fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 fgunh Hkk kk ds fofo/k izk;ksfxd #i & 4 क र ड ट
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- Ole-Kristian Møller
- 5 år siden
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Transkript
1 fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 fgunh Hkk kk ds fofo/k izk;ksfxd #i & 4 क र ड ट bdkbz &01% jk VªHkk kk rfkk jkthkk kk ds #i esa fgunh &2 ØsfMV 1-1 izlrkouk 1-2 mìs ; 1-3 Hkk kk D;k gs \ Hkk kk dh ifjhkk kk Hkk kk&vfhko;fdr dk ek/;e Hkk kk&fpuru dk ek/;e Hkk kk&lald`fr dk ek/;e Hkk kk&lkfgr; dk ek/;e bdkbz &02% cksypky fd Hkk kk] ekud Hkk kk &2 ØsfMV 2-1 fgunh Hkk kk ds fofo/k #i 2-2 cksypky dh Hkk kk 2-3 ekud Hkk kk 2-4 jk VªHkk kk ds #i esa fgunh 2-5 jkthkk kk ds #i esa fgunh 2-6 lkjka k 2-7 cks/k iz u 2-8 cks/k iz uksa ds mrrj 2-9 mi;ksxh iqlrdsa fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 1
2 1-1 izlrkouk % bl bdkbz esa ge Hkk kk dh ifjhkk kk] fofo/k izdkj ds ek/;e ds #i esa Hkk kk dk iz;ksx,oa fgunh Hkk kk ds fofo/k iz;ksfxd :i ds fo k; esa v/;;u djsaxs A Hkk kk,d lkekftd fø;k gs] fdlh O;fDr dh d`fr ugha A lekt esa ;g fopkj&fofue; dk lk/ku gs A euq ; vksj euq ; ds chp] olrqvksa ds fo k; esa viuh bpnk vksj efr dk vknku&iznku djus ds fy, O;Dr /ofu&ladsrksa dk tks O;ogkj gksrk gs] mls Hkk kk dgrs gsa A Hkk kk fdlh&u&fdlh olrq ds ckjs esa dgrh gs A og lekt lkis{k gksrh gs A mldk dksb iz;kstu gksrk gs vksj fodflr gksrs gksrs og euq ; ds fopkj vksj vfhko;fdr dk lk/ku cu tkrh gs A ekuo tkfr dh izr;sd ih< + h ubz Hkk kk mriuu ugha djrh A og vius iwozt ls mls lh[krh gs vksj bl izdkj Hkk kk ijeijkxr leifrr gs A mldh /kkjk vfofpnuu pyrh jgrh gs A lkfk gh ;g vftzr leifrr gs vfkzkr~ vkil ds ;k lkekftd lgp;z }kjk og lh[kuh imrh gs A Hkk kk ls u dsoy fo k;xr tkudkjh izkir gksrh gs] cfyd blds ek/;e ls gekjk laosxkred fodkl gksrk gs A Hkk kk ds ek/;e ls ekuo vius fopkjksa ds l`tukredrk dk tkek iguk dj lkfgr; dk fuekz.k djrk gs A Hkk kk u dsoy lkfgr;&l`tu ds fy, gksrh gs] cfyd vu; fo k;ksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, Hkh ek/;e dk dk;z djrh gs A bl n`f V ls lcls igys gesa tku ysuk pkfg, fd Hkk kk gksrh D;k gs \ tsls] Hkk kk dh ifjhkk kk] vfhko;fdr ds ek/;e ds #i esa Hkk kk] fpuru ds ek/;e esa Hkk kk] lald`fr vksj lfgr; ds ek/;e ds #i esa Hkk kk A fqj ge fgunh Hkk kk ds fofo?k izk;ksfxd #i dh ppkz djsxsa A tsls] cksypky dh Hkk kk] ekud Hkk kk] jk VªHkk kk vksj jkthkk kk ds #i esa fgunh A vr% izlrqr bdkbz esa Hkk kk ds ls/nkfurd i{k ds lkfk&lkfk fofo/k izk;ksfxd i{k ls lecfu/kr iz uksa ij fopkj fd;k tk;xk A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 2
3 1-2 mìs ; bl bdkbz ds v/;;u ds mijkur vki% i) Hkk kk dks mldh izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij ifjhkkf kr dj ldsaxsa] ii) Hkk kk dh leizs k.kh;rk ds ckjs esa tkudjh izkir dj ldsxsa] iii) fpuru ds ek/;e ds #i esa Hkk kk dh ;ksx;rk dk izkir dj ldsaxsa ] iv) lald`fr o lkfgr; ds ek/;e ds #i esa Hkk kk dh Hkwfedk tku ldsaxs] v) fgunh Hkk kk ds iz;ksx ds {ks= esa cksypky dh,oa ekud Hkk kk esa vurj le> ik;saxs] vi) vii) jk VªHkk kk ds #i esa fgunh ds iz;ksx ij folrkj ls tkudkjh izkir djsaxs] jkthkk kk D;k gs vksj jkthkk kk ds #i esa fgunh dk iz;ksx dsls gksrk gs] mlds folr`r tkudkjh izkir djsaxs A 1-3 Hkk kk D;k gs \ Hkk kk euq ; ds fy, bz oj dk vuks[kk ojnku gs A Hkk kk ds fcuk euq ;&lekt dh dyiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gs A lh;rk vksj lald`fr ds lksiu ij vkjksg.k djus ds fy, Hkk kk dh Hkwfedk bruk egroiw.kz gs fd Hkk kk ds fcuk fdlh izdkj dh muufr djuk lehko ugha A esdleqyj ds kcnksa esa ^^Hkk kk ;fn izd`fr dh nsu gs rks fulunsg ;g izd`fr dh vfure vksj lozjs B jpuk gs] ftl izd`fr us dsoy euq ; ds fy, gh lqjf{kr dj j[kk Fkk A** olrqr% Hkk kk,d ekuoh; dykd`r gs A euq ; dh kkjhfjd vksj ekufld jpuk bl izdkj gqbz gs fd og fofhkuu izdkj dh /ofu;kw mriuu djus esa lefkz gs A mldh okxksfunz;k vu; izkf.k;ksa ls fhkuu gsa A ;fg dkj.k gs fd og ckº; okrkoj.k vksj ifjflfkfr;ksa ds izhkko ls izhkkfor fofhkuu olrqvksa ds fy, izrhdkred kcnksa dk fuekz.k dj ldk A blh izdkj Øe k% eksf[kd fqj fyf[kr Hkk kk dh mrirrh gqbz vksj og /khjs&/khjs fodkl gksrh xbz A KkuktZu dk vk/kkj gksus ds dkj.k Hkk kk f k{kk ds lelr fø;kdykiksa dk vk/kkj gs A mlds fcuk fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 3
4 f k{kk ds fdlh Hkh fø;k&dyki dh dyiuk ugha dh tk ldrh A Hkk kk ds Lo#i dks le>us ds fy, ge fueufyf[kr ladyiukvksa dk Kku izkir djsaxs A Hkk kk dh ifjhkk kk ^Hkk kk* kcn Hkk k~ /kkrq ls fuliuu gqvk gs A kkl=ksa esa dgk x;k gs &^^Hkk k~ O;Drk;ka okfp** vfkkzr~ O;Dr ok.kh gh Hkk kk gs A Hkk kk LiLV vksj iw.kz vfhko;fdr izdv djrh gs k Hkk kk ;kn`fpnd okd~ izrhdksa dh og O;oLFkk gs] ftls eq[k }kjk mppkfjr fd;k tkrk gs vksj dkuksa ls lquk tkrk gs] Hkk kk dgykrh gs A blh ls ekuo&leqnk; ijlij leidz vksj lg;ksx djrk gs A vkykspd Mkñ gjoa kyky kekz ds kcnksa esa] ^^Hkk kk euq ;&tkfr vkil esa fopkjksa vksj Hkkoksa vkfn dk vnku&iznku djrh gs A** fqj euq ; dh ok.kh tc,slh /ofu;ksa dk mppkj.k djrh gs] tks lkfkzd gksrh gs vksj foospuk&fo ys k.k dk fo k; cu ldrh gs] mugha /ofu;ksa dks Hkk kk dgk tk ldrk gs A Hkk kk vfhko;fdr dk ek/;e vius Hkkoksa dks vfhko;dr djds nwljs rd igqwpkus gsrq Hkk kk dk mn~hko gqvk A Hkk kk ds ek/;e ls ge u dsoy vius] Hkkoksa] fopkjksa] bpnkvksa vksj vkdka{kvksa dk nwljs ij izdv djrs gs] vfirq nwljksa }kjk O;Dr Hkkoksa] fopkjksa vksj bpnkvksa dks xzg.k Hkh djrh gs A bl izdkj odrk vksj Jksrk ds chp vfhko;fdr ds ek/;e ls ekuoh; O;kikj pyrs jgrs gsa A blfy, lquuk vksj lqukuk vfkok tkuuk vksj trkuk Hkk kk ds eqyhkwr dks ky gsa tks leizs k.k ds eqyhkwr lk/ku gsa A vfhko;fdr ds ek/;e ds #i esa Hkk kk ds vu;re dks ky gs i<+uk vksj fy[kuk tk fof/kor~ f k{kk ds ek/;e ls fodflr gksrs gsa A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 4
