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2 ,p- vkbz- ;s dslk Mj\ i

3 Publishing-in-support-of, EDUCREATION PUBLISHING RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Website: Copyright, 2018, Parmeshwar Vishwakarma All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: Price: ` The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation. Printed in India ii

4 ,p- vkbz- ;s dslk Mj\ Ikjes oj fo odekz EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011) iii

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6 &% vkhkkj %& bl iqlrd dks fy[kus dh izsj.kk egku~ ys[kd eqa kh izsepunz th dh fofhkuu jpukvksa dks i<rs jgus ds ckn feyh es tc Hkh budh jpukvksa dks i<rk Fkk rks mu jpukvks a dk lecu/k fdlh u fdlh lkekftd lel;k ls gksrk Fkk ftu jpukvks dks i<dj cgqrks dk Hkyk gqvk gksxk cgqr ls lkekftd lq/kkj gq, gksaxs A eq>s Hkh ;gh izrhr gqvk fd,p0vkbz0oh0,m~l vkt Hkh,d xehkhj chekjh,oa lkekftd cqjkbz ds :Ik es a nas s[kk tkrk gs ysfdu oklrfodrk dqn vksj gh gs ftldk dkj.k tkx:drk dh deh o,p0vkbz0oh0 dk Hk; gs A dbz o kkzs ls,p0vkbz0oh0 iwkftfvo O;fDRk;ksa ds chp dk;z dj jgk gqw,oa ijke kz ds ek/;e ls budks,p0vkbz0oh0 ds Hkze ls fudkyus es lgk;ksx djus dh dksf k k dj jgk gqw A vius vuqhkoks,oe~ i= if=dkvks ] iqlrdks dk voyksdu djds viuh izfke iqlrd izlrqr djus dh igy dj jgk gqw A tgkw rd gs ljy Hkk kk dk iz;ksx fd;k gs cgqr ls mnkgj.kks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gs rkfd ikb~d x.k~ dks bl iqlrd dk ykhk feys vksj mudk Hkze tks,p0vkbz0oh0,oa,m~l dks ysdj gs nqj gks lds A ikb~dks ls fouez fuosnu gs fd os vius lq>koksa ls vo ; ifjfpr~ djk,a A fiz; ikb~dks dks lisze~ vfizra ijes oj fo odekz ¼,e0,l0MCY;q0],e0dke0½ ijke kznkrk,e0,y0,u0 esfmdy dkyst bykgkckn v

7 &% izkddfku %&,p0vkbz0oh0,oa,m~l,d O;kid lel;k gs vu; chekfj;ks es yksxks dh lgkuqhkwfr feyrh gs fdurq bles HksnHkko o lkekftd cfg dkj A tks flqz,p0vkbz0oh0 iwkftfvo dks gh ugh mlds ifjokj dks Hkh >syuk imrk gs ftlls bl lel;k dk :Ik fcdjky gks tkrk gs A lhkh dks vius thou dky es a fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh chekjh dk lkeuk djuk imrk gs fdlh dks ykbykt rks fdlh dksbz thou Ik;ZUr ijgst j[k dj bykt djus okyh chekfk;ks a dk lkeuk djuk imrk gs A fdurq dqn yksx chekjh dks viuk thou cuk ysrs gs rks dqn thou dks gh chekjh A euksfokku ds vuqlkj O;fDRk chekfj;ksa ls de ] ekufld fpark ls T;knk ijs kku jgrk gs D;ks afd chekjh rks kjhj dks izhkkfor djrh gs ysfdu ekufld fpark xzlr O;fDr dk iqjk kjhj gh chekj gks tkrk gs tslk dh,p0vkbz0oh0,m~l ls ladzfer ds lkfk gksrk gs A tc fdlh dks,p0vkbz0oh0 iwkftfvo gksus dk irk pyrk gs rks mlds iko dh tehu gh f[kld tkrh gs,p0vkbz0oh0 ls kjhj dks ftruh gkfu ugh gksrh mruk ijs kku,p0vkbz0oh0 ds Mj ls O;fDr ] ifjokj o lekt dks gks tkrk gs A TkSls Hkwr dks rks fdlh us ugh ns[kk gs ysfdu Hkwr dss uke ls lc Mj tkrs gs A,p0vkbZ0oh0,o,M~l ds uke ls tks HkzkfUr;ka ] dqfjfr;ka lekt esa O;kIr gs A mldks nqj djus dk iz;kl bl iqlrd ds ek/;e ls djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gs A vehj o xjhc lcdks chekjh gksrh gs ysfdu chekjh ls ogh thr ikrk gs tks vius eu ls etcwr gs vksj thou dks egro nsrk gs A ojuk cgqr,sls yksx Hkh gs vi

