1999 The Wel come Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3FY, UK.

Transkript

1 ,d flfkfr leh{kk 1999 The Partnership for Child Development (PCD) was established in 1992 to help co-ordinate global efforts to assess the developmental burden of ill health and poor nutrition at school age. It brings together a consortium of countries, donor organisations and centres of academic excellence to design and test strategies to improve the health and education of school-age children. The Partnership has international agency support from UNDP, WHO, UNICEF, The World Bank and British DFID, and is sustained through support from participating governments, the Rockefeller, Edna McConnell Clark and James S McDonnell Foundations and the Wellcome Trust. The Scientific Coordinating Centre for the Partnership is based at: The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3FY, UK. Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) child.development@ceid.ox.ac.uk Web:

2 ifjp; flfkfr leh{kk (Situation analysis) ds ifj.kke tks bl if=dk es pjfpr gs mudk mn~ns'; Ldwy }kjk fd;s tk jgs LokLFk vksj iks"k.k ds dk;zøeks dh :ijs[kk vksj ij[k i)fr lqfuf'pr djus es ekxz n'kzu djkus ds fy, gsa flfkfr leh{kk folr`r vksj leiw.kz gks ldrh gsa ijurq lcls mfpr izkfkfed Kku de le; vksj O;; es fd;k x;k losz{k.k iznku djrk gsa blls lozizfke mrrj miyc/k gksrs gs ftuls Ldwy iks"k.k vksj LokLFk ds dk;zøeks dks ldkjkred :i ls lqn`<+ fd;k tk ldrk gs A tks i)fr bl if=dk es viukbz xbz gs og gj :i ls iw.kz ugh gs A vuqekfur fd;k tkrk gs fd bles fo'ks"k izdkj ds lzksr vksj lwpuk gksaxh tks,d [kkl ns'k o flfkfr ds fy;s mi;ksxh gks ldrh gsa flfkfr leh{kk tks mdr dffkr i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gss ;g Kkr dj ldrh gss fd Ldwy vk;q ds cppks ds LokLFk lecu/kh vko';drk, vksj iks"k.k lecu/kh lel;k, D;k gsa Ldwy esa ;ksxnku] ukekadu] vuqiflfkfr] nksgjkuk] vksj NksM+us ds vk/kkj ij ij[kk tk ldrk gks vksj Ldwy u tkus ds izeq[k dkj.kks dh [kkst dh tk ldrh gsa lehko vksj yecs le; rd pyus ;ksx; lsok, [kkstus dh {kerk j[krk gs ftlls cppks ds LokLFk vksj iks"k.k] Ldwy esa miflfkfr vksj 'ksf{kd ;ksx;rk esa lq/kkj vk ldrk gsa orzeku Ldwy dh iks"k.k vksj LokLFk lsokvks es flfkfr egroiw.kz vhkko o lel;kvks dks n'kkzus ds lkfk muds mipkj lq>krk gs Ldwy ds iks"k.k o LokLFk lsokvks dks tk p vksj ijh{k.k ds iz;kl dks lwpuk ns ldrk gsa mu ckrks dks [kkstrk gs tgk vf/kd tkwap ij[k dh vko';drk gsa lwpuk,d= djrs le; Ldwy vfkok LokLFk dfez;ks ds lkfk o Ldwy vk;q ds cppks] vu; egroiw.kz tu lewg rfkk lalfkkvks ds lkfk lg;ksx LFkkfir djus dk lkstu; feyrk gsa bl lg;ksx dk Ldwyh; LokLFk o iks"k.k lecu/kh ls saokvks dks izksrlkfgr djus es vf/kd ;ksxnku jgrk gsa flfkfr leh{kk ds fy;s tkudkjh orzeku esa miyc/k lwpuk] fo'ks"k lwpdks ds lk{kkrdkj] dsfunzr lkewfgd xks"bh rfkk vu; rduhfd;ks ds vk/kkj ij fey ldrh gsa fueu tkudkjh,d= djuk dqn fo'ks"k ckrks ds lunhkz es pfpzr gsa oklro es izr;sd ij[k] lk{kkrdkj ;k xks"bh bu lhkh fo'ks"k ckrks dks,d lkfk lecksf/kr djrh gsa tc dksbz u;k dk;zøe HkwriwoZ tk p ij[k ds vk/kkj ij izkjehk gksrk gs rks mlds fy;s folr`r rduhdh leh{kk dh vko';drk gksrh gsa fo'ks"kdj] lw{e y{kh; dk;zdze ds fy;s [kkl tkap ij[k dh vko';drk gksxh] ftles tho fpfdrlk losz{k.k 'kkfey gsa D;ksfd flfkfr leh{kk dk;z izksrlkgu gsrq fy[kh tkrh gs] mles nh xbz lwpuk jkspd gksuh pkfg;s vksj ljy lk/kkj.k 'ksyh es miyc/k gksuh pkfg;sa mles fofhkuu izdkj ds vkdm+ks dk iz;ksx djds mldk egro vksj xehkhjrk c<+kuh pkfg;sa mnkgj.k ds :i es] ;fn /kweziku vksj 'kjkc ij C;; dh xbz?kj dh vk; dh rqyuk Ldwy tkus okys cppks ds LokLFk ij fd;s tkus okys C;; ls dh tk, rks ;g fjiksvz esa cy MkysxhA 2

3 izkfkfed LokLFk o iks"k.k lecu/kh lel;kvks dh [kkst vko';d lwpuk e`r;q vksj chekjh ds dkj.k e`r;q vksj chekjh ds dkj.k ij lwpuk LokLFk lsokvks dks izkfkfedrk nssus es lgk;d gsa mu LokLFk lel;kvks ij Hkh lwpuk gksuh pkfg;s ftudk vkjehk cpiu ;k ;qokolfkk es gksrk gs ijurq chekjh ckn es izrhr gksrh gs] tsls,p0 vkj0 oh dk jksxa e`r;q vksj chekjh ds dkj.kks ds lkfk ;g Hkh lwpuk gksuh pkfg;s fd fdl vk;q o fyax esa og dkj.k gksrs gs] dgk ds fuokfl;ks ls ¼xk o vfkok 'kgj] xhys o lw[ks bykds esa½ vksj fdl eksle esa og chekj ims+a flfkfr leh{kk ds ckn xfbr dh xbz lsok, mu rd igqpkbz tk ldrh gsa tgk vko';d gsa oklro esa ;g lc lwpuk ugh fey ik,xh ijurq ;g vko';d gs fd ftruk leiw.kz fp= cu lds cuok;k tk,a e`r;q vksj chekjh ds Lrj Hkfo"; dh izkfkfedrk, fuf'pr djus ds fy;s LokLFk o iks"k.k dh le; ds lkfk c<+rh vfkok?kvrh lel;kvks ds Lrj dks tkuuk vko';d gsa vyidkyhu {kq/kk o dqiks"k.k dk folrkj leh{kk ds le; [kkl?;ku iks"k.k dh lel;kvks vksj {kq/kk ij nsuk pkfg;s D;ksfd bl dk vuqeku LokLFk ds vkdm+ks ls ugh gks ikrka LokLFk lecu/kh vkpkj.k ds izpyu es ifjozru leh{kk dks ;g Hkh fu/kkzfjr djuk pkfg;s fdl izdkj [krjk xzlr vkpkj.k] tsls u'khyh inkfkksz dk lsou] /keziku o de vk;q esa vksj vlqjf{kr lehkksx] dk izhkko mn~numrk] vupkgs xhkz vksj Ldwyh; i<+kbz NksM+us ij im+rk gsa vu; fodykaxrk ftlls Ldwyh; iz'kh{k.k es deh vk ldrh gs leh{kk dks lquus o ns[kus ds vhkko vksj Ldwyh cppks es vu; fodykaxrk ds dkj.kks dh lwpuk,d= djuh pkfg;sa lkekftd o ikjeikfjd dkj.kks dk LokLFk cnyko es izhkko igpkus gq, LokLFk o iks"k.k dh lel;k;ks dk izpfyr lkekftd fu;eks ds lkfk lecu/k fu/kkzfjr djuk egroiw.kz gs] fo'ks"k :i ls tc ckfydkvks ds LokLFk lecu/kh dk;zdze dh :ijs[kk lqfuf'pr gks jgh gksa lwpuk