5 1-3-3 Hkk k&fpuru dk ek/;e fo kfkhz cgqr dqn lqus] cksys ;k fy[ksa&i<s] bruk i;kzir ugha gs] vfirq ;g cgqr vko ;d gs fd os tks dqn i<s+a vksj lquas] mlds vk/kkj ij Lo;a fpuru&euu djsa A Hkk kk fopkjksa dk ewy&=ksr gs A Hkk kk ds fcuk fopkjksa dk dksbz vflrro ugha gs vksj fopkjksa ds fcuk Hkk kk dk dksbz egro ugha A ikf.kuh; f k{kk esa dgk x;k gs fd ^^cqf) ds lkfk vkrek olrqvksa dks ns[kdj cksyuk dh bpnk ls eu dks izsfjr djrh gs A eu kkjhfjd kfdr ij noko Mkyrk gs ftlls ok;q esa izsj.kk mriuu gksrh gs A ok;q QsQMksa esa pyrh gqbz dksey /ofu dks mriuu djrh gs] fqj ckgj dh vksj tkdj vksj eq[k ds Åijh Hkkx ls vo#) gksdj ok;q eq[k esa igqprh gs vksj fofhkuu?ofu;kas dks mriuu djrh gs A ^^vr% ok.kh dh mriuu ds fy, psruk] cqf)] eu vksj kkjhfjd vo;o] ;s pkjks vax vko ;d gsa A vxj bu pkjksa esa ls fdlh ds ikl,d ;k,dkf/kd dk vhkko gks rks og Hkk kkghu gks tkrk gs A Hkk kk &lald`fr dk ek/;e Hkk kk vksj lald`fr nksuksa ijeijk ls izkir gksrh gs A vr% nksuksa ds chp xgjk lecu/k jgk gs A tgk lekt ds fø;k&dykiksa lald`fr dk fuekz.k gksrk gs] ogk lkld`frd vfhko;fdr ds fy, Hkk kk dk gh vk/kkj fy;k tkrk gs A iksjkf.kd,oa lkgfld dgfu;k ] ioz&r;ksgkj] esyk&egksrlo] yksd&dfkk, ] xzkeh.k,oa kgjh thou& ksyh] izd`fr&ik;kzoj.k] dfo&dykdkjksa dh jpuk, ] egku fohkwfr;ksa dh dk;zoyh] jklvªizse] leuo;&hkouk vkfn lkekftd&lkkald`frd xfrfof/k;ksa dk izhkko Hkh Hkk kk ij imrk gs A njvly] fdlh Hkh {ks= fo ks k ds ekuo leqnk; dks ij[kus ds fy, mldh Hkk kk dks le>uk vko ;d gsa fdlh fufnzlv xks Bh ds,sfrgkfld mn~hko rfkk thou& ksyh dh tkudkjh izkri djus gsrq mldh Hkk kk dk v/;;u t#jh gs A lei`dr tu&leqnk; fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 5
6 ds pky&<ky] jgu&lgu] os k&hkq kk gh ugha vfirq mldh lppkbz] LoPNrk] f k Vkpkj] lsok] Hkko] lkgl] mnkjrk] fuk Bk] Je khyrk] lfgl.kqrk] /kezfujis{krk] drrzo;ijk;.krk vkfn mldh Hkk kk ds v/;;u ls LiLV gks tkrk gs A Hkk kk&lkfgr; dk ek/;e Hkk kk lkfgr; dk vk/kkj gs A Hkk kk ds ek/;e ls gh lkfgr; vfhko;fdr ikrk gs A fdlh Hkh Hkk kk ds cksyusokyks tu&leqnk; ds jgu&lgu] vkpkj&fopkj vkfn dk ;FkkFkZ fp= izlrqr djus okyk ml Hkk kk dk lkfgr; gksrk gs A lkfgr; ds tfj, gesa ml fufnz V lekt ds lkekftd,oa lkald`frd thou dk ifjp; feyrk gs A dsoy ledkyhu thou dk gh ugha] cfyd lkfgr; gesa vius vrhr ls mls tksmdj,d fodlu khy ekuo&lh;rk dk iq.kakzx ifjp; nsrk gs A lkfk gh lkfgr; ds v/;;u ls,d muur,oa mnkrr fopkj dks iuius dks volj feyrk gs rks mlls ge vius ekufo; thou dks muur cukus dh izsj.k xzg.k djrs gsa A vr% Hkk kk dk lkfgfr; #i gekjs cksf)d,oa HkkokREkd fodkl esa lgk;d gksrk gs vksj lkfgr; dh ;g vueksy eeifrr Hkk kk ds ek/;e ls gh ge rd igq p ikrh gs A mrre lkfgr; le`) rfkk muur Hkk kk dh igpku gs A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 6
7 bdkbz &02% ckypky dh Hkk kk] ekud Hkk kk &2 ØsfMV 2-1 fgunh Hkk kk ds fofo/k #i Hkk kk,d lekftd fø;k gs A fdlh O;fDr dh d`fr ugha A lekt esa ;g fopkj&fofue; dk lk/ku gs A euq ; vksj euq ; ds fcp] clrqvksa ds fo k; esa viuh bpnk vksj efr dk vknku&iznku djus ds fy, fo;dr /ofu&ladsrksa dk tks O;ogkj gksrk gs] mls Hkk kk dgrs gs A Hkk kk fdlh & u & fdlh olrq ds okjs esa dgrh gs A og lekt lkis{k gksrh gs A mldk dksbz iz;kstu gksrk gs vksj fodflr gksrs gksrs og euq ; ds fopkj vksj vkrefhko;fdr dk lk/ku cu tkrk gs A ekuo&tkfr dh izr;sd ihf<+ ubz Hkk kk miruu ugha djrh A og vius iwoztksa ls mls lh[krh gs vksj bl izdkj Hkk kk ijeijkxr leifrr gs A mldh /kkjk vfofpnuu pyrh jgrh gs A lkfk gh ;g vftzr leifrr gs A vfkzkr~ vkil ds ;k lkekftd lkgp;z }kjk og lh[kuh imrh gs A og lkekftd vksj lkadsfrd lalfkk gs A /ofu;ksa] Loj&fodkj] eq[k&fod`fr] cy&iz;ksx] vkpj.k dk osx vkfn Hkk kk ds vko ;d xks.k vax ekus tkrs gs A fo ks kdj vfodflr tkfr;ksa dh Hkk kkvksa esa A lkfgfr;d in ij vklhu gksus ds fy, izr;sd Hkk kk dks bu vaxks dk cgqr dqn R;kx djuk imrk gs A ml le; Hkk kk ds pkj vax gh iz/kku gks tkrs gs & kcn] okd;] /ofu vksj vfkz A kcnksa ds vfkz kk or ugha gksrs A LFkku] lekt]o;fdr vkfn ds Hksn ls muesa ifjorrkzu gksrk jgrk gs A lh;rk ds fodkl] ekufld vksj HkkSfrd ifjorrzuksa ds lkfk lkfk Qyr% tfvyrkvksa vksj nq#grkvksa ds fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk vfkok,d tkfr ds nwljh tkfr ds leidz esa vkus ls Hkk kk dk fodkl Hkh gksrk gs A dgk tkrk gs] ^^pkj dksl ij ikuh cnys] vkb dksl ij ckuh A^^ vfkkzr~ FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwj ij lekt dh Hkk kk esa cnyko vk gh tkrk gs] tks LokHkkfod gs A ;gh dkj.k gs fd vyx vyx {ks=ksa esa {ks=h; Hkk kk,,d o`grrj ifjos k dh ekud Hkk kk ls tqm+h jgrh gsa A ^^fo o esa dksbz Hkk kk,slh ugha gksxh ftldk fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 7
8 iz;ksx mlds iwjs {ks= esa lhkh Lrjksa ij,d&lk gks A rror% Hkk kk dh,d#irk ;k mlds ekudhdj.k dh ckr ls}kfurd gh vf/kd gs]o;ogkjfd de~ A^^ ¼Mkñ HkksykukFk frokjh½ 2-2 cksypky dh Hkk kk vkerksj ls lkeku; Hkk kk ds vurxzr Hkk kk ds dbz :i mhkj dj vkrs gs A Mkñ HkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkj] ;s :i izeq[kr% pkj vk/kkjksa ij vk/kkfjr gs & bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] iz;ksx vksj fuekzrk A buesa iz;ksx {ks= lcls folr`r gs A tc dksbz O;fDr&cksfy;ksa esa ikjeikfjd leidz gksrk gs] rc cksypky dh Hkk kk dk izlkj gksrk gs A nwljs kcnksa esa] vkil esa feyrh&tqyrh cksyh ;k mihkk kkvksa esa gq, O;ogkj ls cksypky dh Hkk kk dks folrkj feyrk gs A bls ^lkeku; Hkk kk^ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gs A ij fdlh Hkh Hkk kk dh Hkk fr ;g ifjorrzu kkhy gs] ledkyhu] iz;ksx khy rfkk Hkk kk dk vk/kqfudre #i gs A lk/kkj.kr% fgunh dh rhu ksfy;ksa dh ppkz dh tkrh gs A fgunh] mnwz vksj fgunqlrkuh A f kf{kr fgunh Hkk kh vdlj vksipkfjd Lrj ij ¼Hkk k.k] d{kk esa v/;;u] jsfm;ks okrrkz] ys[k vkfn esa ½ fgunh ;k mnwz ksyh dk iz;ksx djrs gs A vuksipkfjd Lrj ij ¼cktkj esa] nkslrksa esa xi ki djrs le; ½ izk;% fgunqlrkuh dk iz;ksx djrs gs A ftlesa fgunqlrkuh ds nks #i ik;s tkrs gs A,d #i og gs ftlesa vaxzth s izpfyr kcn gs vksj nwljs esa vx`ghr vaxzth kcn dk izpyu gs A cksypky dh fgunh esa ls lkjh kksfy;k estwn jgrh gs A vfkkzr~ blesa ljy cgq izpfyr kcnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gs A pkgs og RkRle iz/kku fgunh gks ;k ifjfpr mnwz vfkok vaxzth&fefjr fgunqlrkkuh] O;kdj.k rks fgunh dk gh jgrk gs A cksypky dh Hkk kk cm+s isekus ij folr`r {ks= esa iz;qdr gksrh gs A HkDrksa }kjk] lk/kq&larksa }kjk] O;kikfj;ksa ds tfj,] rhfkzlfkkuksa esa] esyk&egksrlo esa] jsy ds fmccksa esa] lsuk }kjk] f kf{krksa esa] etnwj vksj ekfyd ds chp] fdlku vksj tehankj ds chp fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 8