8 ftuds ikl /ku gksrs gq, Hkh og viuk bykt ugh djkrs rks dqn yksx lcdqn csp djds Hkh viuk bykt djkrs gs A,p0vkbZ0oh0 dk D;k izhkko vkids kjhj o eu ij imrk gs mldks crkus o mldks nqj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gs A D;ks afd fef;k Hkze ls ijs kku yksx,p0vkbz0oh0 ls de vu; ckrks ls T;knk ijs kku jgrs gs A,p0vkbZ0oh0 D;k gs \ dc gksrk gs \ dsls ugh gksrk \,M~l D;k gs \ dc gksrk gs \ D;ks gksrk gs \ bldks Vkyk dsls tk ldrk gs \ volj oknh ladze.k fdls dgrsa gs \ D;ksa gksrk gs \ dsls cpk tk ldrk gs buls \,0vkj0Vh0 D;k gs \ iwkftfvoks a ekw dsls vius cpps dks,p0vkbz0oh0 ls cpk ldrh gs \ lurqfyr iks k.k D;ks t:jh gs \ le; ij,0vkj0vh0 ysuk o fu;fer ysuk D;ks t:jh gs \ vkfn fo k;ks ij viuk vuqhko o fofhkuu iqlrdks dk voyksdu dj rf;ks dks izdkf kr fd;k tk jgk gs A D;ksfd,p0vkbZ0oh0 ls bruk Mj lcdks yxrk gs fd ;fn fdlh us fdlh ds lkfk vlqjf{kr ;ksu lecu/k cuk;k vksj fdlh us dg fn;k ftlds lkfk rqeus lecu/k cuk;k gs mldks,p0vkbz0oh0 gks ldrk gs fqj D;k,d vpnk Hkyk run:lr bulku bruk ekufld ncko es vk tkrk gs fd fdruk Hkh le>koks dh rqedks,p0vkbz0oh0 ugh gs ysfdu le>rk ugh gs ckj ckj,p0vkbz0oh0 tkwp djokuk vksj,p0vkbz0oh0 fuxsfvo fjiksvz ds ckn Hkh [kqn dks,p0vkbz0oh0 iwkftfvo le>us yxrk gs bl Hkze dks nqj djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k x;k gs A,p0vkbZ0oh0 gksus ds ckn tks ekufld ihmk o Mj eu es csb tkrk gs mldks fudkyus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa lkfk gh ;g Hkh le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gs fd,p0vkbz0oh0 ls dksbz ugh ejrk ] volj oknh ladze.kks vii

