N- iz-ø- 3 ls 9 rd vfr y?kqmrrjh; iz'u gsa buds mùkj yxhkx 75 'kcnksa esa

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1 N- iz-ø- 3 ls 9 rd vfr y?kqmrrjh; iz'u gsa buds mùkj yxhkx 75 'kcnksa esa fyf[k,a iz-ø- 10 ls 12 rd y?kqmrrjh; iz'u gsaa buds mùkj yxhkx 120 'kcnksa esa fyf[k,a izø- 13,oa 14 nh?kz mùkjh; iz'u gsaa buds mùkj yxhkx 150 'kcnksas esa fyf[k,a

2 G) No. 3 to 9 are very short answer type Que. Write their answers in Approx. 75 words. Q. No. 10 to 12 are short answer type Que. write their answers in approx. 120 words. Q. No. 13 to 14 are long answer type Que. write their answers in approx. 150 words. [k.m ^v* Section - A olrqfu"b iz'u Objectvie Type Questions iz-1v- lgh fodyi pqudj fyf[k,& 1x5x= 5 vad ¼i½ ljy lw{e n'khz esa ysal iz;qdr gksrk gs& v- mùky ysal c- vory ysal l- csyukdkj n- lkeku; ysal ¼ii½ /kkjkekih ;a= gs& v- vehvj c- xsyosuksehvj l- oksyvkehvj n- ysdvksehvj ¼iii½ tks tho vius Hkkstu ds fy, nwljksa ij vkfjr gksrs gsa& v- Loiks"kh c- ijiks"kh l- e`rksithoh n- lgthoh ¼iv½ ty dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gs&

3 v- cm+h vkar esa c- NksVh vkar esa l- vkek'k; esa n- ykj xazffk esa ¼v½ IykLVj vkwq isfjl dk lw= gs& v- CaSO4 2H2O c- Na2CO 3 l CaSO H O n- ( CaSO4 ) 2 2 H O Question 1-Choose the correct answer and write it- i) Which of the following lens is used in simple microscope: ii) iii) iv) a. Convex lens b. Concave lens c. Cylindrical lens d. Simple lens Current measurring instrument is: a. Ammeter b. Galvanometer c. Voltameter d. Lacto Meter The animals which depend on others for their food is called: a. Autotraphic b. Parasite c. Saprophytic d. Symbiotic Absorption of water posses in: a. Large intestine b. Small Intestine c. Stomach d. Salivary gland v) Formula of plaster of paris: a. CaSO4 2H2O b. Na2CO 3 c. CaSO4 10H 2O d. ( CaSO4 ) 2 H 2O c- fjdr LFkkuksa dh iwfrz dhft,& 1x 5 = 5 vad ¼i½ lksje.my dk lcls cm+k xzg gsa ¼ii½ izfke Hkkjrh; d`f=e mixzg gsa ¼iii½ lcls pednkj xzg gsa ¼iv½ i`foh dh e/; ijr dks dgrs gsa ¼v½ rkjk tks fn'kk tkuus ds dke vkrk gs mldk uke gsa

4 Fill in the blanks\: (i) The largest planet at the solar system is... (ii) First artificial Indian Satellite is... (iii) The brightest planet is... (iv) The middle layer of the earth is called... (v) The star used to find direction is... iz-2v- izr;sd iz'u dk mùkj,d okd; esa fyf[k,a 1x5 = 5 v-,d rjy /kkrq dk uke fyf[k,a c- izdk'k dk fdlh ry ls Vdjkdj mlh ek/;e esa okil yksvuk dgykrk gsa l- ckdlkbzv dk jklk;fud lw= fyf[k,a n- 'kq) ty dk ph eku fdruk gksrk gsa p- fo qr /kkjk dk SI ek=d gksrk gsa Write answers in one sentence each: (i) Write the name of liquid metal? (ii) The process of sending back the light rays in to the same medium is called? (iii) Write the chemical formula of Boxite? (iv) What is the ph value of pure water? (v) SI Unit of electric current is? iz-2c- dkye A ds fy, dkye B ls 'kcn pqudj lgh tksm+h cukb;sa 1x5=5 dkye A dkye B (i) fdmuh Qkbfczuksftu (ii) 'kq) jdr ih;w"k (iii) jdr dk FkDdk usýku (iv) eklvj xazffk /keuh (v) j.kuhfrd /kkrq tk;ye

5 VkbVsfu;e f'kjk Match for column A from Column B and make pairsi. Kidney a. Fibrinogen ii Pure blood b. Pituitary iii. Clotting of Blood c. Nephron iv. Master gland d. Artery v. Stretegic metal e. Xylum f. Titanium g. Vein [k.m ^c* y?kq mùkjh; iz'u ¼;wfuV & 1½ dqy vad 4 iz-ø-3 jklk;fud vfhkfø;k dh nj dks izhkkfor djus okys fdugh pkj dkjdksa dk o.kzu dhft,a Name the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Explain in detail any four of them. jklk;fud lke; ls D;k rkri;z gs\ lke;kolfkk dh nks izeq[k fo'ks"krk,w fyf[k,a What is chemical equilibrium? Write any two characteristics of chemical equilibrium. iz-4,slhfvd veyk fuekz.k dh 'kh?kz fljdk fof/k dks LoPN ukekafdr fp=,oa jklk;fud lehdj.k fy[kdj le>kossaa 4 vad Explain Rapid Vinegar Method for manufacturing Acetic Acid with the help of well labelled diagram and chemical equation (Reaction)