9 cksypky fd Hkk kk cm+h rsth ls QSyus mxrh gs A ;g izse dh] HkkbZ&pkjs dh] bl fev~vh dh rfkk gekjh lald`fr dh Hkk kk gs A pwafd Hkkjrh; lald`fr lkekfld lald`fr ds :i esa lewps fo o esa kqekj gksrh gs A blesa Hkk kkbz vusd :irk dk n`flvxr gksuk LokHkkfod gs A gekjh lald`fr dh Hkk fr gekjh Hkk kk fgunh Hkh vusdrk dks vius esa lekfgr dj jklvªh;,drk dh igpku djkrh gs A cgqhkk kh jk Vª dh fofo/krk] lakld`frd fo kkyrk,oa HkkSxksfyd osfhkuu; ds dkj.k l`lv cgqfo/k kcnksa esa ls dbz e/kqj {ks=h; kcn gekjh cksypky dh Hkk kk esa lek;s gq, gsa A blls lgtrk] cks/kxe;rk ds lkfk&lkfk,d viukiu Hkh vuk;l vk tkrk gs A lalkj dh izr;sd cksypky dh Hkk kk vkxs pydj ekud Hkk kk cu tkrh gs A bldh lcls cm+h fo ks krk gs bldh lgtrk vksj ljyrk A eksf[kd iz;ksx ds dkj.k dgha dgha kq}rk Hkys gh u gks] ij cks/kxe;rk vksj leizs k.kh;rk esa ;g lcls vkxs gs A tks Hkk kk ftruh leizs k.kh; gs] og mruh gh lefkz gs A leizs k.kh;rk ds fcuk Hkk kk dh mi;ksfxrk dgk jg tk;xh \ lp iqfn;s rks Hkk kk nwljs ds fy, vfhkizsr gs A odrk vksj Jksrk ds fcuk Hkk kk dh dksbz ifjfpfr ugha gs A blh leizs k.k ds pyrs euq ; vius vklikl ls ysdj lkjs lalkj ls tqm+rk gs A vius dks vpnh rjg vfhko;dr djus gsrq og vu;ur izhkko kkyh <ax ls Hkk kk dk iz;ksx djrk gs A lrr ifjorrz khy gksus ds dkj.k Hkk kk esa fhkuurk ik;h tkrh gs A Hkk kk ij {ks=h; izhkko dks Hkh >qvyk;k ugha tk ldrk A ysfdu ;g Hkh lr; gs fd Hkk kk bu fofo/krkvksa ds ckotwn mldk,d ekud #i gksrk gs A fqj Hkh ^Hkk kk cgrk uhj ^ dhkh flfkj dsls jg ldrk gs A tu&tu rd QSydj lcls?kqyfey dj mldk,d eksf[kd #i lnk cjdjkj jgrk gs] tks ljy] lgt] ck/kxe; vksj e/kqj Hkh gs A 2-3 ekud Hkk kk fdlh Hkk kk ds ekud #i dk vfkz gs] ml Hkk kk dk og #i tks mppkj.k] #i&jpuk] okd;&jpuk] kcn vksj kcn jpuk] vfkz] eqgkojs] yksdksfdr;k ] iz;ksx rfkk fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 9
10 ys[ku vkfn dh n`flv ls] ml Hkk kk ds lhkh ugh arks vf/kdka k lqf kf{kr yksxks }kjk kq) ekuk tkrk gs A ekudrk vusdrk esa,drk dh [kkst gs] vfkkzr ;fn fdlh ys[ku ;k Hkkf kd bdkbz esa fodyi u gks rc rks ogh ekud gksxk] fdurq ;fn fodyi gks rks vioknksa dh ckr NksM nsa rks dksbz,d ekud gksrk gs A ftldk iz;ksx ml Hkk kk ds vf/kdka k f k V yksx djrs gs A fdlh Hkk kk dk ekud #i gh izfrf Br ekuk tkrk gs A ml Hkk kk ds yxhkx leqps {ks= esa ekud Hkk kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gs A fgunh dk Hkh,d ekud #i gs A rhkh brus cms fgunh {ks= esa,d#irk ugha yk;h tk ldrh A if peh {ks= dk ^esaus tkuk*a iwohz {ks= dk ^ge ikuh ih fy;k gs * tsls iz;ksx ekudrk ds dkj.k vkt lewps fgunh izos k }kjk v kq) ekuk tkrk gs A blds vykok mppkj.k ds {ks= esa Hkh kgj dk lgj] Hkk kk dk Hkklk] kk;n dk lk;n] {kek dk Nek] {ks= dk Ns=] f k{kk dk flpnk] ;K dk tk] ;fn dk tfn] fo kfkhz dk fo}kfkhz vksj O;Lr dk C;Lr tsls mppkj.k ekud fgunh }kjk Lohdk;Z ugha gs A ik p Qjklh?ofu;k tks mnwz ds tfj, fgunh esa vkbz gs & d+][k+]x+]t+]q+ A buds xyr iz;ksx ls fgunh esa iz;% vfkz% & ifjorrzu dk [krjk jgrk gs A tsls] jkt&jkt+ ] tjk&t+jk ] [kkuk&[k+kuk] ckx&ckx+ ] Qu&Q+u vkfn A vaxzsth dh ^vk * /ofu dk Hkh LorU= vfkz gs A tsls] dky&dkwy] cky&ckwy vkfn A vfkzhksn ds vykok bu /ofu;ksa dk viuk,d lksun;z Hkh gs A lozuke ds #iksa eas] esjs] rsjs ¼esjs dks] esjs rsjs ij vkfn½ ls cukusokys djdh; :i cms O;kid :i ls cksypky rfkk lkfgr; esa /kwlrs pys vk jgs gs A fdurq mugsa vhkh rd ekudrk ugha feyh gs A vr% muls cpuk pkfg, A fo ks k.k ds {ks= esa vu; vkdkjkur fo ks k.kksa ds lkn` ; esa rkth lcth] rkts Qy] rkth [koj tsls iz;ksx ik;s tkrs gs] tks ekud ugha gs A ekud fgunh esa rktk lcth] rktk Qy] rktk [kcj tslk iz;ksx gh mfpr gs A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 10
11 fø;k #iksa esa Hkh iz;qdr djk] dfj,] dfj,xk] pfg,w vkfn v kq} gs A buds ekud #i gs & fd;k] fdft,] dhft,xk] pkfg, ---- A ^pkfg,^ dk iz;ksx,d opu vksj cgqopu nkuksa esa gh,d lk gksxk A dqn yksxks dks vuqukfld iz;ksx dh vnr im+ xbz gs tks ekudrk dh n`f V ls v kq} gh ekuk t;xk A fgunh Hkk kk esa ngh] rfd;k] RkkSfy;k] fxykl] dksv] #eky] [ksy] dye] isav tsls kcnksa ds fyax dks ysdj dbz {ks= esa,d#irk ugha gs A ysfdu,sls kcn cgqr de~ gs vksj fo kky fgunh&izns k esa iz;qdr yk[kksa kcnksa esa ls bu FkksMs ls kcn dh fyaxh; vfuf prrk fo ks k fpurk dk dj.k ugha gs A orzuh dks ysdj fgunh esa vusd#irk ik;h tkrh gs vksj la[;kokpd kcnksa dks mppkj.k dks ys dj Hkh A ysfdu ftl xfr ls fgunh Hkkf k;ksa esa Hkk kk ds izfr tkx#drk c<h gs] yxrk gs ;s NksVh&eksVh musd :irk,w ;k rks fev tk; xh ;k ekudrk ds yphysiu dk vax cu tk; xh A ekud Hkk kk,d izdkj ls lkekftd izfr Bk dk izrhd gksrh gs A mldk lecu/k Hkk kk dh lajpuk ls u gksdj lkekftd Lohd`fr ls gksrk gs A ekud Hkk kk dks bl #i esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gs dh lekt esa,d oxz ekud gksrk gs tks vis{kd`r vf/kd egroiw.kz gksrk gs rfkk lekt esa mlhdk cksyuk&fy[kuk] mlh dk [kuk&ihuk] mlh ds jhfr&fjot vuqdj.kh; ekus tkrs gs A ekud Hkk kk ewyr% mlh oxz dh Hkk kk gksrh gs A Mkñ HkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkj] ekudhdj.k dh izfø;k lk/kkj.kr% p;u] izlkj] iz;ksx vksj Lohd`fr uked pkj pj.kksa esa iwjh gksrh gs A vke vkneh ls?kqyfey dj] fofhkuu izdkj dh cksfy;ksa ds laei kz esa vkdj dgha fod`fr;kw u vk tk; blh vk kadk ls Hkk kkforksa us Hkk kk dk,d ekud :i cuk;k] tks lozdkfyd] loz&nsf kd rfkk loztuxzká gks A blds lkfk gh ekudhdj.k ls Hkk kk esa flfkjrk Hkh vk tkrh gs A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 11
