fof k V ckyd lewg ¼Special Group of children½,oa ¼Learning Disablities)

Transkript

1 fof k V ckyd lewg ¼Special Group of children½,oa ¼Learning Disablities) 1- fof k V ckyd kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd] vkffkzd vfkok laosxkred n`f V ls lkeku; ckydksa ls Ik;kZIr :i esa fhkuu gksrs gsa 2- lkeku; :i ls fhkuu ckydksa ds fy;s fo ks k izdkj dh f k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh vko ;drk gksrh gs 3- fof k V ckydksa esa fufgr fhkuurkvksa rfkk fo ks krkvksa dks /;ku es a j[kdj fo ks k f k{kk O;oLFkk dh tkrh gs mls fof k V f k{kk ¼Special Education½ dgrs gsaa 4- fdlh ckyd dh tue ls gh gkfk dh dksbz vaxqyh NksVh vkfn gs ;k kkjhfjd cukov dh n`f V ls og lkeku; ugha gs rks bls {kfr;qdrkrk@ckf/krk ¼Impairment½ dgrs gsaa

2 a 5- kdrkrrk ¼Disability½ & vlefkzrk dk dkj.k kkjhfjd cukov dh fdz;k khyrk dk {kfr;qdrkrk gksrh gsa tsls fd fdlh O;fDRk dk,d vka[k ls u ns[k ikuk ;k,d dku ls u lqu ikuka 6- fodykaxrk@viaxrk ¼Handicap½ & lkeku;r% rks tks ckyd kkjhfjd nks k j[krs gsa mugsa fodykax ckyd dgk tkrk gsa fdurq ;g ekuk tkrk gs fd O;fDRk dh vlefkzrk,d {ks= es fodykaxrk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gs ysfdu ;g vko ;d ugha fd og nwljs {ks= esa Hkh fodykaxrk dgyk,a tsls& o.kkzu/krk okgu&pkkyu] ty&lsuk vkfn esa viaxrk ekuh tkrh gs ysfdu [ksrh dk dk;z djus es a ughaa blh izdkj gdykuk vfhkhkk kd ;k odrkk cuus esa viaxrk gs ysfdu fp=dkj ;k ys[kd cuus esa ugha A 7- ckf/krk ;k {kfr;qdrrk dk lecu/k kkjhfjd lajpuk ¼Structural½ gsa 8- vlefkzrk@v kdrkrr fdz;kred ¼Functional½ gsa

3 9- viaxrk lkekftd rfkk euksoskkfud ¼Social & Psychological½ ekuh tkrh gsa 10- orzeku le; esa kkjhfjd] ekufld rfkk vf/kxe :i ls fodykax vfkok l{ke ckydksa dks fof k V lewg ckyd ¼Special Group of children½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa 11-,sls ckyd ftuesa fof k V vf/kxe nks k gksrs gsa],sls ckydksa dks vf/kxe fodykax vfkok vf/kxe v{ke vfkok vf/kxe v;ksx; ¼Learning Disable½ ckyd dgk tkrk gsa,sls ckyd izk;% cqf) es a vkslr vfkok vkslr ls mpp gksrs gsa fdurq bugsa,d ;k,d ls vf/kd le>us dh euksoskkfud izfø;kvksa esa tsls Hkk kk rfkk vadksa dk iz;ksx djus esa] fy[kus es a] vfkok cksyus esa dfbukbz gksrh gsa 12- vf/kxe fodykax vfkok vf/kxe v{ke ckydksa esa izk;% lquus] lkspus] cksyus] i<+us] fy[kus] mppkj.k djus rfkk vkafdd x.kukvksa esa