6 ih-ogh-lh- dk iwjk uke jklk;fud lw=] xq.k,oa mi;ksx fyf[k,a Write the full name its chemical formula, properties and uses. iz-5 lkcqu,oa viektzd esa dksbz pkj vrj fyf[k,a 4 vad Write any four differences betwen soap and Detergent. ikwyhej D;k gksrs gs\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,a What are polymer? Explain with example. iz-6 izdk'k&la'ys"k.k fø;k dks lehdj.k lfgr le>kb;sa 4 vad Explain the process of photosynthersis with reaction (equation) vkwdlh,oa vukwdlh 'olu esa varj fyf[k,a ¼dskbZ pkj½ Write the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (Any four) iz-7 /keuh,oa f'kjk esa varj fyf[k,a ¼dksbZ pkj ½ 4 vad Write the difference between Artery and Vein. (Any four) ekuo mrltzu ra= dk ukekafdr fp= cukb;sa Draw the labelled diagram of human excretory system. iz-8 Xykscy okfezax ¼fo'o&m".ku½ D;k gs\ le>kb;sa blds cpko ds nks mik; fyf[k,a 4 vad What is global warming? Explain. Write any two ways to get protection from global warming. uhe,oa v'oxa/kk dk vks"k/kh; egro fyf[k,a Write the medicinal importance of Neem and Ashwagandha. iz-9 i;kzoj.k laj{k.k gsrq tkx:drk D;ksa vko';d gs\ le>kb;sa 4 vad

7 Why is awareness necessary for the conservation of environment?explain in short. vkstksu ijr ds {kj.k ls gksus okys nq"izhkko dks le>kb;sa ¼dksbZ pkj½ Explain the effects of the depletion of Ozone layer (Any four) nh?kzmùkjh; iz'u ¼;wfuV &2½ iz-10 n`f"v nks"k D;k gs\ fdlh,d n`f"v nsk"k ds dkj.k rfkk mlds fuokj.k ds mik; fyf[k,a 5 vad What do you mean by a defect of vision? explain any one defect with reason and how it is corrected?,d mùky ysal ls 15 lseh nwj j[kh olrq dk pkj xquk cm+k oklrfod izfrfcec curk gsa rks ysal dh Qksdl nwjh Kkr djksa The magnification of a convex lens is found to be 4 times when the object was fixed at 15 cm from the mirror. find the focal length of the mirror? iz-11 J`a[kyk vfhkfø;k ls vki D;k le>rs gks\ fp= lfgr le>kb;sa 5 vad What do you mean by chain reaction? Explain with diagram. lksyj dqdj dk ukeakfdr fp= cukb;sa bldh vanj dh nhokjsa dkyh D;ksa cukbz tkrh gs dkj.k fy[ksaa Draw a well labelled diagram of solar cooker? Give reasons, the inner walls of solar cooker are black in colour. iz-12 vkuqoaf'kdrk D;k gs\ vkuqokaf'kd fofhkuurk ds dksbz pkj dkj.k fy[kdj le>kb;sa 5 vad What is Heredity? Explain any four reason for genetic Variation.

8 xzkf Vax D;k gs\ xqykc ds iks/ks esa xzkf Vax ¼iScan yxkuk½ dh fof/k dk o.kzu dhft,a What is grafting? Explain the method for the grafting in rose plant. iz-13 fo qr eksvj dk o.kzu fueu fcanqvksas ds varxzrk dhft,& 6 vad v- ifjhkk"kk c- fl)kar l- ukekafdr fp= n- fo qr eksvj ds eq[; Hkkx Explain Electric moter under thegiven pointsi. Definition ii. Theory iii. Labelled Diagram iv. Main Parts fo qr dk mi;ksx djrs le; dksu&dksu lh lko/kkfu;kwa j[kuh pkfg,\ ¼dksbZ N%½ What major precautions should be adopted at the time of working with electric circuit? Write any six. iz-14 /kkrq,oa v/kkrq esa varj fyf[k,a ¼dksbZ N%½ 6 vad Write the difference between metal and non-metal. veksfu;k xsl fuekz.k dh gscj fof/k dks le>kb;sa LoPN ukeakfdr fp= cukdj lehdj.k fyf[k,a Explain the Haber's Process for the manufacturing of ammonia. Draw a labelled diagram and write equations. (reaction)

9 MODEL ANSWER fokku 10oha [k.m ^c* olrqfu"b iz'u iz-1v- lgh fodyi 1x5=5 (i) (a) mùky ysal (ii) (a) vehvj (iii) (b) ijiks"kh (iv) (a) cm+h vkwar esa (v) (d) ( CaSO4 ) 2 H 2O uksv%& izr;sd lgh mùkj ij,d vad fn;k tk;sa 1$1$1$1$1 iz-1c- fjdr LFkkuksa dh iwfrz 1x5=5 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) c`glifr xzg vk;zhkv~v 'kqø xzg izkokj /kzqo rkjk uksv%& izr;sd lgh mùkj ij,d vad fn;k tk;sa iz-2v-,d okd; esa mùkj nhft;sa 1$1$1$1$1 1x5 = 5 (i) (ii) ikjk rjy /kkrq gsa izdk'k dk fdlh ry ls Vdjkdj mlh ek/;e esa okil yksvuk ijkorzu dgykrk gsa