dh [kkst jk"vªh; o vurjkz"vªh; lkfgr; es ntz fjiksvz o fujh{k.k rduhdh lgk;rk lewg] mnkgj.k ;wuhlsq vksj WHO, fo'o LokLFk laxbu] o'o cssad ds LFkkuh; dk;kzy;] vurjkz"vªh; lkfgr; dh leh{kk dj ldrs gs vksj LFkkuh; vuqla/kku dsunz jk"vªh; lkfgr; ij dsfunzr jg ldrs gsa f'k{kk o LokLFk fohkkx ds ckgj vu; lzksr ls egroiw.kz lwpuk fey ldrh gs tsls fd vijk/k dkuwu {ks= ls ckfyx cppks ds vkpkj.k ds ckjs es tkudkjh yh tk ldrh gsa fo'ks"k lwpuk fueu {ks= es vko';d gsa e`r;qq ds dkj.k lw{e inkfkksz dh deh ¼foVkfeu,] yksg inkfkz] vk;ksmhu½] uki rksy ds vkdm+s ¼vk;q ds fy;s yeckbz] vksj yeckbz ds fy;s otu½] vyidkyhu Hkw[k vksj iks"k.k ds vu; ekinama dhm+s ls jksx ftles eysfj;k o isv ds dhm+s lfeefyr gsa de vk;q es xhkz/kkj.k o iztuu LokLFk ¼xqIrjksx],p0 vkbz0 oh0@,ml] iztuu uyh ds jksx vksj ekfld/kez lecu/kh LokLFk½ Lokl lecu/kh laøked jksx] ftles risfnd vksj ckj&ckj cq[kkj vkuk lfeefyr gs tks fd eysfj;k vksj rrdkyhu Lokl ds laøked jksx ls gks ldrk gsa 3

4 og jksx ftuds fy;s izfrjks/kd Vhdkdj.k gksrk gs ¼iksfy;ks] teks?kk] fe;knh cq[kkj½ lquus o ns[kus es vkiwfrz] pez jksx vksj nur jksx nh?kzdkyhu fodykaxrk vksj ekufld jksx ;ksu lecu/kh mrihm+u vksj 'kks"k.k] fgalk] nq?kzvuk] vksj 'kjkc] reckdw] o u'khyh nokvks dk lsou ds LFkkuh; vkdm+s Lfkkuh; lzksr ls e`r;q o chekjh ds lkeku; vkdm+s vlirky] Dyhfud o LokLFk dsunzks es fn[kkuss o Hkjrh ds dkj.kks ds vkdm+ks ls muds iz;ksx dk vkhkkl gks ldrk gsa ijurq,sls vkdm+s loznk iz;ksx djus okys LFky o yksxks ds vuqlkj ifjozrr gks ldrs gsa vkikrdkyhu dsunzks ds vkdm+s gh deh fgalk o nq?kvzuk dh lwpuk ns ldrs gsa lk{kkrdkj lwpuk ds lehkkfod lzksr f'k{kk o LokLFk ea=ky; ds dk;zdjrk] xsj ljdkjh lalfkk, tks LokLFk o ;qodks ds elyks ij dke djrh gs] mfpr fo'ofon~;ky; ds v/;kid] LokLFk dehz o vijk/k U;k; fohkkx ds ofj"b vf/kdkjh gks ldrs gsa bl lk{kkrdkjks es] Hkkx ¼v½ es vafdr dkj.kks ds vuqlkj] [kjkc LokLFk ds dkj.kks dks jk"vªh; vkdkj ls tksm+ ldrs gsa iz'ukoyh vksj dsfunzr lkewfgd xks"bh budk iz;ksx v/;kidks] LokLFk dfez;ks] ekrk o firk vksj fo kffkz;ks ds LokLFk o iks"k.k lecu/kh lel;kvks ds ckjs es fopkj tkuus ds fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gs bu iz'ukoyh o xksf"b;ks ls ;g lkq&lkq irk py ldrk gs fd tu leqnk; ds LokLFk lecu/kh ijs'kkfu;ks ds dkj.kks o folrkj ds fopkj oklrfodrk ls fdrus ijs gs fopkjks dk Kku vkxs mi;qdr LokLFk lecu/kh lans'k cukus es vkrk gsa bu xksf"b;ksa ls lehkor% euksoskkfud o lkekftd va'k] tsls ruko] fo'ks"kdj ml folr`r lkekftd lunzhk esa tslk ;wuhlsq dh flfkfr leh{kk es cryk;k gs ¼mnkgj.k csjkstxkjh o lkekftd vo;olfkk½ Hkh ij[kh tk ldrh gsa,slh iz'ukoyh vksj dsfunzr lkewfgd xks"bh ls izpfyr ;ksu lecfu/kr mrihm+u ds folrkj dk Hkh irk py ldrk gs tks fd mi;ksxh vk;q fo'ks"k xqir jksx ds folrkj ds vkdm+s ds :i es iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa 4