4 dfbukbz;ksa dk vuqhko djrs gsa rfkk cgqr vf/kd =qf=;k djrs gsa 13- vf/kxe fodykaxrk vfkok v{kerk dbz izdkj dh gksrh gsa vqsft;k ¼lquh gqbz Hkk kk ds xzg.k djus es a dfbukbz ½] fmlysfdl;k ¼i<+us esa vfkok mppkj.k nks k½] gkbijysfdl;k ¼ kcnksa vfkok okd;ksa ds vocks/k dk u gksuk½ fmldsyd;wfy;k ¼xf.krh; x.kukvksa,oa izfø;kvksa dk nks kiw.kz gksuk½] rfkk fmlxzkfq;k ¼nks kiw.kz kcnksa vfkok okd;ksa dk ys[ku½a 14-,d vkslr cqf) cppk ;fn Hkk kk dks i<+us,oa le>us esa dfbukbz iznf kzr djrk gs rks ;g ladsr nsrk gs fd cppkk ^ibu&v{kerk*@ ibu&osdy;@fmlysfdl;k ¼Reading disability Dyslexia ½ ls xzflr gsa

5 15- lqlaxr orzuh esa dfbukbz (Spelling consistency) lh[kus dh lkeku; izfdz;k gsa bldk rkri;z ;g ugha fd ckyd dks ibu&osdy; ;k Reading-disability gsa 16- ibu&osdy; ;k Reading-disability ds fofhkuu :i gsa& fmlysfdl;k],ysfdl;k] gkbijysfdl;k vkfna 17- ;fn,d f k{kkfkhz TEN dks NET rfkksaw dks WAS i<+rk gs rks og fmlysfdl;k ls xzlr gsa 18- os cpps tks Hkk kk cksyus] lquus] rfkk fy[kus esa lel;k iznf kzr djrs gsa] os fmlqsft;k ¼Language disability Dysphasia ½ ls xzflr gksrs gsaa eksf[kd :Ik ls lh[kus lecu/kh v{kerk dks vqsft;k aphasia dgk tkrk gsa 19- tks ckyd fujaru kcnksa vksj okd;ksa dks =qfviw.kz fy[krk gs og fmlxzkfq;k nks k ls xzflr ekuk tkrk gsa 20- d{kk dk,d fo kfkhz 3 3 dks 3$3 le>rk gs] rks bl izdkj dh ckyd fmldsydqfy;k ls xzflr gsa ;g xf.kr lecu/kh vf/kxe v{kerk gsa

6 21- us=ghu ckydksa dks i<+kus ds fy, czsy fyfi dk blrseky fd;k tkrk gsa blds vkfo dkj yqbz cszy ¼QzkUl½ gsaa 22- /;ku&vhkko] vfr&fdz;k khyrk fod`fr (ADHD Attention deficit Hyper activity Disorder) & Luk;qra= lecu/kh fod`fr gsa ds fu;a=.k dh lel;k gksrh gsa,dkxzrk ckf/kr gksrh gsa tsls& dgh xbz ckr dks iwjk u lquuka dk;z o [ksy esa /;ku dh deha lkexzh [kks nsuka izz u lekir gksus ls igys gh mrrj nsuka viuh ckjh ds fy, cspsuha lqus fcuk nwljs dh ckr dkv nsuka 23- fodykaxksa ds fy, ikfjr vf/kfu;e,oa jk Vªh; lalfkk,a % 1- ekufld LokLF; vf/kfu;e&1987 (Mental Health act -1987) & fodykax cppksa dk bykt vksj ekufld fodyakx cppksa dk iquokzl 2- Hkkjrh; iquokzl ifj kn~ vf/kfu;e&1992@lalks/ku&2000 (RCI- Rehabilitation council of India)

7 &;g is ksoj O;fDRk;ksa] fodykaxksa ds iquokzl ds fy, dk;z djus okyksa dks izf k{k.k,oa eku;rk,oa vuqla/kku dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gsa ;g lkekftd U;k; o vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky; ds v/khu gsa 3- fodykax O;fDRk vf/kfu;e&1995 (PWD Persons with Disability Act-1995) &;g vf/kfu;e 1996 esa ykxw gqvka bles a 7 izdkj dh fu;kszx;rk,a ekuh xbzaa % 1- va/kkiu (Blindness) 2- vyin`f V (Lowvision) 3- Jo.k&ckf/kr (Hearing impairment) 4- xkedck/kk (Locomotor Disability) 5- fuokj.k;ksx; dq B jksx (Leprosy cured) 6- ekufld eanrk (Mental Retardation)

