PROGRAMMING CONCEPT:-

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1 UNIT I INTODUCTION:- vko';drk gh vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gsa lh Hkk"kk Hkh vly esa vkwijsafvax fllve ;wfudl ds vanj izksxzkfeax ds fy, fy[kk x;k FkkA tks Loa; ckn esa c esa fy[kk x;ka lh e/;e Lrjh; LVªDpMZ izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk gsa ;g,d O;ogkfjd Hkk"kk Hkh dgykrh gsa D;ksafd lh Hkk"kk esa izr;sd dfku fdz;kfof/k ds vuqlkj fy[kk gksrk gsa FEATURES OF C :- c Hkk"kk tc ls fodflr gqbz gs rc ls ysdj vkt rd cgqr pfpzr izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk jgh gsa blds fofhkuu fo ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k ;g nwljksa ls csgrj gsa c ds ckn dbz izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,W Hkh fodflr gqbz ij fdlh esa Hkh c dks gvkus dh kerk ugha FkhA ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gsa fd c nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gsa c dh fo ks"krk,w fueufyf[kr gsa& lkeku; mn~ns kh; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk(Genral Purpus Programing Language)%& ge c dk mi;ksx O;kikj][ksy]lkW Vos;j] oskkfud izfdz;k,w vkfn dks fodflr djus esa dj ldrs gsa 'kq:vkr esa c fllve izksxzkfeax ds fy, gksrk gs ysfdu vkt lh izksxzkej ds kjk gj izdkj ds dke dks izksxzke djus esa mi;ksx gksrk gs D;ksafd blesa cgqr kerk gskrh gsa vkt lhkh dei;wvjksa ds fy, ;g miyc/k gksrs gsaa <akpkxr izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk(structure Programing Language)%& c LVªDpMZ dfku dk iz;ksx djrk gsa tsls fd goto dfku ds LFkku ij while rfkk QkWj ywi dk iz;ksx lh dksm vksj MkVk dks oxhzd`r djus dh vuqefr nsrk gsa tks fd fdlh LVªDpMZ Hkk"kk dks igpkuus dh ljy fof/k gsa blesa ;g fo ks"krk gksrh gsa fd ;g lans k,oa funsz k tks t:jh dk;ksz dks iwjk djus ds fy, gksrs gsa] mugsa vyx djrk gs,oa cps gq, izksxzke ls funsz kksa rfkk lwpukvksa dks tks fdlh fo ks"k dk;z ds fy, leiuu djrk gs rfkk mls fnikrk gsa QaD ku Cykd rfkk dksm dks lh dh lgk;rk ls oxhzd`r djrk gs rfkk izksxzke dks ekwm~;wyjkbztm Hkh djrk gsa LVS.MjkbTM izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk%& ;g nwfu;k dh izfke ekud Hkk"kk gs] ftls ANSI C dgrs gsa fllve bfumisu~msuv%& lh Hkk"kk esa fdlh Hkh izpkyu ra= dh vko ;drk ugha gksrha D;ksafd ;g ykbczsjh :Vhu ls lsok ysrk gsa lh esa fy[kk gqvk dksm tks fdlh,d e khu ij fy[kk gksrk gs fdlh nwljh e khu ij Hkh fcuk cnyko ds glrkarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gsa lh daik;yj bls cgqr rhoz xfr ls vkwctsdv dksm esa cnyrk gsa fyfevsm MkVk Vkbi%& tc lh Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvk rc blesa flqz buvhtj rfkk dsjsdvj MkVk Vkbi FkkA nwljs izdkj ds MsVk Vkbi tslsfd ykwx] kkwvz] yksv vkfn dks ckn esa tksm+k x;ka PROGRAMMING CONCEPT:- PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 1- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

2 fdlh dk;z fo ks"k dks dei;wvj kjk djkus vfkok djus ds fy, dei;wvj dks le> vkus okyh Hkk"kk esa fuf pr dze esa fn;s x;s funsz kksa ds lewg dks izksxzke dgk tkrk gs,d dei;wvj izksxzke dze k% pkj inksa esa fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gsa 1- lel;k dks ifjhkkf"kr djukaa 2- lel;k ds lek/kku dk izk:i rs;kj djuka 3- izksxzke fy[kuka 4- izksxzke dks deikby djuk vksj tkwpdj =qfvghu djuk 1-leL;k dks ifjhkkf"kr djuk(define the problem):- blds kjk vko ;d input o output dks fuf pr :i ls ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa 2- lel;k ds lek/kku dk izk:i rs;kj djuk(desine The Solution):- blds kjk izksckye dks rkfdzd <kapks tsls-sequence,selection,loop iteration, branch vkfn esa fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gsa 3- Write the program:- fdlh Hkk"kk esa izksxzke fy[kus dh pkj vk/kkjhkwr fdz;k,sa gksrh gsa 1- input/output operations 2- Arithmetic operation 3- Comparisn/logical operation 4- Movement\structure of data 4. Compile,debug and test the program:- izksxzke cukus ds ckn mldks deikby djkrs gs mlds ckn ;fn mlesa dksbz =qfv gksrh gs rks mls lgh djrs gs A var esa blds ckn izksxzke dks j[k djkdj buiqv dh tkwp djrs gsa CHARACTEEISTICS OF PROGRAMING(izksxzkfeax dh fo ks"krk,)w%& fdlh Hkh izksxzke fd izksxzkfeax djus ds fy, izksxzke ds lelr funs kksz dks le> fy;k tkrk gs funsz kksa dks le>dj izksxzke fd fmtkbfuax dj yh tkrh gs mlds ckn izksxzke fd dksfmax dj yh tkrh gs,oa izksxzke dks deikby djk fy;k tkrk gsa vksj deikbzy djrs le; ge ;g psd djrs gs fd izksxzke esa dksbz =qfv gs ;k ugha bldh fo ks"krk,w fueu gsa 1-'kq)rk%& izksxzke gekjs mn~ns ; dks iw.kz djus okyk gksuk pkfg,a izksxzke esa okfnar ifj.kke dks izkir djus izfdz;k,ao funsz k iw.kz :I ls lr;,oa nks"k jfgr gksuk pkfg,a 2- fo oluh;rk%& izksxzke fd fo oluh;rk ls rkri;z gs fd iz;ksxdrkz izksxzke ds djrs le; ;fn dksbz =qfv djrk gs rks izksxzke dks ml =qfv dks crkuk pkfg,a 3- lkerk%& izksxzke fofhkuu L=ksarks ls izkir MkVk ds izca/ku esa lke gksuk pkfg,a DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMING AIDS ALGORITHMS:- PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 2- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

3 ifjhkkf"kr 'kcnksa esa fdlh xf.krh; lel;k vfkok MkVk dks LVsi okw; LVsi blizdkj fo ysf"kr djuk ftlls fd dei;wvj ds fy, [kkl cu ldsa vksj dei;wvj miyc/k MkVk dks iz;ksx esa ysdj xf.krh; lel;k dk mfpr gy izlrqr dj ldsa,yxksfjfke dgykrk gsa,yxksfjfke ds fy, buiqv MkVk gksuk vko ;d ugha gs tcfd blls fdlh,d ifj.kke ij igqwpus dh meehn fd tkrh gs blesa nh xbz tkudkjh flqz le>us ;ksx; gksuk pkfg,a 1-,YxksfjFke ds fy, lelr funsz k lgh,oa Li"V vfkz ds gksuk pkfg,a 2- izr;sd funsz k,slk gksuk pkfg, ftldk vuqikyu,d fuf pr le; esa fd;k tk ldsa 3- dksbz,d vfkok dbz funsz k,sls u gks tks var rd nksgjk;s tkrs jgsa ;g lqfuf pr djs fd,yxksfjfke dk varr% lekiu gksa 4-,YxksfjFke ds lekiu ij okafnr ifj.kke vo ; izkir gksus pkfg,a 5- fdlh Hkh funsz k dk de cnyus vfkok fdlh funsz k ds NwVus ij,yxksfjfke ds okafnr ifj.kke izkir ugha gksxsa FLOW CHART:- ykspkvz olrqr%,yxksfjfke dk fp=kred izn kzu gs ftlesa js[kkvksa,oa vkd`fr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs tks fd fofhkuu izdkj ds funs kkszs ds fy, iz;ksx fd tkrh gsa ftl izdkj ;krk;kr ds funsz k fo ks"k fpugksa kjk iznf kzr djus ls lwe,oa ljy gks tkrs gsa mlh izdkj ykspkvzesa fofhkuu fpugksa,oa vkd`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls funsz kksa dk izn kzu lwe o ljy gks tkrk gs vksj izksxzkej fd le> esa ljyrk ls vk tkrk gsa lkeku;r% lozizfke,d,yxksfjfke dks ykspkvz ds :I esa izlrqr fd;k tkrk gsa vksj fqj ykspkvz ds vk/kkj ij mfpr dei;wvj Hkk"kk esa izksxzke dks rs;kj fd;k tkrk gs A fdlh izksxzke dh,yxksfjfke vksj ykspkvz rs;kj djus dk eq[;] ykhk ;g gs fd izksxzkej bl le; dsoy dk;z ds leiuu gksus fd izfdz;k,oa mlesa iz;qdr rdksz,oa 'krksaz ds vuqlkj gh izksxzke ds fu;eksa dks dzec) djrk gsa FLOW CHART SYMBOL:- dksbz Hkh ykspkvz START ls vkjehk gksrk gs vksj STOP ij lekir gksrk gsa ykspkvz dks cukus ds fy, dqn gh izrhdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gs rkfd gj dksbz vklkuh ls bu ladsr fpugksa dk vuqlj.k djds fn;s x, lel;k dks le> ldsa tksm+us okys ladsrksa dk iz;ksx nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ykspkvksz dks tksm+us ds fy, gksrk gs tc ;g,d i`"b ls vf/kd yeck gksrk gsa ;k tc,d gh fp= nwljs i`"b ij Hkh yxkrkj cukuk gksrk gsa dusdvlz yks esa rdz ds yxkrkj gksus dks crkrk gs vksj dusdvj esa dksbz vyqkcsv ;k vad gksus pkfg, rkfd nks viw.kz ykspkvksaz ds chp laca/k fn[kk;k tk ldsa nks ykspkvksz dks tksm+rs le; Hkh bugha ladsrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gsa RULES OF MAKING FLOW CHART:- 1- ykspkvz dk fuekz.k,d VfeZuy fleckwy ls izkajhk gksrk gsa 2- ykspkvz esa yks Åij ls uhps,oa ck;sa ls nka;s gksuk pkfg,a 3- izr;sd fpug esa fn;s x;s funsz k Li"V,oa iw.kz gksus pkfg,a 4- ;fn ykspkvz cm+h gks xbz gs vksj mls vxys ist ij Hkh cuk;k tkuk gs rks ykspkvz dks buiqv vkmviqv flecky ij gh rksm+k tkuk pkfg,a 5- ykspkvz vr;ar lk/kkj.k gksuk pkfg,a PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 3- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