5 fdl izdkj ls Ldwy }kjk Ldwyh vk;q ds cppks rd igq puk vko';d lwpuk% Ldwyh Nk=ks dh la[;k] Ldwy esa Hkjrh gksus o Ldwy NksM+us ds vkdms+ vksj vkslr cpps ftudks,d d{kk es ckj&ckj i<uk im+rk gs ;g lwpuk f'k{kk {ks= ds ksrd fpugks esa fo'ks"k nj dks Kkr djokrh gsa ;g lwpuk nksuks izkfkfed o ek/;fed Ldwyks ls gksuh pkfg;s vksj blls d{kk] vk;q] fyax] /kez vksj 'kgjhdj.k }kjk ifjorzuks ds ckjs es Hkh Kku feyrk gsa vuqiflfkfr ds nj leh{kk esa ;g lwpuk Hkh,d= djuh pkfg;s fd og dksu ls cpps gs ftugksus Ldwy es uke rks fy[kok;k gs ijurq fu;fer :i ls cppk Ldwy ugh tkrk gsa blds vfrfjdr vuqiflfkfr dk lecu/k eksle] lirkg ds fnu] vk;q] fyax] 'kgjhdj.k vksj /kez ls tksm+us okyh lwpuk Hkh,d= djuh pkfg;sa Ldwy es nkf[kyk u djokus o vuqiflfkfr ds dkj.k vuqiflfkfr ds izeq[k dkj.k dsoy LokLFk lecu/kh egroiw.kz ckrs ugh gks ldrh gsa ijurq vuqiflfkfr de djus ds mik; [kkstuk vko';d gs ;fn cppks dsk Ldwyh f'k{kk o Ldwy ij vk/kkfjr LokLFk o iks"k.k igq pkuk gsa vuksipkfjd f'k{kk dk vuqekfur ;ksxnku vuksipkfjd f'k{kk ds {ks= ij lwpuk LokLFk o iks"k.k lecu/kh f'k{kk o lsok iznku djus ds eksds fn[kk ldrh gsa vuksipkfjd {ks= fo'ks"k lewgks] tsls ckfydkvks vksj ;qodks ds fy;s egroiw.kz gks ldrk gs tks vksipkfjd {ks= dk de iz;ksx djrs gsa Ldwy vk;q ds cppks lecu/kh fu;e vksj dkuwu v/;kidks }kjk ;ksu lecu/kh 'kks"k.k ds dkuwu] reckdw vksj 'kjkc miyc/k djus dh jksdfkke ds dkuwu] ;ksu lecu/kh f'k{kk ds fu;e vksj xhkzorh ckfydkvks dk Ldwy yksvus ds fu;eks ij lhkh lwpuk,d= djuk pkfg;sa Ldwy vk;q ds cppks dh f'k{kk] iks"k.k vksj LokLFk ij orzeku lkekftd O;; bl lwpuk ls Ldwy ij vk/kkfjr LokLFk vksj iks"k.k dk;zdzeks dk lkekftd ;ksxnku }kjk nh?kz dky rd pyus dh lehkkouk Hkkih tk ldrh gs vksj lkekftd rjhdks ls O;; dh xbz /ku jkf'k dks nksckjk,d= djuss dh {kerk Hkh le>h tk ldrh gs lwpuk dh [kkst jk"vªh; o vurjkz"vªh; lkfgr; es ntz fjikszv vksj losz{k.k jk"vªh; o vurjkz"vªh; lkfgr; es ntz fjikszv vksj losz{k.k] jk"vªh; lkfgr; vksj fo'ks"kdj f'k{kk eu=ky; dkks fo'ks"k lgk;rk ns ldrh gsa {ks=h; vksj ftyk Lrj dh f'k{kk lsokvks ds,df=r vkdm+s vf/kdrj,df=r vkdms+ LFkkuh; leh{kkvks dks feykdj cuk, tkrs gs ij mudk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy;s LFkkuh; f'k{kk vuqla/kku dsunzks dh lgk;rk ysuh im+ ldrh gsa lk{kkrdkj mijksdr fohkkx nsf[k;sa,df=r lwpuk dk vknku iznku,df=r vkdm+ks dh leh{kk v/;kidks] vu; LokLFk o f'k{kk ds {ks=ks ds dehz vksj vk;q es cm+s fo kffkz;ks dks fn[kkdj ;g iwn ysuk pkkfg;s fd D;k ;g vkdms+ Ldwy es izos'k o vuqiflfkfr ds egrpiw.kz dkj.kks dks n'kkz ldrs gsa fo'ks"k dksf'k'k mu ;qodks vksj muds ekrk firk ds lk{kkrdkj es yxsxh ftugksus Ldwy es nkf[kyk ugh fy;k gsa bu lk{kkrdkjks ls izpfyr dk;z'ksyh o dkuwu vksj fu;e ds ckjs es lksp fopkj Kkr gksxsa 5