10 (iii) ckdlkbv dk jk;k;fud lw= O. H OgSA Al (iv) (v) 'kq) ty dk ph eku 7 gksrk gsa fo?kqr /kkjk dk SI ek=d,fei;j gsa uksv& izr;sd iz'u dk lgh mùkj fy[kus ij 1 vad izkir gksxk 1$1$1$1$1 mùkj,d okd; esa fy[kus ij ugha eku; gksxka iz-2c- dkye A ds fy, lgh tksm+h& (i) (c) usýku (ii) (d) /keuh (iii) (a) Qkbfczuksftu (iv) (b) ih;w"k (v) (f) VkbVsfu;e uksv&dkye A ds fy, izr;sd dh,d lgh tksm+h ij 1 vad izkir gksxka 1$1$1$1$1 y?kqmùkjh; iz'u iz-3 jklk;fud vfhkfø;k dh nj dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd& 1- vfhkdkjd dh lkunzrk & 2- rki & vfhkdkjdksa dh lkunzrk c<+kus ls vfhkfø;k dh nj c< tkrh gsa lkeku;r% mpp rki ij jklk;fud vfhkfø;k dh nj vf/kd gksrh gsa rki c<+kus ij v.kqvksa dh vkilh VDdjksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gs vksj vfhkfø;k dh nj c<+ tkrh gsa 3- mrizsjd &

11 mrizsjd dh miflfkfr ls vfhkfø;k dh nj izhkkfor gksrh gsa 4- nkc & /kukred mrizsjd nj dks c<+krs gsa _.kkred mrizsjd nj dks de djrs gsa tc vfhkfø;k xslh; volfkk esa gks rks nkc c<+kus ls vk;ru de gks tkrk gs vksj bdkbz vk;ru es v.kqvksa dh lkunzrk c<+ tkrh gs ftlls vfhkfø;k dh nj Hkh c<+ tkrh gsa 5- vfhkdkjd dh izd`fr &,sls inkfkz tks vr;f/kd fø;k'khy gksrs gs rhozrk ls vfhkfø;k djrs gsa vk;fud ;ksfxdksa dh vfhkfø;k;sa rhozrk ls tcfd lg la;ksth ;ksfxdksa dh fø;k,wa /kheh xfr ls gksrh gsa uksv%& izr;sd dkjd ds o.kzu ij 1 vad] 4 dkjd fy[kus ij 4 vad fn;k tk;sa jklk;fud lke; & 4 vad tc fdlh mrøe.kh; vfhkfø;k dks can ik= esa djrs gsa rks izkjahk es osx vf/kd gksrk gs fdarq /khjs&/khjs i'p vfhkfø;k dk osx c<+rk gs,oa vxz vfhkfø;k dk osx?kvus yxrk gs vksj,d le;,slk vkrk gs fd nksuksa fø;kvksa dk osx cjkcj gks tkrk gsa vfhkfø;k dh og volfkk lke;kolfkk dgykrh gsa vfkkzr~ fdlh mrøe.kh; vfhkfø;k dh og volfkk ftlesa fø;kdkjd vksj fø;kqy dk lkunz.k vifjofrzr jgrk gs jklk;fud lke;kolfkk dgykrh gsa

12 fo'ks"krk,wa & ¼i½ lke;kolfkk dsoy can ik= esa gh izkir dh tk ldrh gsa ¼ii½ lke;kolfkk esa vfhkfø;k :drh ugha gsa cfyd nksuksa fø;kvksa dk osx leku gks tkrk gsa ¼iii½ rki] nkc] vksj lkanz.k esa ifjorzu djds lke; dks cnyk tk ldrk gsa ¼iv½ rki] nkc vksj lkanz.k bu rhuksa ij mfpr fu;a=.k djds vfhkfø;k dh fn'kk bpnkuqlkj cnyh tk ldrh gsa ¼v½ mrizsjd lke;kolfkk dks izhkkfor ugha djrk gs fdurq lke;kolfkk 'kh?kz uksv%& jklk;fud lke; ij 2 vad] 2 fo'ks"krkvksa ij 2 vad & dqy vad 4A iz- 4,slhfVd vey fuekz.k dh 'kh?kz fljdk fof/k&,ffky,sydksgkwy vkwdlhtu dh miflfkfr esa ekbdksmekz,flvh thok.kq }kjk fd.ouhd`r gksdj ruq,slhfvd vey ¼fljdk½ esa ifjofrzr gks tkrk gsa ;g fø;k 'kh?kz fljdk fof/k dgykrh gsa C + CH3 COOH + H 2O 2H5OH O2,fFky,Ydksgy ekbdksmekz,lhvh thok.kq

13 fof/k & fp=kuqlkj okyvhuqek ik= ds fupys Hkkx esa dbz Nsn gksrs gsaa iqjkus fljds ls Hkhxh ydm+h dh Nhyu Hkjdj Åij ls,ffky,ydksgy dk 10 izfr'kr foy;u ¼ftlesa veksfu;e lyqsv feyk gks½ /khjs&/khjs fxjkus ij v/kj ry ij fljdk izkir gksrk gsa uksv&fl)kar lehdj.k 1 vad] fp=&2 vad fof/k 1 vad lgh fy[kus ij iw.kz vad izkir gksaxsa 1- PVC dk iwjk uke & ikwyh foukby DyksjkbM 2- lw= ¼Formula½ 1 vad ikwyhfoukby DyksjkbM 3- xq.k & ¼dksbZ nks½ izr;sd ij ½ vad ¼i½ ;g dbksj cgqyd inkfkz gsa ¼ii½ mpp v.kqhkkj okyk ;ksfxd gsa 4- mi;ksx & dksbz nks izr;sd ij ½ vad ¼i½ ikbzi rfkk f[kyksus cukus esa ¼ii½ Q'kZ dh VkbZYl cukus esa uksv & mijksdrkuqlkj fy[kus ij iw.kz vad izkir gksaxsa mdr ds vfrfjdr xq.k vksj mi;ksx ls lacaf/kr vu; fcanq tks fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gs fy[kus ij eku; gksaxs vksj iw.kz vad izkir gksaxsa

