bdkbz&2 Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh ;qfdr;kw

Transkript

1 bdkbz&2 Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh ;qfdr;kw ifjp; mn~ns'; 1- f}hkk"kkokn 2- cgqhkk"kkckn 3- eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx ds mikxe dh ;qfdr;kw 3-1 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx ds mn~ns';,oa fo'ks"krk,aa 3-2 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx dks'ky dh vko';drk,oa egroa 3-3 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx f'k{k.k dh fof/k;kwa 3-4 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx f'k{k.k ds lk/kua 4- dgkuh dgkuka 4-1 dgkuh dh ifjhkk"kka 4-2 dgkuh dgus ds rroa 4-3 dgkuh i<+kus vfkok lqukus ds mn~ns';a 4-4 dgkuh dk egroa 4-5 dgkuh dgus ds fy, lqyrk ds vko';d rroa 4-6 dgkfu;kas ds izdkj A 4-7 dgkuh dgus es a lko/kkfu;kwa 5- Hkk"kk lh[kus ds dks'ky& lquuk] okpu] i<+uk,oa fy[kuka 5-1 lquuka Jo.k dks'ky dk mn~ns';a Jo.k dks'ky ds egroa Jo.k dks'ky f'k{k.k dh fof/k;ka Jo.k dks'ky esa /;ku nsus ;ksx; ckrsaa Jo.k dks'ky ds eq[; vk/kkja Jo.k dks'ky ds fodkla 5-2 okpua okpu ds'ky ds rroa okpu dks'ky dk fodkla okpu dks'ky dk egroa okpu dks'ky dh fof/k;kwa 1

2 5-2-5 okpu laca/kh =qfv;kwa okpu laca/kh nks"kksa dk fuokj.ka 5-3 i<+uka ikbu dks'ky ds dkjda ikbu dks'ky dk fodkla ikbu dks'ky ds LrjA 5-4 fy[kuka ys[ku dks'ky dk mn~ns';a fyf[kr vfhko;fdr dks'ky dk egroa ys[ku f'k{k.k izkjahk djus dk le;a ys[ku f'k{k.k fof/k;kwa fy[kuk fl[kkus es a /;ku nsus ;ksx; ckrsa ys[ku dks'ky ds nks"ka ys[ku gsrq lq>koa 6- vuqokn mikxea 6-1 mn~ns';a 6-2 vuqokn mikxe izfø;k ds izdkja 6-3 vuqokn mikxe dh fof/k;kwa 6-4 vuqokn mikxe gsrq lq>ko,oa lko/kkfu;kwa 7- xyfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.ka 7-1 Hkk"kk nks"k dk fo'ys"k.ka 7-2 xyfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.ka 73- lq/kkj gsrq fo'ks"k dk;zøeksa dh vko';drka 7-4 xyfr;ksa ds lq/kkj gsrq fueufyf[kr f'k{k.k fof/k;ks a dk iz;ksxa 7-5 xyfr;kw djus laca/kh dkj.ka 8- bdkbz lkjka'k & 9- nh?kz,oa y?kq iz'ua 10- vius mrrjksa dh tkwp dhft,a 11- lanhkzxzufk lwph 2

3 ifjp;& Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh ;qfdr;kw laca/kh mikxe [k.m dh nwljh bdkbz gsa bl bdkbz esa Hkk"kk ds fofhkuu dks'kykas dk o.kzu fd;k x;k gs vksj f}hkk"kh] cgqhkk"kh,oa eksf[kd Hkk"kk ds ckjs es a le> fodflr dh xbz gsa vuqokn mikxe] dgkuh lqukuh ls gksus okys ykhkksa rfkk izkir gksus okys Kku dk o.kzu gsa mn~ns'; & bl bdkbz ds v/;;u ds mn~ns'; fueufyf[kr gsa& Hkk"kk ds fofhkuu :iksa dks le> ldsxsa Hkk"kk fodkl ds dks'kyksa dk Kku izkir dj ldsxsa dgkuh ds rroksa,oa lqukus ds rjhdksa ds ckjs es a le> ldsxsa vuqokn ds }kjk vkus okyh dfbukb;ksa,oa xyfr;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k dks Hkh le> ldsxsa 2 Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh ;qfdr;kw ¼Strategies for Language Development½ Hkk"kk,d,slk ek/;e gs ftlls O;fDr vius fopkjksa] bpnkvksa rfkk Hkkoukvksa dks nwljksa ds leeq[k O;Dr dj ldrk gs rfkk nwljksa ds fopkjksa] bpnkvksa rfkk Hkkoukvksa dks le> ldrk gsa bl izdkj Hkk"kk] leizs"k.k ¼communication½ dk,d ek/;e gsa Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds fcuk ckyd ekufld ;ksx;rkvksa ds fodkl ls oafpr jg tk;sxka bl izdkj ;fn ckyd dk tue lkeku; :i ls gqvk gs rks og Øe'k% Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh fofhkuu flfkfr;ksa ls xqtjrs gq, Hkk"kk ij vf/kdkj dj ysrk gsa ;g fodkl,d lrr~ izfdz;k gs vksj blesa fofhkuu flfkfr;kw,d nwljs ls iwjh rjg vyx ugha dh tk ldrha ;g Hkh vko';d ugha gs fd ;s flfkfr;kw Li"V :i ls lhkh ckydksa esa fuf'pr Øe es a fn[kk;h imsaa blds vfrfjdr] Hkk"kk fodkl dh izxfr Hkh lhkh vk;q es a vksj lhkh ckydksa es a,d lh fn[kk;h ugha im+rh gsa euksoskkfudksa ds vuqlkj] f'k'kq 13] 14 ekl dh vk;q es a igyk 'kcn cksyrk gsa vlrq] Hkk"kk ds fodkl dk izkjehk blh vk;q ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,a blds igys dh vk;q dks Hkk"kk fodkl dh flfkfr esa rs;kj dh flfkfr dgk tk ldrk gs D;ksafd blesa fhkuu&fhkuu izdkj dh /ofu;kw vksj ladsrksa] dh lgk;rk ls nwljksa dks viuh ckr le> ldrk gs A 3

4 gscj,oa QzhM ¼Haber and Fried 1975½ us fy[kk gs fd **lhkh 'kcn ladsr] tks ijlij fu;eksa ls cw/ks gsa] Hkk"kk dh lajpuk iznku djrs gsa** ukblmh ¼Nodasdy, 1995½ us 4]000 ekuoh; Hkk"kkvksa dk o.kzu fd;ka Hkk"kk dh lajpuk dks rhu Hkkxksa es a fohkdr fd;k tk ldrk gs %& 1. Phonemes, 2, Morphemes, 3, Lexeme Hkk"kk lh[kus@fodkl ds Lrj Hkk"kk lh[kus vfkkzr~ mlds fodkl ds Lrj dks fofhkuu fo}kuksa ds }kjk 'kks/k dj ;g fu"d"kz fudkyk gs fd Hkk"kk ds Lrjksa dks pkj oxksz es a fueukuqlkj fohkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gs %& 1- vfkzghu Hkk"kk dk cksyuk ¼Babbling½ ;g cppk 6 eghus dh volfkk esa cksyrk gsa 2-,d 'kcn cksyuk ¼single word½,d o"kz ls iwoz cppk,d 'kcn tsls ikik] ckck] ee br;kfn cksy ysrk gsa 3- nks 'kcnksa dks lkfk cksyuk ¼Two work combination½& ;g cppk 2 o"kz dh volfkk es a cksy ikrk gsa 4- okd; ¼Sentences½& cppk 4 o"kz dh vk;q esa 3 ls 8 'kcnksa dks ckys ysrk gsa Hkk"kk fodkl ds dkjd 4

5 fyax Hksn lkekftd vkffkzd flfkfr nks Hkk"kk lh[kuk cqf) lkeku; vfhko`f) Hkk"kk fodkl ds dkjd 'kkjhfjd LokLF;] ¼1½ 'kkjhfjd LokLF;] ¼2½ cqf)] ¼3½ lkekftd vkffkzd flfkfr] ¼4½ fyax Hksn] ¼5½ nks Hkk"kk lh[kuk] ¼6½ lkeku; vfhko`f) 1- f}hkk"kk okn ¼Bilingualism½& Hkk"kk ds varxzr f}hkk"kk okn,d l'kdr vo/kkj.kk gsa blls O;fDr dk Hkk"kkRed fodkl ij cgqr izhkko im+rk gsa ckyd ds Hkk"kkRed fodkl ij bl ckr Hkh izhkko im+rk gs fd 'ks'kokolfkk es a mls?kj es a,d Hkk"kk lh[kuh im+rh gs ;k nks Hkk"kk,a lh[kuk im+rh gsa dqn Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa ea sa fgunh vksj vaxzsth f[kpm+h cudj ckyd dks bruk Hkzfer dj fn;k tkrk gs fd og nksuksa es a ls fdlh dk Hkh lgh mppkj.k ugha dj ikrk gs vksj uk gh fdlh dk 'kcn Hk.Mkj gh cm+k ikrk gsa bl n`f"v ls ;g vf/kd vpnk gs fd ckyd dks ek= Hkk"kk cksyus dks gh izksrlkfgr fd;k tkos vksj mlls ogha cksyk tk;s ;k mlh dk vh;kl djk;k tkosa f'k'kq ls nks Hkk"kk,a lh[kus dk cks> nsus ls mldk cksyuk lh[kus es a ck/kk gksus dh lahkkouk gksrh gs D;ks afd og ns[krk gs fd,d gh ckr ds fy, nks&nks 'kcn gsaa euksoskkfud gjykwd ds vuqlkj nks Hkk"kk,a lh[kus ls dsoy Hkk"kkRed fodkl es a gh ugha cfyd fpuru ij cqjk izhkko im+rk gs D;ks afd mls fuf'pr gksrk gs fd fdl volj ij dksu lk 'kcn cksyuk mi;qdr gsa nks Hkk"kk,a lh[kus ls ckyd dks,d gh olrq vfkok dk;z ds fy, nks 'kcn lh[kuk im+rs gsaa LokHkkfod gs fd blls mldk 'kcn Hk.Mkj vkxs ugha c<+rka D;kasfd nks Hkk"kkvksa dks 'kcnksa ds lkfk&lkfk O;kdj.k dk Hkh varj gks tkrk gs] blls Li"V gs fd tks Hkkjrh; ekrk&firk vius ckydksa dks 'ks'kokolfkk ls gh vaxzsth cksyuk fl[kkus dk iz;kl 5