6 dk;zdzeks dks izksrlkgu o dk;kzuo;u djus dh {kerk dk fujh{k.k vko';d lwpuk orzeku LokLFk o iks"k.k lsok, Ldwyh cppks ds fy;s u dsoy Ldwyh lsok, ijurq lkoztfud LokLFk lsok, tks fd Ldwy tkus okys cppks ds fy;s gs [kkl egro j[krh gsa miyc/k lkekxzh o vkffkzd HkaMkj dh lwpuk LFkkuh; {kerk vksj izfrfdz;k dks ij[k ldrh gsa lfeefyr vko';d fo"k; gsa% LokLFk vksj f'k{kk {ks=ks dk Ldwy iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh f'k{kk vksj lsokvks ds izfr fo'ks"k fteesnkjh jk"vªh; o {ks=h; Ldwy iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh izksxzke ds fu;e& mudk egro vksj og fdrus vkykspuk ds fy;s izlrqr gsa orzeku Ldwy iks"k.k o LokLFk dk;zdze] ;fn gs] dk xbu] va'k vksj folrkj ftlesa gj le; gksus okys LokLFk dk losz{k.k o izkfkfed lgk;rk ds dk;zdze lfeefyr gsa orzeku LokLFk lecu/kh f'k{kk ds rjhds ftles ikfjokfjd thou] iztuu lecu/kh f'k{kk vksj vu; iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh dk;z lfeefyr gs tsls Ldwy LokLFk DycA orzeku izkfkfed LokLFk lsokvks dk Ldwy vk;q cppks }kjk iz;ksx] ftles iztuu LokLFk lsok, vksj Ldwy vksj izkfkfed LokLFk dsunz ds chp jksxh dks Hkstuk lfeefyr gsa Ldwy vk;q ds cpps fdruk xsj&ljdkjh LokLFk lsok, rfkk ikjeifjd fpfdrldks dh lsokvks dk mihkksx djrs gs Ldwy es Hkkstu djokus dk o Ldwy es ckxokuh ds dk;zdzeks dh fo'ks"k lwph] folrkj] mihkksx vksj [kpz Ldwyks es flfkr dsavhuks o Ldwy es [kk inkfkz cspus okyks dh lwph Ldwyks es ihus okys ikuh] 'kkspky; o xunxh Qsdus dh lqfo/kkvks ij lwpuk Ldwy ds dk;zdzeks es vurj ljdkjh o xsj&ljdkjh laxbuks dk ;ksxnku leqnk; dk Ldwy rfkk LokLFk es ;ksxnku bles LoPN ikuh] lkq 'kkspky;] Ldwy es [kkuk nsus dk izko/kku o vu; iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh lsok, lfeefyr gsa ljdkj vksj vu; lalfkkvks }kjk Ldwyh cppks ij fd;k tkus okyk orzeku O;; Ldwy ls igys dh f'k{kk rfkk fo'ks"k f'k{kk dk izko/kku A Ldwy ds cppks ds fy;s lsok, c<kus dk dk;zdze vko';d gs fd miyc/k HkaMkj o rduhdh vksj 'ksf{kd ;ksx;rk ds folrkj dh lehkkouk izdv dj nh tk, fueu fyf[kr rurzks dk iz;ksx djds% C;fDr fo'ks"k ds lk{kkrdkj o mu 'ksf{kd lalfkkvks ds lk{kkrdkj ls tks fo'ks"k dq'kyrk vksj :fp j[krs gsa Ldwy ds LokLFk vksj iks"k.k dk;zdzeks esa dk;zjr lalfkkvks vksj vu; Hkkxhnkj la?kks dh fo'ks"k 'kfdr o detksfj;ks dh ij[k f'k{kk {ks= dh iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh f'k{kk vksj lsokvks dks iznku djus dh {kerk O;; ds vkdm+ks ij cy nsus ls ;g irk py ldrk gs fd D;k og vkffkzd nzf"vdks.k ls lehko gs vksj yecs le; rd pyk;k tk ldrk gs] vfkok ugha tks lwpuk vko';d gs og bl izdkj gs% izkfkfed o ek/;fed Ldwyks o v/;kidks dh la[;k o folrkj dh rqyuk LokLFk dsunzks o LokLFk dfez;ks ls 6