14 iz-5 vad 4 lkcqu,oa viektzd esa varj lkcqu 1- lkcqu olh; vey ds lksfm;e ;k iksvsf'k;e yo.k gksrs gsaa 2- lkcqu dh dk;z{kerk vis{kkd`r de gksrh gsaa 3- lkcqu dbksj ty ds lkfk >kx ugha nsrs vksj dim+s lkq ugha /kqyrsa 4- lkcqu dbksj ty esa miflfkr Ca rfkk Mg ds yo.kksa ds lkfk vfoys; inkfkz cukrs gsa blfy, /kkou {kerk de gksrh gsa 5- lkcqu izkd`frd rsyksa ls cuk gksrk gsa 4 vad viektzd viektzd yech J`a[kyk okys,sfydy,jhy lyqksfud vey ds lksfm;e yo.k gksrs gsa viektzd dh dk;z{kerk lkcqu dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gsa viektzd dbksj ty esa Hkh >kx nsrs gs vksj dim+s Hkh lkq /kqyrs gsa viektzd Ca vksj Mg ds yo.kksa ds lkfk vfoys; inkfkz ugha cukrsa /kkou {kerk vf/kd gksrh gsa viektzd ekuo fufezr isvªksfy;e gkbmªksdkczu ls curk gsa uksv & vf/kdre pkj varj fy[kuk gsa izr;sd lgh vksj mfpr varj ij 1 vad izkir gksxka mdr ds vykok mfpr varj fy[kus ij eku; fd;k tkosxka 1- ikyhej D;k gsa & fueu v.kqhkkj okys leku ;k vleku NksVs&NksVs v.kqvksa ds la;ksx ls izkir gksus okys mpp v.kqhkkj okys ;ksfxdksa dks cgqyd ;k ikyhej dgrs gsaasa bl fø;k dks cgqyhdj.k dgrs gsaa

15 2- mnkgj.k & tc bfkkbyhu dks mpp rki ij xez fd;k tkrk gs rks nkc ds izhkko esa blds v.kq bdvbs gksdj vf/kd v.kqhkkj okyk ;ksfxd ikyhfkhu cuk ysrs gsa mpp rki vksj nkc n ( CH 2 = CH 2 ) ( CH 2 CH 2 ) n cgqyhdj.k bfkkbyhu ikwyhfkhu uksv& ikwyhej dh ifjhkk"kk ij 2 vad mnkgj.k fy[kus ij 2 vad izkir gksaxsa iz-8 izdk'k la'ys"k.k & 4 vad ;g,d mikip;h fø;k gs ftlds }kjk gjs iks/ks] lw;z ds izdk'k rfkk DyksjksfQy dh miflfkfr esa ty,oa dkczu MkbZvkWDlkbM ls feydj dkckszgkbmsªv ¼HkksT; inkfkz½ ds :i vksj vkwdlhtu xsl lg mrikn ds :i esa NksM+rs gsa izdk'k 6 CO2 + 12H 2O C H O + O + 6H O 673Kcal DykjksfQy ÅtkZ 2 vad uksv & ifjhkk"kk fy[kus ij 2 vad vksj lgh lw= fy[kus ij 2 vad izkir gksaxsa vkwdlh 'olu,oa vukwdlh 'olu esa varj & vkwdlh 'olu vukwdlh 'olu 1- vkwdlh 'olu esa vkwdlhtu dh vukwdlh 'olu esa vkwdlhtu dh vko';drk im+rh gsa vko';drk ugha im+rha 2- HkksT; inkfkz dk iw.kz :i ls HkksT; inkfkz dk viw.kz vkwdlhdj.k

16 vkwdlhdj.k gksrk gsa 3- bldk vafre mrikn CO 2 rfkk ikuh gsa 4- vkwdlh 'olu ds QyLo:i vf/kd ek=k esa ÅtkZ mriuu gksrh gsa 5- ;g fø;k ekbvksdkwf.mª;k rfkk dksf'kdk nzo; nksuska esa leiuu gksrh gsa gksrk gsa vafre mrikn CO 2 rfkk,ydksgy gsa vis{kkd`r de ek=k esa ÅtkZ mriuu gksrh gsa leiw.kz izøe dsoy dksf'kdk nzo; esa leiuu gksrh gsa 6- blesa 38 ATP v.kq curs gsaa blesa 2 ATP v.kq curs gsa mijksdrkuqlkj dksbz 4 lgh varj fy[kus ij izr;sd dks 1 vad ds eku ls dqy 4 vad izkir gksaxsa iz-7 /keuh,oa f'kjk esa varj 4 vad /keuh f'kjk 1- /kefu;ksa dh fefrr yphyh,oa f'kjk dh fhkfùk iryh,oa yphyh eksvh gksrh gsa gksrh gsa 2- /kefu;ksa esa vkwdlhd`r jdr gksus ds f'kjkvksa ds jdr esa CO 2 dh dkj.k yky fn[kkbz nsrh gsa miflfkfr ds dkj.k ;g uhyh fn[kkbz nsrh gsa 3- /keuh esa dikv ugha ik;s tkrs gsa f'kjkvksa esa dikv ik;s tkrs gsa 4- /keuh esa jdr :d :ddj vf/kd f'kjkvksa esa jdr /kheh xfr ls nkc ls laofgr gksrk gsa fujarj de nkc ls izokfgr gksrk gsa 5- /keuh dh xqgk ladjh gksrh gsa f'kjk dh xqfgdk pksm+h gksrh gsa 6- /keuh ds vk;ru esa ifjorzu ugha gksrk gsa f'kjkvksa ds vk;ru esa ifjorzu gksrk jgrk gsa