12 2-4 jk VªHkk kk ds #i esa fgunh fgunh dk yxhkx,d gtkj o kz dk bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gs fd fgunh X;kjgoha krkcnh ls gh izk;% v{kq..kz #i ls jk VªHkk kk ds #i esa izfrflbr jgh gs A pkgs jktdh; iz kklu ds Lrj ij dhkh lald`r] dhkh Qjklh vksj ckn esa vaxzth dks eku;rk izkir jgh] fdurq lewps jk Vª ds tu&leqnk; ds vkilh leidz] laokn&lapkj] fopkj&foe kz] lkald`frd,sd; vksj thou&o;ogkj dk ek/;e fgunh gh jgh A X;kjgoha lnh esa fgunh ds vkfohkkzo ls ysdj vkt rd jk VªHkk kk ds :i esa fgunh dh fodkl ijeijk dks eq[;r% rhu lksikuksa esa ck Vk tk ldrk gs & vkfn dky] e/; dky vksj vk/kqfud dky A vkfn dky ds vkjehk esa rsjgoha lnh rd Hkkjr esa ftu yksx&cksfy;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk] os izk;% lald`r dh mrjkf/kdkfj.kh izd`r vksj vihkza k ls fodflr gqbz Fkh A dgha mugsa ns kh Hkk kk dgk x;k] dgha von`lv vksj dgha Mhxay ;k fixay A ;s mihkk kk, cksypky] yksdxhrksa] yksd&okrrkzvksa rfkk dgha dgha dko; jpuk dk Hkh ek/;e Fkha A cks} er ds vuq;k;h fhk{kqvksa] tsu&lk/kqvksa] ukfk&iaffk;ksa tksfx;ksa vksj egkrekvksa us fofhkuu izns kksa esa /kwe /kwe dj ogk dh LFkkuh; cksfy;ksa ;k mihkk kkvksa esa vius fopkj vksj fl}kur dks izpkfjr izlkfjr fd;s A vle vksj caxky ls ysdj iatkc rd vksj fgeky; ls ysdj egkjk Vª rd lcz= bu fl}&lk/kqvksa] eqfu;ksa&;ksfx;ksa us turk e/; ftu /kkfezd&vk/;kfred&lkald`frd psruk dk lapkj fd;k mldk ek/;e yksd&cksfy;ksa ;k tu&hkk kk, gh Fkha] ftugsa if.mr punz/kj kekz xqysjh] jkgqy lkad`r;k;u rfkk vkpk;z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh tsls fo}kukssa us *iqjkuh fgunh* dk uke fn;k gs A bugha ds lekukurj esffkyh&dksfdy fo kifr us ftl lqyfyr e/kqj Hkk kk esa jk/kkd`.k&iz.k; lecu/kh ljl inkoyh dh jpuk dh] mls mugksus ^nsfly cvuk^ ¼ns kh Hkk kk½ ;k ^vogv~v^ dgk A iatkc ds vv~vgek.k ¼ vcnqjzgeku½ us ^lans k jkld^ dh jpuk ij ijorhz vihkza k esa dh] ftls iqjkuh fgunh dk gh iwozorrhz :Ikekuk tk ldrk gs A jklks dko;ksa dh Hkk kk Mhaxy ekuh xbz tks oklro fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 12
13 esa iqjkuh dk gh,d izdkj gs A lcls igys blh iqjkuh fgunh dks ^fgunqbz^] fgunoh^] vfkok ^fgunh^ ds uke ls igpku nh vehj [kqljks us A olrqr% vkfndky esa yksd&lrj ls ysdj kklu&lrj rd vksj lkekftd&lkald`frd {ks= ls ysdj lkfgfr;d {ks= rd fgunh jk VªHkk kk dh dksfb dh vksj vxzlj gks jgh Fkh A e?;dky esa HkfDr vkunksyu ds izhkko ls fgunh Hkkjr ds,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd tu&hkk kk cu xbz A Hkkjr ds fofhkuu oxksz vksj {ks=ksa esa lkald`frd,sd; ds lq= gksus dk Js; fgunh dks gh gs A nf{k.k ds fofhkuu nk kzfud vkpk;kzsa us mrrj Hkkjr esa vkdj lald`r dk nk kzfud fpuru fgunh ds ek/;e ls yksd&ekul esa lapkfjr fd;k A nwljs kcnksa esa dgsa rks fgunh O;ogkfjd #i ls jklvªhkk kk cu xbz A vk/kqfud dky esa fgunh Hkkjr dh jk Vªh; vflerk dk izrhd cu xbz A c kksz igys vaxzstksa }kjk QSyk;k x;k Hkk kkbz dwvuhfr dk tky gekjh Hkk kk ds fy, j{kk&dop cu x;k A fons kh vaxzsth kkldksa dks leqps Hkkjr jk Vª esa ftl Hkk kk dk lokzf/kd iz;ksx] izlkj vksj izhkko fn[kbz fn;k] og fgunh Fkh] ftls os yksx fgunqlrkuh dgrs Fks A pkgs i=dkfjrk dk {ks= gks pkgs Lokf/kurk laxzke dk] gj txg fgunh gh turk ds Hkko&fouhe; dk ek/;e cuh A HkkjrsUnq] n;kuun] egkrek xk /kh ljh[ks jk Vª&iq# kksa us jk VªHkk kk fgunh gh ds tfj, leqps jk Vª ls leidz fd;k vksj lqy jgs A rhkh rks vktknh ds ckn lafo/kku&lhkk us cgqer ls fgunh dks jkthkk kk dk ntkz nsus dk fu.kz; fy;k Fkk A 2-5 jkthkk kk ds #i esa fgunh dksbz Hkh Hkk kk ftrus fo k;ksa esa iz;qdr gksrh tkrh gs A mlds mrus gh vyx&vyx #i Hkh fodflr gksrs tkrs gs A fgunh ds lkfk Hkh ;gh gqvk gs A igys og dsoy cksypky dh Hkk kk Fkh A rks mldk,d cksypky dk gh #i Fkk] fqj og lkfgr;d Hkk kk cuh rks mldk,d lkfgfr;d :i Hkh fodflr gks x;k A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 13
14 lekpkj&i=ksa esa ^i=dkfjrk fgunh^ dk :i mhkj dj vk;k A osls gh ^[ksydwn dh fgunh^] ^cktj&hkko dh fgunh^ Hkh lkeus vkbz A LorU=rk ds ckn fgunh Hkkjr dh jkthkk kk /kksf kr dh xbz rfkk mldk iz;ksx U;qukf/kd #i esa dk;zky;ks esa gksus yxk rks Øe k% mldk,d jkthkk kk #i fodflr gks x;k A jkthkk kk fgunh dh fo ks krk, % 1- lkfgr;d fgunh esa tgk vfhk/kk] y{k.kk vksj O;atuk ds ek/;e ls vfhko;fdr dh tkrh gs A jkthkk kk fgunh esa dsoy vfhk/kk dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gs A 2- lkfgfr;d fgunh esa,dkf/kdkfkzrk&pkgs kcn ds Lrj ij gks pkgs okd;k ds Lrj ij] dko;&lksun;z ds vuqdwy ekuh tkrh gs A blds foijhr jkthkk kk fgunh esa lnso,dkfkzrk gh dke; gksrh gs A 3- jkthkk kk vius ikfjhkkf kd kcnksa esa Hkh fgunh dh vu; iz;qfdr;ksa ls iw.kzr% fhkuu gs A blds vf/kdka k kcn izk;% dk;kzy;h iz;ksxksa ds fy, gh mlds vius vfkz esa iz;qdr gksrs gs A tsls vk;qdr = (Commissioner); fufonk = (Tender); fookpd = (Arbitrator); vk;ksx = (Commission); iz kkldh; = (Administrative); eu=ky; = (Ministry); mrlknu =(Abolition); vkok.vu = (Alloment); vkfn A 4- fgunh esa lkeku;r% lelzksrh;?kjdksa ls gh kcnksa dh pjuk gksrh gs A tsls lald`r kcn fu/kzu $ lald`r Hkko okpd lakk izr;; ^rk^ ¾ fu/kzurk A fdurq vkjch &Qkjlh kcn xjhc $ rk ¾ xjhcrk A fdurq vjch&qkjlh kcn xjhc $ vjch&qkjlh Hkko okpd lakk izr;; ^bz^ ¾xjhch A fgunh esa u rks fu/kzu$bz¾fu/kzuh cusxk vksj u gh xjhc$rk¾xjhcrk A ysfdy jkthkk kk esa dkqh lkjs kcn fo ke L=ksrh;?kjdksa ls cus gs A tsls] mifdjk;snkj (Subletting), thykf/k k (Collector), mithyk (Sub-district), vjn~n fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 14