4 6- izkslsl flecky esa,d gh ykspkvz vkuh pkfg, vksj,d gh yks ykbu gksuk pkfg,a TYPE OF FlOWCHART:- System designer vksj programar designer izk;%algorithm developing esa dbz izdkj ds ykspkvz dk mi;ksx djrs gsa tks fueu gsa& 1- system flow chart 2- Modular program flow chart 3- Detail program flow chart or application flow chart ADVANTAGE &DISADVANTAGE:- 1. izkphu dgkor gs fd fdlh ckr dks gtkjksa 'kcnksa fd viskk,d fp= kjk vf/kd Li"V :Ik ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gs ;g dgkor ykspkvz ds fy, furkar lr; gs D;ksafd ge tkurs gs fd ykspkvz fdlh izksxzke fd fp=kred izlrqfr gs ykspkvz esa ge fp=ksa ds kjk pkgs og fdruh Hkh dfbu ;k tfvy ;k ljy ckr dks ge fp= ds kjk vklkuh ls le>k ldrs gsa 2- izokg rkfydk ykspkvz fdlh u;s izksxzke dks cukus gsrq dk;zdkjh izk:i ds :I esa iz;ksx fd tkrh gsa fdlh cm+s izksxzke dks cukus gsrq vusd izksxzkej dk lewg dk;z djrk gs blesa izr;sd izksxzkej izksxzke ds fo ks"k Hkkx dks fmtkbu djrk gs ;fn izr;sd izksxzkej vius Hkkx ds izksxzke fd fmtkbu dks izokg rkfydk ds :I esa izlrqr djrk gsa 3- fdlh izksxzke fd tc izokg rkfydk rs;kj dj yh tkrh gs rks izksxzkej ml izksxzke fd dksfmax vfkkzr~ izksxzke dks ljyrk ls fy[k ldrk gs ykspkvz izksxzke ds izkjahk fcunqq ls lekiu fcunq rd fd lelr izfdz;k LVsi okw; LVsi iznf kzr djrk gsa 4- izksxzke dks pykus ij dksbz =qfv vkrh gs vksj izksxzke fd ykspkvz cuh gqbz gs rks =qfv dks <+w<+us vksj bls nwj djus dh ljyrk gksrh gsa gkfu%& 1- ykspkvz cukus esa vf/kd le; yxrk gs ;g NksVs izksxzke ds fy, rks Bhd gs ijarq cm+s izksxzke fd ykspkvz lgh fpug lfgr rs;kj dj ikuk vr;ar tfvy,oa dfbu gksrk gsa 2- ;fn izksxzke ds fdlh ykwftd esa dksbz ifjorzu gksrk gs rks ykspkvz ds u;s rjhdksa dk ;wt djuk gksrk gsaa PSEUDOCODE¼feF;k ladsr½%& fd;tkus okys dk;z dks le>us gsrq fdlh izksxzke dks fodflr djus fd izfdz;k ykwftd ls izkjahk gksrh gsavksj ;g dk;z ykspkvz vfkok pseudo code ds lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gs fef;k ladsr izokg rkfydk dk,d fodflr fodyi gs fef;k ladsr esa fofhkuu vkd`fr;ksa,oa fpugksa fd viskk izksxzke fd izfdz;k dks de ls fy[kk tkrk gs blds fy;s ge fueu dks viukrs gsa 1- vuqdzerdz%& tslk fd ge tkurs gs fdlh dei;wvj izksxzke esa fofhkuu LVsVesaV dks,d fuf pr dze esa fy[kk tkrk gs tc izksxzke dks pyk;k tkrk gs rks fofhkuu LVsVesaV esa nh xbz dekam,oa funsz k mlh dze esa fdz;kfuor gksus vuqdzerzd dk iz;ksx izksxzke esa funsz kksa dks dk;z djus ds dze esa fy[kus esa fd;k tkrk gsavfkkzr~ fef;k ladsr esa LVsaVesaV dk iw.kz gksuk lseh dkwyu lkbt ds kjk n kkz;k tkrk gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 4- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

5 2- p;urdz%& bl rdz dk iz;ksx fu.kz; ysus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gs vr% bls fu.kz;rdz Hkh dgrs gsa bldk iz;ksx fef;k ladsr ls ;gka fd;k tkrk gsa tgka,d ls vf/kd osdfyir ifkksa esa lgh ca/k pquuk gksrk gsa 3- vko`frrdz%& vko`frrdz dk iz;ksx ywi ds izn kzu ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gs tc,d vfkok vf/kd funsz kksa dk dk;zp;u fdlh 'krz ds vk/kkj ij,d ls vf/kd ckj gksrk gs vfkkzr~ ge dg ldrs gs fd vko`frrrdz ywi dk dk;z djrk gsa DECISION TABLE:- fdlh Vscy dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh izksxzke dks Li"V :I ls ;k izksxzke ds vanj fd lel;kvksa dkslkq o Li"V djus ds fy, djrs gs ;g izksxzke ykwftd dks nqxuk djus ds fy,,d ikojqqy fof/k gs tslk f duke ls Li"V gs fd fmlhtu Vscy ls dksbz Hkh fmlhtu ;k,d kau ysus ds ckn tks fjtyv feyrk gs og fjtyv buiqv MkVk ij fuhkzj djrk gsa tc Hkh dei;wvj ds ikl fmlhtu dh la[;k T;knk gksrh gs rc ge fmlhtu Vscy dk mi;ksx djrs gsaabldk iz;ksx djus ds fy, fo ks"k fu;e gsa 1- lel;k dks fu;fer fmqkbu djuk pkfg, ftlls dei;wvj mls gy dj ldsa 2- lel;k esa ftruh Hkh damh ku gksrh gs og lhkh mi;ksx djuk pkfg, vksj mu lhkh dafm ku ij,d ku dks fy[kuk pkfg, tks bl damh ku ls lacaf/kr gsa Desion table ds lkeku;r% ikwp pj.k gksrs gsa& 1- Heading 2- Processing 3- Condition 4- Action 5- Decision lcls igys step esa uke ;k uacj vkq Vscy gksrh gs dqn cm+s,iyhds ku esa izksxzke dks nkshkkxksa esa djus ds fy, nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fmlhtu fd vko ;drk gksrh gs vksj nwljs Hkkx esa lel;k ;k izksxzke fd izkslsflax gksrh gs rhljs Hkkx esa dafm ku fn[kkuk gksrh gs,oa pksfks Hkkx esa,d ku dks fu/kkzfjr djuk gksrk gs vksj lcls var okys Hkkx esa fdlh Hkh izksxzke fd fmlhtu Vscy dks fu/kkzfjr djuk gksrk gssa advantage of dicision table:- 1. fmlhtu Vscy dk iz;ksx ge ykspkvz dh txg djrs gsa 3- ykspkvz esa lhkh funsz kksa,oa lhkh osjh;scy dks ckwdl es n kkzuk gksrk gs tcfd fmlhtu Vscy esa,slk ugha gksrk gsa 4- ;g ykspkvz dh viskk vklkuh ls cuk,w,oa igys ls cus gq, izksxzke esa cnyko dj ldrs gsa Disagdvantage of dicision table:- 1. fdlh Hkh lel;k ds gy dks ykspkvz ds kjk vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gsa 2. tcfd fmlhtu Vscy ds kjk ugha le>k tk ldrk gsa 3- ykspkvz,d ist ij Hkh cukuk lahko gksrkgs tcfd fmlhtu Vscy esa,slk ugha gksrk gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 5- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