8 7- ekufld chekjh (Mental Illness) 4- jk Vªh; U;kl vf/kfu;e&1999 (NTA- National Trust Act-1999) &,d laos/kkfud fudk; gs tks fodykaxksa dks vkrefuhkzj cukrk gsa blesa nks izdkj dh fodykaxrk vksj kkfey dh xbza & 1- rk (Autism or Autistic Disorder)&;g,d Luk;qra= fodkj ekuk x;k gsa bl fodykaxrk es a cppk Hkk kk dk uk rks le> ikrk gs u cksy ikrk gs vksj,d gh kcn ckj&ckj cksyrk gsa lecfu/k;ksa dks Hkh ugha igpkurka tqm+ok cppksa esa 60 izfr kr rd LOkyhurk jgus dh vk kadk jgrh gsa

9 Loyhurk vkuqokaf kd dkj.kksa ls gksrh gsa cppksa esa fueufyf[kr nq izhkko im+rs gsa& 1- lkekftd fu;kszx;rk (Social Impairment) 2- leizs k.k fu;kszx;rk (Communication Impairment / Echolalia) 3- yphysiu dh fu;kszx;rk ds dkj.k ckj&ckj kcnksa dks nksgjkrs jguk (Repetitive Stereotyped Behaviour) 4- world Autism Day 2 April 2- ef r d&i{kk?kkr (Cerebral Palsy) & ydok] v/kjkax (Due to brain and spinal cord damage)

10 euksoskkfud jksx tks f k{kk kkl= ls lecfu/kr gsa % 1- Developmental coordination disorder (Dyspraxia) nqf dz;k fodkj Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) also known as developmental dyspraxia. This is a chronic neurological disorderbeginning in childhood that can affect planning of movements and co-ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. KkusfUnz;,dhdj.k v{kerk ftlds dkj.k cppkk gkfk o vka[kksa esa leuo; ugha j[k ikrk gs tsls& isfuly u idm+ ikuk] cvu can u dj ikuka 2- Dyscalculia x.ku fodkj Dyscalculia is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, and learning facts in Mathematics.

11 3- Dyslexia ibufodkj Dyslexia, also known as alexia. or developmental reading disorder. This is characterized by difficulty with learning to read and with differing comprehension of language despite normal or aboveaverage intelligence. 4- Dysphagia fuxj.kd V Dysphasia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing. 5- Dysgraphia fmlxzkfq;k& ys[ku fodkj]fp=kred lel;k]vkd`fr dk vadu djus esa lel;k& Dysgraphia is a deficiency in the ability to write, primarily handwriting, but also coherence. [1] Dysgraphia is a transcription disability, meaning that it is a writing disorder associated with impaired handwriting, orthographic coding (orthography, the storing process of written words

12 and processing the letters in those words), and finger sequencing (the movement of muscles required to write).writing problem, spelling and Handwriting and organising ideas. 6- pyk?kkr Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the Anterior parietal cortex), in which someone has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked,. A person with apraxia cannot move his or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds correctly 7- Hkk kk?kkr Aphasia is a combination of a speech and language disorder caused by damage to the brain Most often caused by a cerebral vascular accident, which is also known as a stroke, aphasia can cause impairments in speech and language modalities. The four communication modalities are

13 auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading and writing, and functional communication.the term "aphasia" implies that one or more communication modalities have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly. 8- Loyhurk ¼v fvte½ & Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. Loyhurk ¼v fvte½ eflr"d ds fodkl ds nksjku gksus okyk fodkj gs tks O;fä ds lkekftd O;ogkj vksj laidz dks çhkkfor djrk gsa fgunh esa bls ^vkrefoeksg* vksj ^Loijk;.krk* Hkh dgrs gsaa blls çhkkfor O;fä] lhfer vksj nksgjko ;qä O;ogkj djrk gs tsls,d gh dke dks ckj&ckj nksgjkuka ;g lc cpps ds rhu lky gksus ls igys gh 'kq# gks tkrk gsa bu y{k.kksa dk leqpp; ¼lsV½ vkrefoeksg dks