15 (uncancelled), vlvkafir (un stamped), vjftlvªd`r (unregistrated), eqnzkcun (sealed), jk ku&vf/kdjh (ration-officer) vkfn A vaxzsth] Qzaklhlh] fpuh] #lh vkfn le`} Hkk kkvksa esa,d gh ksyh feyrh gs] ij jkthkk kk fgunh esa,d gh kcn ds fy, dbz kcn gs A tsls i) dk;kzy; &nq~rj & vkkfql ii) U;k;ky;&vnkyr&dksVZ&dpgjh iii) kifk&i=&gyqukek&,fqmsfov iv) fookg & kknh&fudkg vkfn A jkthkk kk fgunh dk iz;ksx jktru= dk dksbz O;fDr djrk gs tks iz;ksx ds le; O;fDr u gks dj ru= dk,d vax gksrk gs A blfy, og os;fdrd #i ls dqn u dgdj fuosfdrd #i ls dgrk gs A ;gh dkj.k gs fd fgunh dh vu; iz;qfdr;ksa esa tcdh drr`zokp; dh iz/kkurk gksrh gs A jkthkk kk fgunh ds dk;zky;h #i esa dezokp; dh iz/kurk gksrh gs A mlesa dfku O;fDr&lkis{k u gksdj O;fDr&fujis{k gksrk gs A tsls lozlk/kkj.k dks lqfpr fd;k tkrk gs A dk;zokgh dh tk,] Lohd`rh nh tk ldrh gs vkfn A jktkhkk kk ds ml :i dks dgrs gsa tks jktdkt esa iz;qdr gksrk gs A Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn,d jkthkk kk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbz Fkh A mlh vk;ksx us ;g fu.kz; fy;k fd fgunh dks Hkkjr dh jkthkk kk cuk;k tk; A rnuqlkj lafo/kku esa bls jkthkk kk /kksf kr fd;k x;k Fkk A izknsf kd iz kklu esa fgekpy]mrrjk[k.m] e/; izns k] gj;k.kk] jktlfkku] NRrhlxM+] fcgkj] >kj[k.m jkthkk kk fgunh dk iz;ksx dj jgs gs A lkfk gh fnyyh esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx gks jgk gs vksj dsunzh; ljdkj Hkh vius vusdkusd dk;ksaz esa buds iz;ksx dks c<+ok ns jgh gs A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 15
16 2-6 lkjka k Ekuq ; dh kkjhfjd,oa ekufld jpuk dh fo ks krk ds dkj.k Hkk kk,d ekuoh; dykd`fr gs A Hkk kk dk fuekz.k ijlifjd fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gs A fopkj vksj Hkk kk esa vvqv lecu/k gs A Hkk kk dks lelr ekufld kfdr;ksa]hkkoksa vksj fopkjksa ds fodkl dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gs A Hkk kk u dsoy vfhko;fdr dk ek/;e gs] vfirq fpuru] lald`fr,oa lkfgr; dk Hkh ek/;e gs A Lkfn;ksa ls fgunh bl ns k ds tu&tu ds lkfk tqm+k gqvk gs A igys cksypky dh Hkk kk ds #i esa fgunh dk iz;ksx fol=`r #i ls gksrk jgk A fqj bls ekudhd`r dj flfkjrk,oa lqn`<+rk iznku dh xbz A iz;kstu ds vuq#i fgunh ds fofo/k #i lkeus v;s A,d vksj tgk jk VªHkk kk ds #i esa fgunh us ns k dks laxfbr djus esa cgqr cm+h Hkwfedk fuhkkbz A ogk nwljh vksj jkthkk kk ds :i esa iz kklfud Hkk kk dk :i vf[r;kj fd;k A dhkh fefm+;k dh Hkk kk ds #i esa fgunh dh lqyrk ns[kh xbz rks dhkh ctkj dh Hkk kk ds #i esa A fgunh vko ;drkuqlkj dhkh lk/kq&larkksa dh Hkk kk curh gs rks dhkh O;kikfj;ksa dh vfkok fgunqlrkuh Hkk kk ds uke ls og cgqr gh yksdfiz; rfkk leizs k.kh; cu tkrh gs A 2-7 cks/k iz u i) Hkk kk ds v/;;u ls fdlh leqnk; dh lkekftd volfkk dk cks/k dsls gksrk gs \ ii) Hkk kk dk laf{kir ifjp; nhft, iii) D;k lkekftd fopkj&fofue; us Hkk kk dks tue fn;k vfkok Hkk kk dh mrirrh us lekt ds fuekz.k esa ;ksxnku fn;k \ fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 16
17 iv) Lkekftd&lkaLd`frd vur% fø;k ds #i esa Hkk kk dk foospuk dhft, A v) Cksypky dh Hkk kk dslh gksrh gs \ vi) Hkk kk dh ekudhdj.k dh vko odrk D;ksa gqbz \ vii) viii) jklvªhkk kk ds #i esa fgunh dh Hkwfedk LiLV dhft, A jkthkk kk dk rkri;z le>kb, A 2-8 cks/k iz uksa ds mrrj i) Hkk kk fdlh leqnk; ds lkekftd fø;kdykiksa dks le>us esa lokzf/kd izr;{k vurnz B iznku djrk gs A Hkk kk ds }kjk lekt rfkk mldh lald`fr dh tkudkjh izkir gksrh gs A Hkk kk ds bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls fdlh leqnk; ds fodkl dh dgkuh tkuh tk ldrh gs A ii) Hkk kk ;kn`fpnd eksf[kd izrhdksa dh O;oLFkk gs ftlds }kjk euq ; lekt,oa lald`fr ds lnl; gksus ds ukrs fopkjsa vksj Hkkoksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gsa A iii) Lkekftd vur% fø;k dh vko ;drk ls Hkk kk dk tue gksrk gs vksj Hkk kk dh mrifrr ls gh lekt dk fodkl gksrk gs A euq ; vius eu ds Hkkoksa rfkk vko ;drkvksa dks lekt ds vu; lnl;ksa ds leeq[k j[kus dh izsj.kk ls Hkk kk dk vkj; ysrk gs A iv) Hkk kk gekjh lald`fr dk vax gksrh gs A Hkk kk lald`fr dk rro ek= ugha gs] cfyd lelr lkald`frd fø;kdykiksa dk vk/kkj gs] vksj bl dkj.k fdlh Hkh lekt dh fo ks krkvksa ds v/;;u ds fy, ml lekt dh Hkk kk dk v/;;u vko ;d gs A v) Tkc dkbz O;fDr&cksfy;ksa esa ikjlifjd leidz gksrk gs] rc ckyspky dh Hkk kk dk izlkj gksrk gs A vkil esa feyrh&tqyrh cksyh ;k mihkk kkvksa esa gqbz vkilh fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 17
18 O;ogkj ls cksypky dh Hkk kk dks folrkj feyrk gs A bls ^lkeku; Hkk kk^ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gs A ;g Hkk kk cms isekus ij folr`r {ks= esa iz;qdr gksrh gs A vi) Ekudrk vusdrk esa,drk dh [kkst gs A ;fn fdlh ys[ku ;k Hkkf kd bdkbz dk fodyi u gks rc rks ogh ekud gksxk] fdurq ;fn fodyi gks rks viokn dh ckr NksM+ nsa rks dksbz,d ekud gksrk gs] ftldk iz;ksx ml Hkk kk ds vf/kdka k f k V yksx djrs gsa A Ekkud Hkk kk,d izdkj ls lkekftd izfr Bk dk izrhd gksrh gsa A vke vkneh ls?kqyfey dj fofhkuu izdkj dh cksfy;ksa ds lali kz esa vkdj dgha mlesa fod`fr;k u vk tk; ] blh vk kadk ls Hkk kkforksa us Hkk kk dk,d ekud :i cuk;k] tks lozdkfyd] loznsf kd rfkk loztuxzká gks A vii) fgunh X;kjgoha lnh ls gh v{kq.kz #i ls bl ns k dh jk VªHkk kk ds #i esa izfrflbr jgh gs] Hkys gh jktdh; iz kklu ds Lrj ij dhkh lald`r] dhkh Qkjlh vksj vaxzth dh eku;rk jgh gks] ysfdu leqps jk Vª ds tu&leqnk; ds vkilh leidz] laokn&lapkj fopkj&foe kz] lkald`frd,d; vksj thou&o;ogkj dk ek/;e fgunh gh jgh A olrqr% vkfndky eas yksd Lrj ls ysdj kklu Lrj rd vksj lkekftd&lald`frd {ks= ls ysdj lkfgfr;d {ks= rd fgunh jk VªHkk kk dh dksfv dh vksj vxzlj gks jgh Fkh A e/;dky esa HkfDr vkunksyu ds izhkko ls fgunh Hkkjr ds,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd tu&hkk kk cu xbz A vk/kqfud dky esa fons kh vaxzsth kkldksa dks leqps Hkkjr jk Vª esa ftl Hkk kk dk lokzf/kd iz;ksx] izlkj vskj izhkko fn[kkbz fn;k] og fgunh gh Fkh] ftls os yksx fgunqlrkuh dgrs Fks A viii) LorU=rk ds ckn fgunh Hkkjr dh jkthkk kk /kksf kr dh xbz rfkk mldk iz;ksx U;qukf/kd #i esa dk;kzyk;ksa esa gksus yxk rks Øe k% mldk,d jkthkk kk #i fodflr gks x;k A jkthkk k Hkk kk ds ml #i dks dgrs gs] tks jktdkt esa iz;qdr gksrk gs A Hkjr dh vktknh ds ckn,d jkthkk kk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 18