6 PROGRAM TECHNIQUE AND TOOLS OF PROGRAMMING:- izksxzke dh rduhd ls rkri;z izksxzke fd rduhd dks fodflr djus ls gsa vfkkzr~ ge fdl izksxzfeax ysxost ij dk;z dj jgs gs vksj ml ysxosat ds D;k Qk;ns gsa mu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdjizksxzke dks cukrs gsa izksxzke rduhd dks ge nks izdkj ls le> ldrs gsa izksxzkfeax ds kjk vksj vnj lkslz ds kjka izksxzke ls rkri;z gekjh ysxosat ds,fmvj ij fd tk jgh izksxzkfeax ls gs blesa ge damh ku vksj ukudamh ku LVsaVesaV dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gsa blds vykok ywfiax czkfpax dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gsa tcfd vnj lkslz ls rkri;z ;g gs fd,fmvj ds vykok ml,fmvj esa miyc/k menubar,view menu,rwh menu, window menu, help menu,compile menu. TOOLS OF PROGRAMING:- (1) Top Down:- bl rduhdh dh enn ls ge vius izksxzke dh,d LVsi ds kjk vkxs c<+krs jgrs gs ;g rduhd cgqr gh iqjkuh gs A tsls iqjkuh ysxostcoblal,c br;kfna bl rduhd esa dk;z djrs gsa blesa gesa igys osjh;scy dks fmqkbu djuk gksrk gsa fqj osfj;scy dk ;wt djuk gksrk gsa bl lcds ckn ywi yxkuk gksrk gs bl rduhd fd lcls cm+h eq[; lel;k ;g gs fd gesa gj odr ml Hkk"kk ds LVªDpj dks ;kn j[kuk im+rk gs VkWi Mkmu rduhd esa iqjkus izksxzkej dkqh vpnk dk;z djrs FksA ysfdu vkt ds ;qx ds fglkc ls ;g rduhd dkqh iqjkuh gsa vc ;g rduhd iqjkus izksxzke dks lq/kkjus ds fy, iz;ksx esa vkrh gsa vktdy ds u;s izkstsdv bl rduhd dk de blrseky djrs gsa (2) Bottom up:- ;g rduhd vkt ds ;qx esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx fd tkus okyh rduhd gs ftlsa ge oops ds uke ls tkurs gsa bl rduhd ds izksxzke dk fdz;kuo;u uhps ls Åij dh vksj gksrk gsa bl rduhd ds izksxzke dkqh vklku vksj ljy gksrs gsa vksj u;s izksxzke dks vklkuh ls cuk Hkh ldrs gsa vksj cus izksxzke esa lq/kkj Hkh dj ldrs gs bl rduhd dh izksxzkfeax vkwctsdv ij fuhkzj djrh gsa cgqr cm+s izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs ;wfuv esa ckavdj QaD ku fd enn ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs,oa blh izdkj fd rduhd dks bottom up rduhd dgrs gsaa (3)Modular Approach:- tfvy iz.kkyh ds :ijs[kk dh ;g lcls vpnh fof/k gsaom bl rduhd esa ge cm+s iz.kkyh dks dqn NksVs ekwm~;wyl esa fohkkftr djrs gsa vxj ge izksxzkfeax ds varxzr ekwm~;wy dh ppkz djrs gsa] rks ;g funsz kksa dk rdz laxr lewg gs] ftls ge QaD ku dgrs gsa izr;sd ekwm~;wy,d izksxzke la kks/ku djuk ljy gs] D;ksafd,d ekwm~;wy esa ifjorzu djus ls izksxzke ds nwljs ekwm~;wy ij dksbz izhkko ugha im+rk gsa bl ekwm~;wy esa dksbz [kjkch Hkh ljyrk ls [kksth tk ldrh gsa (3) structure programming:- oklro esa structure programming dh dksbz fuf pr ifjhkk"kk ugha gsa ;g izksxzkfeax djus dk,d fu;fer rjhdk gs lkeku; :Ik ls LVªDpj izksxzkfeax dk vfkz gksrk gsa fofhkuu fl)krkas dks,d lkfk j[kdj izksxzkfeax djuk rkfd izksxzke dks le>us vksj esfuvusa k djus ;ksx; cukuka PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 6- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

7 COMPARATIVE STUDY PROGRAMMING LOGIC- (1) Simple:- fleiy izksxzkfeax esa gesa u rks ywfiax fd vko ;drk gksrh gs vksj u gh czkafpx fd blesa flqz ftl izksxzkfeax ysxcst esa odz dj jgs gs flqz mlds fu;e dks viukuk im+rk gsa (2) Braching:- fdlh izksxzke esa tc fdlh LVsVesaV ds nks vfkok vf/kd ifj.kke lahkkfor gksrs gs rks bls izksxzke fd czkfpax dgk tkrk gsa czkfpax nks izdkj dh gksrh gsa ¼1½ fcuk 'krz czkfpax ¼2½ l krz czkfpax ¼1½ fcuk 'krz czkfpax%& tc fdlh izksxzke fd czkafpx ds fy;s fdlh 'krz dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gs rks bls fcuk 'krz czkafpx dgrs gsa ¼2½ l krz czkfpax%& tc fdlh izksxzke dh czkfpax ds fy;s fdlh 'krz dk izek.k nsuk gksrk gs rks bls l krz czkafpx izfdz;k dgrs gsa blesa ge dhkh&dhkh 'krz if-else statement damh ku dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gsaa (3) LOOPING:- fdlh izksxzke esa fdlh fo ks"k 'krz dk iwjk gksus rd fdlh Hkkx dh iqujko`frr gksus ds flfkfr dks ywfiax dgk tkrk gsa tc gesa,d vfkok,d ls vf/kd LVsVesaV dks,d ls vf/kd ckj nksgjkuk gksrk gs rks ge izksxzke esa ywfiax dk iz;ksx djrs gsa blds kjk izksxzke ds fdlh Hkkx fd iqujko`frr rc rd gksrh gs tc rd nh xbz 'krz iwjh u gks fdlh Hkh ysxost esa ywfiax fd izfdz;k pkj pj.kks esa iwjh gksrh gsa ¼1½ izfke pj.k esa dkmuvj osfj;scy dks ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gsa ¼2½ nwljs pj.k esa ywi esa flfkr LVsaVesaV dks dk;kzfuor fd;k tkrk gsa ¼3½ r`rh; pj.k esa ywi fd ifjhkkf"kr 'krksaz dks tkapk tkrk gsa ¼4½ vafre pj.k esa ywi esa Mkys x;s uacj dk fjtyv ns[kdj mls can djuk gksrk gsa (4)RECURSION:- tc ge fdlh QaD ku dks mlh QaD ku esa dkwy djrs gsa rks ml QaD ku esa recursive vksj ml izfdz;k dks fjdlzu dgk tkrk gs vfkkzr~,d QaD ku dkwy dh lhjht lh cu tkrh gs rfkk QaD ku yxkrkj fdz;kfuor gksrk jgrk gs tc rd dh blesa nh xbz dumh ku lr; u gks tk;s vhkh rd gesa ftrus Hkh QaD ku dk iz;ksx fd;k gs mu QaD ku dks gesa main function ds vanj dky fd;k gs ysfdu recursive ;k recursion esa,slk ugha gksrk gsa (4) COHESION & COUPLING:- ;g izkd`frd lwpuk dks fnikus fd,d fof/k gsa bldh enn ls,d dk;z software o,d proceser computer ds izksxzke ds kjk perform fd;s tkrs gsa bl Hkk"kk dks ge lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa ;g dg ldrs gsa fd,d le; ij,d lkw Vos;j ls,d gh dk;z djk;k tk ldrk gs vxj,d ls T;knk dk;z djk;k tk;sxk rks gekjk MkVk [kjkc gksus dk Hk; jgrk gs ftls ge Cohesion dgrs gsa vxj fdlh ykwftd ds kjk Cohesion fd;k x;k gs rks mls logical cohesion dgrs gsa,d,slkcohesion tks cgqr de le; ds fy;s djok;k x;k gsa rks mls vlfkkbz cohesion dgk tkrk gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 7- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

8 Coupling:- ;g,d izdkj dk measanment gksrk gs tks nks izksxzke ;k mlls T;knk izksxzke ds LVªDpj dks tksm+ ldrk gsa Coupling gesa crkrk gs fd fdl izdkj dfbu ls dfbu izksxzke dks Hkh enn ls tksm+k tk ldrk gs ;g MkVk dks lhkh txg ij vklkuh ls ikl gks tkrk gsa PROGRAME TESTING:- Izksxzke cukus ds ckn] ;g izksxzke ds fodkl dk lcls egroiw.kz pj.k gksrk gsa,d izksxzkej ds fy, vfxuijhkk leku gksrk gs mls fcuk fdlh =qfv ds fdlh Hkh izksxzke dk fcydqy lgh ifj.kke nsuk gksrk gs kh/kzrk ls vkxs c<+rs gq, O;kikj ds ekgksy esa tgkwa lhkh O;kikfjd QSlys dei;wvjksa ds enn ls vksj izksxzkeksa ls fy;s tkrs gsa] blfy, lkjs vkmviqv tks izksxzke ds kjk miyc/k gksrk gs] mudks lgh gksuk pkfg, vksj le; ij ;kfu rst gksuk pkfg,a VsfLaVx og izfø;k gs ftlls fj;y ykbq MkVk dks dei;wvj izksxzke esa j[kk tkrk gs vksj bfpnr ifj.kke ik;k tkrk gs vkxs c<+us dk lcls vpnk rjhdk ;gh gs fd ml izdkj dk C;ksjk cuk;k tk, tks izksxzke ds izr;sd ikfk dk ijhk.k djus ij etcwj djs ftls izksxzke ds laiknu ds le; fy;k tk ldrk gsa VsfLaVx ds fofhkuu Lrj gksrs gs % ;wfuv VsfLVx buvhxzs ku VsfLaVx fllve VsfLaVx VsfLaVx djrs le;] gesa vxj dksbz =qfv gks rks <w<+uk gksrk gs vksj lgh ifj.kke ds fy, u =qfv;ksa dks lq/kkjuk djuk gksrk gsa bls Mhcfxx dgrs gsa nks rjg dh =qfv;kwa izksxzke esa gksrh gsa deikbzys ku,jj d½ ykwthdy,jj [k½ fluvsdl,jj ju&vkbze,jj DEBUGGING:- fdlh Hkh izksxzke dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy;s ;k izksxzke dks psd djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh ysxosat dk eq[; vk/kkj deikbyj gksrk gsa deikbyj ds kjk ge eseksjh vu; gkmzos;j izksxzkel fd vu; =qfv;kw dks deikbyj ds kjk psd djk ldrs gsaizksxzke esa vkus okyh =qfv;ksa dks tkap dj lq/kkjus dh izfdz;k dks debugging ls lacaf/kr fueu fodyi gksrs gsasa 1. Refresh Display:- tc lh,fmvj fd Ldzhu vkmviqv kjk Hkj tkrh gs vfkok vksoj jkbv gksus ds dkj.k vli"v gks tkrh gs rks ge optional ds kjk mls iz;ksx djrs gsa 2. Source debugging:- blds rhu fodyi gksrs gsa oh,standalone,. Oh dks flysdv djus ij debugging information,d exe file esa bdv~bh gks tkrh gsa vksj bls iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gsa tcfd standalone fodyi pquus ij debug information exe file esa bdv~bh gks tkrh gsaysfdu bldk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 8- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