9 ds dkj.k ejrk gs A D;ks afd vkt rd ;g lquf pr ugh fd;k x;k gs fd,p0vkbz0oh0 gksus ds fdrus fnuks ckn dksbz ej tkrk gs ysfdu ;g t:j ns[kk x;k gs tks fu;fer tkwp o viuh ns[khkky,oa,0vkj0vh0 ys jgk gs iqjk thou glh [kq kh ls th jgk gs fookg dj jgk gs ]cpps isnk dj jgk gs viuk O;kikj pyk jgk gs uksdjh dj jgk gs dksbz f[kykmh rks dksbz iqfyl o vu; ljdkjh dke dj jgk gs D;ks afd,p0vkbz0oh0 ladze.k jksxizfrjks/kd {kerk dks uqdlku igqpkrh gs ftldks,0vkj0vh0 dh nok vksj viuh ns[khkky ls fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gs rks fqj dsls,p0vkbz0oh0 vkidk dqn Hkh uqdlku igqwpk ik;sxk A,p0vkbZ0oh0 dks QSyus ls jksdk tk ldrk gs vksj vki tkx:d jgs axs rks 100 izfr kr,p0vkbz0oh0 ls cp ldrs gks A es meehn djrk gqw fd ;g izdk ku yksxks dks,p0vkbz0oh0 ls ymus es lgk;rk djsxk vksj tks yskx,p0vkbz0oh0 ds ckjs esa Hkzfer gsa mudk Hkze nqj gksxk,p0vkbz0oh0 ls Hkkxus ugh YkMus dh t:jr gs ;g iqlrd lhkh ds ykhknk;d gsa viii

10 fo k; lwph Ø- fo k; i` B 1. ifjp;,p- vkbz- oh- vksj,m~l 1 2. ukdkjkred lksp dk ifj.kke 8 3. lr;rk Lohdkjus dh {kerk Lo;a ij fo okl djs ubz /kkj.kk,s cuk, vius vuqlkj ft;ks le; dk egro le>ks o izcu/ku djks nqljks dk vkn kz cuks lkdkjkrekd thou ksyh ,- vkj- Vh ih- bz- ih ,p- Vh- lh-,l ¼,p- vkbz- oh- tkwp o 47 ijke kz lsok,sa ½ 13. lkekftd izhkko ruko] vur}zu} o dqubk ,p- vkbz- oh- ikwftfvo gksus dk Hk; lurqfyr iks k.k O;fDRkRo dk fodkl 66 ix

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12 ,p- vkbz- ;s dslk Mj\ 1 ifjp;,p- vkbz- oh- vksj,m~l,p- vkbz- oh- (Human Immuno Deficiency virus),p0 vkbz0 oh0,d,slk okbjl gs ftldks Human Immuno Deficiency virus dgrs gsatks,d O;fDr tks,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ikwftfvo gs] mlds lkfk vlqjf{kr ;ksu laecu?k cukus ],p0 vkbz0 oh0 ikwftvho jdr p<kus ],p0 vkbz0 oh0 lad~fer lqbz dk ckj ckj iz;ksx djus ls ],p0 vkbz0 oh0 lad~fer xhkzorh ekw ls mlds gksus okys cpps dks gks ldrk gsa Human Immuno Deficiency virus gekjs kjhj es a ekstwn gekjh jksx izfrjks?kd {kerk dks de@lekir djus dk dke djrk gsaftlds dkj.k gekjh jksxks ls ymus dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk de gksus yxrh gs vksj ge voljoknh ladze.k ls xzflr gksus yxrs gsa bl fy, ftu yksxks dh jksx izfrjks?kd {kerk vpnh gksrh gs vksj tks yksx viuk vpns ls ns[khkky djrs gs og Gskx voljoknh ladze.k ls tynh xzflr ugh gksrs vksj,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ls,m~l dh volfkk dks dkqh yecs o kksz rd Vky ldrs gsa vksj,d [kq kgky thou th ldrs gsaa,p0 vkbz0 oh0 vksj gekjs kjhj dh jksx izfrjks?kd {kerk Bhd mlh izdkj ls gs ftl izdkj dksbz ns k nwljs ij mldks ftrus ds fy, ges kk vkdze.k djrk jgrk gsa ysfdu rc rd ugh thr ikrk tc rd fd mues ls dksbz,d detksj uk imsa A,p0 vkbz0 oh0,d,slk okbjl gs tks,d ckj vkids kjhj es a vk x;k rks og 1