17 uksv& mijksdrkuqlkj izr;sd varj ij 1 vad ds eku ls pkj varj ij dqy pkj vad izkir gksaxsa uksv& js[kk fp= cukus ij 2 vad] de ls de 8 ukekadu gks 4 ukekadu ij 1 vad izkir gksxka vf/kdre dqy 4 vad iz-8 Xykscy okfezax & vad4 vusd ekuoh; fø;kdykiksa rfkk dqn izkd`frd fø;kvksa ds QyLo:i xzhu gkml xslksa ¼CO 2, CH 4 N 2 O ½ dh ek=k esa o`f) gks jgh gs ftlls i`foh dk rkieku

18 c<+ jgk gsa i`foh ds ok;qe.my ds rkieku esa o`f) gksuk gh Xykscy okfezax dgykrk gsa 2 vad cpko ds mik; & dksbz ¼2½ 1- thok'e bza/ku dk ngu & thok'e bza/ku tsls dks;yk] isvªsky] Mhty dk iw.kzr% ngu ugha gksus ls mlds /kqwa,w esa dkczu dh ek=k vf/kd jg tkrh gs vksj og ok;qe.my esa CO 2 dh ek=k dks c<+k nsrk gsa vr% bza/ku dk iw.kz ngu gksuk pkfg,a 2- lksj ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx & lksj ÅtkZ ds mi;ksx ls xzhu gkml xslksa ds mrltzu dh lel;k 'kwu; gks tkrh gs ftlls Xykscy okfezax ls cpk tk ldrk gsa 3- tsfod [kknksa dk mi;ksx & jklk;fud [kknksa ds mi;ksx ls ukbvªkstu vkwdlkbm xsl N 2 O curh gsa ;g xzhu gkml xsl gsa vr% tsfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx dks c<+kdj xykscy okfezx ls cpk tk ldrk gsa 4- o`{kksa dk dvuk & o`{k viuk Hkkstu cukus ds fy, CO 2 dk mi;ksx djrs gs ftlls ok;qe.m<y esa xzhu gkml xsl CO 2 dk larqyu cuk jgrk gs ;fn o`{k dvsaxs rks ;g larqyu fcxm+sxk vksj Xykscy okfezax dh flfkfr mriuu gksxha uksv& mijksdrkuqlkj ifjp; fy[kus ij 2 vad izkir gksaxsa mdr esa ls dksbz 2 ;k vu; fo"k;kuqlkj mik; fy[kus ij,d mik; ij 1 vad ds eku ls vf/kdre 2 vad izkir gksaxsa iz'u ds iw.kz mùkj ij dqy 4 vad izkir gksaxsa

19 uhe,oa v'oxa/kk dk vks"k/kh; egro & 2vad uhe & bl o`{k ds chtksa dk rsy pezjksxks] xfb;k ds mipkj,oa dhvuk'kd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gsa bl o`{k dh Nky dk mi;ksx eysfj;k cq[kkj ds mipkj esa fd;k tkrk gsa ifùk;kwa dhvuk'kd rfkk Qwyksa dk mi;ksx Vkfud dh rjg isv nnz esa fd;k tkrk gsa v'oxa/kk & 2vad bl iks/ks dh tm+ksa dk mi;ksx [kkwalh vksj L=h jksxksa ds mipkj esa fd;k tkrk gsa ;g lhkh izdkj ds vylj] xfb;k ds nnz] QQksys] eokn dks de djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkrh gsa uksv& mijksdrkuqlkj fooj.k fy[kus ij iw.kz vad izkir gksaxsa 2$2 iz-9 i;kzoj.k lja{k.k & 4 vad euq"; us vius nsfud fø;kdykiksa ds ek/;e ls izkd`frd L=ksrksa dk vfu;af=r gksdj nksgu fd;k gsa ok;q] ty,oa /ofu iznw"k.k ls i;kzoj.k dk larqyu fcxm+k gsa bl vlarqyu ls Xykscy okfezax] vey o"kkz] vkstksu ijr dk {kj.k br;kfn ls ekuo thou dks [krjk mriuuk gqvk gsa vr% i;kzoj.k larqyu dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fueu eqn~nks ij lkekftd tkx:drk vko';d gsa 2 vad 1- tula[;k o`f) & c<rh gqbz tula[;k us lalk/kuksa dh ekax vksj iwfrz ds larqyu dks fcxkm+ fn;k gsa ty] ok;q,oa /ofu iznw"k.k dh lel;k mriuu gqbz