14 gyds ¼de çhkkoh½ vkrefoeksg LisDVªe fodkj ¼ASD½ ls vyx djrk gs] tsls,litzj flamªksea v fvt~e,d ekufld jksx gs ftlds y{k.k tue ls gh ;k cky;kolfkk ls utj vkus yxrsa gsaa ftu cppks es ;g jksx gksrk gs mudk fodkl vu; cppks dh vis{kk vlkeku; gksrk 9- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event. 10- lkosuv F;kSjh vksj busvyhtsal Savant syndrome cqf)&yfc/k ijh{k.k es a de vkbzd;w ysfdu Rofjr&x.kuk] dyk] laxhr vkfn esa vlk/kkj.k izn kzu

15 24- fmlysfdl;k essa eflr d ds nksuksa xksyk/kz Bhd ls dke ugha djrs gsaa 25- gkbij&,fdvfovh & Lack of concentration. 26- ksrd Hkk kk fodkl & Oral Language Disability. Inability to speak or deficiency in the ability to use or understand language as result of injury or disease of the brain. 27- fmlfkhfe;k Disthemia/Depressive Mood Disability -,d volkn tks HkkokRed fod`fr gsa

16 28- fmleseksxzkfq;k Dismemographia -,d Le`fr&nks k Memory Disability. 29- vkwfmvsfdl;k Auditaxia-JOk.kck/kk 30- f}/kzoh; fodkj Bipolar Disorder - ekufld volkn,oa muekn Mental Depression and Mania. 31- eksuksiysfl;k Monoplesia -,d gkfk ;k,d isj izhkkfor One Hand or one leg affected. 32- gsehiysfl;k Hemiplesia nksuksa gkfk ;k nksuksa isj izhkkfor Both Hands or both legs are affected. 33- DokfMªIysfl;k Quadriplesia gkfk vksj isj pkjksa izhkkfor Both Hands and both legs are affected. 34-,EI;wVs ku Amputation vax&fopnsnu 35-,fiysIlh Epilespsy/ convulsive Disorder fejxh ds nksjs

17 s 36- Xywdksek Glucoma us=kas ea mpp nkc ls jsfvuk dk {kfrxzlr gksuk 37- Locomotor Disability iksfy;ks] mpp jdrkpki vkfn ds dkj.k Qkfyl] isjkyk;fll 38- ekufld ck/kk Mental DisabilityxHkkZoLFkk ds nksjku vk kadk] Mk;fcVht] cszu pksv] ihfy;k] ;k,uksfdl;ka 39- varjkz Vªh; fodykax fnol & 3 fnlecj 40-,VMZ uked QzsaPk,tqdsVj us,d taxyh ym+ds dks i<+kus dk iz;kl fd;ka,vmz dks igyk fo ks k f k{kk f k{kk ekuk tkrk gsa 41- eancqf) ckydksa gsrq igyk fo ky; isfjl& Qzakl esa 1882 esa lsxfou us [kksyk A 42- va/kksa ds fy, czsy i)fr ds vkfo dkjd yqbz czsy dk tue 1809 esa Qazkl esa gqvka 1821 esa bugksaus czsy iz.kkyh dk vkfo dkj fd;ka czsy iz.kkyh dks 1832 esa Lohd`fr fey xbza buds leeku esa Hkkjr esa 2009 esa 2 #Ik;s dk flddk tkjh fd;k tk pqdk gssa