19 xbz Fkh A mlh vk;ksx us ;g fu.kz; fy;k fd fgunh dks Hkkjr dh jkthkk kk cukbz tk; A rnuqlkj] lafo/kku esa bls jkthkk kk /kksf kr fd;k x;k Fkk A izknsf kd iz kklu esa fgekpy] mrrjk[k.m] gfj;k.kk] e/; izns k] mrrj izns k] jktlfkku] NRrhlxM+] fnyyh] fcgkj] >kj[k.m jkthkk kk fgunh dk iz;ksx dj jgs gsa A 2-9 mi;ksxh iqlrdsa 1- fgunh Hkk kk & MkñHkksykUkkFk frokjh] fdrkc egy] 22A ljksftuh ukbm+w ekxz] bykkgkckn] izdk ku&2001 A 2- iz kklfud fgunh & Mkñjkeizdk k,oa Mkñfnus k dqekj xqir] jk/kkd`.k izdk ku 2@38 vulkjh jksm+~] nfj;kxat] ubz fnyyh & A fm-,q~-,p~-vh % 01 Page 19
ekuo esa O;oLFkk ekuo esa vksj kjhj ds lg&vflrro ds :i esa
ekuo esa O;oLFkk ekuo vksj ds lg&vflrro ds :i esa Lo;a esa v/;;u 1. v/;;u olrq: a. pkguk - y{; b. djuk - dk;zøe lq[k] le`f) fujarjrk lq[k ¾ laxhr esa] O;oLFkk esa thuk O;oLFkk dks le>uk] O;oLFkk esa thuk
Detaljerdqn vizpfyr rkyksa dk ifjp; 'kqhke oekz vfrffk izodrk&laxhr fohkkx N=ifr 'kkgwth egkjkt fo0fo0 dkuiqja lkjka'k ¼ABSTRACT½
dqn vizpfyr rkyksa dk ifjp; 'kqhke oekz vfrffk izodrk&laxhr fohkkx N=ifr 'kkgwth egkjkt fo0fo0 dkuiqja lkjka'k ¼ABSTRACT½ dqn vizpfyr rkyksa dk laf{kir ifjp; mnkgj.k ds lkfk tsls&v"veaxy rky 11 ek=k] bdokbz
DetaljerDDE. le&lhekur rqf"vxq.k dk fu;e ¼Law of Equi-Marginal Utility½. Programme. Class: B.A. I
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DetaljerPSC, Bank(Clerk/PO), SSC, Railways, S.I., Classes Director Rajeev Sir, Mob.& WhatApp No
INTRODUCTION MATRIX bl dksfv ds iz uksa esa v{kjksa,oa vadks ds nks fefjr lsv~l fn, x, gksrs gs, ftuesaa izr;sd v{kj ds fy, nks-nks vadks dk dwv fu/kkzfjr gksrk gsa iz uksa dk mrrj esfvªlsl esa fn, x,
DetaljerDDE. mi;ksfxrk ¼r`f"Vxq.k½ fo'ys"k.k vksj mihkkssdrk lurqyu dk fu/kkzj.k. Programme. Class: B.A.-I. Subject: Economics
mi;ksfxrk ¼r`f"Vxq.k½ fo'ys"k.k vksj mihkkssdrk lurqyu dk fu/kkzj.k (UTILITY ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION OF CONSUMER s EQUILIBRIUM ) DDE Programme Class: B.A.-I Dr. M.P. Mathur Directorate of Distance Education
Detaljerjtc ds eghus esa mezk djuk
jtc ds eghus esa mezk djuk لعمر يف شهر جب [ fgunh ] هند & Hindi & eq qgeen lkys sg vy&eq qufttn vuqokn% vrkmjz Zgeku ft+ +;kmyykg 2010-1431 لعمر يف شهر جب» باللغة هلندية «حممد صالح ملنجد ترمجة: عطا لرمحن
Detaljeriz u % vkius dgk gs fd iw.kz vo/kku kqhk gs( rc v kqhk D;k gs\
esjs fopkj esa dez dh lel;k ls gekjk xgjk ljksdkj vko ;d gsa tc bruh lkjh lel;k,a gekjs lkeus gsa&&xjhch] vf/kd tula[;k] ;a=ksa dk vlk/kkj.k fodkl] vks ksxhdj.k] vkarfjd rfkk cká :i ls fxjkov dk,glkl&&rks
Detaljerizfke v/;k; ^^ftu /ofu&fpg~uksa }kjk euq"; ijlij fopkj fofue; djrk gsa] mudks lef"v :i ls Hkk"kk dgrs gsaa** & MkW- ckcw jke ldlsuk
izfke v/;k; ^^ftu /ofu&fpg~uksa }kjk euq"; ijlij fopkj fofue; djrk gsa] mudks lef"v :i ls Hkk"kk dgrs gsaa** & MkW- ckcw jke ldlsuk ^^ek/;fed Lrj ds fgunh o vaxzsth ek/;e ds fo ky;ksa esa fo kffkz;ksa
Detaljer;ejkt dh fn'kk. ek us,d ckj eq>ls dgk Fkk& nf{k.k dh rji+kq isj djosq er lksuk og e`r;q dh fn'kk gs vksj ;ejkt dks ozqq¼ djuk cqf¼ekuh dh ckr ugha
s panzdkar nsorkys panzdkar nsorkys dk tue lu~ 1936 esa xk o tksy[ksm+k] f kyk csrwy] eè; izns'k esa gqvka mpp f'k{kk banksj ls gqbz rfkk ih,p-mh- lkxj fo'ofo ky;] lkxj lsa lkbksùkjh fganh dfork osq izeq[k
DetaljerUP CONSTABLE MOCK TEST 05 (SOLUTION)
UP CONSTABLE MOCK TEST 0 (SOLUTION) 81. (C) A vksj B dh {kerk dk vuqikr : 140 : 7 A vksj B }kjk dk;z dks djus es a fy, x, le; dk vuqikr 7 : 14 10 B }kjk dk;z dks djus ds fy, x, vhkh"v fnuksa dh la[;k 10
Detaljer'kk[kk dk dksm+ 'kk[kk dk uke. Øa la0. r`rh; lseslvj esa fjdr lhvksa la[;k. lalfkk es AICTE }kjk Lohd`r lhvks dh la[;k ( )
¼çk:i&01½ l=&2019&20 MkW,0ih0ts0 vcnqy dyke çkfof/kd fo'ofo ky;] y[kuå ¼mRrj izns'k½ lalfkk dk uke % -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ¼laLFkk
DetaljerNw rd u ldsa ;fn vkius ;g dj fy;k gs] rks ge bl lelr iz u esa vkxs c<+ ldrs gsa fd /;ku D;k gsa
;fn lahko gks] rks bl kke esa /;ku ds ckjs esa ppkz djuk pkgwaxka esa bl ckjs esa ckr djuk pkgwaxk] D;kasfd eq>s yxrk gs fd ;g fo k; thou esa lokzf/kd egùoiw.kz gsa ^/;ku* dks le>us ds fy, vksj blesa xgjkbz
DetaljerAnnual Reports Brochures News Letters Maganizes ~ 181 ~
v/;k;&lire 1- ;gka tuleidz fohkkx dk dke] [kknh,oa xzkeks ksx olrqvksa ds ckjsa esa lekpkj izlkfjr djuk gs] ftlls fd tu lk/kkj.k esa [kknh,oa xzkeks ksx ds izfr vpnh Hkkouk isnk gks ldsa dhkh&dhkh ;g fohkkx
DetaljerHkk"kk&foKku.,e-,- lalñr ¼iwokZ)Z½. nwjlfk f k{kk funs kky; egf kz n;kuun fo ofo ky; jksgrd&
Hkk"kk&foKku 1,e-,- lalñr ¼iwokZ)Z½ nwjlfk f k{kk funs kky; egf kz n;kuun fo ofo ky; jksgrd&124 001 2 Copyright 2003, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication
Detaljerek;kokn dh vkykspuk Hkkouk 'kqdyk 'kks/kpnk=k] lal r fohkkx bykgkckn fo'ofo ky;] bykgkckn
2017 IJSRST Volume 3 Issue 3 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X ek;kokn dh vkykspuk Hkkouk 'kqdyk 'kks/kpnk=k] lal r fohkkx bykgkckn fo'ofo ky;] bykgkckn vkpk;z jkekuqt us 'k³~djkpk;z çfrikfnr
Detaljervkids uke esa bl v{kj dk Qy % ftu O;fä;ksa ds uke dk igyk v{kj vaxzsth o.kzekyk
uke dk v{kj % P dk ^ih* gksrh gs muds vurezu esa Hk;adj VwVu o gkgkdkj gksrk gs] ij vlá d"v gksus ij Hkh os Åij ls 'kkar cus jgrs gsa] dhkh mf}xu gksrs ns[ks ugha tkrsa vius d"vksa vksj jgl;ksa dks fnikrs
Detaljerlqlokxre~ ch-dkwe-f}rh; o kz ¼prqFkZ l=½ izlrqrdrkz izk- MkW- mekvs lkbzukfk rqdkjke n;kuan okf.kt; egkfo ky;] ykrwj ftyk ykrwj egkjk Vª
lqlokxre~ ~~ ch-dkwe-f}rh; o kz ¼prqFkZ l=½ izlrqrdrkz izk- MkW- mekvs lkbzukfk rqdkjke n;kuan okf.kt; egkfo ky;] ykrwj ftyk ykrwj egkjk Vª %% iz;kstuewyd fganh dk ukedj.k %% iz;kstuewyd fganh ds lanhkz