6 djrs gs ;k mlds lkfk vaxzsth cksyrs gs os dsoy,slk djds u dsoy mlds Hkk"kkRed fodkl dks cfyd fpurukred fodkl dks Hkh dqafbr djrs gsaa bl izdkj dk fopkj ek=,d igyw gsa nwljk igyw ;g gs fd vxj O;fDr dks ;k ckyd dks f}hkk"kk dk leqfpr Kku gs rks,slh volfkk esa mlds fodkl dh xfr rhoz gks tkrh gsa vr% vxj ckyd leqfpr cqf) okyk gs rks,slh volfkk es a mldks f}hkk"kk esa izoh.k djkuk mi;ksxh fl) gks ldrk gsa 2- cgqhkk"kkokn ¼Multilingualism½& Hkk"kk ds varxzr cgqhkk"kh ckn,d vo/kkj.kk gs] ftldks rhoz cqf) okyk gh xzg.k dj ldrk gs] blds varxzr ckyd dks cgqhkk"kh vfkkzr~ cgqr lh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku gksrk gs] ftlls mldk rhoz xfr ls lexz fodkl lahko gksrk gsa Hkkjr cgq Hkk"kh ns'k gsa lhkh Hkk"kkvksa dk viuk&viuk lkfgr; Hkh miyc/k gs vksj izr;sd Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh dks viuh Hkk"kk vksj mlds lkfgr; ij xoz dk Hkh vuqhko gksrk gsa vxj ge,d nwljs dh Hkk"kk dk vksj mlds lkfgr; dk vknj o leeku djsaxs rks LokHkkfod gs fd ge,d nwljs ds fudv vk;saxs vksj jk"vª,drk dks cy feysxka bl izdkj Hkkjr tsls cgqhkk"kk;h ns'k ds fy;s vuqokn dk egro vksj Hkh vf/kd gks tkrk gsa fdlh Hkh ubz Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k ds fy;s vuqokn vr;ur lgk;d fl) gksrk gsa ysfdu f'k{k.k ds varxzr vko';drk ls vf/kd vuqokn dk iz;ksx vfgrdj lkfcr gks ldrk gsa bl fy;s vuqokn dk mfpr iz;ksx gh ljkguh; gks ldrk gsa vuqokn dh lcls cm+h fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd,d Hkk"kk dh rqyuk nwljh Hkk"kk ls cm+s lgt <ax ls dh tk ldrh gsa bl fy;s dhkh&dhkh Hkk"kk dk Kku rqyuk ds ek/;e ls nsuk cgqr lkfkzd fl) gksrk gsa 3- eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx ds mikxe dh ;qfdr;kw & ¼Strategies for using oral Language approach½ Hkk"kk] fopkjksa ds ijlij vknku&iznku dk lk/ku gsa vius fopkjksa,oa Hkkoks a dks nwljksa ds le{k izdv djuk vfhko;fdr dgykrk gsa ;g vfhko;fdr nks izdkj dh gksrh gs & eksf[kd vksj fyf[kra eksf[kd 'kcn eq[k es a,d izr;; yxdj cuk gsa ftldk vfkz gs & eq[k ls lecfu/kr vfkkzr~ tc ge viuh ckr dks eq[k ls dgdj ;k cksydj nwljksa rd igq pkrs gsa rks og eksf[kd vfhko;fdr dgykrh gsa tc O;fDr vius Hkkoks a rfkk fopkjksa dks rkfdzd Øe es a dykred <ax ls eksf[kd :i ls vfhko;dr djrk gs] rks mls eksf[kd vfhko;fdr dgrs gsaa izkajhk es sa 6

7 ckyd vius fopkj ckrphr ds ek/;e ls gh nwljkas ds le{k izlrqr djrk gsa csdu ds vuqlkj lehkk"k.k dh dyk esa izoh.k O;fDr dh rrij c`f) okyk O;fDr cu ldrk gsa 3-1 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx ds mn~ns';,oa fo'ks"krk,a mn~ns'; 1- ljy izhkkoiw.kz Hkk"kk es a LokHkkfod <ax ls okrkzyki djus dh {kerk iznku djuka 2- rf;ksa dks Øekuqlkj Li"V :i ls le;ksfpr :i ls izlrqr djus dh {kerk iznku djuka 3- fdlh Jksrk leqnk; ds leeq[k eksf[kd :i es a viuh ckr dks izlrqr djus dh {kerk iznku djuka 4- fdlh ckr ds iwnus ij izhkkoksriknd Lo,oa Hkk"kk es a mrrj nsus dh {kerk iznku djuka 5- 'kcnksa dh ewykrek dks le>dj mugsa okd; es a mfpr LFkkukas ij iz;qdr dj ldus dh {kerk iznku djuka fo'ks"krk,a f'k"vrk izhkkoksrikndrk voljkuqdwyrk Hkk"kk&izokg Li"Vrk ljyrk e/kqjrk Lojk/kkr O;kdjf.kd l'kdrrk 3-2 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx dks'ky dh vko';drk o egro 1- lkekftd fodkl es a lgk;d&eksf[kd vfhko;fdr }kjk,d&nwljs ds fopkjksa ls voxr gksrs gsa ftlls lkekftd lecu/k vf/kd etcwr curs gsaa 2- O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa lgk;d& Hkk"kk O;fDrRo dh ifjpk;d gsa ftl O;fDr dh Hkk"kk ftruh vf/kd ifj"d`r,oa le`) gksrh gs og vius leqnk; es a mrus gh vf/kd eku&leeku dks izkir djrk gsa 3- vf'kf{kr gsrq fopkj&fofu;e dk ek/;e eksf[kd gsa& izr;sd O;fDr vius fopkj fyf[kr :i esa izdv djus es a l{ke ugha gksrka vf'kf{krksa ds fy, lekt ds le{k vius fopkj izdv djus dk tfj;k eksf[kd gh gsa 4- 'kq) mppkj.k,oa cksyus ds lgh :i ls voxr djkuk& fyf[kr vfhko;fdr ds }kjk mppkj.kxr dfe;ksa dk irk ugha pyrka ijurq eksf[kd Hkk"kk 7

8 'kh?kz gh mppkj.kxr dfe;ksa vfkok 'kq)rkvksa rfkk okpu dh 'ksyh ls voxr djkrh gsa 5- lthork,oa Hkko izn'kzu & eksf[kd vfhko;fdr ds fy, O;fDr;ksa dk izr;{k :i ls lkeus gksuk vko';d gsa vr% tc eq[k ls cksydj fdlh ckr dks O;Dr fd;k tkrk gsa rks O;fDr viuh Hkkoukvks dks vf/kd vpns <axls O;Dr dj ldrk gsa 3-3 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx f'k{k.k dh fof/k;kw & ¼1½ lloj okpu& eksf[kd vfhko;fdr ds fodkl gsrq lloj okpu djk;k tkuk vr;ur mi;ksxh fl) gks ldrk gsa ok.kh ds mrkj&p<+ko] 'kq)rk] Li"Vrk] e/kqjrk vkfn xq.kks as dks fodflr djus ds fy, lloj okpu vr;ur izhkko'kkyh gsa lloj okpu djokuk vko';d ugha gsa v/;kid dks,sls ikb~;ka'k dk pquko djuk pkfg, ftles a HkkokRed mrkj&p<+ko] vkyadkfjdrk] iz'ukred] O;aX;kRed,oa eqgkojs,oa yksdksfdr ;qdr okd; krfkk fojke fpugks a dh vf/kdrk vkfn egroiw.kz rro gksaa ¼2½ dfork ikb&dfork ikb djokrs le; Nan] y;] ;fr&xfr] vkjksg&vojksg vkfn dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,a dfork ikb dk vk;kstu lhkk vksj mrloksa ds vfrfjdr d{kk esa Hkh nks&rhu ckj djok;k tk ldrk gsa dfork ikb gsrq,slh dforkvksa dk p;u djuk pkfg, tks ns'k HkfDr ;k lksgknzz Hkko dh izsj.kk fy, gq, gks rfkk,d jl dh vfhko;fdr djrh gksaa dfork ikb dk vk;kstu djus ls iwoz f'k{kd }kjk Nk=ksa dks funsz'ku nsuk pkfg,a dfork ds vkn'kz okpu ds Jo.k gsrq VsifjdkWMZj dk lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gsa ¼3½ dgkuh dfku& dgkuh dfku,d O;fDrxr dyk gsa dgkfu;ksa ds nks izdkj gs& ¼1½ yksd dgkfu;kw] ¼2½ lkfgfr;d dgkfu;kwa yksddfkk,a lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk es a gksus ds dkj.k dgh tk ldrh gsaa ijurq dqn,slh dgkfu;kw gsa tks cgqr vpnh gksus ds i'pkr~ Hkh dgh ugha tk ldrh tsls cw<+h dkdh] bznxkg vkfna yksd dgkfu;kw iapra= o fgrksins'k dh dgkfu;kw dgus ;ksx; dgkfu;ksa es a vkrh gsa D;ks afd ;s tuekul ds e/; iyrh gs a rfkk buesa Hkk"kk dh yksp gksrh gs tcfd lkfgfr;d dgkfu;kw bl n`f"v ls fhkuu gksrh gsaa Nk=ksa ls dgkuh dfku djkus ls iwoz v/;kid dks Lo;a Nk=ksa dks dgkuh dgus dk <ax fl[kkuk pkfg,a bl gsrq fdlh Kkr dgkuh dks fy;k tk ldrk gs ftlds fp= fo ky; es a miyc/k gksaa,slh fp=kred dgkfu;ksa dks Hkk"kkc) djus dk dk;z Nk=ksa dks lksaik tk,a 8

9 ¼4½ vfhku;& ;g lloj okpu dk gh,d :i gsa bls okfpd vfhku;] :idkfhku; rfkk vfhku;kred okpu Hkh dgrs gsaa blls ds fy,,dkadh] ukvdka'k ;k laoknkred LFky lk/ku :i es a dke es a yk, tkrs gsaa vfhku; ibu ds nksjku Nk=ksa dks laoknksa es a fufgr Hkko ds vuq:i okpu djus dk vh;kl djkuk pkfg,a blds fy,,d ;k nks lw=/kkj Hkh cuk, tkus pkfg, tks n`'; fp=ksa dks izlrqqr dj lds a rfkk ibu lekfir ds i'pkr~ fo kffkz;ksa dk ik= :i esa p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,a ¼5½ isuy ppkz& isuy ppkz dk fo ky; es a vk;kstu djkus ds fy, izk;kstuk i)fr dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gs rfkk bldk vk;kstu fo ky; es a euk, tkus okyh fofhkuu fnolksa] t;fur;ksa,oa jk"vªh; ioz ds miy{; es a djok;k tk ldrk gsa bl gsrq Hkk"kk v/;kid fo kffkz;ksa dk,d ny cuk ldrs gs a tks vk;kstu gsrq vko';d lkefxz;ksa dk ladyu dj lds rfkk v/;kid Nk=ksa dks fo"k;&mifo"k; ds ckjs es a crkdj vh;kl gsrq funsz'k ns ldrk gsa isuy ppkz es a dksbz fo"k; fu/kkzfjr djds ml fo"k; ij Nk= fodklkred iz'uksa,oa mudk lek/kku rs;kj djrs gsaa 3-4 eksf[kd Hkk"kk mi;ksx f'k{k.k ds lk/ku & 1- lkeku; fo"k;ksa ij okrkzyki ¼Dialogre on Common Topics½ cpps lekt es a jgdj dqn vuqhko djrs gsa vksj muds eu es a dqn fopkj mbrs gsaa blfy, v/;kid dks pkfg, fd og i<+uk&fy[kuk fl[kus ls igys lk/kkj.k fo"k;ksa] fudvre inkfkksz rfkk dgkfu;ksa ds o.kzu }kjk cppksa dks 'kq) mppkj.k] fuckz/k vfhko;fdr vksj izokg eqdr okrkzyki es a vh;lr djk,a cppks dks bl izdkj okrkzyki dh Lora=rk feyuh pkfg,a os viuh ckr rhkh dgsxs tc mugsa fo ky;ksa es a Hkh?kjsyq i;kzoj.k feysxka v/;kidksa dks izse] lgkuqhkwfr vksj /ks; ls dke ysuk pkfg,a 2- d{kk f'kyi ¼Class Craft½ tks dqn d{kk esa fø;kred dk;z djk;k tk, cppksa ls mldh ppkz djuk eksf[kd Hkk"kk ds fodkl es a lgk;d fl) gksrk gsa cpps viuh cukbz olrqvksa ds fo"k; es a ppkz djus es a vkuun ysrs gsaa 3- vur;k{kjh izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstu ¼Organisation of word Competitions½& vur;k{kjh izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds ek/;e ls cppksa es a vpns i ak'k vksj NksVs&NksVs NUnksa es a vfhko;dr i [k.mksa dks ;kn djus rfkk muds laldkj okpu 9