9 UNIT - II Basic Structure of C program:- Documentation Section Link Section Definition Section Global Declaration Section Main program Section Main( ) Declaration part Executable part Subprogram section Function 1 user defined Function Function2.. Function n Variable¼pj ;k ifjorzukad½%& osfj;cy dks MkVk xzg.k djus ds fy, iz;qdr fd;k tkrk gsa ewyr% ifjorzuakd os jkf k;ka gksrh gs ftudk eku izr;sd izksxzke ds Excutions ds nksjku le; ij funsz kkuqlkj ifjofrzr gksrk jgrk gsa C esa osfj;scy dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs le; fueu fu;eksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,a osfj;scy dks dsjsdvj ls izkajhk gksuk pkfg,a osfj;sct dsjsdvj dh yeckbz 8 dsjsdvj ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,a mnkgj.k& A=20; ;gkw A,d osfj;scy gsa osfj;scy ds izdkj& ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gsa 1- Numeric 2- Non numeric Numeric-;s Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gsaa a- Integer b- Real Non Numeric- -;s Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gsaa a- Character PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE - 9- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

10 b- String ifjorzukad dks iznf kzr djus ls igys mldk izdkj fuf pr djuk gksrk gsa C Hkk"kk esa ifjorzukad 4 izdkj ls fmdys;j fd;s tk ldrs gsa ifjorzukad ds izdkj dh omz 1- Integer int 2- Float float 3- Double double 4- Character char ifjorzukad dks fmdys;j djus ds fy, igys osjh;scy dk izdkj dh omz ds :i esa fy[kuk gksrk gsa vksj fqj osfj;scy dk ukea syntax- <Type of variable> <Name of variable> ex- int amount; float Rate; ;gkw amount,d osfj;scy ;gsa ftldk Vkbi bavhtj gsa blh izdkj jsv Hkh,d osfj;scy gss ftldk Vkbi yksv gsa ;fn,d gh izdkj ds dbz osfj;scy fmdys;j djuk gks rk muds ukeksa dks i`fkd djus ds fy, ¼]½ dk mi;ksc gksrk gsa tsls& int a,b,c,dlizs ku(expressions):- fofhkuu izdkj ds vkwijsvlz rfkk vkwijsum dks feykus ls,dlizs ku curk gsa fdlh,dlizs ku esa vkwijsum~l vksj vkwijsvlz ds dze gks ldrs gsa tks mlh dze esa laikfnr gksrs gsaa tks osfjcyl] dkalvsuv~l ;k osy;wt gks ldrs gsaa tc dqn vkwijsvlz,d,dlizs ku esa gksrs gsa] rc dqn vkwijsv~lz nwljs ls igys laikfnr gks tkrs gsa ;k,dlizs ku ds dqn Hkkx nwljs Hkkx ls igys laikfnr gks tkrs gsasaa ;g ml vkwijsvj ds izhlhmsaul ds dkj.k gksrk gsa syntaxoperand1 operator operand2 vkwijsvj ds,d ku ds vuqlkj vkwijsum 2 dk eku vkwijsum 1 ij vkwijsvj ds vuqlkj dke djrk Gsa fcyv bu Vkbi(Built in data type)- izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa osfj;scy dbz rjg ds MkVk dks j[krk gsa bu lhkh izdkjksa dks MkVk Vkbi dgrs gsaa MkVk Vkbi ds fy, x, Lisl dks n kkzrk gsftlesa fd fdlh izdkj dk MkVk j[kk tkrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, tc,d osfj;scy dks fmdys;j fd;k tkrk gs f dog MkVk Vkbi int gs ftlk fd LykbM ij fn[kk;k x;k gs rks ;g eseksjh esa 2 ckbv~l Lisl ysrk gs vksj eseksjh esa bl Lisl rd igqwpus ds fy, csfj,cy uke dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa lh Hkk"kk esa miflfkr csfld MkVk Vkbi ds fo"k; esa crkrk gsa lh ds ikwp csfld MkVk VkbIl gksrs gsaa nwljs lhkh MkVk VkbIl buesa ls fdlh,d ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gsa bu VkbIl ds vkdkj vksj jsat,d nwljs ls fhkuu gksrs gsa eq[; MkVk Vkbi gsa&char,int,float vksj double PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

11 Char:- char MsVk Vkbi flaxy vyqku;wesfjd eku dks,d le; esa lahkkyr gsa char Vkbi,d ckbv ckbujh la[;k],d flaxy vyqku;wesfjd ;k fo ks"k dsjsdvj ;k izr;sd fcv ftldk viuk vyx eku gksrk gsa Int:- bl izdkj ds MsVk osls la[;k dks LVksj djrk gs ftlesa dksbz n keyo fcunq ugha gksrs gsa] tks fd x.kuk ds fy, mi;ksx esa vkrk gsa Vkbi int dk osfj;scy ldkjkred vksj udkjkred buvhtj ds eku dks ladfyr djrk gsa osfj,cy Vkbi int lokzf/kd lh izksxzke esa mi;ksx gksus okyk MsVk Vkbi gsa Float:- bl MsVk Vkbi esa n keyo fcunq okys la[;k gksrs gsa ckbz fmqkwyv yksv MsVk Vkbi ds ikl ;FkkFkZrk ds 6 vad gksrs gsa n keyo fcunq bu N% vadksa ds chp dgha ij Hkh gks ldrk gsa ge yksv Vkbi dks uke ukius esa] [k.m djus esa vksj vuqeku djus esa mi;ksx dj ldrs gssa yksfvax IokbaV vkwctsdv cgqar cm+s vksj cgqr NksVs ekuksa dks tks int MsVk ds nk;js ls ckgj gs] mls Hkh vius ikl j[krk gsa Double:-Bl Vkbi esa cm+s vkdkj ds vadh; eku gksrs gsa bl Vkbi esa yksv ls nqxus vad gksrs gsaa x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij yksv ds vadksa vksj Mcy ds vadksa dks,d leku gh le>k tkrk gsa izfdz;k ls igys lhkh yksfvax la[;k,w] Loa; gh Mcy eku esa ifjofrzr gks tkrs gsaa bl Vkbi dk iz;ksx djds yksv eseksjh dks cpkrk gsa D;ksafd yksv eseksjh dk 4 ckbv ysrk gs vksj Mcy eseksjh Lisl dk 8 ckbv ysrk gsa Identifiers:- vkbmsuvhqk;j Hkh osfj;scy ds leku gksrs gs vkbmsuvhqk;j dks MkVk xzg.k djus ds fy, iz;qdr fd;k tkrk gsa ewyr% ifjorzuakd os jkf k;ka gksrh gs ftudk eku izr;sd izksxzke ds Excutions ds nksjku le; ij funsz kkuqlkj ifjofrzr gksrk jgrk gsa C esa vkbmsuvhqk;j dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs le; fueu fu;eksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,a vkbmsuvhqk;j dks dsjsdvj ls izkajhk gksuk pkfg,a osfj;scy dsjsdvj dh yeckbz 8 dsjsdvj ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,a mnkgj.k& A=20; ;gkw A,d osfj;scy gsa lh esa dh omz(keyword in C):- dh omz dks fjtoz omz Hkh dgrs gsa ftlesa deikbyj ds fy,,d fo ks"k vfkz gksrk gsa lh Hkk"kk esa lhkh dh omzl yksoj dsl esa fy[ks gksrs gsa budh lwph fueufyf[kr gs& auto double int struct break else long switch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned continue for signed void default goto sizeof volatile do if static while PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