20 gsa vr% tula[;k o`f) nj dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, tkx:drk vko';d gsa 1 vad 2- izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx & izkd`frd lalk/ku tsls ou] ty] Hkwfe,oa [kfut br;kfn dk lksp&le> dj mi;ksx fd;k tkuk vko';d gs ftlls izkd`frd lk/kuksa dh ekax,oa iwfrz esa larqyu cuk jgs bl gsrq lkekftd tkx:drk vko';d gsa 1 vad uksv& mijksdrkuqlkj fcanqvksa esa mùkj fy[kus ij iw.kz vad izkir gksaxsa fok"k; ls lac) fcanq eku; gksus ij vad izkir gksaxsa vkstksu ijr & i`foh ds Åijh ok;q e.my esa vkstksu ijr flfkr gs tks lw;z ds ijkcsaxuh fofdj.k dks i`foh rd vkus ls jksdrh gs blds {kj.k ls fueu nq"izhkko gks ldrs gs& nq"izhkko & ¼i½ vkstksu ijr ds {kj.k ls lw;z dh ijkcsaxuh fdj.ksa i`foh ry ij vk ldrh gs ftlls euq"; esa Ropk dsalj gks ldrk gsa ¼ii½ lw;z ds ijkcsaxuh fofdj.k ls vkuqokaf'kd fod`fr;kwa,oa fpjdkfyd jksx mriuu gks ldrs gsa ¼iii½ ijkcsaxuh fdj.kksa ds izhkko ls vkw[kksa ds?kkrd jksx] lwtu] eksfr;k fcan]?kko gks ldrs gsa ¼iv½ lw{e thoksa rfkk oulifr;ksa ij gkfudkjd izhkko gks jgk gsa iks/kkksa esa izksvhu dh deh rfkk izdk'k&la'ys"k.k rfkk p;kipf;d fø;k,wa izhkkfor gks jgha gs ftlls mriknd 'ksoky u"v gks jgs gs vksj tyh; tho izhkkfor gks jgs gsaa

21 ¼v½ vkstksu ijr ds {kj.k ls okrkoj.k ds rkieku esa o`f) gks jgh gsa uksv& mijksdrkuqlkj dksbz pkj fcanq fy[kus ij iw.kz vad mdr ds vykok fo"k; ls laca) fcanq fy[sk tkus ij Hkh vad izkir gksaxsa izr;sd fcanq ij,d vad izkir gksxka iz-10 vad 5 1- n`f"vnks"k euq"; dh vk;q c<us ds lkfk&lkfk ;k vu; dkj.ksa ls us= dk ysal dbksj gks tkrk gs ;k vkwa[kksa dh ekwl isf'k;kwa detksj gks tkrh gs ftlls us= ysal dh Qksdl djus dh {kerk izhkkfor gksrh gs vksj olrqvksa dks Hkyh HkkWafr ugha ns[k ikrk] bls us= dk n`f"v nks"k dgrs gsa ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gsa 1 fudv n`f"v nks"k vksj 2 nwjn`f"v nks"ka 1 vad 2- fudv n`f"v nks"k & bl nks"k ls ihfm+r euq"; ikl dh olrq,wa Li"V ns[k ldrk gsa ijarq nwj dh olrq,wa Li"V ugha ns[k ldrk gsa 1 vad dkj.k & us= ds ysal ls jsfvuk rd dh nwjh c<+ tkus ds dkj.k ;k us= ysal dh Qksdl nwjh de gks tkus ds dkj.k ;g nks"k mriuu gks ldrk gsa 1 vad fuokj.k & bl nks"k dks nwj djus ds fy, vory ysal ¼vilkjh ysal½ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa 1 vad js[kk fp= &

22 nwj n`f"v nks"k & bl nks"k ls ihfm+r euq"; nwj dh olrqvksa dks Li"V ns[k ldrk gs ijarq fudv dh olrvksa dks Li"V ugha ns[k ldrka 1 vad dkj.k & ysal ls jsfvuk dh nwjh de gks tkus] us= xksys dh yeckbz de gks tkus] ;k us= ysal dh Qksdl nwjh c<+ tkus ds dkj.k ;g nks"k mriuu gks ldrk gsa 1 vad fuokj.k & bl nks"k dks nwj djus ds fy, mfpr Qksdl nwjh dk mùky ysal ¼vfHklkjh ysal½ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa 1 vad fp= 1 vad mijksdrkuqlkj n`f"v nks"k dk ifjp; nssus ij 1 vad fdlh,d nks"k dk] dkj.k] fuokj.k js[kkfp= cukus ij,d vad ds eku ls 4 vad bl izdkj dqy 5 vad izkir gksaxsa

23 olrq dh nwjh µ = 15cm vko/kzu m = 4 xquk Qksdl nwjh f =? izfrfcec dh nwjh υ =? 1 vad vko/kzu {kerk m υ = 1 vad µ υ 4 = 15 υ = 60cm υ = 60cm ½ vad ysal lw= ls & f f f = uυ ( u υ ) 15 ( 60) = ( ) 900 = vad ½ vad 900 f = 75 f = 12cm 1 vad ysal dh Qksdl nwjh -12 cm gsa uksv& mijksdrkqulkj fy[kus ij iw.kz vad izkir gksaxsa iz-11 5 vad 1- J`a[kyk vfhkfø;k &