10 djus dh ;ksx;rk dk fodkl gksrk gsa blls mudh cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk dko;e; Hkh gks tk,xha 4- fp= o.kz ¼Picture Description½& NksVs cppksa ds lkeus fp= iznf'kzr dj muls fp= dk o.kzu djus ds fy, dgk tk ldrk gsa blls ckydksa esa lkspus rfkk o.kzu djus dh 'kfdr dk fodkl gksrk gsa 5- d.b fd;s i,oa x [k.m lqukuk ¼Recitation of memorises Prose paragraphs and stanzas of poetry½& fo ky;ksa es a vk;ksftr fofhkuu lekjksgksa esa cppksa dks d.m dh xbz dforkvksa dks lqukus dk volj nsuk pkfg,a Hkk"kk ds?k.vksa es a Hkh cppksa ls mudh d.b dh xbz dfork,a vfkok x iafdr;kw lquh tkuh pkfg,a 6- dgkuh vksj igsfy;kw lqukus dk volj ¼Opportuniies of narrating stories and puzzles½& Hkk"kk ¼fgUnh½ ds?k.vksa es a v/;kid cppksa ls mudh lquh gqbz ;k i<+h dgkfu;kw vfkok igsfy;k lqu ldrs gsaa ;g lk/ku eq[;r% NksVh d{kkvksa es a mi;ksxh gksxka blls cppksa dh cksyhus dh 'kfdr dk fodkl gksxk vksj v/;;u esa Hkh mudh :fp tkx`r gksxha 7- ukvdhdj.k ¼Dramatisation½& Nk=ksa ls ukvdksa dk vfhkuk; djk;k tkuk pkfg,a vfhku; es a mudh LokHkkfod :fp gksrh gsa vfhku; Hkh laosxkred flfkfr es a cpps cm+s vkrefo'okl ds lkfk okrkzyki djrs gsaa mugsa mfpr izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gsa 8- cky lhkk ¼Morning Assembly½& lirkg esa,d fnu iwjs fo ky; esa ckydksa dh lhkk dk vk;kstu fd;k tk;sa blesa ckydksa ds i<+s gq, x &i [k.mks] dgkfu;ksa] laoknksa vkfn dks lqukus ds fy, izksrlkfgr fd;k tk,a 9- lekpkj lqukuk ¼Relating News½& ckydksa dks,sls volj Hkh iznku fd;s tk,a fd os jsfm;ksa lqus vfkok lekpkj i= ls i<+s gq, lekpkjksa dks lquk ldsa blds vfrfjdr fdlh vu; vkw[kksa ns[kh?kvuk dk fooj.k Hkh ns ldsa 10- iz'uksrrj ¼Qurdyion-Answers½& Nk=ksa ls muds lafpr Kku ij iz'u iwnuk vksj mudk iw.kz okd;ksa es a mrrj ysuk Hkh ykhknk;d gksrk gsa cppksa dks iw.kz okd;ksa esa izhkko'khy <ax ls mrrj nsus dh 'ksyh esa vh;lr djk;k tkuk pkfg,a blls muesa lel;k lek/kku dh 'kfdr Hkh fodflr gksrh gsa 4- dgkuh dguk ¼Story Telling½ 10

11 4-1 dgkuh x lkfgr; dh lokzf/kd yksdfiz; fo/kk gsa dgkuh dgus vksj lquus dh ckr vfr izkphu dky ls pyh vk jgh gsa dgkuh dgus dh ijeijk mruh gh izkphu gs ftruk ekuo &thoua dgkuh es a ys[kd dh lkjh 'kfdr?kvuk]hkko ;k lel;k dh vfhko;fdr ij dsfunzr jgrh gsa dgkuh dh ifjhkk"kk 1- pkylz csjsv ds vuqlkj&**dgkuh,d y?kq o.kzukred x jpuk gs ftlesa oklrfod thou dks dykred :i ls izlrqr fd;k tkrk gsa** 2- izksqslj esr;wt ds vuqlkj& **dgkuh?kvuk&iz/kku gksuh pkfg,a mlds,d ek= y{; eas fdlh izdkj dh ck/kk u im+uh pkfg,a** 3- equ'kh izsepunz ds vuqlkj &**dgkuh,d,slh jpuk gs ftlesa thou ds fdlh,d va'k dk ;k,d eukshkko dks izdv djuk gh ys[kd dk mn~ns'; gksrk gsa mlds pfj=] mldh 'ksyh] mldk dfkkud lc mlh,d Hkko dks iq"v djrs gsaa** 4-,p-lh- osyl&**dgkuh,d NksVh jpuk gh gsa** mi;qzdr ifjhkk"kkvksa ls ;g Li"V gs fd & 1- dgkuh,d y?kq x jpuk gsa 2- dgkuh es a fuf'pr y{; gksrk gsa 3- dgkuh es a la?k"kz,oa dksrwgy gksrk gsa 4- dgkuh es a thou dh oklrfodrk gksrh gsa 5- dgkuh es a izokg dh,drk gksrh gsa 6- dgkuh ikbdksa dk euksjatu djrh gsa 4-2 dgkuh dgus ds rroa 1- dfkkolrq& dgkuh dh dfkkolrq NksVh gksrh gsa ;g lqlaxfbr Jà[kykc) gksrh gsa jkspdrk rfkk dksrwgy dfkkud dk fo'ks"k xq.k gsaa 2- ik= vksj pfj=& fp=.k&pfj=&fp=.k djus dh nks iz.kkfy;k gs ¼1½ ukv~; iz.kkyh ¼2½ fo'ys"k.kkred iz.kkyh buds }kjk lqukus okyk vius fxus&pqus ik=ksa ds g"kz&fo"kkn] gkl;&øunu dk,slk LokHkkfod <ax ls fp=.k djrk gs fd ikbd Hkh muds lkfk g lus&jksus yxrk gsa 11

12 3- dfkkuksidfku& blds }kjk gh dgkuh vius mn~ns'; dh vksj rhoz xfr ls vxzlj gksrh gsa ;g dgkuh dk izk.k gsa vr% laokn NksVs vksj pqlr gksus pkfg,a okrkzyki ik=,oa ifjflfkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gks] nk'kzfudrk ls ijs gks vksj lkfk gh mldk jkspd,oa eezli'khz gksuk Hkh vko';d gsa 4- 'ksyh& 'ksyh gh ys[kd dk O;fDrRo gsaa vr% fofhkuu O;fDr;ksa dh 'ksyh Hkh fofhkuu gksrh gs] ftldh dfkkud dh iqf"v ls fueu <axksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gs & ¼v½ vkre&dfkkud iz.kkyha ¼c½ fooj.kkred iz.kkyh&blesa dgkuhdkj rvlfk gksdj o.kzu djrk gsa ¼l½ i= iz.kkyh ¼n½ Mk;jh&iz.kkyh ¼;½ euksfo'ys"kk.kkred iz.kkyha ¼j½ dfkuksidfku iz.kkyha 5- Hkk"kk&dgkuh dh Hkk"kk es a LokHkkfodrk rfkk oklrfodrk gksuh pkfg,a og ns'k] dky vksj ik=ksa dh flfkfr ds vuq:i gksa Hkk"kk dh ljyrk] 'kcnksa dh mi;qdrrk rfkk lqlaxfbrk ij fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg,a dgkuh dh Hkk"kk esa pqgy vksj ljyrk dk gksuk vfuok;z gsa 6- ns'k&dky&vius ;qx rfkk vius LFkku ds vuqdwy fpf=r gksus es a gh ik=ksa]?kvukvksa dk egro gksrk gs]?kvuk, rhkh laxr yxrh gs a] tc os ns'k&dky ds vuq:i gksaa 7- mns';&fofhkuu dgkfu;ksa ds fofhkuu mn~ns'; gks ldrs gsaa ijurq lk/kkj.kr% dgkuh ds fueufyf[kr iz;kstu gksrs gs & euksjatu rfkk vkuun izkfir] f'k{kk vksj mins'k] thou lecu/kh jgl;ksa dk mn~?kkvu] lekt dh vkykspuk rfkk ekuo&izd`fr ij izdk'k MkyukA lksun;kzuqhkwfr dh vfhko;fdr] lans'k] thou ds iks"k.k] o)zu,oa fodkl ds lhkh miknkuksa rfkk fp=o`frr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.ka 4-3 dgkuh i<+kus vfkok lqukus ds mn~s'; gsa & ¼1½ ¼2½ ¼3½ ¼4½ LoLFk euksfouksn vksj euksjatu dh f'k{kk nsuka ckydksa dks Li"V,oa rdzlaxr <ax ls fopkj djuk fl[kkuka dyiuk'kfdr ds iz;ksx ds volj iznku djuka laosxks a dks izf'kf{kr djuka 12