13 2 Ikjes oj fo odekz fqj kjhj ls dhkh ckgj ugh tkrk A blfy,,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer O;fDr dks gh viuh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dks c<kus dk dke djuk imrk gsa ftlls og detksj uk imsa vksj,p0 vkbz0 oh0 okbjl mlds jksx izfrjks?kd {kerk dks u V uk dj ik;sa tc rd O;fDr dh jksx izfrjks?kd {kerk de ugh gksxh dksbz voljoknh ladze.k vkidks chekj ugh dj ikrk A,p0 vkbz0 oh0 okbjl ds ladze.k ds ckjs es a yksxks es a dkqh Hkze gs ftlds dkj.k yksx bl ladze.k ls rks de fef;k Hkzeks a ls T;knk ijs kku jgrs gs vksj cgqr tynh voljoknh ladze.kks ls xzflr gks dj tku xoka nsrs gsaa ;g,d,slk okbjl gss ftldh jksdfkke O;fDr Lo;a gh viuh tkx:drk ls dj ldrk gsa ;g dksbz gok ls QSyus okyk jksx ugh gs tks fd izkd`fr dkj.kksa ls QSyrk gs ;g iq.kz :Ik ls ekuo tfur ladze.k gs tks ekuoh; xyfr;ks ] vkkurk ;k Hkqyol ls gh gksrk gs ;fn ge pkgs a rks kr~ izfr kr~,p0 vkbz0 oh0 okbjl ds ladze.k ls Lo;a dks vksj nqljs dks cpk ldrsa gs A cl tkx:drk vksj cpko dk /;ku j[ks A dssls QSyrk gs,p0 vkbz0 oh0 %& &vxj dksbz O;fDr,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer O;fDr ls vlqjf{kr ¼ fcuk d.mkse ds ½ ;ksu laecu/k cukrk gs A & O;fDr dks,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer jdr p<kus ls A &,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer lqbz dk ckj ckj iz;ksx djus ls ¼ u ks dk batsd ku dbz yksxks }kjk,d lkfk ysus ls ½ &,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ikwftfvo xhkzorh ekw ls mlds gksus okys cppks dks A orzeku le; esa ikwftfvo ekw ls cppks dks,p0 vkbz0 oh0 gksus ls cpk;k tk

14 ,p- vkbz- ;s dslk Mj\ lduk dkqh gn rd lehko gks pqdk gs A ftlls,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ikwftfvo ekrk firk vius,p0 vkbz0 oh0 fuxsfvo cpps isnk dj ldrs gs A &,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer O;fDr dk jdr fdlh O;fDr dks mlds dvs ]?kko ;k nq?kzvuk ds le; ml dvs ;k?kko okys vax ij yxrk gs rks gksus dk [krjk jgrk gs A dsls ugha QSyrk gs,p0 vkbz0 oh0 %& & lkfk esa jgus ls A & lkfk [kkuk [kkus ls A & lkfk esa dke djus ls A & lkfk esa [ksyus ls A & gkfk feykus ls A &,d nqljs ds dims ] folrj ;k rksfy;k blrseky djus ls A &,d nwljs dk VkbysV blrseky djus ls A & epnj ds dkvus ls A & d.mkse dk iz;ksx dj ;ksu laecu/k cukus ls A & tkx:d jgus ls A,M~l (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) D;k gs:- tc,p0 vkbz0 oh0 okbjl O;fDr dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dks u V dj nsrk gs rks,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer O;fDr ds kjhj es a dbz izdkj ds voljoknh ladze.kks ls,d lkfk xzflr gks tkrk gsa bldks chekfj;ksa dk xqpnk Hkh dg ldrs gs tks,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer O;fDr dks dkqh detksj dj nsrk gsa ftlls,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfer O;fDr,M~l dh volfkk es a igqwap tkrk gsa ysfdu bl,m~l dh volfkk dk eryc ;s ugh fd vki 3

