh fuekzrkvk- dh Lrjh;rk o xq.koùkk ij fdlkuk- dk Hkjkslk u gksuk rfkk tso mozjdk- ds izfr fdlkuk- e- tkx:drk dh deha llkèku Lrj ij lel;k, ¼Constrins t resource level) : mpp Lrjh;,o xq.koùkk okys tso mozjdkds mriknu ds fy, yecs 'kksèk,o vkèkqfud midj.kk- dh vko';drk gksrh gs ftuds vhkko e- vpns tso mozjdk- dk fuekz.k ug fd;k tk ldrk gsa bu ewyhkwr vko';drkvk- dks iw.kz djus e- vkus okyh vkffkzd lel;k, tso mozjd izks ksfxdh ds fodkl e- izeq[k #dkov gsa lidz lw=k % MkW- lnhi dqekj,o izks- Mh- ds- ekgs'ojh] oulifr,o lw{etho fokku fohkkx] xq#dqy dkxm+h fo'ofo ky;] gfj}kj ¼mÙkjkpy½ 40