12 Constants(lh vpj fpug½%& lh vpj os jkf k;ka gksrh gs ftudk eku izksxzke ds Execution ds nksjku flfkj jgrk gs vksj le; le; ij ftuds eku esa ifjofrzr ugha gksrka ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gsa%& ¼1½ vkafdd(numeric) ¼2½ o.kz(chracter) vkafdd vpj fpug Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gsa%& 1- iw.kz vkafdd(integer) 2- fhkuu vkafdd(real) o.kz vpj Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gsa 1- o.kz(chracter) vpj 2- flvªax vpj(string Consrant) Integer Constant:- ;s flfkajkd ftuesa dsoy vkafdd la[;k,a gh leefyr gksrh gsa iw.kz flfkjkad dgykrh gsa buesa +,ao - fpugksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa mnkgj.k- 412] 10] 0 Real Constant:- os flfkajkad ftuesa n keyo dk iz;ksx gksrk gs] fhkuu flfkjkad dgykrs gsa buesa Hkh +,oa - fpugksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa mnkgj.k & br;kfna Character Constant:- ftu flfkjkad esa vkj]vad rfkk dqn fo ks"k fpug tsls +, - vkfn dk flfkj jkf k dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gs] mugsa o.kz flfkjkad dgrs gsa mnkgj.k& a, 10 br;kfna String Constant:- flvªax vpj,d ls vf/kd dsjsdvj ;k o.kksz ds lewg gksrs gs] bugsa nksgjs m)j.k fpugksa ( ) esa iznf kzr fd;k tkrk gsa mnkgj.k& MAPCET 1996 operator¼vkwijsvj½%& fdlh Hkh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys vkwijsvlz os ladsr gksrsa gsa tks fd dei;wvj dks xf.krh; vfkok rkfdzd lax.kuk,w djus ds fy, funszf kr djrs gsa lh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa Hkh izpkyd vfkok vkwijsvj dk iz;ksx x.kuk djus] fu.kz; ysus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa vkwijsvj dk iz;ksx ifjorzukad vfkok la[;kvksa ds lkfk fd;k tk ldrk gsa vkwijsvj ds izdkj%& lh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa fueufyf[kr vkb izdkj ds vkwijsvj gksrs gsa& PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

13 1- vadxf.krh; vkwijsvj (Arithmetic Operators) 2- lecu/k;lwpd vkwijsvj (Relational Operators) 3- rkfdzd vkwijsvj (Logical Operators) 4-,lkbUeSUV vkwijsvj (Assognment Operators) 5- budzhesuv,.m fmdzhesuv vkwijsvj (Increment & Decrement Operator) 6- l krz vkwijsvj(conditional Operators) 7- fcvokbl vkwijsvj(bitwise Operators) 8- vu; vkwijsvj(other Operators) (1) Arithmetic Operators:- vadxf.krh; vkwijsvlz dk iz;ksx vkafdd x.kukvksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa lh esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys ikap izdkj ds vadxf.krh; vkwijsvlz fueukuqlkj gsa (1) + tksm+ (Addition) (2) -?kvkuk (Subtraction) (3) * xq.kk (Multiplication) (4) / Hkkx (Division) (5) % Hkkx vo ks"k (Modulo Division) (2) Relational Operator¼lEcU/k lwpd vkwijsvj½%& tc nks la[;kvksa esa vlekurk vfkok lekurk izdv djrs gq, fy[kuk gksrk gs rc ge lecu/klwpd vkwijsvj dk iz;ksx djrs gsa lh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx gksus okys lecu/klwpd vkwijsvj fueuor~ gsa& Mathemetical symbol c symbol Operator Equal to = = = Not equal to =/=!= Less than < < Greater than > > Less than Equal to <_ <= Greater than Equal to >_ >= 3. Logical Operator:-,d ls T;knk vkuqikfrd vkwijsvj dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, gesa rkfdzd vkwijsvj dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gsa lh esa rkfdzd vkwijsvj fueu izdkj gsa vkwijsvj vfkz && AND(tksM+us okyk) II OR( vyx djus okyk)! NOT(udkjus okyk) PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

14 4. l krz vkwijsvj(conditional Operator):- lh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa l krz vkwijsvj? gsa ;g if LVsVesUV dk lafkir :i gsa tks LVsVesUV if else LVsVesUV kjk dbz ykbuksa dk gksrk gs bl vkwijsvj ds iz;ksx ls if LVsVesUV dks,d ykbu esa fy[kk tk ldrk gsa ;fn gesa fy[kuk gs& if(x!=y) x=a; else x=b; bu LVsVesUV dks ge l krz vkwijsvj dh lgk;rk ls bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gs& x=(x!=y)?a:b; bl vkwijsvj ds iz;ksx kjk fy[ks x, LVsVesUV ls Hkh ogha ifj.kke izkir gksrk gs tks dbz ykbzuksa esa fy[ks x, if else LVsVesUV kjk izkir gksrk gsa 5. Bitwise operator ¼fcVokbl vkwijsvj½: bl vkwijsvj dk iz;ksx fcv dks tkwpus vksj fcv dks nka;s,oa ck;s gvkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa fcvokbl vkwijsvj fueufyf[kr gsa& & AND A OR ^ Exclusive or << Shift Left >> Shift Right ~ One s Complement Basic input/output statement(csfld dfku½%& fdlh Hkh izksxzke dks fy[kus esa rhu QaD ku gksrk gs] tsls fd buiqv ds fy, MkVk ysuk] bls izkslsl djuk gs vksj varr% ifj.kke ds :i esa nsuk gsa lh Hkk"kk esa buiqv@vkmviqv QaD ku dbz fdle ds gksrs gsa tks gsmj Qkby esa lewfgr gksrs gsaa osfj;scy dks dksbz Hkh osy;w nsus dk lcls ljy rjhdk gs fd mls dksbz eku LVksj djk nsa] tsls& int age=25; char name= Raj ; ysfdu mi;qdr mnkgj.k esa] eku izksxzke ds vanj gh ifjhkkf"kr gsa vly ftanxh esa ;g lehko ugha gs fd izr;sd osfj;scy dks fu/kkzfjr fd;k tk,a gesa ju Vkbe ds le; Hkh buiqv ysus dh vko ;drk im+ ldrh gsa bl lel;k ds lek/kku ds fy, ge ekud ykbczsjh buiqv QaD ku dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gsaa,sls gh gesa vkmviqv dks var esa izfdz;k ds ckn iznf kzzr djrs le; t:jr im+ ldrh gs vksj blds lek/kku ds fy, lh gesa LVS.MMZ ykbczsjh vkmviqv QaD ku miyc/k djkrk gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

15 lhkh buiqv vksj vkmviqv QaD ku Stdio.h vksj Conio.h Qkby esa lekfgr gksrs gsa blfy, gesa bl gsmj Qkby dks bu QaD ku dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, kkfey djuk gksxka ge bu QaD kuksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckwv ldrs gsa (1) unformatted functions (2) Formatted functions Unformatted input/output function¼vuqkeszvsm QaD ku½%& fueufyf[kr ykbczsjh QaD ku dh lwph gs tks fd vuqkweszvsm buiqv ;k vkmviqv ds fy, mi;ksx gksrk gsa getch( )QWD ku%& lcls ljy buiqv rjhdk ;g gs fd LVS.MMZ buiqv getch()qad ku ls,d dsjsdvj ysaa izr;sd ckj tc getch () vkrk gs] og mihkksdrk ds dh nckus rd dk izrhkk djrk gsa ;g QaD ku buvhtj okil djrk gs] getch( ) dks buvhtj blfy, fu/kkzfjr djrs gsa D;ksfd vxj ;s vafre ckbv ds vkxs i<+us dh dksf k k djrk gs rks ;g,d [kkl eku okil djrk gsa EOF tks stdio.h gsmj Qkby esa &1 ifjhkkf"kr gsaa getch( ) dk iz;ksx int ;k char MkVk Vkbi dks i<+us esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa getch( ) mi;ksx djrs le;,d egroiw.kz fcunq ;kn j[kuk t:jh gksrk gs fd dksbz Hkh cvu valid return value iznf kzr djrk gsa TAB,ESC vksj Carriage Return fdlh Hkh nwljs cvu ds fy, osyhm gksrk gsa ex- # include <stdio.h> void main( ) int a,b; char c,d; a=70; d= R ; b=getchar( ); c=getchar( ); putchar(a); putchar(b); putchar(c); putchar(d); getch( ) vksj getche( )QaD ku%& nksuksa QaD ku cvu nckus dh izrhkk djrk gs vksj okil yksvrk gsa ysfdu nksuksa esa varj ;g gs fd getch( ) dsjsdvj dks iznf kzr ugha djrk gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