13 ¼5½ ¼6½ ¼7½ O;fDrxr,oa lkekftd O;ogkj ds vkn'kz miflfkr djuka Hkk"kk,oa 'ksyh&fo"k;d :fp dk ifj"dkj djuka g`n;xr Hkkoks a dks Øec) rdziw.kz] lqja[kfyr,oa Li"V :i ls vfhko;fdr djus ds lk/ku izlrqr djuka 4-4 dgkuh dgus dk egro 1- dgkuh dgus ls lkeku; Kku dh o`f) gksrh gsa dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls thou ds fofo/k i{kksa dk Kku gksrk gsa i'kq&i{kh,oa ekuo LoHkko o xq.k&nks'kks a dk Kku Hkh izkir gksrk gs] tslk dqrrk LokehHkDr] yksem+h pkykd] fgju rst nksm+rk gsa 2- dgkuh dgus&lquus] i<+us ;k fy[kus ls Hkk"kk lecu/kh Kku es Jh o`f) gksrh gsa u;s&u;s 'kcnksa] eqgkojksa rfkk yksdksfdr;ksa dk Kku gks tkrk gsa 3- dgkuh lquus rfkk dgus ls ckydksa esa Jo.k dks'ky] eksf[kd o fyf[kr vfhko;fdr dk fodkl gksrk gsa 4- ukvd] vkredfkk] thou rfkk lalej.k dh f'k{kk nsrs le; muls lecfu/kr dfkkudksa rfkk vkxs&ihns dh?kvukvksa dks lqukus ls dgkuh :fpdj cu tkrh gsa 5- dgkuh }kjk ckydksa dh rdz] foosd] ladyi rfkk dyiuk&'kfdr dk fodkl gksrk gsa 6- dgkuh ls ckydksa es a Øfed :i ls cksyuk rfkk rkfdzd :i ls fopkj djus dh f'k{kk feyrh gsa ckydksa esa f>>d o ladksp dh Hkkouk nwj gksrh gsa 7- dgkuh ls ckydksa dh Lej.k&'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gsa 8- dgkuh ckydksa ds pfj= fuekz.k es a lgk;d gksrh gsa 9- dgkuh euksjatu dk lk/ku gsa 10- fdlh Hkh x ikb dks i<+krs le; dgkuh dk iz;ksx uhjl ls uhjl x ikb dks :fpdj cuk nsrk gsa 4-5 dgkuh dgus dh lqyrk ds fy, vko';d rroa 1- v/;kid dh Lo;a dh :fp dgkuh gksuh pkfg,a 2- dgkuh usfrd mn~ns';ksa ls leiuuk gksuh pkfg,a 13

14 3- dgkuh dk pquko ckydksa dh volfkkuqlkj fd;k tk;sa 4- dgkuh dgrs le;,slh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, ftls cpps vklkuh ls le> ldsa 5- f'k{kd dks ns'k&dky ifjflfkfr;ksa dk iw.kz Kku gksuk pkfg, rhkh dgkuh dk o.kzu ltho rfkk oklrfod gksxk rfkk ckydksa dks dgkuh dh?kvukvksa dk Kku Bhd rjg ls gks ldsxka 6- dgkuh lqukrs le; v/;kid dk Loj bruk Å pk gksuk pkfg, fd d{kk ds lhkh ckyd dgkuh dks vpnh izdkj ls lqu ldsa 7- dgkuh dk 'kh"kzd NksVk] Li"V] lkjxfhkzr rfkk mrlqdrk iznku djus okyk gksuk pkfg,a 8- dgkuh lqukrs le; v/;kid dks mfpr gko&hkko dk izn'kzu Hkh djuk pkfg,a 9 dgkuh eksf[kd :i ls lqukuh pkfg, iqlrd esa ls i<+dj ughaa 10- dgkuh es a ohhkrl rfkk Hk;kud n`';ksa dk fp=.k ugha gksuk pkfg,a 11- dgkuh bl izdkj lqukuh pkfg, fd,d ds ckn,d?kvuk,a izokg ds lkfk izlrqr gksrh tk,aa 12- f'k{kd dks dgkuh lqukrs le; cppksa ij Hkh n`f"v j[kuh pkfg, fd os dfkk dks /;kuiwozd lqu jgs gs ;k ughaa 13- dgkuh ls dksbz f'k{kk vo'; feyuh pkfg,a 14- dgkuh lqukus ds i'pkr~dgkuh dh iqujko`frr Nk=ksa ls djkuh pkfg, rfkk vur esa NksVs&eksVs iz'u iwndj dgkuh dks nksgjk;k tk ldrk gsa 4-6 dgkfu;ksa ds izdkj & fgunh lkfgr; es a vusd izdkj dh dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dh tkrh gsa lkekftd] jktusfrd] euksoskkfud] /kkfezd rfkk tlwlh vkfn vusd izdkj dh dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dh tkrh gsa dgkuh dfkkolrq ;k?kvuk pfj=] dk;z iz/kku rfkk Hkko iz/kku gksrh gsa bl izdkj dgkfu;ksa dk rhu izdkj ds oxksza es a fohkkftr fd;k tkrk gs & 14

15 dgkfu;ksa ;FkkFkZoknh dgkfu;kw ds izdkj vkn'kzoknh dgkfu;kw fefjr dgkfu;kw 1- ;FkkFkZoknh dgkfu;kw& tks thou dk oklrfod] LokHkkfod rfkk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k djrh gsa ;g thou dh oklrfodrk ls lecfu/kr gksrh gsa 2- vkn'kzoknh dgkfu;kw&thou dk Lo:i rfkk vkpj.k dslk gksuk pkfg,\ blds fy, dgkuh ds ek/;e ls vkn'kz izlrqr djrh gsa buesa dyiuk dh iz/kkurk gksrh gsa ;g thou gsrq vkn'kz izlrqr djrh gsa 3- fefjr dgkfu;kw ¼vkn'kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZokn½&bl izdkj dh dgkfu;ksa esa O;kogkfjdrk rfkk LokHkkfodrk gksrh gsa ijurq dyiuk es a vkn'kz :i fufgr gksrk gsa 4-8 v/;kid }kjk fo kffkz;ksa ls dgkuh iwfrz djokuk &,d?ke.mh ckjgflaxk,d fdlh rkykc esa ih jgk Fkk es a ijnkbz mlus fd esjs lhxks a ds fdlh ugha gsa ogkw yksem+h A ns[kdj ckjgflaxs us dgk fd es a rqedks esjs lhaxksa ds dkj.k eq>ls ugha gksrh \ yksem+h us dgk eq>s bz'oj us nh gsa esa rqegkjs lhaxkd dks rqels ugha djrha esa dgh ls dh vkokl im+ha mls yksem+h,d esa?kql xbz taxy dks A ogkw lhax,d >km+h es a my> A f'kdkjh mldk djrk gqvk >km+h dks igqapk vksj mlus dks ekjha ejrs ckjgflaxksa us dgk fd lhaxksa dh esa cm+kbz mugha ds esjh gqbz gsa 15

16 4-9 dgkuh dgus esa lko/kkfu;kw f'k{kd ds fy, dgkuh dgus dh dyk esa izoh/k gksuk vko';d gsa dqn f'k{kdksa es a rks ;g xq.k tue ls gksrk gs vksj os mlds }kjk ckydksa dk eu eksg ysrs gsa vksj d{kk okrkoj.k ltho,oa izqfyyr gks mbrk gsa fdurq vu; f'k{kdksa dks Hkh bl dyk es a izoh.k gksuk pkfg,a fueukafdr ckrsa bl dyk ds vtzu dh n`f"v ls /;ku nsus ;ksx; gsa & ¼1½ dgkuh dk pquko] mldh Hkk"kk,oa dfku dk <ax ckydksa dh vk;q] ;ksx;rk] Kku,oa vfhk:fp ds vuqdwy gks] tsls izkjfehkd Lrj ij i'kq&i{kh lecu/kh dkyifud dgkfu;kw] fqj vkxs iksjkf.kd dgkfu;kw] yksd&dfkk,a] lkgfld ;k=k lecu/kh dgkfu;kw] ek/;fed,oa mpprj ek/;fed Lrj ij vkfo"dkj,oa vuqla/kku lecu/kh dgkfu;kw lkekftd] ikfjokfjd,oa euksoskkfud dgkfu;kw vkfna ¼2½ d{kk esa dgkuh dgh tk,] i<+h u tk,a ;fn dgkuh i<+dj lqukbz tkrh gs rks ckydksa dh mrd.bk] :fp vksj ykylk lekir gks tkrh gsaa ¼3½ f'k{kd dks dgkuh dk vpnh rjg Kku gksuk pkfg, vksj viuh Hkk"kk esa dgkuh lqukuk pkfg,a blls dgkuh es a,d uohurk vk ldrh gsa ¼4½ f'k{kd dks dgkuh dgus es a Lo;a mrlkg,oa vkuun dk vuqhko djuk pkfg,a dgkuh dgus okyk Lo;a dgkuh es a rue; gks tkrk gsa f'k{kd ds dfku ds <ax ij gh dgkuh dh jkspdrk fuhkzj djrh gsa vu;fkk mldk dksbz izhkko ugha im+rka ¼5½ dgkuh ds dqn LFky cm+s gh ekfezd gksrs gsaa,sls LFky fcuk fdlh 'kcn ifjorzu ds vius ewy :i es a izlrqr djus pkfg,] izhkko dh n`f"v ls ;g vko';d gsa ¼6½ dgkuh esa?kvukøe LFkyksa dks tgkw rd lehko gks] Li"V :i esa fpf=r fd;k tk,a Hkk"kk ljy,oa 'kq) gksa ckrphr dh 'ksyh dgkuh vf/kd ljl gksrh gsa Hkk"kk ds izokg rfkk /ofu ds vkjksg&vojksg }kjk dfku izhkkoiw.kz cukus dk iz;ru djuk pkfg,a 16

17 ¼7½ dgkuh dk o.kzu LokHkkfod gksa tku&cw>dj dj ukvdh;rk ugha ykuh pkfg,a mfpr Hkko&Hkka afxek gh ;Fks"V gsa lkse;,oa izqqyy eqnzk es a dgha xbz dgkuh vf/kd izhkkoiw.kz fl) gksrh gsa ¼8½ dgkuh dgrs le; f'k{kd dks bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd?kvukfp= ckydksa ds ekul ivy ij vafdr gks tk,a blds fy, mls viuh dyiuk 'kfdr dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,a ¼9½ dgkuh lksn~ns'; gksuh pkfg, vksj f'k{kd dks ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ckyd ml mn~ns'; dks le> ysaa ¼10½ dgkuh d{kk ds Lrj ds vuqdwy fu:fir dj ysuh pkfg,a,d gh dgkuh ;fn fofhkuu d{kkvksa es a lqukuh gs rks mldk :i vksj mldh Hkk"kk rn~uqdwy cuk ysuh pkfg,a ¼11½ ;fn dgkuh cm+h izpfyr gs vksj ckydksa dh lquh gqbz gs rks mlds dgus dk <ax cny nsuk pkfg,a mnkgj.kr% dgkuh ds gh fdlh izeq[k ik= dh vkredfkk ds :i es a dgkuh dgh tk ldrh gsa blls dgkuh es a,d uohurk vk tkrh gsa dfkkud lecu/kh iz'u djus pkfg,a ¼12½ dgkuh vf/kd yech ugha gksuh pkfg, vu;fkk ckyd vkuun dh txg Hkkj Lo:i dk vuqhko djus yxrs gsaa ;fn dgkuh dqn cm+h gs rks mls dqn [k.mksa es a fohkkftr dj ysus ij nks&rhu iz'uksa }kjk Nk=ksa dks xzgrk dh tkwp dj ysuh pkfg, vksj mlds }kjk dfkklw= dks c<+kus ds fy, Nk=ksa dks vfhkizsfjr djuk pkfg,a 4-10 fo kffkz;ksa }kjk dgkuh fy[krs le; vius fu.kz; dk egroa dfkk olrq,d xkwo es a,d /kksch jgrk FkkA mldk uke /kulq[k FkkA ml cqm~<s /kksch ds,d toku ym+dk Fkk ftldk uke dyyw FkkA,d fnu dyyw us vius firk ls dgk] *firkth] esjs fy, u;s dim+s cuok nhft,] esa mugsa igu dj gksyh [ksywwxka* nwljs fnu izkr% gh nksuksa firk&iq= cktkj ds iz'u izk0&ckydksa ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls u;s dim+s R;kSagkjksa tkrs gsa \ fdu&fdu ij cuok;s izk0& R;kS agkjksa ij rqe fdl izdkj dk Hkkstu 17