24 tc ;wjsfu;e ¼ 92 U 235 ½ ij eanxkeh U;wVªku dh ceokjh dh tkrh gs rks ;wjsfu;e ukfhkd yxhkx cjkcj ¼Ba.Kr½ nks [k.mksa esa VwV tkrs gs ftlls vr;f/kd ÅtkZ,oa rhu U;wVªku mriuu gksrs gs ;s rhu U;wVªku vu; rhu ;wjsfu;e ukfhkdksa dks fo[kafmr dj nsrs gsaa bl izdkj ukfhkdksa ds fo[k.mu dh J`a[kyk cu tkrh gs vksj lelr ;wjsfu;e ds fo[kafmr gksus rd rsth ls pyrh jgrh gsa bl izfø;k dks J`a[kyk vfhkfø;k dgrs gsa fp= & ceckjh uksv& lgh fooj.k nsus ij 3 vad rfkk Li"V fp= cukus ij 2 vad izkir gksaxsa lksyj dqdj 1- js[kk fp= 3+2 = 5

25 2- vanj dh nhokjsa dkyh D;ksa & dkyh lrg lkeku; lrg dh vis{kk ls vf/kd Å"ek dk vo'kks"k.k dj ysrh gs ftlls ijkorzu }kjk Å"ek dh gkfu de gksrh gs blh dkj.k ls lksyj dqdj dh ckgjh nhokj dkyh cukbz tkrh gsa uksv& lgh vksj Li"V js[kk fp= ij 3 vad rfkk leqfpr dkj.k fy[kus ij 2 vad izkir gksaxsa iz-12 5 vad 1- vkuqokaf'kdrk D;k gs& tho/kkfj;ksa esa ih<+h nj ih<+h fofhkuu y{k.ks ds lapj.k dks vkuqokaf'kdrk dgrs gsaa 2- vkuqokaf'kd fofhkuurk ds dkj.k& ¼v½ xq.k lw=ksa dh la[;k esa ifjorzu & xq.k lw=ksa dh la[;k cnyus ls vkuqokaf'kd inkfkksza esa Hkh cnyko vkrk gs ftl dkj.k tho vius tud ls fhkuu gksrs gsa ¼c½ thu ifjorzu & thu lajpuk esa ifjorzu ls fofhkuurk mriuu gks tkrh gsa ¼l½ xq.k lw=ksa dh jpuk esa ifjorzu & thu dh la[;k rfkk fou;kl esa ifjozu gksus ls,d gh tkfr ds thoksa esa fofhkuurk vk tkrh gsa ¼n½ ysafxd tuu & ysafxd tuu ds le; thu fofu;e ds dkj.k fofhkuurk,wa mriuu gks tkrh gsa uksv& ifjhkk"kk ij 1 vad] pkj dkj.k fy[kus ij 1 vad ds eku ls 4 vad bl izdkj dqy 5 vad izkir gksaxsa

26 1- xzkf Vax D;k gs& nks vyx&vyx izdkj ds iks/kksa dh 'kk[kkvksa dks fpidkdj ckw/kk tkrk gsa dqn le; i'pkr~ nksuska feydj,d iks/ks dk :i ys ysrh gsa bl fof/k ls,d gh iks/ks ij fofhkuu iztkfr ds Qy o Qwy mriuu fd;s tk ldrs gsaa mnkgj.k & uhcw] larjk] xqykc vkfna 2- xqykc ds iks/ks esa xzkf Vax ¼iScan yxkuk½& bl fof/k ds varxzr fofhkuu iks/kks ds nks Hkkxksa dks vkil esa fpidkdj tksm+k tkrk gsa bl tksm+ dks fev~vh o xkscj ds fej.k ls <ddj dim+s ls cka/k fn;k tkrk gsa dqn le; i'pkr~ iks/ksa ds nksuksa Hkkx vkil es fey tkrs gs vksj,d iks/ks ds :i esa fodflr gks tkrs gsa bl fof/k ls,d gh iks/ks ij fofhkuu izdkj ds Qy] fofhkuu jaxksa okys xqykc mriuu fd;s tk ldrs gsa uksv& xzkf Vax dh lgh ifjhkk"kk fy[kus ij 2 vad dye ckwa/kus dh leqfpr fof/k fy[kus ij 2 vad fp= cukus ij 1 vad bl izdkj dqy 5 vad izkir gksaxsa iz-13 6 vad fo qr eksvj 1- ifjhkk"kk & fo qr eksvj,slk midj.k gs tks fo qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ es ifjofrzr dj nsrk gsa

27 2- fl)kar & ;g fo qr pqecdh; izsj.k ds fl)kar ij dk;z djrh gsa 3- fp= & 4- eksvj ds eq[; Hkkx & ¼v½ {ks= pqecd N-S %& ;g,d uky pqecd dh rjg gksrk gs ftldh Hkqtkvksa ij {ks= dqmfy;kwa fyivha jgrh gsa buls fn"v /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gsa pqecd ds /kzqo ¼fljs½ vory vkdkj ds gksrs gsa ¼c½ dq.myh ;k vkeszpj ¼DCBA½ & uez yksgs dh,d ØksM ¼Ýse½ ij fo qr jks/kh pkyd ¼rkWacs½ ds rkjksa dks yisv dj dq.myh ¼DCBA½ cukbz tkrh gs ;g,d /kwjh ij vklkuh ls /kwerh gsa ¼l½ fohkdr fjax ¼S 1 S 2 ½ & blesa rkwacs dh nks fohkdr fjax ¼S 1 ½ rfkk ¼ S 2 ½ yxh jgrh gsa ftuls dq.myh ds fljs Øe'k% D vksj A tqm+s jgrs gsa ;g dq.myh esa izokfgr gksus okyh /kkjk dh fn'kk esa bl izdkj ifjorzu djrh gs fd dq.myh lnso,d gh fn'kk esa?kwesa ¼n½ cz'k ¼B 1 B 2 ½ & dkczu ;k /kkrq ls cus cz'k nksuks fohkdr fjax ¼S 1 ½ ls ¼ S 2 ½ dks Nwrs jgrs gsa buls vkeszpj DCBA esa fo qr /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gsa uksv& lgh ifjhkk"kk 1 vad