Detaljerf{kfrt fgunh iqlrd d{kk 9 ikb 1 nks csyksa dh dfkk izsepun 2017 ikb 1 nks csyks a dh dfkk
a ikb 1 nks csyks a dh dfkk iz'u vh;kl 1- dkathgksl esa dsn i'kqvksa dh gkftjh D;ks a yh tkrh gksxh\ mrrj % dkathgksl,d ljdkjh dk;kzy; dk fgllk Fkk A ogkw,sls Ykkokfjl i kqvksa ds lkfk,sls i kq Hkh j[ks
DetaljerRashtriy Bhasha Hindi Ka Vikaas Aur Alpsankhyak Vargon Par Uska Prabhav
Page50 Rashtriy Bhasha Hindi Ka Vikaas Aur Alpsankhyak Vargon Par Uska Prabhav ABSTRACT: Dr. Razia, Ph.D, Department of Political Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Language is essential to every
DetaljerSample Copy. Not for Distribution.
emzj Iyku (Murder Plan) i EDUCREATION PUBLISHING Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001 Website: www.educreation.in Copyright, 2017, Vasant Kumar Jha All rights reserved. No part of this
Detaljerj k " V ª f u e k Z. k d s i F k i j f g U n h
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Detaljerf'k{kdksa dk f'k{k.k O;ogkj
2018 IJSRST Volume 3 Issue 1 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology f'k{kdksa dk f'k{k.k O;ogkj Dheerendra Kumar Singh ;wthlh usv&tsvkj,q ¼f k{kk'kkl=½] 'kks/k
Detaljervkpk;z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dh ekuorkoknh&n`f"v
vkpk;z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dh ekuorkoknh&n`f"v MkW- vkj-ih- oekz],lks- izks-,oa v/;{k fgunh fohkkx] jktdh; egkfo ky; xkslkbz[ksm+k] tuin&muuko] m-iz- vkpk;z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dkjf;=h vksj Hkkof;=h izfrek
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d{kk & igyh @ fo k; & fgunh okfvdk iwa.kkzd & 30 uke ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ oxz -------------- jksy ua ---------------fnukad----------------------------
Detaljerçlwfr çlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961
çlwfr çlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961 izdk'kd % ^U;k; lnu^ >kj[kam jkt; fof/kd lsok izkf/kdkj Mksj.Mk] jk ph çlwfr çlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961 ;g vf/kfu;e fueufyf[kr izfr"bkuksa ij ykxw gksrk gs& dkj[kkuksa] [kku]
Detaljerizsepan dk,sfrgkfld Hkk"k.k ^lkfgr; dk mn~ns ;* ¼1936½ ¼izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ds igys leesyu esa izsepan }kjk fn;k x;k v/;{kh; odro;½
Sahitya Ka Uddeshya - Premchand izsepan dk,sfrgkfld Hkk"k.k ^lkfgr; dk mn~ns ;* ¼1936½ ¼izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ds igys leesyu esa izsepan }kjk fn;k x;k v/;{kh; odro;½ lttuks] ;g leesyu gekjs lkfgr; ds bfrgkl
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Detaljer321] 'kkurh dkwyksuh] bvkok ¼m0iz0½
iz/kkuea=h jkstxkj ;kstukurxzr iznrr _.kksa ls gksus okys ykhkksa dk lektskkl=h; fosys c`tohj flag 321] 'kkurh dkwyksuh] bvkok ¼m0iz0½ 206001 Abstract jkstxkj l`tu ;kstuk* pkgs dksbz Hkh gks] izf k{k.k
Detaljerfc;kuh xylz ch-,m+ dkwyst] t;iqj¼jktlfkku½ ¼l= ½
'kks/k izfrosnu ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k egkfo ky;ksa sa esa izf'k{k.k dk izf'k{k.kkffkz;ksa dh v/;kiu] vfhk:fp] vfhko`fùk o vfhk{kerk ij im+us okys izhkkoksa dk v/;;uaþ funsz kd Jh euh"k lsuh ¼O;k[;krk½ izlrqrd=hz
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>kj[k.m dezpkjh p;u vk;ksx ds fokkiu la[;k 10@2017 ¼fu;fer fjfdr½ ds vkyksd esa LukrdksRrj izf'kf{kr f'k{kd izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk&2017 ds fy, vkwu ykbzu vkosnu i= Hkjus okys vh;ffkz;ksa ds v ru flfkfr dh
DetaljerNAVCHETANA HOMILIES 25 DECEMBER 2017
NAVCHETANA HOMILIES 25 DECEMBER 2017 IS 7:10-16+9:1-3,6-7 MIC 4:1-3+5:2-5,8-9 GAL 3:15-4:6 LK 2:1-20 ß[kqnk dh eksgccr ls ekewj gksdj Eklhgk mrj vk;k gs uwj gksdj Okks vk;k gs vius gh okns dh [kkfrj fy;k
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DetaljerLakfxuh tsumj fjlkslz lsuvj th 3/385 xqyeksgj dkyksuh Hkksiky & e/;izns k
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Detaljerizfrfu;qfdr (Deputation) gsrq vkosnu i= dk izk:i
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DetaljerDownload UPTET Exam Paper "Bal Vikas aur Abhigyan"
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Detaljerbdkbz&2 Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh ;qfdr;kw
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DetaljerHkk0d``0v0i0&dsUnzh; ÒSal vuqla/kku lalfkku] fglkj
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Detaljerक़ ब र न क क़ मत क सद क़ करन
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izfke v/;k; lalej.k&:i Lo:i,oa izd`fr lalej.k lân; ds Le`fr&dks"k dh vewy; vkuannkf;uh fuf/k gs] vuqhko ls bldk izr;{k laca/k gsa 1 LoHkkor% vuqhko&txr dh vikjrk ds vuq:i lalej.k fo"k; dk vlhe folrkj gsa
DetaljerIkzkfrifnd,oa in % vfkz] Hksn vksj lajpuk dh n`f V ls v/;;u
Interntionl Journl of Hindi Reserch Interntionl Journl of Hindi Reserch ISSN: 2455-2232 Impct Fctor: RJIF 5.22 www.hindijournl.com Volume 4; Issue 1; Jnury 2018; Pge No. 43-48 Ikzkfrifnd,o in % vfkz] Hksn
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vè;k;&2 % dksm&fej.k % ls¼kfurd ladyiuk, (21) dksm&fej.k esa dsoy nks dksmksa dh Hkwfedk gh egroiw.kz ugha gksrh cfyd blds vykok dbz vu; ladyiuk, Hkh gsa ftuls,d dksm ls nwljs dksm esa fej.k fd;k tk ldrk
Detaljerppkz ds fcunq Li"Vhdj.k ds fcunq lanhkz
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Detaljereq>s izrhr gksrk gs fd euq"; krkfcn;ksa ls kkafr] eqfdr rfkk ijekuan dh ml flfkfr dks kstrk jgk gs] ftls og bz'oj dgrk gsa bls mlus fhkuu&fhkuu ukeksa
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Detaljerव ष ण प रभ कर क न टक म च तन क अभभव यक तत
व ष ण प रभ कर क न टक म च तन क अभभव यक तत अस स ट ट प र फ र ह द व भ ग आर ट, क म ए ड इ क ल ज, र त अ मदनगर मह र ष र भ रत fo".kq izhkkdj eqyr% ekuorkoknh ys[kd gsa muds ukvdksa dk eq[; vk/kkj ekuork gh jgk