18 43- czsy :yj] pkank] deikl ls n`f Vghu Hkh vkd`fr;ak cuk ldrs gsaa 44- czsy LysV esa 6 xkabs o 6 fcunq gksrs gsaa ;g fy[kus dk ljy midj.k us=ghuksa ds fy, gsa 45- czsyj VkbijkbVj es a 6 cvu o,d Lisl gksrk gsa 46- Hkkjrh; cszy bafxy k cszy ij vk/kkfjr gs ftlesa 26 ls vf/kd o.kz gsaa 47- n`f Vckf/krksa ds fy, izeq[k midj.kksa ea s czsy VkWfdax dsydqysvj] vcsdl vkfna 48- vcsdl ;a= ;k fxurkjk es a,d pks[kvk gksrk gs ftlesa dbz rkj yxs gksrs gsa vksj bu rkjksa esa ew axs ;k ydm+h ds euds yxs jgrs gsaa tks fxurh vkfn esa dke vkrs gsaa 49- fof k V lewg ds ckydksa dh f k{kk ds fuferr lkeku; fo ky;ksa esa lkeku; d{kkvksa esa v/;kiu ds lkfk&lkfk vfrfjdr fof k V d{kkvksa dk Hkh vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gsa fdurqq,sls ckydksa dks lekos ku ls i`fkd ugha djuk pkfg,a cfyd v/;kid dks bugsa vf/kxe djkus dh rduhdh dk izf k{k.k Lo;a ysuk pkfg,a

19 50- fof k V ckydksa dh f k{kk ds fy, fo ks k d{kkvksa ds vk;kstu ds lkfk&lkfk] O;fDrxr /;ku nsus] O;olkf;d izf k{k.k nsus] euksoskkfud leiqf V nsus tsls] mik; fd;s tkrs gsa 51- jk Vªh; f k{kk uhfr 1986 esa fof k V ckydksa dh f k{kk ds lecu/k esa vusd fo ks k izko/kku fd;s x;s gsaa buesa ls lokzf/kd izeq[k O;oLFkk O;oLFkk gsa izr;sd fo ky; esa euksoskkfud ekxzfunsz kd o ijke kzd (Guidance and Counseller) dh O;oLFkk dk izko/kku gsa 52- jk Vªh; f k{kk uhfr dk;kzuo;u&1992 esa fof k V lewg ckydksa (Special Group of Children) ds fuferr izr;sd fo ky; esa fo ks k :i ls izf kf{kr v/;kidksa dh O;oLFkk djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa ls de cqf)&yfc/k ckydksa dks ^{kh.k&cqf) lewg* eas j[kk tk;sxka

20 54- fueu cqf) dk gksuk (Low Intelligency) ekufld&eanu (Mental Retardness) dgykrk gsa ysfdu fdlh cpps dk fueu Lrj dh ksf{kd miyfc/k gksus dk vk k; ;g ugha gs fd og ekufld :Ik ls eafnr gh gsa 55- ekufld :i ls eun ckydksa dks f k{kk nsus gsrq os;fdrd&vuqns ku (Individual Instructions) mikxe lokszrre gsa 56- eancqf) ckydksa ds izeq[k y{k.k bl izdkj gsa& 1- lkekftd v{kerk (Social Disability) 2-,dkxzrk (Concentration) dk vhkko 3- tfvy fu;eksa dks u le> ikuk 4- vkre&fuhkzjrk (Self-Dependency) dk vhkko 57- ;fn ekufld :i ls eancqf) ckyd ;fn 50 ls vf/kd cqf)&yfc/k ds vklikl gsa rks mugsa izf kf{kr djuk vklku gsa

21 58- d{kk eas lkeku; finm+kiu (General Backwardness) dqlek;kstu ds dkj.k (Maladjustment) mriuu gksrk gsa 59- fo ks k :Ik ls izkfkfed Lrj ij fo kffkz;ksa dh lh[kus lecu/kh lel;kvksa dks lecksf/kr djus dk lcls csgrj rjhdk ;g gs fd f k{kd cppksa dh vf/kxe&v{kerkvksa ds vuq:ik fofhkuu f k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djsa fof k V ckyd & (Special Child) 1- fof k V ;k vlk/kkj.k ckyd mu ckydksa dks dgk tkrk gs tks fofhkuu Ádkj ds khyxq.kksa (Traits) vkfn esa lkeku; cppksa ls vyx gksrs gasa 2- vksjysuldh ds vuqlkj (Orlansky) & ^^fof k V,d,slk in gs ftldk rkri;z fdlh Hkh,sls ckyd ls gksrk gs ftldk fu iknu (Performance) ekud (Standard) ls Åij ;k uhps bl gn rd fopfyr gksrk gs fd mlds fy, fo ks k f k{kk ds dk;zøe dh vko ;rk gksrh gsa** 3- fød,oa xkyk/kkj (Krick and Gallagher) ds vuqlkj & ^^,sls ckyd tks vkslr ;k