16 bu nksuksa dks fdlh Hkh fjvuz cvu dh t:jr ugha gksrh gsa fn;k x;k izksxzke getch() vksj getche( ) izksxzke dks n kkzrk gsa ex- #include<stdio.h> void main( ) int mychoice; \*variable declaration*/ printf( Enter your choice: ) mychoice=getch(); /*does not display that which key is pressed*/ printf( Enter your next choice: ); mychoice=getche(); /*will display the key which is pressed*/ Putchar( ) Function:- ;g vkmviqv@ifj.kke ds fy, mi;ksx gksrk gsa ;g orzeku dlzj iksth ku ij dsjsdvj vkx;wesuv dks Ldzhu ij fy[krk gsa putchar() dks izksvksvkbi ifjhkkf"kr djrk gs fd blesa int Vkbi vkx;wzesuv gksrk gsa putchar() dks buvhtj ;k vkx;wzesuv dk dsjsdvj Vkbi Hkh dgk tk ldrk gsa nksuksa gkyrksa esa ;g vkx;wzesuv ds fy, ASCII dk eku fudkyrk gs vksj mls iznf kzr djrk gsa QkjWesVsM buiqv@vkmviqv QaD ku(formatted Input\output Functions) og QaD ku tks QkWesVsZM buiqv ;k vkmviqv QaD ku ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gs mls scanf( ) vksj printf( )dgrs gsaa QkesZVsM I/Oeryc gksrk gs fd MkVk dks QkWesZV esa i<+uk vksj fy[kuk tks fd ;wtj dh pkgr gksrh gsa,d QkWjesVsM buiqv vksj vkmviqv izfdz;k,d dsjsdvj flavªx kjk fu;f=ar gksrk gs ftls QkWesZV dgrs gsa QWkesZV MkVk ds izlrqfr dks crkrk gsa izr;sd QkWesZVsM I/O WQaD ku ds ikl vkx;wzesuv dk lewg gksrk gsa tks izr;sd ds ikl,d QkesZV flvªax gksrk gsa scanf() function:- ;g ;wtj kjk QkWesZVsM MkVk ysus ds fy, mi;ksx gksrk gsa ;g lh esa izr;sd MkVk ds fcyv bu Vkbi dks Lohdkj djus esa lke gs& scanf(format string,arguments); tgkw] 1- QkWesZV flavªx ekud buiqv fmokbl ls buiqv MkVk dk o.kzu djrk gs rfkk mldh yeckbz vksj izdkj cnyus esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gsa 2- vkwx;wesuv crkrk gs fd tc buiqv djrs gsa rc eku dgkw gsa flavªx dk QkWesZV,sls fn;k tk ldrk gs %[ max_width/size] [variable_type_indicator] vksj vkx;wzesuv,sls gks ldrk gs%& PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

17 &[variable_name_1],& [variable_name_n]; scanf() QaD ku esa,d le; esa,d ls T;knk vkx;wzesuv gks ldrs gsa vkus okys rhu izksxzkeksa esa scanf() QaD ku dh mi;ksfxrk n kkz;h x;h gsa ex- #include<stdio.h> # include<conio.h> main( ); int x,y,s; clrscr( ); printf( Enter the two no. : ); scanf( %d%d,&x,&y); s=x+y; printf( The reqd. sum is %d ); return(s); printf( ) function:- printf( ) QaD ku vkmviqv dks Ldzhu ij iznf kzr djus ds dke vkrk gsa QkWesZVsM vkmviqv dk eryc gksrk gs fd tks MkVk iznf kzr djrk gs,d izdkj dk gksuk pkfg, rfkk,d izdkj esa iznf kzr gksuk pkfg,a bldk eryc ;g Hkh gs fd fpug (+ ;k -) vkmviqv esa iwoz esa gksxk fd ughaa vkmviqv QkesZV vkmviqv ds :i esa js[kk dks crkrk gsa tsls fd buiqv QkWesZV ds lkfk] vkmviqv QkWesZV esa dsjsdvj ks= tsls buvjizsv gksrk gsa fqym ds] QkesZV ls MhdksM gksus ds ckn] MkVk vkwx;wesuv ls eku izkir fd;k tk ldrk gsa rfkk dsjsdvj esa ifjofrzr fd;k tk ldrk gsa printf( )QaD ku vxj dksbz xyrh gksrh gs rks fuxsfvo eku esa fy[ks dsjsdvlz ds uecjksa dks okil djrk gsa duvªksy flavªx ds nks Hkkx gksrs gsa] igyk ftu dsjsdvlz dks Nkiuk gs vksj nwljk] QkesZV LislhQk;lZ tks vkx;wzesuv dks fdl izdkj ls iznf kzr gksuk gs ;g crkrk gsa,d QkWesZV LislhQk;j izfr kr ls 'kq: gksrk gs vksj mlds ckn QkWesZV dksm vkrk gsa vkwx;wesuv dh la[;k LislhQk;j ds la[;k ds cjkcj gksuh pkfg,a syntax- printf( string with formal specifiers,variable-i,variable-n): ge printf( )QaD ku esa dqn [kkl dsjsdvj Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gsa ftls Ldsi lhdosul dgrs gsa ;s lkjs printf( ) QaD ku ds izfke vkx;wzesuv esa crk;k x;k gs vksj eq[;r% vkmviqv ds Ldzhu QkesZfVax ds fy, dke vkrk gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

18 Ldsi lhdosul ds igys ges kk csdlys k gksrk gs D;ksafd ;s Ldsi dsjsdvj gksrk gs blfy, bugsa Ldsi lhdosul dgrs gsa ;s flvaªx ds lk/kkj.k buvjizsvs ku ls Ldsi djrs gsa rkfd nwljk dsjsdvj [kkl eryc ls tkuk tk,a Ex- # include <stdio.h> Main() printf( \Hello Dear!\t How are you.\n I am fine_\n Thank you. ); output- Hello Dear! How are you; I am fine. Thank You. ekud ykbczsjh QaD ku(standard Library Function) izfdz;k dks djus ds fy, lh QaD ku izksxzkej dks ykbzczsjh QaD ku dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gsa LVS.MMZ QaD ku Hkk"kk ds QaD ku esa cus gksrs gsaa izksxzkej dks bu QaD kuksa dks fy[kus dh vko ;drk ugha gksrh] D;ksafd ;s izh&mhqkbm gksrs gsaa ftldk iz;ksx izksxzkej vkx;wzesuv ikl djrs le; vko ;drk ij bl QaD ku dks dkwy dj ldrk gsa D;ksafd bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx ges kk gksrk gsaa blfy, bugsa,d [kkl ykbcszjh esa j[kk tkrk gsa ftls,d Js.kh;ksa ckavdj,d mi;ksxh QkbZy esa j[kk tkrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,]qad ku tsls rand(),sqrt,pow(int,int) dks math.h esa j[kk x;k gsa D;ksafd ;s x.kuk djus dk dk;z gsaa tc dhkh Hkh gesa fdlh QaD ku dks dk;z djus dh t:jr gksrh gs rks gesa ykbczsjh gsmj QkbZy ds ikl tkuk gksrk gs rfkk QaD ku dks dky djuk gksrk gsa tc dhkh gesa fdlh eq[; QaD ku ds iz;ksx dh t:jr gksrh gs rks ykbczsjh gsmj Qkby ls ml QaD ku dks dkwy dj ysrs gsa Ex- #include <stdio.h> #include<math.h> void main() int I; printf( \n Enter the no. of which you want to calculate the square root: ); scanf( %d,&i); printf( \n The square root of %d is %d,i,sqrt(i)); Mathematical Function:- PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

19 bu QaD kuksa dk iz;ksx x.kuk djus ds fy, djrs gsaa ftlds fy, <math.h> gsmj Qkby dk iz;ksx djrs gsaa (1) abs( ) :- bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx bavhtj ds lgh eku dks okil djus ds fy, gksrk gsa syntax- abs(integer) ex- printf( %d,abs(-70)); output- 70 (2) fabs( )- bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx bavhtj ds lgh eku dks okil djus ds fy, fcuk (+ ;k - ) fpug ds gksrk gsa syntax- fabs(float numbers) ex- printf( %f, fabs (- 43.5)); output (3) sin( )- ;g dks.k ds sine ds eku x.kuk djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- sin(angle in radian) ex- x=sin (30*(3.14/180)); printf( sin of 30 =%f,x); output (4) cos( )- bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx fn;s x;s dks.k ds cosine dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, gksrk gsa syntax- cos(angle in Radian) ex- printf( cosine of 45=%f,cos(45*(3.14/180)); output (5) tan( )- jsfm;u esa fn;s x, dks.k ds tangent ds eku Kkr djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- tan(angle in Radian) PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

20 ex- printf( Tangent of 60=%f,t); output (6) asin( )- fhkuu la[;k arcsine ds eku dh x.kuk djus ds fy, QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- asin(fractional number) ex- a=asin( ) printf( arc sine=%f,a*(180/3.14)); output (7) acos( )- fhkuu la[;k ds arcos ds eku dh x.kuk djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Syntax- acos(fractional number) Ex- a=acos( ) Printf( arc cosine=%f,a*(180/3.14)); Output (8) atan( )- bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx fhkuu la[;k ds arc tangent dh x.kuk djus ds fy, gksrk gsa Syntax- atan( fractional number) Ex- a= atan( ) Printf( arc tangent=%f,a*180/3.14)); Output (9) atan2( )- ;g nh xbz fhkuu la[;kvkasa dk vuqikr (x/y) ds x.kuk djus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- atan2(fractional number 1), (fractional number 2) ex- a=atan2(.5,.75); PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

21 printf( arc tangent2=%f,y); output (10) ceil( )- ;g nh xbz la[;k dks jkm.m vi djds iw.kkzad esa cnyrk gsa syntax- ceil(fractional number) ex- printf( Round up of +8.2=%f, ceil(8.2)); output-9 (11) floor( )- bavhtj dks jkmum Mkmu esa cnyus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- floor(fractional number); ex- printf( Round off + 6.2=%f,floor(6.2)); output- 6 ex- printf( Round off 6.8=%f,floor (-6.8)); output- -6 (12) log( )- nh xbz la[;k dk izkd`frd ykwx Kkr djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- log(positive number) ex- printf( natural logarithm 117=%f,log(117)); output (13) log10( )- nh xbz /kukred la[;k dk lk/kkj.k ykwx x.kuk djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- log10(positive number) ex- a= log10(117); printf( logarithm of 117=%f,a); output PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