Detaljerfcuk fdlh dkj.k ds jet+ku esa jkst+k rksm+ nsuk b rk vksj oskkfud vuqla/kku dh LFkk;h lfefr
fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds jet+ku esa jkst+k rksm+ nsuk لا فطا يف بغري عذ مضا [ fgunh ] هند & Hindi & b rk vksj oskkfud vuqla/kku dh LFkk;h lfefr vuqokn% vrkmjz Zgeku ft+ +;kmyykg 2010-1431 عذ بغري يف مضا لا فطا»
Detaljerfoùkiksf"kr,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr ek/;fed fo ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukred v/;;u
2018 IJSRST Volume 4 Issue 7 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X foùkiksf"kr,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr ek/;fed fo ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukred v/;;u MkW0 jkecyh ;kno 'kks/k&funsz'kd
DetaljerSample Copy. Not for Distribution.
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Detaljerviuh ckr 'ksf{kd fopkj fo"k; lwph
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DetaljerST. XAVIERS SCHOOL, DORANDA SYLLABUS FOR ( ) CLASS PREP
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Detaljerआश व द हम द बन अब द ल ल इब र ह. vuqokn %vrkmjzgeku ft+;kmyykg
आश व द ] هندي & Hindi [ fgunh & हम द बन अब द ल ल इब र ह vuqokn %vrkmjzgeku ft+;kmyykg 2012-1433 تلفاؤل» اللغة اهلندية «حود بن عبد االله إبراهيم ت مجة : عطاء لرمحن ضياء االله 2012-1433 fcfleyykfgjzgekfujzghe
Detaljervius varl dh vkokt lquuka dgha ;g rqegkjk vgadkj rks ugha tks dg jgk gs fd fdlh ds vuq;klh er cuks\
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Detaljernks dne lqyrk dh vksj
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Detaljervkt dk lqfopkj tslk O;ogkj gesa ilan ugha] nwljksa ds lkfk oslk O;ogkj er djks A 01 tuojh mikld lksgu jkt rkrsm+
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iszfjrksa ds dke vkxs tkjh MkW- ckvz ckwdl 20 ekpz] 2011 vkxs tkjh iszfjrksa ds dke 28%17&31 ;fn vkids ikl ckbcy gs] rks esjs lkfk iszfjrkas ds dke 28%17 fudkysaa Ja[kyk es a vksj cgqr dqn gs] ysfdu ge
Detaljerekuuh; eq[;ea=h] fcgkj Jh uhrh'k dqekj ds }kjk fnukad& dks dyk lald`fr,oa ;qok fohkkx ds dk;zøe esa fn;s x;s Hkk"k.
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Detaljerizsfjr dky dk NVok jfookj Qyghu o`{k esjk,d iqjkuk ifjfpr feyus vk;ka og viuh O;Fkk&dFkk lquk jgk FkkA dqn lky igys mldk csvk okgu nq?
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Detaljerosqls fy[ksa dgkuh &Ñ".kk lkscrh bl ikb esa
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DetaljerNavchetana Homilies. December 02, 2018
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DetaljerHkk kk f k{k.k %&esjk vuqhko ¼ikVZ&1½
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Detaljervkwuykbu dkwmulsfyax dh izfø;k
vkwuykbu dkwmulsfyax dh izfø;k ch-lh-bz-lh-bz-] cksmz }kjk vk;ksftr dh tkusokyh fofhkuu izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa ds vk/kj ij es k&lg&fodyi ds vuqlkj lhv vkoavu ds fy;s dkwmulsfyax Offline mode ls dh tkrh
Detaljerfookg ls lacaf/r fofhkuu ;ksx
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Detaljerlekpkj izlkj.k ekud fu;ekoyh
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Detaljerप ठ यक रम सममत प ठ यक रम स य जन एव स प दन
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Detaljerthokth fo ofo ky;] Xokfy;j
thokth fo ofo ky;] Xokfy;j okf kzd izfrosnu dk izk:ik ¼1 tqykbz 2015 ls 30 twu 2016 rd½ uksv& izfrosnu fo/kkulhkk ds ivy ij j[kk tkosxk d`i;k iw.kz :Ik ls Hkjk gqvk izk:ik 17 uoecj 2016 ls iwoz vfuok;z
Detaljercpiu vksj lkfgr; esjs fy, cgqr larks"k vksj izlérk dk fo"k; gs fd bl ubz lalfkk us vkt dh 'kke lahko cukbz gsa O;k[;ku Ñ".k dqekj
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DetaljerSample Copy. Not For Distribution.
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Detaljervk/kkj f kyk vkokfl; ckfydk fo?kky; vejiqjk Hknslj fprksmx< jktlfkku izxfrfjiszkv ekg tuojh ls vxlr 2018&19 rd
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DetaljerLFkkuh; dyhfl;k esa fo oo;kih izkfkzuk. 1 rheqffk;ql 2%1&7
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DetaljerLk=&2016&17 d{kk ik poha fo k; fgunh ikb dk uke f k{k.k mn~ns ; Xk`gdk;Z dk;z izi= jpukred ewy;kadu 1 vizsy ¼20½
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Detaljervuqokn&lwjrqy~eqv~feuwu
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DetaljerANUŚĪLANA, Vol. LXXV, Year 2017, ISSN
ANUŚĪLANA, Vol. LXXV, Year 2017, ISSN 0973-8762 u lks flr çr;;ks yksds ;= dkyks u HkklrsA 1 rknkre;] tks lhkh phtks a dk [kqn ls gksrk gs] vxj ugha gksrk gs rks bldk eryc gksrk gs fd og pht ogh ugha gsa
Detaljercky lalkj lalfkk pquksfr;ksa dks volj esa cnyus dh rs;kjh lewg dsfunzr ifjppkz gsrq ekxznf kzdk
cky lalkj lalfkk lewg dsfunzr ifjppkz gsrq ekxznf kzdk fd kksj&fd kksfj;ksa dh eu%flfkfr] ut+fj;s] t:jrksa] liuksa rfkk mudh n`f"v ls lel;kvksa dks le>us gsrkq t;iqj] vtesj,oa Vksad ftys dh 50 xzke iapk;krksa
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DetaljerNqVdkjs dk bfrgkl. izlrkouk MkW- MsfoM IySV
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DetaljerLoLFk thou ds fy, ijes oj dh ;kstuk
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Detaljerokf kzd ijh{kk] 2017&18 fgunh ¼dsfUnzd½ vof/k & 3?kaVs d{kk & X;kjgoha iw.kk±d & 100
okf kzd ijh{kk] 2017&18 fgunh ¼dsfUnzd½ vof/k & 3?kaVs d{kk & X;kjgoha iw.kk±d & 100 fo kfkhz dk uke ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ oxz ---------------
Detaljerwebsite: ROHIT TRIVEDI
P a g e 1 Contents 1.1 What is debit or credit? dh Entry:-... 2 1.2 Main Terms of Financial Accounting.... 3 1.4 Books used in Accounting... 3 Trial Balance & Vªk;y csaysal... 4 Closing stock Dyksftax
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DetaljerNavchetana Homilies. August 19, 2018
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