22 lkeku; ckyd ls fueu vk/kkj ij fhkuu gksrs gsa& ¼v½ ekufld xq.kksa esa ¼c½ KkukRed {kerkvksa esa ¼l½ U;wjks&fØ;kRed (Neuro-motor) ;k kkjhfjd xq.kksa esa ¼n½ lkekftd O;ogkj esa ¼b½ cgqfodykaxrk esa fof k V ckydksa ds Ádkj Special Child) (Types of gsmokmz rfkk vksjuysldh (Heward and Orlansky) ds vuqlkj buds fueufyf[kr izdkj gsa %

23 1- ÁfrHkk kkyh,oa Áoh.k ckyd (Gifted and Talented Children) 2- ekufld :i ls ean ckyd (Mentally Retarded Children) 3- f k{k.k&vlefkzrk ls xzflr ckyd (children with Learning Disabilities) 4- O;ogkj&jksxks ls xzflr ckyd (Children with Behaviors Disorder) 5- Hkk kk&nks k ls xzflr ckyd (Language disorder) 6- n` ;,oa JO;&nks k ls xzflr ckyd (Children with visual defects or hearing impaired) 7- cgqfodykaxrk {kfr ls xzflr ckyd (Children with Multiple Handicaps) lkjka kr% vf/kxe ÁfØ;k esa fo ks k =qfv;k (Special Errors In Learning Process) cpps lh[krs le; fo ks k Ádkj dh =qfv;k djrs jgrs gsa lkeku; =qfv;ka vh;kl ds }kjk nwj gks ldrh gs ysfadu vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydksa ds

24 izfr fo ks k laosnu khyrk dh t:jr gksrh gsa bu =qfv;ksa dks ge fueu Hkkxksa esa ckav ldrs gsaa 1- i<+us lecu/kh v{kerk (Reading Problems) & dbz ckj cpps i<+rs le; =qfv;k djrs gq, ns[ks tkrs gsa oks kcnksa dks i<+rs le; =qfv;k dj nsrs gsa mnkgj.k & jke dks ejk i<+uka Saw dks Was i<+uka blds nks Ádkj gsa & ¼v½,ysfDl;k (Alexia) ¼c½ fmlysfdl;k (Dyslexia) 2- fy[kus lecu/kh v{kerk (Writing Problems) & dbz ckj cpps fy[krs gq, =qfv;k dj nsrs gs fy[kus dh =qfv;ksa dks ge fueu Hkkxksa esa ckav ldrs gsa ¼v½ fmlásfdl;k (Dyspraxia) ¼c½ fmlxzkfq;k (dysgraphia) ¼l½ vásfdl;k (Apraxia) ¼n½ vxzsfq;k (Agraphia) 3- xf.kr lecu/kh v{kerk (Mathematical Related Problems) & bl v{kerk ds

25 vuqlkj cpps xf.kr ds fpugksa dks xyr le>rs gsa xf.kr lecu/kh lel;kvksa dks ge rhu Hkkxksa esa ckav ldrs gsa ¼v½ ysdlhdy fmldsydqfy;k (Lexical Dyscalculia) ¼c½ xzkfqdy fmldsydqfy;k (Graphical Dyscalculia) ¼l½ oczy fmldsydqfy;k (Verbal Dyscalculia) 4- eksf[kd (Verbal) :i ls lh[kus dh v{kerk & bl v{kerk dks ge nks Hkkxksa esa ckav ldrs gs& ¼v½ vqst;k (Aphasia) ¼c½ fmlqst;k (Dysphasia)