7 fo ky;ks es iznku fd;s tk jgs orzeku iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh 'ksf{kd dk;zdzeks dk xbu] ftles eq[; /;ku fo"k;] rjhds vksj ru= ij Hkh lfeefyr gs vksj ;g Hkh fd fo'ks"k dk;zdze dk fdruk vuqlj.k fd;k tk jgk gsa v/;kidks dks f'k{kk nsus okys fo ky;ks dh iks"k.k o LokLFk lecu/kh f'k{kk nsus dh {kerk ftles dh dk;zjr v/;kidks dk Hkh iz'kh{k.k lfeefyr gs bl lwpuk ds lkfk fd iz'kh{k.k fdruh ckj fn;k tk,xk vksj fdruks dksa /kkfezd vksj xsj&ljdkjh lalfkvks dk f'k{kk ds {ks= es ;kxnku vksj bu lalfkkvks dh iks"k.k vksj LokLFk lecu/kh f'k{kk vksj lsok, iznku djus dh {kerka vurj&ljdkjh lalfkkvks dk Ldwy iks"k.k vksj LokLFk ds dk;zdzeks es ;ksxnku ljdkjh fohkkxks vksj f'k{kk ds {ks= es dk;zjr lalfkkvks dh lgefr vksj {kerk Ldwy vk;q ds cppks ds fy;s iks"k.k o LokLFk ds dk;zdzeks es /kujkf'k yxkus ds fy;s f'k{kk lalfkvks dh lgefr vksj {kerk iks"k.k vksj LokLFk dh f'k{kk vksj dk;zdzeks es lfdz; Hkkx ysus es 'ksf{kd lalfkkvks dh {kerk LokLFk dks izksrlkgu nsus es ftles LoPN ty o ekfld /kez okyh Ldwyh ckfydkvks ds fy;s lqfo/kk, lfeefyr gsa ;wuhlsq }kjk dh xbz f'k{kk o LokLFk {ks=ks dh leh{kk bu ij dqn lwpuk ns ldrh gs ;k rqyuk dk vk/kkj cu ldrh gsa mnkgj.k ds :i es?kjks o leqnk; es ikuh ds xq.k vksj 'kkspky;ks dh lqfo/kk dh rqyuk Ldwyks lsa orzeku es miyc/k dks"k% ;g dks"k dbz {ks=ks ls vk,xk tks LokLFk o f'k{kk ls lecfu/kr gs ¼ljdkjh] xsj&ljdkjh vksj vurj&ljdkjh½ vksj Lo;a cppks vksj tu leqnk; ls A fopkj fd;s tk jgs dk;zdzeks ds vkffkzd vksj v/kz'kklf=; O;; ij Hkh lwpuk,d= djuh pkfg;s A vu; lzksrks ls ikbz tkus okyh dks"k bu lzksrks es lfeefyr gs [ksydwn o /kkfezd lalfkk,] lekt dy;k.k dh lalfkk, vksj lwpuk dk {ks=a bu lhkh lzksrks dh lwpuk ls Ldwy LokLFk o iks"k.k ds dk;zdzeks dks yecs le; rd pyok;k tkuk lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gsa lwpuk dh [kkst vf/kd ls vf/kd lwpuk orzeku dks"k o {kerk dh leh{kk djrs le;,d= gks ldrh gsa vu; lzksr fo'ks"k lzksr mi;qdr txg ij Åij fy[ks tk pqds gsa 7

8 Further information and references CONTACT DETAILS Partnership for Child Development (PCD) Scientific Co-ordinating Centre Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease Department of Zoology South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3FY UK Tel: Fax: Web: / child Bradford Strickland USAID Bureau for Africa Office of Sustainable Development Education Team Washington, DC Tel: Fax: bstrickland@usaid.gov Organización Panamericana de la Salud (PAHO) Oficina Regional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 525 Twenty Third Street, N.W. Washington, D.C USA Bruce Dick Youth Health Promotion Unit, UNICEF UNICEF House 3, UN Plaza New York, NY Tel: Fax: bdick@unicef.org David Evans Task Force on School Aged Children WHO CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland 8