22 (14) exp( )- nh xbz la[;k dk,dliksusav eku Kkr djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- exp(number) ex- printf( Exponent value of 3=%f, exp(3)); output (15) pow( )- nh xbz la[;kvksa esa ls igys dks nwljs dks?kkr cukdj eku Kkr djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsaa syntax- pow(number) (exponent) ex- printf( Result=%d, pow(4.2); output- 16 (16) sqrt( )- la[;kvksa dk oxzewy Kkr djus ds fy, bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa syntax- sqrt(number) ex- x=sqrt(81); printf( sqtare root of 81=%d,x); output- 9 Data type Conversion:- fedl eksm,dlizs ku og gs ftlesa vkwijsvj dk vkwijsum fhkuu MkVk Vkbi dk gksrk gsa os vkwijsum eq[;r%,d izdkj esa ifjofrzr gksrs gsa lhkh vkwijsuml~ cm+s vkwijsum ds izdkj ds ifjofrzr gksrs gsaa lh esa ;g lqfo/kk gksrhgs fd og fhkuu izdkj ds osfj,cy dks lehdj.k esa feyk,a ^lh* esa ;g lqfo/kk gksrh gs f dog fhkuu izdkj ds osfj;scy dks lehdj.k esa feyk,alh esa vkwvksesfvd Vkbi ifjorzu dks liksvz djrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,]vxj ge buvhtj dks yksv vad ls xq.kk djrs gs rks ifj.kke yksv gksxka lj deikbyj Lo;a gh buvhtj eku dks yksv eku esa ifjofrzr dj nsrk gsa The order of various data type conversion is as follows: Char<int<long<float<double vkwvksesfvd Vkbi ifjorzu,dlizs ku dks gy djus ds fy, uhps fn;k x;k gs& PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

23 1- char rfkk short dks ifjofrzr gksrs gsa vksj float double esa ifjofrzr gksrs gsa 2- vxj dksbz vkwijsum Mcy gs rks nwljk Hkh Mcy esa ifjofrzr gks tkrk gsa vksj ifj.kke Hkh Mcy gsa 3- vu;fkk]vxj dksbz vkwijsum ykwx gs rks nwljk Hkh long esa ifjofrzr fd;k tkrk gsa vksj ifj.kke double gksrk gsa 4- vu;fkk] vxj dksbz vkwijsumunsigned gs nwljs dks Hkh unsigned esa ifjofrzr djrs gsa vksj ifj.kke Hkh unsigned gksrk gsa 5- vu;fkk] lhkh tks cka, gs oks Vkbi int ds vkwijsum gsa vksj ifj.kke int gksrk gsa mi;qzdr fu;eksa ds fy,,d viokn flfkfr ;g gs fd tc,d vkwijsum ykwx gksrk gsvksj unsigned gksrk gs vksj unsigned dk eku ykwx kjk iznf kzr ugha gksrk gsa bl flfkfr esa nksuksa vkwijsum dks unsigned longesa ifjofrzr djrs gsaa dqn vkifrrtud flfkfr esa esuqvyh Hkh MkVk Vkbi ds dqn,dlizs ku esa ifjorzu dj ldrs gsaa dkflavx dk iz;ksx djrs gq,,dlizs ku dks dqn fo ks"k izdkj dk gksus ds fy, ckf/kr dj ldrs gsaa ex- # include<stdio.h> void main( ) int a; float f,g; \* variable declaration*/ \* a is assigned a value but only integer part will get stored i.e.3*/ a=3.4; printf( \Na=%d\n,a); f=a; \* now f will be 3.0*/ print( \nf=%f\n,f); g=(f+a)/a; printf( \ng=%f\n,g); PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

24 UNIT III IF STATEMENT:- lh izksxzke esa fu.kz; ysus ds fy, if LVsaVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa dh omz if dks vaxzsth o.kzekyk ds lower case esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa if LVsaVesUV esa dh omz if iz;ksx ds ckn ( ) branch esa 'krz nh tkrh gsa ;fn og 'krz iw.kz gksrh gs rks mlls lecfu/kr LVsVesUV execute gksrk gsa ;fn og 'krz iw.kz ugha gksrh rks if statement ml LVsaVesUV dks NksM+ nsrk gs vksj ml LVsVesUV dks execute djrk gs tks rqjur mlds ckn gksrk gsa ;fn ge,d ls vf/kd LVsVesUV dks 'krz ds iw.kz gksus ij execute djuk pkgrs gs rks ge LVsVesUV dks braces ds vunj fy[krs gsaa if statement syntaxif (Condition) statement; (1) tc dfm ku ds lr; gksus ij dsoy,d gh LVsVesUV execute djuk gks rks if LVsaVesUV dk fueukuqalkj iz;ksx fd;k tk,xka if (condition) statement; (2) Condition ds lr; gksus ij,d ls vf/kd LVsVesUV~l execute djus gksa rc if statement ds varxzr vkus okys statement likzdkj dks"bd ( ) esa cun j[ks tkrs gsa& If (Condition) statement1; statement2; ex- #include<stdio.h> main( ) int salary,da; printf( \n Enter salary ); scanf( %d,& Salary); fflush(stdin); if(salary>7000) da=salary*.20; salary=salary+da; PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

25 if(salary<=7000) da=salary*.10; salary=salary+da; printf( \n salary:%d,salary); output- Enter salary:5400 Salary:6209 Output- Enter salary:1250 Salary:1375 IF ELSE STATEMENT- ;fn ge if LVsVesUV dh dumh ku lr; gksus ij mlls lecaf/kr lhkh LVsaVesUV execute djuk pkgrs gs vksj 'krz ds viw.kz gksus ij Hkh dqn vu; LVsVesUV~l dks execute djuk pkgrs gs rks,slh ifjflfkfr esa ge if else statement dks iz;ksx djrs gsa syntax- if (Condition) statement block -1; else statement block-2; LVsVesUV CykWd 1 rhkh execute gksxk tc if LVsVesUV esa nh xbz damh ku lr; gksxh vksj dumh ku vlr; dh ifjflfkfr esa LVsVesUV CykWd 2 execute gksxka Ex- # include<stdio.h> Main( ) int rno,marks; printf( \n Enter Roll no: ); scanf( %d,& rno); fflush(stdin); printf( \n Enter Marks: ); PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

26 scanf( %c,& marks); fflush(stdin); if (marks>=50) printf( \n *****PASS *****); else printf( \n ***** FAIL*****); NESTED IF STATEMENT:- tc fdlh ywi esa,d ;k vusd ywi fdz;kfuor fd;s tk,w rks ywi dk ;g ;qxe Nested Loop dgykrk gsa blesa igyk ywi ckgjh ywi dgykrk gs vksj nwljk ywi tks ckgjh ywi ds vanj gksrk gs vkarfjd ywi dgykrk gsa ex- IF Qualification= B.sc if Experience=10 DISPLAY Eligible ElSE DISPLAY NOT Eligible ENDIF ENDIF l krz vkwijsvj(conditional Operator)or? operator:- lh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa l krz vkwijsvj? gsa ;g if LVsVesUV dk lafkir :i gsa tks LVsVesUV if else LVsVesUV kjk dbz ykbuksa dk gksrk gs bl vkwijsvj ds iz;ksx ls if LVsVesUV dks,d ykbu esa fy[kk tk ldrk gsa ;fn gesa fy[kuk gs& if(x!=y) x=a; else x=b; bu LVsVesUV dks ge l krz vkwijsvj dh lgk;rk ls bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gs& x=(x!=y)?a:b; bl vkwijsvj ds iz;ksx kjk fy[ks x, LVsVesUV ls Hkh ogha ifj.kke izkir gksrk gs tks dbz ykbzuksa esa fy[ks x, if else LVsVesUV kjk izkir gksrk gsa GOTO STATEMENT:- xks Vw LVsVesaV dks iz;ksx djus dh nks ifjflfkfr;ka gks ldrh gsa izfke vxzxkeh xks Vw,ao frh; i pxkeh xks VwA syntax- goto label; PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

27 label :statement ¼vxzxkeh xks Vw LVsVesUV½ 3- label:statement. goto label: i pxkeh xks Vw LVSVesUV ;fn izksxzke ds dk;kzuo;u ds nksjku xks Vw LVsVesUV esa fn;k x;k yscy izksxzke esa vkxs vkus okyk gs rks bl xks Vw LVsVesUV dks vxzxkeh xks Vw LVsVesUV dgk tk,xk] vksj ;fn xks Vw LVsVesUV esa fn;k x;k yscy izksxzke esa iwoz gh dgha fn;k tk pqdk gs] rk bl xks Vw LVsVesUV dks i pxkeh xks Vw LVsVesUV dgk tk,xka ex- main( ) int a; more: printf( \n Enter the number ); scanf( %d, &a); if (a<50) goto M else printf( You are pass ); M: Printf( You are Fail );,js dk iz;ksx%& lh Hkk"kk gesa,d,slh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gsa ftldh otg ls ge,d tsls MsVk Vkbi ds lewg cuk ldrs gsa dai;wfvax dh Hkk"kk esa bls,js dgrs gsaa ;fn ge /;ku ls lkspas rks ik;saxs fd,js vksj IokbaVj oklro esa,d nwljs ls xgjk laca/k j[krs gsa ;fn ge,sjs dh ckr djsa vksj mlds lkfk IokbaVj dh ckr u djsa rks ;g dqn vthc lk gksxka oklro esa lhkh,ls IokbaVj dks vkarfjd rksj ij iz;ksx djrh gsa,jks dks vpnh rjg ls le>us ds fy;s,d izksxzke ij,d utj Mkyrs gsaa main( ) int x; x=5; x=10; PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