18 fy, py fn;sa lkfk es a mugskaus viuk x/kk Hkh ys fy;k fd dqn [kkus dh phtsa Hkh cktkj ls ysrs vk;sxsa vkxs&vkxs /kulq[k tk jgk Fkk] mlds ihns dyyw x/ks dks gkwdrs gq, tk jgk FkkA bl izdkj nksuksa dks isny tkrs gq, ns[kdj,d O;fDr us dgk] **nsf[k, ;s fdrus ew[kz gs a\ lokjh lkfk es gs fqj Hkh nksuksa isny tk jgs gsa** ;g dgdj ml vkneh us rks viuk jklrk fy;ka vc /kulq[k us lkspk fd ;g vkneh ckr rks Bhd dgk jgk Fkk] vr% mlus vius iq= dyyw dks x/ks ij fcbk fn;k vksj Lo;a ml x/ks ds ihns&ihns isny pyus yxka dqn vkxs pyus ds i'pkr~ fqj mugsa,d O;fDr jklrs es a feyka dyyw dks x/ks ij vksj mlds firk dks isny tkrs gq, ns[kdj mlus dk] **;g nsf[k, dy;qx dh ek;ka cw<+k firk rks isny tk jgk gs vksj mldk ym+dk x;s ij csbk tk jgk gsa* bruk dgdj og O;fDr rks py fn;k] ysfdu dyyw cgqr yfttr gqvka og x/ks ls mrj imk vksj vius firk dks ml ij csbk fn;ka bl izdkj /kulq[k x/ks ij csb x;k vksj dyyw mlds ihns&ihns isny pyus yxka dqn nwj vksj vkxs pydj jklrs es a,d vu; O;fDr feya mlus dgk] **firk dslk funz;h gs Lo;a rks x/ks ij csbk gs vksj vius ym+ds dks isny?kvhl jgk gsa**,slk dgdj og /kulq[k dks f/kddkjus yxka vc /kulq[k cm+s vleatl es a im+ x;ka mlus cgqr djrs gks \ izk0&tc rqeus nks O;fDr;ksa dks lokjh ij csbs gq, ugha ns[kk vksj lokjh lkfk gks] rks rqe muls D;k dgksxs \ iz0&vxj rqe /kulq[k dh txg ij gksrs rks D;k djrs \ iz0&toku ym+dk x/ks ij csbk gks vksj cspkjk cw<+k firk isny tk jgk gks] rks rqe ml toku ym+ds ls D;k dgksxs \ iz0&vxj rqe dyyw dh txg ij gksrs] rks D;k djrs \ iz0&vxj firk vksj rqe lkfk&lkfk tk jgs gksa vksj lokjh rqegkjs ikl gks] rks lcls igys ml ij dksu csbsxk \ iz0&vxj rqe /kulq[k dh txg ij gksrs rks D;k D;k djrs \ iz0&vxj x/ks ij nks 18

19 lksp&fopkj ds ckn ;gh fu.kz; fd;k fd;k fd dyyw dks Hkh lkfk csbk fy;k tk,a tc cw<k cki vksj toku iq= x/ks ij csb x;s vksj vkxs pyus yxs rks cspkjk x/kk csbk tk jgk FkkA FkksM+h nwj Hkh ugha tk ik;s Fks fd cktkj ls yksvrs gq, dqn yksxks a us bu nksuksa dks x/ks ij csbdj tkrs gq, ns[kka os yksx cgqr Øq) gq,a muesa ls,d us /kulq[k dks QVdkjrs gq, dgk] *x/ks cspkjs dh rks tku] fudyh tk jgh gs vksj rqe nksuksa bl ij csbs ekst mm+krs pys tk jgs gksa rqe yksxks cm+s ew[kz vksj funz;h ekywe gksrs gksa* ;g dgdj og O;fDr pyrk cuka vc nksuksa dh le> esa ;g ugha vk jgk Fkk fd vkf[kj djsa D;k] fdl izdkj pysaa gj izdkj ls yksxks a dks gees a nks"k fn[kkbz im+rk gsa xa/kk cgqr Fkd x;k FkkA vr% mls vkjke nsus ds fy, bu nksuksa us mlds isjksa es a jllh ckw/kdj ykbh es a VkWx fy;k vksj da/ks ij ysdj pyrs cusa tc ;s yksx iqy ds ikl igqaps] rks mugsa ns[krs gh unh ds iqy ij csbs gq, yksx Bgkds ekjdj gwlus yxs vksj mu nksuksa dh gwlh mm+kus yxsa yksxks a dk gwluk vksj 'kksj djuk lqudj x/kk QM+QM+kus yxka dyyw vksj /kulq[k dks Øks/k vk x;ka mugksaus x/ks dks iqy ds uhps unh esa Qsd fn;ka bl izdkj lc yksxks a dks [kq'k j[kus ds iz;ru es a mugsa x/ks ls gkfk /kksuk im+k vksj x/ks cspkjs dh tku pyh xbza lpeqp lalkj es a pkgs ftl <al ls jgks] dqn yksx gwlh vksj f'kdk;r djus okys fey gh tkrs O;fDr csb tkrs gs a] rks cspkjs x/ks dh D;k gkyr gks tkrh gs \ iz0&vxj bl n'kk es a rqe ml x/ks ij nks O;fDr;ksa dks csbk ns[krs] rks D;k dgrs \ iz0&vxj rqe mu nksuksa dh txg ij gksrs rks D;k djrs \ iz0&vxj bl izdkj x/ks dks Fkdk gqvk rqe ns[krs rks D;k djrs \ iz0&vxj fdlh i'kq dks pkjksa rjq ls?ksjdj 'kksj djus yxs] rks og D;k djsxk \ iz0&tc fdlh O;fDr dks Øks/k vk tkrk gs rks mldh cqf) dslh tk tkrh gs \ iz0&tc lalkj ds yksx fhkuu izdkj dh jk; nsa rks gesa D;k djuk pkfg, \ 19

20 gsa ;g mudk LoHkko gh gksrk gs & gj,d dh f'kdk;r djuka vr% mldh fpurk u djds gesa fopkjiwozd viuk dk;z djuk pkfg,a 5-Hkk"kk lh[kus ds dks'ky lquuk] okpu] i<+uk,oa fy[kuka Hkk"kk lh[kus esa dks'ky Hkk"kk dks'ky Hkk"kk dk,d O;kogkfjd i{k gsa izr;sd O;kogkfjd iz;ksxkred rfkk rduhdh ds dk;ksz es a dks'ky dh vr;ur vko';drk gksrh gsa izr;sd O;fDr dh dk;z{kerk O;fDr ds dk;z dks'ky ij gh fuhkzj djrh gsa tcfd izr;sd O;olk; dh l{kerk ds fy, fof'k"v dks'kyksa dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkrh gsa dks'kyksa dks fueuizdkj ls oxhzd`r fd;k tk ldrk gsa tsls& esmhflu dks'ky] f'k{k.k dks'ky] lkekftd dks'ky rfkk Hkk"kk dks'ky fopkjksa] Hkkoksa rfkk rf;ksa dh vfhko;fdr ds fy, Hkk"kk dks'kyksa dh vko';drk im+rh gsa Hkk"kk fokku Hkk"kk dk,d ls)kafrd i{k gs tcfd Hkk"kk dks'ky O;kogkfjd i{k gsa Hkk"kk ds pkj dks'ky fy[kuk] i<+uk]cksyuk rfkk lquuk gksrs gsa tslk fd lozeku; rf; ;g gs fd Hkk"kk dks'ky vfhko;fdr dk egroiw.kz dks'ky gksrk gsa O;fDr dh leizs"k.k {kerk Hkk"kk dks'kyksa dh n{krk ij gh fuhkzj djrh gsa Hkk"kk dks'ky xzg.k vfhko;fdr lqudj ¼Jo.k dks'ky½ i<+dj ¼okpu dks'ky½ cksydj ¼ekSf[kd dks'ky½ fy[kdj ¼ys[ku dks'ky½ 20

21 Hkk"kk dks'ky dh fo'ks"krk, 1- dks'ky Hkk"kk dk,d O;kogkfjd i{k gsa 2- Hkk"kk dks'ky leizs"k.k dk lk/ku rfkk eq[; ek/;e gsa 3- Hkk"kk dks'ky esa ekufld] 'kkjhfjd vaxksa] Kku&bfUnz;k rfkk dez&bfunz;k fø;k'khy gksrh gsaa 4- Hkk"kk dks'ky vftzr fd;s tkrs gs] blds fy, izf'k{k.k rfkk vh;kl fd;k tkrk gsa 5- Hkk"kk dks'ky esa izr;{khdj.k rfkk ekufld O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gsa 6- Hkk"kk dks'ky ls leizs"k.k cks/kxe; curk gsa 7- Hkk"kk dks'ky ls leizs"k.k dh l{kerk dk fodkl gksrk gsa 8- Hkk"kk dks'ky ls 'kkfcnd vur%izfø;k gksrh gsa 9- Hkk"kk dks'ky dh izhkko'khyrk dk vkdyu dks'kyksa dh 'kq)rk rfkk cks/kxe; }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa 10- Hkk"kk dks'kyksa dk Hkk"kk fokku rfkk O;kdj.k gh eq[; vk/kkj gksrk gsa Jo.k ¼lquuk½ ¼Listening½ Jo.k vfkkzr~ lquus laca/kh dks'ky] Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfke lh<+h gsa fo kfkhz dgkuh] dfork] Hkk"k.k] okrkzyki vkfn dk Kku lqudj gh izkir djrk gsa eksf[kd Hkk"kk lqudj mlds vfkz,oa Hkko le>us dh fø;k es a fuiq.k jguk gh Jo.k dks'ky dk fodkl gsa blds fy, lrr~ iz;kl dh vko';drk gksrh gsa oklro es a Jo.k dks'ky Hkk"kk lh[kus dk izeq[k,oa egroiw.kz vax gsa blds vk/kkj ij gh vu; dks'kyksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa Jo.k dks'ky ds i'pkr~ gh i<+us fy[kus dk dks'ky fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl izdkj Li"V :i ls jgk tk ldrk gs fd lquus ds vh;kl dks gh Jo.k dks'ky dgk tkrk gsa dkuksa }kjk /ofu;ksa dks Lohdkj dj eflr"d }kjk mldks vuqhkwfr djus dks gh Jo.k dgk tkrk gsa Jo.k dks'ky dk egro ¼Importance of Listening SKill½ 1- ckyd ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl eas Jo.k dks'ky dk vf/kd egro gsa ckyd ftu /ofu;ksa dks lqurk gs og mlds eu&eflr"d es a vafdr gks tkrh gsa ;s vafdr /ofu;k gh cpps ds Hkk"kk&Kku dk vk/kkj curh gsa Jo.k dks'ky vu; Hkk"kk;h dks'kyksa dks fodflr djus dh izeq[k 21