9 Tel: / 8 Fax: International School Health Initiative at the World Bank (ISHI) The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC USA Tel: (202) eservice@worldbank.org 9

10 SELECTED USEFUL REFERENCES Bundy, D.A.P. & Guyatt, H. (1996) Schools for Health: Focus on health, education and the school age child. Parasitology Today 12 :1-16 Del Rosso, J. & Marek, T. (1996) Class Action: Improving School performance in the Developing World through better Health and Nutrition. Directions in Development. World Bank, Washington, DC. Hall, A. & Bundy, D.A.P. (1998) The Partnership for Child Development: promoting the health, nutrition and education of school-age children Sub-Committee on Nutrition (SCN) News 16, July 1998 Hall, A., Adjei, S. & Kihamia, C. (1996) School Health Programmes. Africa Health 16 (6) 22-3 Meresman, S. (1998) The Ten who go to School. School Health and Nutrition Programming in Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank/ PAHO, Washington, DC. PAHO/ WHO (1996) Escuelas Promotoras de Salud: Modelo y Guía para la Acción. Serie HSP/ SILOS #36, OPS, Washington, DC. PAHO/ WHO/ CDC (1997) Identificación y Vigilancia de Practicas de Riesgo con Escolares y Adolescentes. HPP/ HPL, OPS, Washington, DC Puertas, E.B. & Cerqueira, M.T. (1996) Análisis Descriptivo de la Situación the la Salud Escolar en Varios Países de la Región. HPP/ HPL, OPS, Washington, DC. The Partnership for Child Development (1997) Better Health, Education and Nutrition for the School-Age Child. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91: 1-2 The Partnership for Child Development (1998a) The Anthropometric status of School Children in five countries in the Partnership for Child Development. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57: , The Partnership for Child Development (1998b) The Health and Nutritional Status of School Children in Africa: evidence from school-based health programmes in Ghana and Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92: UNICEF Tools for Situation Analysis Adolescent Health waiting for details WHO (1998) Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level: A guide for managers of control programmes WHO/ CTD/ SIP/ 98.1: WHO Geneva WHO (1998) WHO s Global School Health Initiative. Health Promoting Schools. A healthy setting for living, learning and working. WHO/ HPR/ HEP/ WHO, Geneva. 10