28 lgh fl)kar 1 vad lgh Li"V ukekafdr fp= 2 vad izr;sd eq[; Hkkx o.kzu lfgr fy[kus ij ½ vad izkir gksxka bl izdkj iw.kzr% fy[kusa ij dqy 6 vad izkir gksaxsa fo qr dk mi;ksx djrs le; lko/kkfu;kwa& 1- fo qr flop dks can ;k pkyw djrs le; gkfk xhys ugha gksuk pkfg,a 2- fo qr ifjifk esa mfpr xq.koùkk ds ;wt dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,a 3-?kjsyw ifjifk ds lhkh la;kstu Bhd ls dls gksuk pkfg,a 4-?kjsyw midj.kksa dk mi;ksx isjksa esa jcj ;k IykfLVd dh piiy igudj djuk pkfg,a 5-?kjsyw midj.k Hkw&lEidZ ¼vfFkZx½ rkj ls tqm+s gksuk pkfg,a 6-?kjsyw ifjifk esa iz;qdr fo qr rkj] Iyx] lfdzv rfkk gksymj mpp xq.korrk ds vu; dksbz mfpr lko/kkuh fy[kh tk ldrh gs tks bl fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gksa uksv& izr;sd lko/kkuh ij 1 vad dqy N% lko/kkfu;kw tks fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gksa fy[kus ij iw.kz 6 vad izkir gksaxsa iz-14 6 vad /kkrq,oa v/kkrq esa varj & /kkrq v/kkrq 1- Å"ek,oa fo qr dh lqpkyd gksrh xzsqkbv vksj dkczu xsl dks NksM+dj gsa ijarq fclefk bldk viokn gsa lhkh v/kkrq,w dqpkyd gsaa 2- /kkrq,wa lkeku; rki ij Bksl gksrh v/kkrq,wa lkeku; rki ij rhuksa

29 gsa ijarq dsoy ikjk rjy volfkk esa volfkkvksa esa ikbz tkrh gsa gksrk gsa QkLQksjl o lyqj Bksl rfkk O 2 N 2 xsl :i esa,oa czksehu rjy :i esa ik;h tkrh gsa 3- /kkrq,wa ru; rfkk vk?kkro?;z gksrh ;s Hkaxqj gksrh gsa gsa 4- /kkrq,wa pednkj gskrh gsa /kkfrod ped ugha gksrh gs ghjk] xzsqkbv rfkk vk;ksmhu blds viokn gsa 5- /kkrqvksa ds xyukad rfkk DoFkukad v/kkrqvksa ds xyukad rfkk DoFkukad vr;f/kd gksrs gsaaa de gksrs gsa 6- /kkrq,wa dbksj gksrh gs ijarq ikjk nzo Bksl] nzo] xsl rhuksa volfkkvksa esa /kkrq gsa feyrh gsa 7- /kkrqvks dk vkisf{kd?kuro vf/kd v/kkrqvksa dk vkisf{kd?kuro izk;% gksrk gs ijarq Na, K blds viokn de gksrk gsa gsaa 8- /kkrq,wa vikj n'kzd gksrh gsaa xslh; volfkk esa v/kkrq,wa ikjn'kzd gsa 9- /kkrq,wa {kkjh; vkwdlkbm cukrh gs v/kkrq,wa veyh; vkwdlkbm cukrha ftlesa dqn {kkj gksrs gsaa gsa dqn mnklhu vkwdlkbm gksrs gsa 10- /kkrq,wa /kukred vkos'k dh izd`fr v/kkrq,wa _.kkred vkos'k dh izd`fr dh gksrh gsaa dh gskrh gsaa 11- /kkrq,wa ty foy;u esa /kuk;u v/kkrq,wa ty foy;u esa _.kk;u cukrh gsaa cukrh gsaa 12- /kkrq,wa vipk;d gsaa v/kkrq,wa vkwdlhdkjd gsaa 13- veyksa ls vfhkfø;k djds gkbmªkstu v/kkrq,wa veyksa esa ls gkbmªkstu xsl

30 xsl iqu% LFkkfir djrh gs rfkk vuq:i yo.k cukrh gsa dks iqu% LFkkfir ugha djrh gsa uksv& buesa ls dksbz N% varj fy[kuk gsa izr;sd lgh varj ij 1 vad izkir gksxka mdr ds vfrfjdr fo"k; ls laca) lgh varj eku; gksus ij,d vad izkir gksxka dqy 6 vad izkir gksaxsa veksfu;k fuekz.k dh gsoj fof/k & 1- fp= & gsoj fof/k esas N 2 vksj H 2 xslksa dks 1%3 ds vuqikr esa vkil eas feykdj veksfu;k xsl cukbz tkrh gsa

31 N + 3H 2NH + Heat 'kq"d ukbvªkstu vksj gkbmªkstu ds fej.k dks yxhkx 200 ls 300 ok;qe.myh; nkc ij laihfmr dj C ls C rki ij xez djds yksgk rfkk ekfycmue dh miflfkfr esa veksfu;k xsl cukbz tkrh gsa uksv& lgh ukeakfdr fp= ij 4 vad rfkk lw=,oa fooj.k ij 2 vad izkir gksaxs