22 vk/kkjf'kyk gsa 2- ckyd Jo.k ds izfr tkx:d curk gsa mldh Jo.ksfUnz;ksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gsa 3- Hkk"kk vuqdj.k }kjk lh[kh tkrh gsa u;s&u;s 'kcnksa dks lqudj ckyd vius 'kcn&hk.mkj esa o`f) djrk gsa 4- ckyd ifjokj ds lnl;ksa rfkk v/;kidksa dh ckr lqudj Lo;a vius mppkj.k gko&hkko] mrkj&p<+ko mfpr Lojxfr ds vuqlkj cksyus dk iz;kl djrk gsa 5- 'kkur jgdj nwljksa dh ckr lqudj o le>dj gh O;fDr vius fopkjksa ds izfriknu gsrq Bksl rdz izlrqr dj ldrk gsa 6- lkfgr; dh fofhkuu fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u rfkk mudh O;k[;k dks lqudj gh mldh fo"k; olrqr dks xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gsa ckyd dfork dk jlkloknu] dgkuh dk vkuun lqudj gh dj ldrk gsa Jo.k dks'ky ds mn~ns'; ¼Aims of Listening SKill½ Jo.k dks'ky ds fueuf[kf[kr mn~ns'; gsa ^ 1- Nk=ksa es a Jo.k ds izfr :fp mriuu djuk ftlls os nwljksa dh ckrksa dks /;kuiwozd lqu ldsa 2- Nk=ksa esa lqudj vfkz xzg.k djus dh ;ksx;rk iznku djuka 3- nwljksa ds }kjk mppfjr 'kcnksa dks lqudj 'kq) mppkkj.k djus ds ;ksx; cukuka 4- Jqr lkexzh ds egroiw.kz va'kks a dks igpkuus dh ;ksx;rk fodflr djuka 5- Jqr lkexzh ds egroiw.kz] vkd"kz.k rfkk eezli'khz fopkjksa rfkk Hkkoks a dk p;u djus dh ;ksx;rk fodflr djuka 6- odrk ds eukshkkoksa dks le>uka 7- Jqr lkexzh dk lkjka'k xzg.k djus dh ;ksx;rk fodflr djuka 8- Hkk"kk,oa lkfgr; ds izfr :fp mriuu djuka Jo.k dks'ky f'k{k.k dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of Teaching Listening SKill½ 22

23 Jo.k dks'ky Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk egroiw.kz lksiku gsa Jo.k dks'ky dk f'k{k.k fdl izdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ;g,d cgqr gh egroiw.kz fo"k; gsa Nk=ksa esa Jo.k dks'ky dk fodkl djus ds fy, f'k{k.k dks fueufyf[kr fof/k;ksa] lkexzh,oa midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg, & ¼1½ iz'uksrrj ¼Question-Answer Method½& iz'uksrrj iz.kkyh,d egroiw.kz fof/k gsa f'k{kd dks i<+kbz xbz lkexzh ij d{kk es a iz'u iwnus pkfg,a d{kk esa iz'u iwnus ls ;g irk py tk;sxk fd Nk= lqudj fo"k; dks xzg.k dj jgs gs ;k ughaa iz'u d{kk ds lhkh Nk=ksa ls iwns tk;saa ¼2½ lloj okpu ¼Loud Reading½& f'k{kd }kjk fd;s x;s vkn'kz okpu ls Nk= mppkj.k] xfr] fojke fpugks a vkfn dk Kku izkir djrs gsaa f'k{kd dks pkfg, fd og Nk=ksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk;sa blls ;g irk py ldsxk fd Nk= /;ku ls ikb~;olrq dks lqu jgs gs ;k ughaa vr% Nk=ksa }kjk lloj okpu djkus ls muesa Jo.k dks'ky dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa ¼3½ Hkk"k.k ¼Speech½& Hkk"k.k }kjk ckyd esa eksf[kd Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gsa ijurq blds }kjk Jo.k dks'ky dk Hkh fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa Hkk"k.k }kjk ckyd dh Jo.ksfUnz;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa Hkk"k.k nsus ls iwoz f'k{kd ckydksa dks ;g crk ns fd os mlds Hkk"k.k dks /;kuiwozd lqusa vksj rri'pkr~ muls Hkk"k.k ij iz'u iwns tk;saxsa f'k{kd Nk=ksa ls iz'u iwndj ;g irk yxk ldrk gs fd mugksaus Hkk"k.k dks /;kuiwozd lquk ;k ughaa ¼4½ dgkuh dguk rfkk lquuk ¼Story Telling and Listening½& ckydksa dks jkspd dfkk, ] dgkfu;k tsls& ifj;ksa dh] jktk&jkuh dh rfkk i'kq&if{k;ksa vkfn dh dgkuh lqukuh pkfg,a blds i'pkr~ mlh dgkuh dks ckydksa ls lquuh pkfg,a blls ;g irk yxk;k tk;sxk fd ckydksa us dgkuh lquh ;k ughaa ¼5½ Jqr ys[k ¼Dictation½& Jqr ys[ku esa f'k{kd fdlh x ka'k vkfn dks cksyrk tkrk gs rfkk Nk= lqudj fy[krs pyrs gsaa tks Nk= /;kuiwozd lqusxk og leiw.kz lkexzh dks 'kq) fy[k ysxk rfkk dksbz Hkh va'k ugha NwVsxkA tks Nk= /;kuiwozd ugha lqusxk mlds chp&chp es a dqn 'kcn ;k okd;ka'k NwV tk;sxsaa ¼6½ okn&fookn ¼Dictation½& Jo.k dks'ky dk izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, okn&fookn Hkh,d egroiw.kz fø;k gsa okn&fookn es a Nk= dks gj ckr /;kuiwozd lquuh gksrh gs D;ksfd fcuk lqus os nwljs i{k dh ckr dk mrrj u ns ldsxs a vksj u 23

24 vius rdz dh izlrqr dj ldrs gsa f'k{kd dks lhkh Nk=kas ls iz'u iwndj ;g tkwp djuh pkfg, fd os okn&fookn ds rdksz dks /;kuiwozd lqu jgs Fks ;k ugha ¼7½ n`';&jo; lgk;d lkexzh dk iz;ksx ¼Use of Audio-visual Aids½& Jo.k dks'ky dks fodflr djus rfkk mppkj.k leca/kh nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds fy, xzkeqksu] VsifjdkMZj] jsfm;ks] pyfp=] nwjn'kzu rfkk ohfm;ks vkfn dh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gsa bu lk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls dgkuh] dfork] egkiq:"kksa ds Hkk"k.k] ukvd rfkk fofhkuu 'ksf{kd o euksjatd dk;zøe lqus tk ldrs gsaa Jo.k dks'ky esa /;ku nsus ;ksx; ckrsa vko';d gs & Jo.k dks'ky dks fodflr djus ds fy, fueufyf[kr ckrksa dh rjq /;ku nsuk 1- ckyd Jo.k esa :fp j[ksaa 2- ckyd es a /ks;ziwozd lquus dh {kerk fodflr djuka 3- ckyd esa Hkko xzg.k djus dh {kerk fodflr gksa 4- ckyd dks fgunh /ofu] /ofu ds izdkj] muds oxhzdj.k dk iw.kz Kku gksuk pkfg,a 5- ckyd dh Jo.ksfUnz; Bhd gksa Jo.k dks'ky ds eq[; vk/kkj & Jo.k dks'ky dh lkfkzdrk ds fy, dqn vko';d vk/kkj gksrs gsaa mu vk/kkjksa dk myys[k fueufyf[kr iafdr;ksa es a fd;k x;k gs & 1- lquus okys dh Jo.k bfunz; lkeku;,oa fø;k'khy gksa 2- Hkk"kk dh /ofu;ksa ls 'kcnksa dk cks/k gksuka 3- lquus okyk /ofu;ksa ds izfr ltx gks vksj mugsa le>us dk iz;kl djrk gksa 4- lquus dh :fp esa rrirk,oa,dkxzrk gksa 5- /ofu;ksa ls tks Hkko,oa fopkj leizsf"kr fd;s tk jgs gs mugsa Jksrk cks/kxe; dj ldsaa 6- /ofu;ksa ds lkfk cksyus okys ds gko&hkko ls Hkh mldh vfhko;fdr dk vuqeku yxkuk pkfg,a 7- okpu dh izhkko'khyrk dks lquus ds vk/kkj ij vkdyu fd;k tkrk gs fd odrk tks dguk pkgrk gs Jksrk mldks 'kq) :i ls cks/kxe; dj ysrk gs 24

25 vfkok ughaa Jo.k dks'ky dk fodkl & eksf[kd Hkk"kk lqudj mlds vfkz,oa Hkko le>us dh fø;k esa fuiq.k djuk gh Jo.k dks'ky dk fodkl gs] vksj blds fy, vko';d gs fd muesa lquus ds vko';d rf;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk,a ;g dk;z,d&nks fnu] ekg vfkok o"kksz es a ugha fd;k tk ldrk] blds fy, rks lrr~ iz;kl dh vko';drk gksrh gsa tgkw rd ekr`&hkk"kk ds lanhkz esa lquus ds dks'ky ds fodkl dk iz'u gs] bldk dqn fodkl rks cppksa es a fo ky;ksa es a izos'k ysus ls igys gks pqdk gksrk gs ijurq mldh viuh lhek gksrh gs vksj ;g lhek cgqr lhfer gksrh gsa fo ky;ksa es a cppksa dks ekr`&hkk"kk ds lozeku; :i dks lquus vksj lqudj mldk vfkz,oa Hkko le>us es n{k fd;k tkrk gsa blds fy, gesa fo ky;h f'k{kk ds fhkuu&fhkuu Lrjksa ij fhkuu&fhkuu dk;z djus im+rs gsaa 5-2 okpu ¼Speaking½ okpu KkuktZu dh daqth gsa okpu,d dyka gs,d dks'ky gsa okpu dsoy iqlrd dks i<+uk ek= ugha oju~ i<+dj mls le>uk] mldk vfkz xzg.k djuk Hkh mruk gh egroiw.kz gsa f'k{kd okpu dh f'k{kk bfrgkl vksj Hkwxksy dh HkkWfr ugha ns ldrka okpu dh ifjhkk"kk bl izdkj gs **iwozjqr /ofu;ksa ds izrhd fyfic) 'kcnksa dks i<+dj vfkz xzg.k djus dh izfø;k dks okpu dgrs gsa** Y;wgl uked fo}ku us **Ldwy es a Hkk"kk** iqlrd es a fy[kk gs fd **okpu,d lk/ku gs] ftlds ek/;e ls ckyd leiw.kz ekuork ds }kjk *lafpr Kkujkf'k* ls ifjfpr gks ldrk gsa** vr% Hkk"kk f'k{k.k es a okpu dk vr;ur egroiw.kz LFkku gsa okpu Kku izkfir ds lkfk&lkfk vkuun izkfir dk Hkh lk/ku gsa okpu euksjatu dk,d l'kdr lk/ku gsa okpu dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk Hkh lokzf/kd gsa okpu lk{kjrk dk i;kz; gs] cgqnk yksx dgus yxrs gsa i<s+&fy[ks gks vfkkzr~ lk{kj gksa bl izdkj okpu Hkk"kk ds fyf[kr :i ls vk/kkfjr gsa lkeku; Hkk"kk es a fy[ks gq, 'kcnksa dk mppkj.k djuk okpu dgykrk gsa okpu esa dsoy fyfic) v{kjkas dh igpku rfkk mudh eksf[kd vfhko;fdr gh i;kzir ugha gs] oju~ mldk vfkzxzzg.k djds mls le>uk Hkh vfuok;z gsa vr% okpu dks'ky dh ifjhkk"kk bl izdkj nh tk ldrh gs& dfo ;k ys[kd ds fyf[kr fopkjksa,oa fufgr Hkkoks a ds lkfk rknkre; LFkkfir djus gsrq ftl ;qfdr dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gs] mls okpu dks'ky djrs gsa 25

26 5-2-1 okpu dks'ky ds rro 1- /ofu ds izrhd o.kksz dks ns[kdj igpkuuka 2- o.kksz ds iz;ksx ls 'kcnksa dk fuekz.k djuka 3- 'kcnksa dks mfpr n`f"vlksiku esa ckwvdj mfpr xfr ls mppfjr djuka 4- okd; dks lkfkzd bdkb;ks a es a ckwvdj i<+uka 5- izlaxkuqlkj 'kcnksa dk Hkko xzg.k djuka 6- iwoz vftzr Kku ls ifbr lkexzh dk lecu/k LFkkfir djuka 7- viuk vkpj.k earo; ds vk/kkj ij flfkj djuk rfkk mlds vuqlkj O;ogkj djuka okpu dks'ky dk fodkl gs & okpu dks'ky dk fodkl djus gsrq fueufyf[kr mik; viuk, tk ldrs ¼1½ NksVh d{kkvksa es a dgkuh dfku] dfork ikb] ppkz] laokn rfkk,dkadh ikbksa dk vuqqlaokn djkuka ¼2½ o.kzu] fooj.k] vk'kq Hkk"k.k rfkk,d&,d feuv dk okn&fookn djkuka ¼3½ Nk=ksa ls fdlh?kvuk ij vius fopkj O;Dr djus dks dguka bl izdkj ds dk;ksz dks djokdj v/;kid viuh d{kk es a Nk=ksa dks vf/kd ek=k es a lfdz; j[k ldrk gs ftlls Nk=ks ds fy, v/;;u&v/;kiu :fpdj gks tkrk gsa okpu dks'ky dk egro fgunh f'k{k.k es a okpu dks'ky dk fo'ks"k egro gsa okpu dks'ky dh thou ds izr;sd {ks= es a vko';d gksrh gsa vkt ds bl izxfr'khy vksj oskkfud ;qx es a i<+uk vfr vko';d gsa ftl O;fDr esa okpu dks'ky dh ;ksx;rk ugha gs og lalkj dh fofhkuuk lald`fr;ksa dh egkurk,oa fo'kkyrk dks ugha le> ldrk A okpu dks'ky,d dyk gsa lkfk gh ;g KkuktZu dh dqath gsa okpu dks'ky ds }kjk O;fDr dfbu fo"k; dks i<+dj le> ysrk gs rfkk mls fy[kdj ;k eksf[kd :i ls O;Dr dj ldrk gsa ukvd] dgkuh] thou&pfj=] bfrgkl] ys[k] dfork vkfn dk vkuan O;fDr i<+dj gh mbk ldrk gsa vpns okpu dks'ky ds fcuk u rks dksbz vpnk odrk ou ldrk ldrk u gh ys[kd cu ldrk gsa okpu dks'ky Kku izkfir ds lkfk&lkfk euksjatudk lk/ku Hkh gsa okpu dks'ky dh fof/k;k 26

27 1- o.kzcks/k fof/k ¼Alphabetic Method½& bl fof/k ds vuqlkj lcls igys ckydksa dks o.kzekyk ds o.kksz dk Kku djk;k tkrk gsa igys Lojksa dk ckn es a O;atuksa dk Kku djk;k tkrk gsa tc ckyd o.kksz dk Hkyh&HkkWfr Kku izkir dj ysrs gsa rks mugsa 'kcn cukus fl[kk;s tkrs gsaa mnkgj.k ds fy,&d]e]y]¾ dey] u]v][k]v]¾uv[kv vkfna bl fof/k es a o.kksz dk Øe&c) Kku gksrk gsa ek=kvksa dk iw.kz Kku] 'kq) mppkj.k rfkk o.kksz dks feykdj 'kcn i<+us dk vh;kl gksrk gsa 2- /ofu lke; fof/k ¼Phonetic Method½& bl fof/k es a leku /ofu ls mppfjr 'kcnksa dks,d lkfk fl[kk;k tkrk gsa tsls&jke] dke] 'kke] nkl] uke] 'kke] tke] xez] uez] dez] /kez] pez vkfna bl fof/k es a lhkh o.kks Z dk fl[kkuk eqf'dy gksrk gsa 3- ns[kks vksj dgks fof/k ¼Look and Say Method½&;g 'kcn fof/k Hkh dgykrh gsa bl fof/k es a 'kcn ls lecfu/kr olrq ;k fp= fn[kkdj igys 'kcn dk Kku djk;k tkrk gsa tsls&vke dk fp= fn[kkdj ckyd ls iwnk tkrk gs fd ;g D;k gs \ ckyd fp= dks ns[kdj rfkk mlls lkgp;z LFkkfir dj 'kcn dks cksyus dk vh;kl dj ysrs gsaa bl izdkj ckyd okpu dyk esa fuiq.k gks tkrs gsaa 4- okd; fof/k ¼Drmyrmvr Method½&;g,d euksoskkfud fof/k gsa bl fof/k esa igys cppksa ds leeq[k okd; izlrqr fd;k trk gsa ckydksa dks igys okd; dk vh;kl djk;k tkrk gs fqj 'kcn rfkk ckn esa o.kz dka bl fof/k esa ckyd LokHkkfod Øe es a i<+uk lh[krk gsa vr% bl fof/k esa i<+uk fl[kkus ds fy, okd; f'k{k.k fof/k dks gh vk/kkj cukuk pkfg,a 5- dgkuh fof/k ¼Story Method½&okpu f'k{k.k dh dgkuh fof/k,d egroiw.kz fof/k gsa ckyd dgkuh es a cgqr :fp ysrs gsaa bl fof/k es a okd;ksa dks bl izdkj ltkrs gsa fd,d dgkuh cu tk;sa NksVh&NksVh dgkuh pkvz o fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls cppksa ds lkeus izlrqr dh tkrh gsa f'k{kd dgkuh ds okd;ksa dks ';keiv ij fy[krk gsa f'k{kd mugsa i<+rk gsa fqj Nk= bldk okpu djrs gsa bl izdkj okd; ds fo'ys"k.k }kjk 'kcnksa o o.kksz dk Kku gksrk tkrk gsa bl izdkj ckyd okpu dyk es fuiq.k gks tkrs gsaa 6- lkgp;z@leidz fof/k ¼Assocition Method½&bl fof/k dk izfriknu esfj;k ekuvsljh us fd;k FkkA ckydksa ds ifjfpr fp= rfkk cksyus okyh olrqvksa ds fp=,d dejs es a Vkax fn;s tkrs gsa lhkh dkmksz dks,d lkfk feyk nsrs gsaa ckydksa ls 27

28 dgk tkrk gs fd tks dkmz ftl fp= ;k olrq ls lecu/k j[krs gs mugsa fudky dj muds lkeus iqu% j[k nsaa /khjs&/khjs fp=] dkmz,oa mppkj.k es a lkgp;z LFkkfir gks tkrk gsa bl izdkj ckyd dks 'kcnksa o o.kksz dk Kku gksrk tkrk gsa bl izdkj ckyd [ksy&[ksy es a okpu djuk lh[k tkrs gsaa bl fof/k dk iz;ksx dsoy izkfkfed d{kkvksa esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gsa 7- okpu vh;kl &ckydksa dks o.kksz rfkk ek=kvksa dk mfpr Kku gksus ij mugsa lloj okpu dk vh;kl djkuk pkfg,a Nk= f'k{kd ds vkns'kz okpu dk vuqdj.k dj lgh okpu djuk lh[k tkrs gsaa okpu lecu/kh =qfv;k ¼common errors in reading½ okpu,d dyk gsa bl dks'ky dks fodflr djus ds fy, vh;kl dh vko';drk gksrh gsa okpu dh lkeku; =qfv;k fueufyf[kr gsa & 1-v'kq) mppkj.k djuk rfkk vvd&vvd dj i<+uka 2- okpu esa vuqlwfpr xfr dk gksuka 3- iqlrd dks vk [kks a ds fudv ;k nwj j[kdj i<+uka 4- >qd&dj i<+uka 5- i<+us es a vkjksg&vojksg dk u gksuka 6- 'kcnksa rfkk okd;ksa dk vfkz u le>uka 7- fcuk vfkz le>s i<+uka okpu lecu/kh v'kqf);ks a ds dkj.k ¼Causes of common Errors in Reading½ okpu lecu/kh v'kqf);ks a ds fueufyf[kr dkj.k gsa & 1- n`f"v nks"k 2- ok.kh nks"k 3- vlko/kkuh 4- ikb~; lkexzh esa NikbZ dh =qfv;k 5- f'k{kd dk dbksj O;ogkjA 6- ikb~; lkexzh dk dfbu,oa v:fpdj gksuka 7- d{kk dk rukoiw.kz okrkoj.ka 8- f'k{kd }kjk ekxz&n'kzu dk vhkkoa okpu lecu/kh nks"kks dk fuokj.ka okpu lecu/kh nks"kks dks fueufyf[kr fof/k;ksa ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gs & 28

29 1- n`f"v rfkk ok.kh nks"kksa dk mipkj djuka 2- /ofu;ksa dk iw.kz Kku rfkk vh;kl djkuka 3- ckj&ckj vko`frr rfkk iqujko`frr ds }kjk vh;kl djkdj mppkj.k lecu/kh nks"kksa dk fuokj.k fd;k tk,a 4- v'kq) cksyus okys ckydksa dks 'kq) cksyus okys ckydksa ds lkfk j[kuka ftlls og 'kq) cksyuk lh[k tk;saa 5- vli"v rfkk 'kh?kz xfr ls i<+us okys ckydksa ds :d&:d dj /khjs&/khjs i<+us dk vh;kl djkuk rfkk Li"V mppkj.k djkuka 6- ikb~; iqlrdksa dh 'kq) NikbZ gksuh pkfg,a 7- okpu lecu/kh mfpr ekxz&n'kzu fd;k tk;sa 8- mipkjkred rfkk funkukred fof/k ls okpu lecu/kh nks"kksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gsa 9- okpu ls iwoz dfbu 'kcnksa dh O;k[;k dh tk;sa 10- lko/kkuh ls i<+us dk vh;kl djk;k tk;sa 11- d{kk dk okrkoj.k vkd"kzd cuk;k tk;sa 12- i<+rs le; /;ku dsfunzr j[kk tk,a 13- f'k{kd dk vkn'kz okpu 'kq) o Li"V gksuk pkfg,a 14- Nk=ksa ds vuqdj.k okpu ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sa 5-3 i<+uk ¼Reading½ ibu Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk,d izeq[k vax gsa ibu dk Hkk"kk f'k{k.k es a vr;f/kd egro gsa izkjfehkd d{kkvksa es a ibu ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gsa blesa ckyd fyf[kr ;k eqfnzr o.kksz] 'kcnksa] okd;ksa vksj vuqpnsnkas dks tksj ls cksydj ;k eu esa i<+dj mudk Hkko xzg.k djrk gsa fdlh fyf[kr ;k eqfnzr ikb~; olrq] Hkk"kk ;k fp= dks ns[kdj mlds Hkko vk'k; dk vfkzxzg.k djuk ibu dgykrk gsa bl izdkj ibu fyfi&/ofu&vfkzfcecks a ds fuekz.k dh izfø;k gsa **ibu ys[kd }kjk mfn~"v lqfyf[kr o lqof.kzr izrhdksa dks fdlh ds vuqhko dh fuf/k ls mudks lecfu/kr djds lkfkzdrk nsus dh izfø;k gsa** fyf[kr Hkk"kk dks i<+us dh fø;k dks ibu dks'ky dgk tkrk gs] tsls&iqlrdksa dks i<+uk lekpkj&i=ks a dks i<+uk vkfna Hkk"kk ds lanhkz es a i<+us dk 29

30 vfkz dqn fhkuu gksrk gsa Hkko vksj fopkjksa dks] fyf[kr Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls vfhko;fdr dks i<+dj le>uk ibu dgk tkrk gsa fy[kus dk mn~ns'; gksrk gs fd Hkko vksj fopkjksa dks ge nwljksa rd igq apkuk pkgrs gsa vu; O;fDr tc mldks fyf[kr Hkk"kk ds :i es a i<+sxk rc mlds Hkko,oa fopkjksa dks le> ysxka bl fø;k dks ibu dgrs gsaa fdl lhek rd dksbz O;fDr mlds Hkko,oa fopkjksa dks le>rk gs ;g mldh,dkxzrk,oa xzg.k 'kfdr ij fuhkzj gksrk gsa ikbu dks'ky ds dkjd fyf[kr Hkko,oa fopkjksa dks eksf[kd ;k eksu :i ls i<+dj cks/kxe; djus es a fueukafdr dkjd gksrs gsa & 1- ikbu esa n`'; bfunz; lkeku; rfkk fø;k'khy gksuka 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kk fyfi dk Kku gksuka 3- fyf[kr ikb~;&lkexzh dh 'kcnkoyh dk cks/k,oa 'kq) mppkj.k dk vh;kl gksuka 4- ibu esa rrijrk],dkxzrk,oa :fp dk gksuka 5- ibu esa fyf[krvfhko;fdr ds lkfk mlds vfkz,oa Hkko dks le>us dh {kerk gksuka 6- okd; fokku] :i fokku,oa vfkz fokku dk cks/k gksuka ibu dks'ky dk fodkl& dks'ky dk lecu/k fø;kred i{k ds fodkl ls gksrk gsa blfy, Hkk"kk dks'kyksa ds fodkl ds fy, vh;kl rfkk izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gsa Nk=ksa dks i<+us ds fy, volj fn;s tk,a vksj mugsa,slk lkfgr; miyc/k djk;k tk, tks mudh :fp ds vuqdwy gksa tsls&nk= dgkfu;ksa ds vf/kd :fp ysrs gs a] blfy, mugsa lans'kkred dgkfu;ka i<+us dk volj fn;k tk,a i<+us dk fujarj vh;kl djk;k tk,] ftlls muesa ibu dh vknr dk fodkl gks tk,a ibu ds vh;kl dk dk;z?kj,oa fo ky; nksuksa ls vkjehk fd;k tk ldrk gsa Nk=ksa dh volfkkuqdwy fofhkuu Lrjksa ij mudh vko';drk,oa bpnkvksa ds vuqdwy ibu ds fy, volj fn;s tk,a ibu dks'ky ds Lrj& f'k{k.k es a vkjehkolfkk ls ysdj fodkl dky rd ibu ds dbz :i ekus tkrs gsa & 1- fp= ibu 2- 'kcn ibu 30

31 3- 'kkfcnd ibu 4- fpurukred ibu 5- l`tukred ibu fp= ibu,oa 'kcn ibu dk Lrj izfke o f}rh; d{kkvksa es a gksrk gsa 'kkfcnd ibu dks'ky dk Lrj rhljh o pksfkh d{kk es a] fpurukred ibu dk Lrj d{kk 4 ls 8 rd vksj l`tukred ibu dk Lrj ek/;fed vksj mpp ek/;fed d{kkvksa es a ekuk tkrk gsa ibukjehk ;ksx;rk ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gs fd v/;kid esa Hkh bl gsrq visf{kr ;ksx;rk,a gksaa bu ;ksx;rkvksa ds vhkko es a v/;kid Nk= es a ibu ds izfr :fp mriuu ugha dj ldrka Nk= esa ibu ds izfr :fp mriuu djus ds fy, igyh 'krz gs & v/;kid dk O;kogkfjd gksuka v/;kid ckyd dks ls)kafrd :i ls f'kf{kr djus dh vis{kk O;kogkfjd :i ls f'kf{kr djsaa ibukjehk ;ksx;rk ds fodkl gsrq v/;kid dq'kkxz c`f),oa O;fDrxr fhkuurk dh tkudkjh j[kus okyk gksuk pkfg, rkfd og Nk=ksa dks fofo/k fof/k;ksa ls ibu f'k{k.k djk lds rfkk d{kk Lrj o ckyd ds ekufld,oa 'kkjhfjd Lrj dks /;ku es a j[kdj f'k{k.k djk,a izkfkfed fo ky; ds Hkk"kk f'k{kd es a bu ;ksx;rkvksa dh vis{kk dh tkrh gsa fy[kuk dks'ky ¼writeing Skills½ fy[kuk Hkkoks a,oa fopkjksa dh dykred vfhko;fdr gsa og 'kcnksa dks Øe ls fyfic)] lqo;oflfkr djus dh dyk gsa Hkkoks a,oa fopkjksa dh ;g dykred vfhko;fdr tc fyf[kr :i es a gksrh gs rc mls ys[ku vfkok fyf[kr jpuk dgrs gsaa vfhko;fdr dh n`f"v ls ys[ku rfkk okpu ijlij iwjd gksrs gs aa okpu ls ys[ku dfbu gksrk gsa ys[ku es a orzuh dk fo'ks"k egro gs tcfd okpu es a /ofu dk egro gksrk gsa mppkj.k dh 'kq)rk vko';d rro gs vksj ys[ku es a v{kjksa dk lqmksy gksuk vksj orzuh dh 'kq)rk gksuh pkfg,a ys[ku dh dyk LFkk;h lkfgr; dk va'k gsa ys[ku dh fo"k;olrq lkfgr; dk {ks= gksrk gs vksj okd; fyf[kr Hkk"kk vfhko;fdr dk ek/;e gksrk gsa ys[ku es a lkspus rfkk fpuru ds fy, vf/kd le; feyrk gs tcfd okpu esa HkkofHkO;fDr dk lrr~ izokg cuk jgrk gs lkspus dk le; ugha jgrka ekuo thou es a ys[ku rfkk okpu nksuksa :iksa dk egro gsa 31

32 ys[ku dh v'kqf);k ikbdksa rfkk vkykspdksa dh n`f"v;ksa ls cp ugha ldrh tcfd okpu esa bruk /;ku ugha tkrk gs bl dkj.k ys[ku es a Hkk"kk dh 'kq)rk dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk im+rk gsa 'ksyh rfkk fo"k;&lkexzh es a Hkk"kk o 'ksyh ds ifj"dkj ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk im+rk gsa ys[ku esa Hkk"kk] 'ksyh rfkk fo"k;&lkexzh vkfn lhkh n`f"v ls 'kq) gksuh pkfg,a ys[ku dks'ky dk egro cksyus rfkk i<+us dh fø;k ls ys[ku&fø;k vf/kd dfbu gsa ijurq esme ek.vsljh bls ljy ekurh gsa rfkk fy[kuk fl[kkuk Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dk izkjfehkd dk;z ekurh gsa mudk ekuuk gs fd fy[kus ds lkfk i<+uk Hkh vk tkrk gsa ys[ku dks'ky dk egro fueufyf[kr gs & 1- fyfi ds Kku ds fcuk ckyd u rks 'kq) orzuh dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gs vksj uk gh fopkjksa dks fyf[kr :i ls vfhko;dr dj ldrk gsa 2- tc rd ckyd dks fy[kuk ugha vk tkrk rc rd mldk Hkk"kk ij iw.kz vf/kdkj ugha gks ldrka 3- fyf[kr vfhko;fdr ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkjksa dks lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gsa rfkk mugsa nwljksa rd igq pk ldrs gsaa 4- fyf[kr vfhko;fdr ls Kku,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd igq pk;k tk ldrk gsa 5- gekjh lald`fr] jhfr&fjokt Hkk"kk ds fyf[kr :i ds dkj.k gh vkxs vkus okyh ih<+h rd glrkurfjr gksrh gsa 6- fyf[kr Hkk"kk fo ky; esa f'k{kk izkir djus dk,d egroiw.kz lk/ku gsa 7- cksf)d fodkl ds fy, fy[kuk lh[kuk ije vko';d gsa 8- fopkj djus rfkk euu djus ds fy, ys[ku Kku fo'ks"k lgk;d gksrk gsa 9- fyf[kr Hkk"kk lkfgr; Hk.Mkj esa o`f) djrh gsa 10- lalkj es a gks jgs u;s Kku] fokku ls ifjfpr djkus ds fy, eq[; lk/ku fyf[kr Hkk"kk gh gsa 11- O;kolkf;d o vks ksfxd izxfr dk vk/kkj Hkh fyf[kr Hkk"kk gsa O;olk; esa lqyrk izkir djus rfkk O;kolkf;d fjdkmz fyf[kr Hkk"kk es a gh gksrs gsaa 12- Lora= ys[ku ls ekuo tkfr dh lsok rfkk thfodksiktzu es a Hkh lgk;rk 32