15 4 Ikjes oj fo odekz iqu% LoLF; ugh gks ldrs gks vxj vki lgh le; ls vius chekfj;ks a dk lgh bykt djok ysrs gs rks iqu% igys tsls LoLF; gks ldrs gs vksj viuk lkeku; thou thus yxrs gsa A,M~l dh volfkk ls ckgj vkus ds fy, vkidks kkjhfjd vksj ekufld cy dh vko ;drk dh t:jr gksrh gs D;ksafd fcuk blds,m~l ls vki ym ugh ldrs A,p vkbz oh@,m~l gksus ds ckn lcls T;knk vki ekufld ncko ds dkj.k ijs kku gksrs gs vksj bl dkj.k vki /khjs&/khjs kkjhfjd :i ls detksj gksus yxrs gsa A fqj ekufld :i ls detksj gksus yxrs gsa A fqj lkekftd :i ls detksj gksus yxrs gsa A fqj ikfjokfjd :i ls detksj gksus yxrs gsa A D;ksfd vki [kqn dks lhkh ls bruk nqj dj ysrs gsa ekuks flqz e`r;q dk gh burtkj dj jgs gks vksj Lo;a dks,p0 vkbz0 oh0@,m~l dks lksai nsrs gks vki gkj tkrs gksa fd vc dqn ugh dj ldrs vc rks ejuk gh gsa cl ;gh lksprs gsa blh dkj.k vki,m~l ls xzflr gks tkrs gsaa tcfd,m~l dh volfkk ls vki Lo;a dks fu;fer tkwap o mipkj ysdj cpk ldrs gsa tsls %&,d lsfud iqjh eqlrsfn ls vius ns k dh lhekvksa dh j{kk djrk gs ftl dkj.k,d Hkh nq eu dks vunj?kqlus ugh nsrk gs mlh izdkj vxj Lo;a dks lsfudks a dh rjg cuk;saxs rks t:j,m~l dks jksd ik;saxs,p- vkbz- oh- ls,m~l dh volfkk %& lzo izfke vki fofhkuu dkj.kks ls viuh,p0vkbz0oh0 tkwap djokrs gsaa tsls LoSfPNd ;k jdrnku djus ij

16 ,p- vkbz- ;s dslk Mj\ chekj gksus ij xhkzorh gksus ij vxj fons k dke ds fy, tkrs gsaa br;kfn fqj tsls gh vkidks vpkud irk pyrk gs fd,p0vkbz0oh0 ikwftfvc gqwa rks ekuks isjksa rys tehu gh f[kld tkrh gs ftlls vki loz izfke ekufld :i ls VqV tkrs gks vksj [kqn ij ;dhu ugh dj ikrs gks fd D;k gks x;k \ D;ks a gks x;k \ dsls gks x;k \ dc gqvk \ fdlls gqvk \ esuss rks dqn xyr fd;k gh ugh vius thou esa \ br;kfn bl dkj.k vki ekufld :i ls detksj gks tkrs gksa rks vkidh izfrjks/kd {kerk de gksus yxrh gsa D;ks afd vki iksf Vd Hkkstu ugh ysrs ] le; ls [kkuk ugh [kkrsa vksj eu dh ckr fdlh ls crkrs ugh fd dksbz D;k dgsxk \ bl dkj.k vkids kjhj ij ckg`; chekfj;ks a dk vkd~e.k dkqh rsth ls gksus yxrk gsa A pqfd vki ekufld o kkjhfjd :i ls detksj gksus yxrs gsa A ftlds dkj.k vki chekfj;ksa ls xzflr gks tkrs gs vkssj,m~l dh volfkk esa igqwap tkrsa gsa A ftl izdkj,d u;k iks/kk yxkrs gs vksj le; mles a [kkn o ikuh Mkyrs gsa rkfd og lq[ks uk fqj vpkud ls mls flapuk cun dj nssrs gsa rks os lq[kus yxrk gsa Bhd mlh rjg ls,p0 vkbz0 oh0 ladzfe.k Hkh O;fDr ds kjhj dks lq[kus yxrk gs D;ksfd ukdkjkred lksp vkids eu dks thr ysrh gs vksj vki dbz voljoknh ladze.kks tsls & Vh ch A eqwag es a Nkys A 5

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