28 printf( \nx=%d,x); ;g izksxzke oklro esa x dk nl ckj fizav djsxka bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd x esa 10 dks fu/kkzfjr dj fn;k gsa ysfdu ;gkw ij vki,d ckr ij vksj /;ku nsa fd izksxzke esa igys x dk eku 5 gs] ysfdu nwljh ckr ;g 10 gs blh otg ls bldk vafre eku 10 gh ekuk tk;sxka,js cukuk (Array Declaration)%& ftl rjg ls ge izksxzke esa nwljs csfj;scy lsv djrs gsa Bhd mlh rjg ls ;fn,js dks iz;ksx djuk gs rks bls r; djuk gksrk gsa int marks[30]; ;gka ij int oklro esa osfj;scy dk izdkj gsa marks dks osfj;scy ds uke ds rksj ij 3 ;ksx fd;k x;k gsa bu nksuksa ls rks ifjfpr gsa gha ;gka vkids fy, tks ckr u;h gs og gs[30] ;g oklro esa csfj;scy esa rroksa dh la[;k dks fu/kkzfjr djrh gsa cm+k dks"bd bl ckr dk izrhd gs fd ;gkw ij,js dks r; fd;k x;k gsa bl cms dks"bd dh otg ls gh lh dk deikbyj osfj;scy dks,js ds :I esa le>rk gsa,d vk;keh,sjs(one Dimensional array)- ftl,sjs dks flqz,d bumsdl ds lkfk iznf kzr djrs gsa] mls,d vk;keh,sjs dgrs gsaa vc izfke iznf kzr,sjs dks ;kn djsa% int num[5]; ;gkw 5,sjs dk bumsdl gsa tks,sjs ds lkbt n kkzrk gs fd,sjs esa 5 eku jgsaxsa [5] bl Hkkx dks,sjs bumsdl dgrs gsaa,sjs esa fxurh 'kwu; ls 'kq: gksrh gs] vxj ge int num[5] iznf kzr djrs gsa rks,sls 5 ekuksa dks j[k ldrk gs vksj eku ds fu:i.k dh 'kq:vkr num[0]..num[4] rd gksrh gsa ex- # include<stdio.h> main( ) int list[20]; int num; \* number of elements in the list*/ int I; printf( /n Enter the number of integer elements in the list ); scanf( /n Enter the elements ); for(i=0;i<num;i++) printf( \n Enter number: ); scanf( %d,&list[i]);. PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

29 Multi dimensnal array:- vhkh rd geus dsoy,sjs dks dsoy,d Mk;esa ku ds :I esa blrseky djuk lh[kka vki lh esa izksxzke fy[krs le; blds lkfk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Mk;esa ku blrseky dj ldrs gsa uhps fn, gq, mnkgj.k esa vki ;g ns[k ldrs gsa& Main( ) int stud[4] [2]; int I,j; for(i=0;i<=3;i++) printf( \n Enter roll no. and marks ); scanf( %d%d, & stud[i][0],&stud[i][1]); for(j=0;j<=3;j++) printf( \n %d%d, stud[i][0],stud[i][1]); bl izksxzke ds nks Hkkx gsaa igys Hkkx esa for loop dk blrseky djds jksy uecj]vad br;kfn ds eku dks i<+k x;k gsa tcfd nwljs Hkkx esa QkWj ywi ds kjk bugsa fizav fd;k x;k gsa igys QWkj ywi ds varxzr LdSu LVsaVesUV ds iz;ksx dks /;ku ls ns[ks& scanf( %d%d, & stud[i][0],&stud[i][1]); blesa fn, gq, stud[i][0] vksj stud[i][1] osfj;scy stud ds izfke lc fldziv gsa tks izr;sd Nk= ds laca/k esa jks uacj dks cnyrs gsaa tcfd ladsam lc&fldziv 'kwu; dkwye ds ckjs esa crkrh gs tgka ij jksy uacj gsa ;gka ij vkidks,d ckr /;ku j[kuh gs fd jks vksj dkwye dh x.kuk ges kk 'kwu; ls gh 'kq: gksxha,js cukuk (Array Declaration) & initlalization of arrays%& ftl rjg ls ge izksxzke esa nwljs csfj;scy lsv djrs gsa Bhd mlh rjg ls ;fn,js dks iz;ksx djuk gs rks bls r; djuk gksrk gsa int marks[30]; ;gka ij int oklro esa osfj;scy dk izdkj gsa marks dks osfj;scy ds uke ds rksj ij 3 ;ksx fd;k x;k gsa bu nksuksa ls rks ifjfpr gsa gha ;gka vkids fy, tks ckr u;h gs og gs[30] ;g oklro esa csfj;scy esa rroksa dh la[;k dks fu/kkzfjr djrh gsa cm+k dks"bd bl ckr dk izrhd gs fd ;gkw ij,js dks r; fd;k x;k gsa bl cms dks"bd dh otg ls gh lh dk deikbyj osfj;scy dks,js ds :i esa le>rk gsa,js buhf kykbt djuk%& vhkh geus izksxzke esa ftl,js dks iz;ksx djuk lh[kk Fkk mlesa eku dks izksxzke ds fdz;kuo;u ds ckn LVksj fd;k x;k FkkA,js esa LVksj bu eku dks lekir djds,js dks nksckjk PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

30 fdl rjg ls iz;ksx fd;k tk;s blds fy;s bls buhf kykbt djuk im+sxka bl laca/k esa vkb;s dqn mnkgj.kksa dks ns[ksa& int num[6]=2,4,12,5,45,5; int n[ ]=2,4,12,5,45,5; float press[ ]= 12,3,34,2,-23,4,11.3; bu mnkgj.kksa ls gekjs lkeus ;g fu"d"kz vkrk gsa& 1- tc rd,sjs esa dksbz fuf pr eku ugha fn;k tkrk gs rc rd ;g lc fdlh dke dk ugha gsa 2-,sjs dks buhf kykbt djus ds fy;s mlds vkdkj ;k MkW;esa ku dks crkuk vkwi kuy gsa nwljh ykbu esa bls n kkz;k x;k gsa PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

31 UNIT-IV THE NEED AND FORM C FUNCTION:- C language dbz QaD kuksa dk lewg gsa QaD ku,d flaxy yksftdy ;wfuv gksrh gsa ftlds kjk,d ;k vf/kd LVsVesaV ds lewg dks fjlhom fd;k tk ldrk gsa C QaD ku,d CykWd LVsVesaV fd rjg gksrk gsa tks blds lelr dk;z dks laiuu djrk gsa c ysxost esa ge ykbczsjh QaD ku vksj ;wtj fmqkbu QaD ku dk mi;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gsa,d izksxzke esa QaD ku dk mi;ksx djds ge izksxzke dks NksVk cuk ldrs gsa,d izksxzke esa,d QaD ku dks,d ;k,d ls vf/kd ckj dkwy fd;k tk ldrk gsa USER DEFINE FUNCTION(UDF):-,sls QaD ku tks ;wtj Loa; vius fdlh dk;z dks djus ds fy, fdz;sv djrk gsa udf function dgykrs gsa udf function esa ;wtj dks QaD ku use fjvzu MkVk Vkbi vksj vkx;wzesuv vkfn pquus dh Lora=rk gksrh gsa udf function dks creat djus ds lcls igys mls main( ) esa fmdys;j djus dh vko ;drk gksrh gs rfkk bldh MsfQus ku dks main( ) ds ckgj fy[kk tkrk gsa,d udf function dk mi;ksx djds mls NksVk dj ldrs gsa udf function predefine or precompile function ugha gksrs bugsa izksxzke ds lkfk gh fmqkbu vksj deikbyj fd;k tkrk gsa ekud ykbczsjh QaD ku(standard Library Function) izfdz;k dks djus ds fy, lh QaD ku izksxzkej dks ykbzczsjh QaD ku dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gsa LVS.MMZ QaD ku Hkk"kk ds QaD ku esa cus gksrs gsaa izksxzkej dks bu QaD kuksa dks fy[kus dh vko ;drk ugha gksrh] D;ksafd ;s izh&mhqkbm gksrs gsaa ftldk iz;ksx izksxzkej vkx;wzesuv ikl djrs le; vko ;drk ij bl QaD ku dks dkwy dj ldrk gsa D;ksafd bl QaD ku dk iz;ksx ges kk gksrk gsaa blfy, bugsa,d [kkl ykbcszjh esa j[kk tkrk gsa ftls,d Js.kh;ksa ckavdj,d mi;ksxh QkbZy esa j[kk tkrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,]qad ku tsls rand(),sqrt,pow(int,int) dks math.h esa j[kk x;k gsa D;ksafd ;s x.kuk djus dk dk;z gsaa tc dhkh Hkh gesa fdlh QaD ku dks dk;z djus dh t:jr gksrh gs rks gesa ykbczsjh gsmj QkbZy ds ikl tkuk gksrk gs rfkk QaD ku dks dky djuk gksrk gsa tc dhkh gesa fdlh eq[; QaD ku ds iz;ksx dh t:jr gksrh gs rks ykbczsjh gsmj Qkby ls ml QaD ku dks dkwy dj ysrs gsa Ex- #include <stdio.h> #include<math.h> void main() int I; printf( \n Enter the no. of which you want to calculate the square root: ); scanf( %d,&i); printf( \n The square root of %d is %d,i,sqrt(i)); PROGRAMING IN C LANGUAGE COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD