v/;k; % iape lkekftd ifjorzu & mn~ns ;,oa midj.k Estelar

Transkript

1 v/;k; % iape lkekftd ifjorzu & mn~ns ;,oa midj.k

2 v/;k; % iape lkekftd ifjorzu & mn~ns ;,oa midj.k 5-1 xk /khoknh jktuhfrd tu vkunksyu dh rduhd % Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa izos k dj xk /khth us ;g vuqhko fd;k fd jktuhfr dks lekt ds,d lewg us LokFkZ flf) ds fy, vius gkfk es a kfdr kkyh vl= cuk j[kk gs vksj orzeku kklu ra= dks tfvy cuk fn;k gsa 257 vr% mugksaus igyh ckj jktuhfr {ks= es a u;h psruk mriuu dha mudh n`f V es a jktuhfrd psruk /kkfezd psruk gsa bl lanhkz es a os Lohdkj djrs gs a fd **tc ls es aus ;g tkuk gs fd lkoztfud thou D;k gs] rc ls esjs izr;sd kcn vksj dk;z ds ewy esa /kkfezd psruk vksj furkur /kkfezd gsrq jgh gsa 258 xk /khth dk jktuhfrd n kzu muds /kkfezd rfkk usfrd fl)kurksa dk lkj gsa 259 os gh igys egkrek gs a ftugksaus /keze; jktuhfr dh uhao MkyhA egkrek xk /kh,d isxecj Hkh Fks vksj jktuhfrd HkhA muds fy, ;g flfkfr cm+h d Vdj Fkh fd jktuhfr es a *esfd;koyh izo`frr* dh gh iz/kkurk gks vfkkzr~ /kez jfgr jktuhfr dk lkezkt; gks rfkk Nn&Nn~e;qDr jktuhfr dh izeq[krk gksa mugksaus ;g Hkh vuqhko fd;k fd bl izdkj dh dqfvy jktuhfr] tks usfrdrk foghu gks] fdlh Hkh n kk es a mfpr ugha gsa jktuhfr dks usfrdrk vksj ekuo&dy;k.k dk lk/ku cuuk pkfg,a vr% xk /khth us lr;] vfgalk vksj /kez ij vk/kkfjr vius jktuhfrd n kzu dk egy [km+k fd;ka 257- *Lihpst*] i` B *;ax bafm;k*] Hkkx 3] i` B *Lihpst*] i` B 80

3 mugksaus jktuhfrd n kzu ij dksbz xzufk ugha fy[kk] cfyd le; ij tks muds fopkj O;Dr gq,] jk Vªh; laxzke ds nksjku tks mudh dk;z uhfr jgh] mugksaus vius fpuru vksj O;ogkj dh tks O;k[;k, nha] mugha lces a ges a xk /kh ds jktuhfrd n kzu dk Kku gksrk gsa egkrek xk /kh dk dfku Fkk fd **lr;kxzg Hkkjrh; lal fr dk Qy gsa lr;kxzg jk Vªh; HkkSfrd kkl= ds lkfk&lkfk laxbu kkl= vfkok lekt /kkj.kk kkl=h Hkh gsa finys lks o kksza ds eafku ds ckn izkir gqvk ;g] og ve`r rro gs] ftls ikdj Hkkjrh; turk /ku; gks x;ha nf{k.k výhdk esa ogka dh ljdkj ds fo:) xk /khth us igyh ckj lr;kxzg dk iz;ksx fd;ka izpfyr Hkk kk es a lr;kxzg vfgalkred izfrjks/k ds lkfk leh r fd;k tkrk gs] ysfdu lr;kxzg dsoy vfgald izfrjks/k ds fofhkuu :iksa] vlg;ksx] lfou; vokk] miokl br;kfn rd gh lhfer ugha gsa lr;kxzg vfgalkred izfrjks/k ls dgha O;kid gsa lr;kxzg dk kkfcnd vfkz gs] lr; dks ekudj fdlh olrq ds fy, vkxzg djuk vfkok lr; vksj vfgalk ls mriuu gksus okyk cya 260 bl izdkj lr;kxzg vfgald lk/kuksa }kjk lpps /;s; dh lk/kuk gsa lr;kxzgh izfri{kh dks d V nsdj ugha Lo;a lgdj lr; dh j{kk djuk gsa 261 lr;kxzg lr; ds fy, ril;k gsa 262 bl O;kid vfkz esa lr;kxzg es a lc fo/kk;d lq/kkjksa vksj laos/kkfud lsok ds dk;ksza dk lekos k gks tkrk gsa lr;kxzg dk mn~ns ; gs izse vksj /ks;ziwozd d V lgu djds fojks/kh dk ân; ifjorzu djuk vksj mldh Hkwy lq/kkjuka Li Vr% lr;kxzg esa?k`.kk] nqhkkzouk vkfn ds fy, dksbz LFkku ugha gsa 260- *nf{k.k výhdk ¼iwokZ)½* i` B 173] *Lihpst*] i` B *;ax bafm;k*] Hkkx 2] i` B 838

4 xk /khth us vius vuqla/kkuksa }kjk lr;kxzg dks lkewfgd >xm+ksa dks fuivkus dh i)fr cuk fn;k gsa os dgrs gsa esjs fy, lr;kxzg dk fu;e] izse dk fu;e],d kk or fl)kur gsa esa mu lcds lkfk tks kqhk gs] lg;ksx djrk gw A 263 MkW0 jktsunz izlkn ds kcnksa es a **xk /khth us lr;kxzg ds folr`r fu:i.k ds fy, kkl=h; <ax dh dksbz iqlrd rks ugha fy[kh gs] ijurq jkst&jkst lkeus vkus okyh vksj gy pkgus okyh lel;kvksa ds flyflys esa lr;kxzg ds iz;ksxksa }kjk mlds vla[; izr;{k mnkgj.k izlrqr fd, gsaa lr;kxzg,d ltho fl)kur gs] mldk fdugh fuf pr vksj vfopy lw=ksa ds :i es a lkj rro ugha fn;k tk ldrka mldk fodkl Hkh la;e vksj thou dh,d fof k V i)fr dk vuqlj.k djds gh lk/kuk im+rk gsa 264 lr;kxzg ls xk /kh th dk rkri;z ml BaMh kfdr ds izdk k ls gs] tks BaMh rks gs ij oslh gh] cfyd vf/kd tslh fd Mkbueksa ls QwVdj perdkjh dke djus okyh LFkwy kfdra Mkbuseksa dksbz u;h kfdr ugha djrka ;g kfdr dks vius esa ls xqtj tkus nsrk gs] ;gh dqn vkrecy okys O;fDr ds fo k; esa gsa og kk or] O;kid psru; dk izdk k dk ek/;e gsa og kfdr mlds lhfer dqn O;fDrRo dk ugha] cfyd egku xahkhj L=ksr dk izokg gsa 265 xk /khth us lr;kxzg dks Hkkjr dh vusd chekfj;ksa ds mipkj ds fy, jkeck.k mik; ekuk gsa 266 os rks bls,d,slh ryokj Hkh ekurs gs] ftldh nksuksa vksj /kkj gs vksj tks fcuk [kwu cgk, dkjxj 263- ogh] Hkkx 2] i` B *egkrek xk /kh*] iw.kkzgqfr ¼izFke [k.m½ ys[kd I;kjs yky o jktsunz izlkn dh Hkwfedk ls] i` B *egkrek xk /kh vfhkuanu xz afk*] ys[kd jkql,e0 tksul Mh0 fyv~] i` B *dkaxz sl dks lans k*] egkrek xk /kh

5 gksrh gsa 267 lr;kxzg dh dhkh gkj ugha gksrha og lnso fot;h jgrk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd lr;kxzgh vius k=q dks Hkh gkfu ugha igqapkrk gsa lr;kxzgh lekt lsok }kjk vkrekuqhkwfr es a iz;ru khy jgrk gsa 268 tks euq ; O;fDrxr gkfu ykhk dh Hkkouk ls Åij ugha mb ldrk] og lr;kxzgh gksus ds v;ksx; gs D;ksafd lr;kxzgh dks lnso lr; vksj U;k; dh j{kk ds fy, viuk lozlo cfynku djus dks rrij jguk im+rk gsa egkrek xk /kh es a jkt; &lalfkk esa vfo okl O;Dr djrs gq,,d vkn kz vfgald lekt dh dyiuk dha 269 vlg;ksx vkunksyu % xk /khth dk lr;kxzg jktusfrd {ks= es a vlg;ksx ds uke ls izpfyr FkkA vlg;ksx dk fo ys k.k mugksaus vlg;ksx desvh esa izlrqr fd;k FkkA vlg;ksx vkunksyu ds lk/kuksa ds vurxzr ¼d½ lhkh mikf/k;ksa vksj vkfqlksa dk R;kx ¼[k½ ljdkj dks _.k nsuk cun dj nsuk ¼x½ odhyksa dh odkyr NksM+ nsuk vksj nsgkrh >xm+ksa dk e/;lfk }kjk fuokj.k djuk ¼?k½ ljdkjh Ldwyksa ds fo kffkz;ksa vksj muds ekrk&firk }kjk cfg dkj ¼M+½ dkmfulyksa dk ok;dkv ¼p½ fons kh olrqvksa dk cfg dkj vkfn dk;z vkrs gsaa izfke ckj 1920 esa izdkf kr vlg;ksx dh?kks k.kk es a egkrek xk /kh us Li V dgk Fkk] *gekjs lkeus,d jklrk gs vlg;ksxa og lh/kk lkq ekxz gsa fgalkred u gksus ls ;g dkjxj Hkh mruk gh gksxka 270 ;fn ljdkj turk dh Hkkoukvksa ds izfrdwy pyrh gs] ;fn mldk 267- *;ax bafm;k*] 14 tuojh] *xk /khokn dh :ijs[kk*] jke ukfk lqeu] i` B xksihukfk /kou( lokszn; rro n kzu] i` B *vk/kqfud Hkkjr*] vuqoknd gfjhkkm+k mik/;k;] ys[kd lq[kms +dj] i` B 118] 19

6 kklu vusfrd vksj vu;k;iw.kz gs rks ljdkj ds lkfk vlg;ksx djuk turk dk vf/kdkj gsa xk /khth fy[krs gs **cqjk kklu djus okys kkld dh lgk;rk djus ls budkj dj nsuk turk dk izkphu dky ls eku;rk izkir vf/kdkj gsa 271 vlg;ksx dsoy fu ks/kkred gh ugha gsa vkilh lg&vlg;ksx dk fodkl vlg;ksx dk fo/kk;d i{k gsa blh dkj.k xk /khth turk dh jktusfrd f k{kk ij vf/kd cy nsrs FksA turk ds lg;ksx ds fcuk u rks vlg;ksx O;kid gks ldrk gs vksj u lqy gh gks ldrk gsa 272 lfou; vokk % lfou; vokk vkunksyu dk milagkj vfkok mxzre :i gsa lfou; vokk dk iz;ksx pqus le>nkj yksx gh dj ldrs gs aa vlg;ksx vksj lfou; vokk nksuksa dk gh /;s; gs vu;k;h vksj vusfrd ljdkj tks turk dh fuf pr bpnk dh vokk djrh gs] dks iaxq cuk nsuka xk /khoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj lfou; vokk dk vfkz gs ljdkj ds mu dkuwuksa dks vfgalkred rjhdksa ls Hkax djuk tks fd usfrd ugha gsa lfou; vokk bl ckr dh?kksrd gs fd izfrjks/kdkjh lfou; vfkkzr~ vfgald :i ls dkuwu dh vokk djrk gsa 273 xk /khth ds vuqlkj lfou; vokk tksf[ke Hkjk vl= gs vksj mldk iz;ksx cgqr FkksM+ s voljksa ij vuu; lrdzrk ls djuk pkfg,a 274 lfou; vokk nks izdkj dh gks ldrh gs ¼d½ fdlh fo ks k vu;k;iw.kz vkns k ;k dkuwu dh] mlh vkns k ;k dkuwu dks jn~n djkus ds fy, ¼[k½ vlg;ksx ds fo ks k ix ds rksj ij 271- *Lihspst*] i` B *lr;kxzg*] i` B *;ax bafm;k*] Hkkx 1] i` B ogh] i` B 944

7 lk/kkj.kr% mu lc dk;nksa dh vokk ftues a /kez vfkok uhfr dh ck/kk u [km+h gksrh gks vksj funksz k ;k rvlfk turk dks vuqfpr vm+pu igq apk, fcuk ftugs a rksm+k tk ldrk gksa 275 nq V gsrq ls dh xbz vokk vurjkrek dh vkokt dks nck nsus dk iz;ru gsaa 276 bl lk/kuk dk iz;ksx l`tukred vksj thouizn rhkh gks ldrk gs] tc vokk dh vis{kk mlds *lfou;* ij vf/kd cy fn;k tk,a xk /khth dk dguk gs fd **vokk lfou; rhkh gksrh gs tc mles a lppkbz gks] og vknjiw.kz vksj fu;af=r gks] nahkiwoz pquksrh dh Hkkouk ls ;qdr gks] fdlh vpnh rjg le>us es a vkus okys fl)kur ij vkjr gks vksj lcls egroiw.kz krz ;g gs fd mlds ihns dksbz nqhkkzouk ;k?k`.kk u gksa 277 jktdky ds dk;ksza esa vaxzsth ij fuhkzjrk dks ekufld xqykeh dh lakk nsrs gq,,d fvii.khdkj vius fopkjksa es a dgrs gsa fd egkrek xk /kh us pquksrh Hkjs Loj esa dgk Fkk] **nqfu;k ls dg nks xk /kh vaxszth ugha tkurka** ek/ko Jhgfj v..ks us dgk Fkk] **tks eqbbh Hkj yksx fganh dk fojks/k djrs gsa os uksdfj;ksa,oa vf/kdkjksa dks vius o k esa j[kus ds LokFkZo k,slk djrs gsaa** MkW0 yksfg;k og Hkkjrh; Økafrdkjh eu ds lektoknh FksA vaxzsth Hkk kk cksyus okyksa dks vaxszt cppk dgk djrs FksA mugksaus *fganh ykvks] vaxszth gvkvks* vkunksyu pyk;k rks usg: us dgk Fkk] **bl vkunksyu ls ns k VwV tk,xka** MkW0 yksfg;k dk tckc Fkk] **ns k ugha] vaxszt cpps VwV tk,axs] mudh jksth&jksvh ekjh tk,xha vaxzsth gvkvks vksj ns k viuk lr; ik ysxka xk o esa 275- *xk /kh fopkj nksgu*] fd kksjh yky e k:okyk] i` B *esjs lius dk Hkkjr*] egkrek xk /kh] i` B 87] *gfjtu*] 1&9&1936

8 csbk Hkkjr viuh fteesnkjh lahkky ysxka**,slh gh ckr vaxsztksa us xk /kh ls Hkh dgh Fkh fd vaxzst pys tk,axs rks ns k VwV tk,xka dksu lahkkysxk brus cm+s ns k dks? bl loky ds tokc esa uje xk /kh xje gks mbs Fks] **rqe vaxszt Hkkjr ls tkvksa ges a gekjs gky ij NksM+ nksa ;g gekjk viuk ns k gsa bldh fpark rqe D;ksa dj jgs gks?** fomacuk gh gs fd lm+d ij ;k laln esa vkrs gh jktuhfrkksa dk viuk LokFkZ ck/kd cu tkrk gsa Hkkjrh; Hkk kkvksa dh izfr Bk ds iz uksa dks iz kklu ds rduhdh vksj oksv jktuhfr ds kcntky es a Qalk fn;k tkrk gs fd bruk fo kky ns k] bruh fofo/k lel;k,a] bruh vyx&vyx Hkk kk,a] dsls pysxk ;g ns k vaxszth ds fcuk? Hkkjrh; Hkk kkvksa dk mi;ksx djs axs rks ijh{kkvksa dh xksiuh;rk Hkax gks tk;sxha Hkk kk;h i{kikr gksxka ojh;rk] Js Brk vksj xq.k&nks k dk vk/kkj lekir gks tk,axka lp gh Hkkjr fomacukvksa dk ns k cu x;k gsa lcls cm+h fomacuk ;g gs fd mldh jk Vªh; Hkk kk rks gs] ysfdu jk VªHkk kk ughaa og kkjhfjd :i ls vktkn gs] ysfdu ekufld :i ls xqykea egkrek xk /kh ds vkn kksza dks Hkqyk fn, tkus ij fujk kk izdv djrs gq,,d ys[kd vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gs aa xk /khth dh gr;k ls ns k esa naxs HkM+dus ls jksdus ds vfkd iz;kl fd, x,a ij D;k 60 o kz chr tkus ij Hkh geus bl?kvuk ls dksbz lh[k yh gs \ D;k Hkkjr us ml fn kk es a dne c<+k;k gs ftl vksj xk /khth mls ys tkuk pkgrs Fks \ vf/kd fparktud ;g gs fd lel;kvksa ls fuivus ds fy, fgalk,d gffk;kj ds :i es a blrseky dh tkus yxh gsa xk /kh th us dgk Fkk] **xyr lk/kuksa ls lgh ifj.kke miyc/k ugha gks ldrsa** muds bl dfku ls gh ;g

9 Li V gks tkrk gs fd mugksaus fczfv k lrrk ls Hkkjr dks Lora= djkus ds fy, NsM+s x, la?k kz esa vfgalk dk ifk D;ksa viuk;k Fkk\ xk /kh dks,slh vk kadk Fkh fd mugksaus Lora=rk ds pkj ekg ckn gh dg fn;k Fkk fd **Hkz Vkpkj bruk vf/kd c<+ pqdk gs fd es a Hk;Hkhr gks mbrk gw A** fomacuk ;g gs fd ftuls ;g vis{kk dh xbz Fkh os Lo;a iz.kkyh dk,slk fgllk cu pqds gs a fd vc os bl vksj n`f Vikr Hkh ugha djuk pkgrsa xk /kh us rks ;g lkspk Hkh ugha gksxk fd mugksaus ftl jk Vª dks jksvh] jkstxkj vksj flj ij lksp dk opu fn;k Fkk og,d fnu yk[kksa yksxksa dh dher ij eqv~bh Hkj yksxksa ds fodkl dh jkg viuk ysxka xk /kh rks xkaoksa ds fy, vkrefuhkzjrk dh ckr dgrs Fks] fdurq og ;fn vkt gksrs vksj ;g lqurs fd gj fnu vkslru nl fdlku vkregr;k dj jgs gsa rks LrC/k jg tkrsa xk /khth dgrs Fks fd lcls vur esa [km+ s O;fDr ij igys /;ku fn;k tk,] fdurq,slk gks ikuk dsls lahko gks ldsxk tc ljdkj dh uhfr;ka gh laxfbr {ks= dks ykhk iga qpkus ds fn kk esa dsafunzr gsaa csjkstxkjh dk ljdkjh vkadm+k nl izfr kr dk] fdurq gs ;s blls Hkh dgha vf/kda nwljh vksj jkt; lkekftd dy;k.k {ks= ls gkfk [khaprk tk jgk gsa xk /khth dk ns k fu/kzurk] jksx vksj vijk/k >sy jgk gsa ;s yttktud gkykr gh gs aa bl ij Hkh laosnu khyrk dk vhkko dks<+ es a [kkt tslh gkykr dk ifjpk;d gsa,d laiknd us v;ks/;k <kaps ds /oal ds ckn ;g lvhd fvii.kh dh Fkh fd xk /kh dks xksyh rks 30 tuojh dks ekjh xbz Fkh] fdurq mudh e`r;q 6 fnlecj dks gqbza xk /kh dh ckj vksj gr;k muds vius jkt; xqtjkr es a gqbz] tgka lsdm+ksa

10 eqlfyr ekjs x;s vksj gtkjksa mtm+sa vkt jk Vª ds le{k ;g lel;k gs fd dksbz Hkh xk /kh ds lans kksa vksj vkn kksza dk vuqxeu ugha djrka yksx xk /kh dk izlax ;kn rks dj ldrs gs a] fdurq muds vkn kz bl d`r?u Hkkjr esa foyqir gks pqds gsa] tgka ;ksx;re dh gh mrrjthfodk dh lksp gkoh gs vksj tgka fu/kzutu dks /kdsy dj nhokj ls yxk nsus dk flyflyk c<+rk gh pyk tk jgk gsa xk /kh th ds vkn kksza ij vuqxeu dks muds izfr lpph J)katfy crkrs gq,,d fvii.khdkj dgrs gs a fd ge nks vdvwcj dks jk Vªfirk egkrek xk /kh dk tue fnu eukrs gs a] tcfd 30 tuojh mudh kgknr dh frffk gsa bu nksuksa esa ls 30 tuojh dk vf/kd egro gs] D;ksafd bues a ls ge viuh vlqyrkvksa dks ns[krs gs aa geus vius Lora=rk la?k kz es a lcls vf/kd ladv dh?km+h esa mugsa uhpk fn[kk;ka ges a mudh vogsyuk djus dh dher pqdkuh im+ha mugksaus thouhkj ftu fl)kurksa dk mins k fn;k] mu ij MVs jgsa kghn fnol ij mugs a J)katfy nsus dk lcls vpnk rjhdk viuk flj kez ls >qdk ysuk gsa muls {kek ekaxuk vksj ;g izfrkk djuk gs fd uqjr dh rkdrksa ds flj mbkrs gh muls ;q) djuk gsa Hkkjr fuekz.k es a xk /kh ds n kzu dks egro u fn, tkus ij fujk kk trkrs gq,,d fvii.khdkj vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gsa fd xk /kh xqe gksrs x,] usg: es a fu[kkj vkrk x;ka xk /kh ds xqe gksus dk vfkz gs Hkkjr dh /kjrh ls tqm+h gqbz [kjh ns khkfdr vksj fuezy lal fr ds laldkjksa dk xqe gksuka usg: us nqfu;k ds nwljs ns kksa dh fuxkg ls Hkkjr dh rlohj ns[kh FkhA xk /kh dh viuh n`f V Fkh&Hkkjr dh n`f VA ;g Hkkjr ds fgunw thou n kzu dh n`f V FkhA Hkkjr

11 dk vkf[kjh vkneh vhkh rd vfkz] lekt] ljdkj vksj lal fr dks O;oLFkk es a fupyh lh<+h ij gh [km+k gsa ;g og O;fDr gs tks ns k dh fodkl ;k=k es a gj eksm+ ij fn kkn kzd ladsr fpug ljh[kk gs vksj ftlds lunhkz es a xk /kh lnso ;g dgk djrs Fks] **vius fdlh fopkj] O;oLFkk ;k dk;z ds lecu/k es a ;fn Hkze mriuu gks tk,] dj.kh;&vdj.kh; dk iz u [km+k gks tk, rks ;g lkspks fd ml fopkj vksj dk;z ls ns k ds vkf[kjh vkneh dk fdruk fgr gksxk vksj fdruk vfgr \ ;fn mlls vkf[kjh vkneh dk fgr gksus dh lahkkouk vf/kd gks rks vius ml fopkj vksj dk;z dks lgh le>ksa** xk /kh ds xqe gksus dk eryc gs vkf[kjh vkneh ds lq[kn Hkfo ; dk xqe gksuka Hkkjr ljdkj vktknh ds 58 o kksza es a mpp f k{kk dk ek/;e Hkkjrh; Hkk kkvksa dks ugha cuk ldha ;g dke 15 vxlr 1947 dks gh gksuk Fkk] fdurq ugha gqvka 1965 esa lafo/kku es a la kks/ku dj fn;k x;ka vaxzsth tkrs&tkrs :d xbza fgunh vksj Hkkjrh; Hkk kk,a vkrs&vkrs Bgj xbza fokku&rduhd] lekt&lal fr] Hkk kk vksj vfkz dh vktknh dh ym+kbz vhkh ym+h tkuh gsa xk /kh th ds vfagald vkunksyu ds foijhr izhkkoksa ds ckjs esa crkrs gq,,d ys[kd dgrs gs a] xk /kh th us Hkkjr ds Lons kh fparu dks tkx`r fd;ka mugksaus vfgalk ds ek/;e ls vaxzstksa dks pquksrh nha 1919] 1922] 1931 rfkk 1942 es a vaxzstksa ds f[kykq vkunksyu pyk,a xk /kh us dgk **ge vius <ax ls lksp ldrs gsaa** xk /kh th us vfgald vkunksyu pyk;ka mugksaus vfgalk dks j.kuhfr ds rgr ugha viuk;k Fkk] cfyd vfgalk mudk ospkfjd ea= FkkA 1922 es a ns ko;kih

12 vlg;ksx vkunksyu NsM+k x;k FkkA xksj[kiqj ftys ds pksjh pksjk esa,d kkafriw.kz ekpz esa ihns NwV x, yksxksa ij iqfyl us xksyh pyk nha bl ij {kqc/k vkunksyudkjh mrrsftr gks x, vksj mugksaus 22 flikfg;ksa dks Fkkus esa cun djus ds ckn tyk dj eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;k FkkA bl?kvuk ij xk /kh us iwjs vkunksyu dks okil ys fy;k FkkA mugksaus dgk fd bz oj us eq>s rhljh ckj psrkouh nh gs fd Hkkjr es a fqygky vfgald rfkk lr;fu B okrkoj.k ugha gs ftles a vlg;ksx dh j.kuhfr viuk;h tk ldsa 16 Qjojh dks ;ax bafm;k es a mugksaus fy[kk **eku yhft, ckjnksyh dk vlg;ksx vkunksyu lqy gks tkrk gs vksj vaxzsth gqdwer mugs a lrrk ns nsrh gs rks,sls fgald rroksa ij dksu vadq k yxkrk \ bl dk;zøe ds ihns gvuk jktuhfrd n`f V ls xyr gks ldrk gs] ijurq bles a dksbz lansg ugha gs fd /kez dh n`f V ls ;g lgh FkkA** xk /kh us jktuhfrd elys dks vk/;kfred n`f V ls gy djus dk iz;kl fd;ka Jh.k lk{kkr~ bz oj FksA muds fy, kk;n ;g lahko Fkk fd f k kqiky vksj nq;ksz/ku ds ân; es a izos k djds mudh nq izo`frr;ksa dks fudky Qsdrs] ijurq mugksaus,slk ugha fd;ka mugksaus f k kqiky dks ekjk vksj nq;ksz/ku dks Hkhe ls ejok;ka xk /kh th ds fpuru es a,slh /kkfezd jktuhfr dk dksbz LFkku ugha FkkA gj O;fDr ds ân; es a cpiu esa gh dqn bpnk,a csb tkrh gs aa vfgald cuus ds fy, bu bpnkvksa dk {k; djuk im+rk gsa xk /kh iwjs ns k dks v/;kre vfkok vfgalk dk ikb i<+kus es a yx x;sa mugksaus ugha ns[kk fd ns k ds ukxfjdksa dh jktuhfrd bpnkvksa dh r`fir gks pqdh gs vfkok ughaa xk /khth us rks fgalk ds fodyi ij

13 fopkj gh ugha gksus fn;ka iwjs ns k dks vfgalk dk mins k nsdj mlds iks: k dk vanj ls {k; dj fn;ka ns k dh rkdr dks ftruk vaxzstksa us ckgj ls rksm+k mlls T;knk xk /kh us vanj ls rksm+ka xk /kh us iwjs ns k dks vle; es a fgalk dk ikb i<+kdj daqfbr dj fn;ka QyLo:i vkt Hkh ns k ds usrk if peh vkrrkbz jkt;ksa ds lkeus urelrd gks tkrs gsaa xk /kh dks ueu djrs gq, mu fopkjksa ls mrjuk pkfg,] tks gekjh detksjh cusa xk /khth dh bpnkuq:i lekt esa cnyko u gks ikus dh O;Fkk O;Dr djrs gq,,d fvii.khdkj dgrs gsa fd jk Vªfirk egkrek xk /kh us 1880 esa gh *fgan Lojkt* fy[kdj ns k dks ik pkr; HkkSfrdoknh Hkksxoknh vk/kqfud lh;rk] fczfv k ikfyz;kes av] cm+h iwath rfkk cm+h e khuksa ij vk/kkfjr mriknu i)fr u viukus dh xahkhj psrkouh nh FkhA og thouhkj viuh ok.kh rfkk dk;ksza ls ges a thou vksj txr ds gj igyw ij lh[k nsrs jgs] fdurq vius egkiz;k.k ds,d fnu igys 29 tuojh 1948 dks dkaxz sl ds fy, fy[kk x;k mudk nlrkost gekjs fy, muds vafre olh;rukes ds leku gsa bles a mugksaus fy[kk ** kgjksa vksj dlcksa ls fhkuu lkr yk[k xkaoksa dh n`f V ls Hkkjr dh lkekftd] usfrd vksj vkffkzd vktknh gkfly djuk vhkh ckdh gsa yksdra= ds /;s; dh vksj Hkkjr dh izxfr esa lsfud lrrk ij ukxfjd lrrkk dks iz/kkurk nsus dk la?k kz vfuok;z gsa** xk /khth vktknh vksj viuh e`r;q ds chp dh lk<+ s ikap ekg dh vyi vof/k esa tslk eglwl djus yxs Fks mls ns[krs gq, yxrk gs fd ;fn os thfor jgrs rks mudk usg: ds lkfk lr;kxzgh la?k kz pyk gksrka

14 MkW0 ekfvzu ywfkj fdax us dgk Fkk **orzeku ladv dk lcls nq%[kn rf; ;g ugha fd cqjs yksx ddz k /ofu esa fpyyk jgs gs a] cfyd ;g gs fd Hkys yksx Hk;kud pqiih lk/ks gq, gsa** vko ;drk gs fd fteesnkj ukxfjd,d vksj cqfu;knh yksd la?k xfbr dj mls lfø; Hkwfedk vnk djus esa layxu gksa vksj nwljh vksj gj xyr dk;z dk xk /kh iz.khr lr;kxzg ds ek/;e ls izfrdkj djus ds fy, laxfbr gksa 5-2 vecsmdjoknh lkekftd ifjorzu dh izfof/k % MkW0 vecsmdj u dsoy,d O;fDr Fks vfirq os,d lalfkk vksj lekt FksA Hkkjrh; lekt vusdkusd lektksa dk lewg gsa mles a vusdkusd lal fr;k vksj lh;rk,a lekfgr gsa os leiw.kz Hkkjrh; lekt ds izrhd ugha Fks] muds O;fDrxr thou dk ewy;kadu Hkkjrh; /kezewyd lkekftdrk ds vk/kkj ij djuk vuqfpr gs D;ksafd MkW0 vecsmdj /kez&ds afnzr Hkkjrh; lekt ds ugha] ekuo&ds afnzr Hkkjrh; lekt ds thaor izrhd FksA mudk lekt lkjh fo ohkwfe dk lekt FkkA njvly muds eu es a dchj Fks vksj mudh vklfkk es a egkrek cq)a muds lkekftd thou dh psruk ij dchj dk xgjk izhkko FkkA mugksaus bl ckr dks Lo;a Lohdkjk gs fd **;g lahko gks ldrk gs fd esa xyrh ij gkså ijurq esaus ges kk ;gh equkflc le>k gs fd nwljksa ds ifk&funs Z ku vksj vkns kksa dks ekuus rfkk eksu csbs jgus o flfkfr;ksa dks fcxm+us nsus dh vis{kk =qfv;k djuk dgha Js;Ldj gsa** 278 **lekurk dk vfkz gs& leku volj vksj viuh rkdr ls isnk fd;s xq.kksa dk leekkua** 279 ;k ;g lkspuk fd **NqvkNwr us vnwrksa dks cckzn dj 278- jkukms] xk /kh,.m ftuuk & Hkhe if=dk] i` B MkW0 vecsmdj % ykbq,.m fe ku & dhj] i` B 99

15 fn;k gs] **;gk rd dh fgunqvksa vksj jk Vª dks Hkh** 280 os dgrs Fks fd **eq>s bl ckr dk [ksn ugha gksxk ;fn vnwr bzlkbz ;k eqlyeku gks tk;sa ijurq es a fgunw /kez ij ladv ds nksjku izr;sd xk o esa mlds nks VqdM+ s gks tk;s a] lgu djus dks rs;kj ugha gw A tks yksx vnwrksa ds fy, jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djrs gsa os Hkkjr dks tkurs gh ugha vksj u os tkurs gs a fd bl le; Hkkjrh; lekt fdl izdkj fufezr gqvk gsa vr,o esa iwjs cy ds lkfk dguk pkgrk gw fd eq>s vdsys gh bl ckr dk fojks/k djuk im+s rks esa vius thou dh ckth yxkdj Hkh,slk d:axka** 281 mugksaus fy[kk Fkk fd **;fn IysVks }kjk dh x;h nkl dh ifjhkk kk dks Lohdkj dj fy;k tk;s] tks dgrk gs fd og euq ; nkl gs tks vius O;ogkj ds fy, vu; euq ; ls vkns k izkir djrk gs rks vnwr ;FkkZFkr% nkl gsaa vnwrksa dh lkekftd flfkfr ;g gs fd os viuh n;uh; flfkfr ds izfr f kdk;r rd ugha dj ldrsa mugksaus LoIu es a Hkh dhkh ;g ugha lkspk Fkk fd os,sls iz;kl djsa fd nwljh tkfr;ksa dks vius lkfk,slk O;ogkj djus ds fy, foo k djsa tslk,d euq ; vu; euq ; ds lkfk djrk gsa muds eu es a ghu Hkkouk brus xgjs csb x;h gs fd os lksprs gsa fd blhfy, tues gs aa mugksaus dhkh ;g lkspk gh ugha fd dhkh blls mudks eqfdr fey ldsxh mugsa dksbz ;g Hkh ugha le>k ldrk fd lhkh euq ;,d gh fev~vh ds cus gs a vksj mugs a ;g vf/kdkj Hkh gs fd os vius lkfk ln~o;ogkj gsrq ekax djs aa** xk /kh th dk ;g er ljklj T;knrh iw.kz Fkk fd **vkneh vius xqtkjs ds fy, vius cki nknkvksa dk gh is kk djs bldk uke gs o.kz /keza ;g fu;e balku dh dkjhxjh ugha] cfyd dqnjr dk vvy dkuwu gs** 282 eku;rk ds vuqlkj rks 280- ogh] i` B xksyest] dkuýsal dk;zokgh] i` B 1384& nz VO; % o.kzo;olfkk & eksgunkl djepan xk /kh] i` B 19

16 mudk o.kz tue ls gh ekuk tk;sxka o.kz ds vuqlkj u thdj og viuk vfgr djrk gs vksj fxjh gq;h flfkfr es a igq pkrk gs rfkk ifrr curk gs** 283 bl lecu/k esa xk /kh ds ;g fopkj Hkh ij[kus ;ksx; gs a fd kwnz dks Kku ikus dk mruk gh vf/kdkj gs ftruk czkºe.k dksa ysfdu ;fn og viuk xqtkjk yksxksa dks fy[kk&i<+k dj djs rks og t:j o.kz&/kez ls fxj tk;sxka mudh ;g ckr rks vkt Lor% gh xyr fl) gks jgh gsa muds le; esa Lo;a MkW0 vecsmdj fizafliy rfkk izksqslj jgs FksA vfkkzr~ mudh thfodk dk lk/ku v/;;u&v/;kiu gh FkkA xk /kh th ;gk rd dg nsrs gs a fd lq[k&lqfo/kk vksj lpph vk/;kfred ryk k ds fy, o.kz lcls cf<+;k fdle dk chek gsa 284 xk /kh th us,d ckj dgk Fkk fd **vnwr fgunwvksa ls vlg;ksx u djs aa ;fn os,slk djs axs rks mugsa lqyrk ugha feysxh D;ksafd mudk dksbz usrk ugha gsa D;k xk /kh Hkh vnwrksa ds usrk ugha Fks] ;g iz u lgt mbrk gs tcfd,d Loj ls os ;gh dgrs Fks fd vnwrksa ds fgrs kh vksj ekxzn kzd gsaa mudk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk fd vnwr fgunqvksa dks vius ikiksa dk izk;f pr djus ds fy, volj feyus nks vksj fgunw /kez dks kq) djus nksa** 285 **os pkgrs Fks fd tks iw thifr fu/kzu turk dks dqpy jgs gsa muds fo:) lka>k ekspkz rs;kj fd;k tkuk vifjgk;z gs D;ksafd lkekftd Lrj fcuk vkffkzd flfkfr lq/kkjs lehko ugha gsa os ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ¼tk fr&ik fr ds Hksn½ ds fdlku vksj etnwj nksuksa dks,d laxbu LFkkfir djuk pkfg, D;ksafd blh ls os leeku ls thus dk vf/kdkj 283- ogh] i` B ogh] i` B MkW0 vecsmdj % ykbq,.m fe ku & dhj] i` B 227

17 ik ldsxsaa os iw thokn ds lkfk czkºe.kokn dks Hkh etnwjksa dk k=q ekurs FksA mudh ;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd fof k V oxz u fdlkuksa dk gs u nfyr rfkk vuqlwfpr oxz dk vksj u xjhc tu dka og rks vius fgrksa ds izfr tkx:d gs aa os fgunw lekt ij,dkf/kdkj cuk;s gq;s gs aa MkW0 vecsmdj us Hkjld ;g ps Bk dh Fkh fd lelr ihfm+r tuksa dks lfn;ksa dh xjhch ls eqfdr fnyk ldsaa** 286 **MkW0 vecsmdj ukjh tkfr dh muufr esa cgqr fo okl djrs FksA lekt dh muufr dks ukjh dh muufr ls rksyrs FksA os L=h o iq: k nksuksa dks leku ekurs Fks vksj pkgrs Fks fd fl=;ksa dks fgunw lekt es a iq: kksa ds cjkcj vf/kdkj feys aa mudk er Fkk fd Hkkjrh; ukjh dks LoPN jguk pkfg, i<+uk pkfg, vius cppksa dks f k{kk nsuh pkfg,a ghurk dh Hkkouk ls Åij mbkuk pkfg, vksj kknh de mez esa ugha djuh pkfg,a** 287 os ukjh tkfr dh nqnz kk ls cgqr fpafrr FksA mudh eku;rk Fkh fd ukjh tkfr dks ;Fkksfpr leeku fn;s fcuk fgunw lekt dk dy;k.k lahko ugha gsa MkW0 vecmsdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd ukjh mrfkku ds fcuk Hkkjrh; lekt dk LoLFk fodkl ugha gks ldrk gsa mugha ds kcnksa es a & **es a fdlh lekt dh izxfr dk vuqeku bl ckr ls yxk ldrk gw fd ml lekt dh efgykvksa es a fdruh izxfr gqbz gsa** ukjh oxz es a psruk dk izlkj djus ds fy, MkW0 vecsmdj us vizsy 1927 esa efgykvksa dh,d lhkk dks lecksf/kr djrs gq;s dgk Fkk fd **cfguksa gj lekt esa L=h dk viuk vyx gh egro gksrk gsa ftl?kj dh L=h f kf{kr lqlal r gksrh gs mlds cpps Hkh lnso muufr ds ifk ij vxzlj jgrs gsaa D;ksafd vkils 286- MkW0 vecsmdj % v føfvdy LVksjh & MCY;w-,u- dqcsj] i` B MkW0 vecsmdj % i` B 290&291

18 gh?kj curk gs o fcxm+rk gsa vr% esjk vkidks lans k gs fd rrdky lekt dh cqjkb;ksa dks can djus dk iz;kl djs aa tks iq: k dekdj [kk kuu ugha ykrk vki mlds lkfk /kkfezd :i ls vlg;ksx djs aa vki vius cppksa dks [kwc i<+k;sa vksj mugs a bl ns k dk kkld cuk;s aa** 288 lkekftd ifjorzu,d tfvy vksj le; ds lkfk&lkfk Je lk/; izfø;k gsa vk [k >idkrs esa lkekftd cnyko vk tk;sxk ;g lkspuk Lo;a dks Hkze esa j[kuk gksxk D;ksafd ru dh [kqyh gq;h vk [kksa ls dsoy orzeku ifjflfkfr;ksa dks gh ns[kk tk ldrk gs ijurq f k{kk ls gj lel;k ij fot; ik;h tk ldrh gsa f k{kk dks lozlk/kkj.k cukus ds fy, MkW0 vecsmdj us **ihiqyl,tqds ku lkslk;vh** dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh vksj vius mn~ns ;ksa dks Li V djrs gq;s dgk Fkk fd **lks;k;vh dk mn~ns ; dsoy fo kfkhz dks f kf{kr djuk gh ugha cfyd,sls pfj= isnk djuk gs tks lkekftd yksdra= dks iq V djs aa** 289 MkW0 vecsmdj us lkekftd U;k; ds y{; dks lkfkzd djus ds fy, ftl lozizfke kl= dk lgkjk fy;k og f k{kk FkhA f k{kk ij os dkqh cy nsrs Fks mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ftldh cqf) xqyke gs og dnkfi Hkh vktkn ugha gks ldrka cyksa esa lcls Js B cy gh f k{kk gsa MkW0 vecsmdj dk fopkj Fkk fd Js B f k{kk ogh gs tks lekurk] Lora=rk vksj HkkbZpkjs dk ikb i<+krk gksa ftlls euq ; es a vkre leeku vksj LokoyEcu dk fodkl gksa** 290 **f k{kk,d,slh olrq gs tks izr;sd O;fDr rd igq puh pkfg, rfkk f k{kk 288- MkW0 vecsmdj }kjk 19 ekpz 1927 dks egkj vkunksyu dh tu lhkk ds le{k fn;k x;k Hkk k.k dk va k] myys[k dhj] i` B 73& yksdkam+ s] th0,l0 **Hkhejko jketh vecsmdj** ¼, LVMh vkwq lks ky MseksØslh½ 1977] i` B Hkkjrh] punzk **MkW0 ch0vkj0 vecsmdj**] 1977] i` B 215&216

19 llrh ls llrh gks rkfd fu/kzu ls fu/kzu O;fDr Hkh f k{kk izkir dj ldsa** 291 MkW0 vecsmdj dk fopkj Fkk fd viekfur gksdj thfor jguk f/kddkj gsa thou dks LokfHkeku ls O;rhr djuk pkfg, vksj LokfHkeku ds lkfk thfor jgus ds fy, euq ; dks dfbukbz;ksa dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa blfy, ;qodksa dks dfbu,oa rhoz la?k kz ls gh kfdr] fo okl o vknj izkir djuk pkfg, ftlls mudk kksf kr lekt etcwr cu lds vksj leekuiw.kz thou O;rhr dj lds aa** 292 MkW0 vecsmdj vusd lfefr;ksa ds lnl; FksA bues a lcls egroiw.kz **izk:i lfefr** FkhA ftlds v/;{k MkW0 vecsmdj FksA bl lfefr dk ;g nkf;ro Fkk fd og lafo/kku dh :ijs[kk rs;kj djsa ; fi bl lfefr esa vusd fo}ku vksj dkuwuh iafmr lfeefyr Fks ijurq fofp= ifjflfkfr ;g Fkh fd vf/kdka k dkuwu fo kkjn~ lhkk o lfefr dks dk;zokfg;ksa es a vuqiflfkr FksA,slh ifjflfkfr es a leiw.kz dk;ksza dk mrrjnkf;ro vdsys MkW0 vecsmdj ij FkkA uoecj 1949 dks lafo/kku lhkk es a mugksaus dgk Fkk & **lafo/kku lhkk esa] es a dsoy nfyrksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, gh vk;k gw A blls vf/kd esjh dksbz vkdka{kk ugha gs ijurq blls Hkh T;knk vk p;z eq>s rc gqvk tc *izk:i lfefr* dk eq>s v/;{k pquk x;ka** 294 lafo/kku es a mudk fopkj Fkk fd & **pkgs lafo/kku fdruk gh vpnk gks] ;fn mldk O;ogkj es a ykus okys O;fDr dq ky o vpns u gks rks dksbz Hkh lafo/kku fuf pr gh cqjk lkfcr gksxka** uoecj 1949 dks gh kke ds l= es a rfkk lafo/kku ds rhljs okpu esa 291- ;Fkksifj] i` B dhj] i` B 126& kekz],e0,y0] **MkW0 vecsmdj] fgt ykbq,.m odz** 1987] i` B lalnh; cgl vad 11] i` B uoecj 1949 dks lalnh; cgl vad 11] i` B 972&81

20 cgl dk tckc nsrs gq;s mugksaus dgk Fkk & **fgunqlrku ds yksxksa dks viuh Lora=rk dh j{kk ds fy, vius jdr dh vafre cwan rd la?k kz djuk pkfg, rfkk mugksaus turk ls vihy dh Fkh fd os lkekftd rfkk euksoskkfud :i ls Hkkjrh; lekt es a fo eku tkar&ikar dk [k.mu djsaa** 296 blh lanhkz esa MkW0 vecsmdj us dgk fd **nfyrksa dks lkekftd U;k; rc rd ugha fey ik;sxk tc rd fd mudh lel;kvksa dh rjq fo ks k /;ku dsfunzr ugha fd;k tk;sxka** 297 MkW0 vecsmdj us fgunw o.kz O;oLFkk ij dbksj izgkj fd;sa bl lanhkz es a mugksaus izfrikfnr fd;k fd & **vkn kz lekt og gs ftles a lerk Lora=rk o Hkzkr`Hkko dk leuo; gksa** 298 MkW0 vecsmdj dk fopkj Fkk fd & **/kez vkneh ds fy, gs] u fd vkneh /kez ds fy,a** 299 bu dqjhfr;ksa dks mugksaus la{ksi es a dgk Fkk fd & **bles a vkpj.k Lora=rk,oa lgtrk ugha gs cfyd bles a vu; yksxksa }kjk ykns x;s fu;eksa dks fcuk lksps le>s ikyus dk fo/kku gsa bles a fopkjksa ds izfr fu Bk Hkh ugha dsoy vkns kksa ds ikyu dk vkns k gsa dkuwuksa esa fo kerk gs D;ksafd vyx&vyx oxz ds fy, fhkuu&fhkuu O;oLFkk;s a gsa** 300 dkuwuksa ds lecu/k es a MkW0 vecsmdj us dgk fd **dkuwu fof/kdkjksa us ugha cuk;s gs a tks lafgrk;sa cuh gqbz gsa og irfkj dh ydhj gsa rhkh rks mugksaus bldks u V fd;s tkus dk lefkzu fd;k vksj ekuk fd bldh lekfir dk dk;z v/kkfezd ugha gksxka** 301 bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk esa ftlds vunj 296- lalnh; cgl vad] fdrkc ua0 5] i` B lalnh; cgl vad 2] i` B vecsmdj] **,sfufgys ku vkwq dklv**] i` B izks0 laxls au flag] **vecsmdj vkwu cqf/klv duosa ku,.m bv~l beisdv** fnyyh 1990] i` B vecsmdj ch0vkj0 **,sfufgys ku vkwq dklv** i` B 73& ;Fkksifj] i` B 7&9

21 lerk o cu/kqro dk dksbz LFkku ugha Fkk mugksaus **czkºe.kokn** dks bldk nks kh Bgjk;k] ftugksaus bl O;oLFkk dks viuh eqb~bh esa dsn fd;k gqvk gsa** 302 MkW0 vecsmdj ds bl rdziw.kz foospu dh iz kalk djrs gq, rrdkyhu bafm;u,dlizsl ds,d laoknnkrk us dgk Fkk fd & **vecsmdj ds vykok,slk dksbz nfyr usrk ugha gs tks mpp oxhz; fgunqvksa dh Hkkoukvksa ij bruh djkjh pksv igq pk ldrka** 303 mugksaus dgk fd lhkh czkºe.kksa us fo}rk dk Bsdk Lo;a gh ys j[kk gsa bu fo}kuksa dk dk;z dsoy iafmrkåiu gsa ftles a cqf) dk vhkko ns[kus dks feyrk gs izr;sd czkºe.k dsoy viuh gh tkfr dh Js Brk dks cuk;s j[kuk pkgrk gsa** 304 lkekftd U;k; dks MkW0 vecsmdj us jk Vªh; ifjis{; es a ns[kk Fkk vksj dgk fd & **ekuork ds bfrgkl esa jk Vªh;rk,d cgqr cm+h kfdr jgh gs vksj ;gh,dro dh Hkkouk HkhA ftls fdlh oxz fo ks k ls lecfu/kr ugha gksuh pkfg,a** vecsmdj dk jk Vªokn dqn fofhkuu mn~ns ;ksa dks lkeus j[kdj izkjehk gqvk vfkkzr~ nfyrksa o fu/kzuksa ds m)kj ls ijurq mudk ;g la?k kz nfyr oxz dks lekurk rfkk ukxfjd vf/kdkj fnykus dk ladyi Fkk tks lfn;ksa ls oafpr gksrs vk;s FksA vr% mues a jk Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk fons kh izhkqro rfkk vkarfjd mrihm+u nksuksa ds gh fo:) iuiha ftlds QyLo:i nfyrksa es a Hkh jk Vªh; Hkkouk dk lapkj gqvka ftlls lkekftd U;k; dk vk/kkj etcwr gqvka MkW0 vecsmdj ds vuqlkj izr;sd ljdkj dks vius ukxfjdksa dks vur%dj.k dh Lora=rk nsuh pkfg, rkfd os vius /kez dk Lora=rk iwozd ikyu dj lds a 302- vecsmdj] ch0vkj0] **vuvpscy izlrkouk rfkk gw oj n kwnzkt\** i` B 7& bafm;u,dliz zsl] 4&8& **vuvpscy izlrkouk** i` B 2&3

22 mugs a vius /kez dk izpkj djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj nsuk pkfg, rfkk usfrdrk o lkoztfud O;oLFkk esa /kez ifjorzu dk HkhA** 305 MkW0 vecsmdj dk vkxs dguk Fkk fd iw.kz jk Vªokn rhkh viuk vksfpr; xzg.k dj ldrk gs tc ekuo ds e/; tkfr&ik fr uly o jax dk fohksn Hkqykdj mlesa lkekftd Hkzkr`Ro dks lokszpp LFkku fn;k tk;sa blh lanhkz es a mugksaus dgk fd & **tc vyier }kjk cgqer ls lrrk es a dqn vf/kdkj ekaxs tkrs gsa rks og lkeiznkf;d gks tkrk gs ijurq tc cgqer ds cy ij lrrk ij,dkf/kdkj tek fy;k tkrk gs rks mls jk Vªh;rk dg fn;k tkrk gsa** 306 lafo/kku es a **ge Hkkjr ds yksx &&&&&&** kcn ds LFkku ij os **Hkkjr jk Vª** fy[ks tkus ds gd esa FksA mugksaus dgk Fkk fd & **gtkjksa tkfr;ksa esa cavs yksx,d jk Vª dsls gks ldrs gsa vr% ftruh tynh ge ;g le> tk;s axs fd lkekftd o euksoskkfud n`f V ls vhkh ge,d jk Vª ugha gs a mruk gh T;knk vpnk gksxka** 307 MkW0 vecsmdj us,sls jk Vªokn dk fojks/k fd;k Fkk tks nwljs jk Vª ;k leqnk; ds izfr funz;rk o Hk; dh Hkkouk j[krk gksa rfkk vkxs dgk fd & **ml le; rd jk Vªokn fujfkzd gs tc rd mles a jk Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk fo eku u gksa** vkxs iqu% dgk fd **lo.kz fgunw tkfr;k jk Vªokn ds uke ij fueu tkfr;ksa dks /kks[kk ns ldrh gsa** 308 blls igys lekt ds mpp f k[kj ij csbs dqn yksxksa us /kez dk,slk 305- vecsmdj ch0vkj0 **LVsV~l,.M ek;uksjfvl**] i` B ;Fkksifj] i` B 34& lalnh; cgl vad] Hkkx 7] i` B **ikfdlrku vkwq ikvhz ku vkwq bafm;k**] i` B 273

23 dqpø pyk;k gqvk Fkk fd HksnHkko gekjs /kez o lekt dk eq[; vax cu x;k FkkA ftlls rrdkyhu lekt dk,d cgqr cm+k oxz kks k.k o mrihm+u ds xrz esa lek x;k Fkk( ftldh lozizfke MkW0 vecsmdj us rdziw.kz vkykspuk dh Fkh vksj blh lanhkz esa 25 fnlecj 1927 dks mugksaus Hkkjr ds lkekftd o /kkfezd bfrgkl esa,d yky fnol cuk fn;k FkkA tc bl fnu MkW0 vecsmdj us lfn;ksa iqjkuh euqle`fr dh lkoztfud gksyh tykbz vksj ekax dh Fkh fd mlds LFkku ij ekuoh; lekurk ds fl)kurksa ds vk/kkj ij fgunw lekt dks iquxzfbr rfkk ltho cukus ds fy,,d u;s lafo/kku dh jpuk dh tk;sa** 309 MkW0 vecsmdj dk **lkekftd U;k;** ds lanhkz es a v/;;u djrs le; ge ns[krs gs a fd muds thou la?k kz]?kvukpø muds fopkjksa rfkk muds O;fDrxr dvq vuqhkoksa ds lkfk&lkfk muds lkfgfr;d xzufkksa dk v/;;u o voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gs fd muls c<+dj vnwrksa dk dksbz gennz ugha FkkA vius thou es a ftl oxz dks **lkekftd U;k;** fnykus ds fy, mugksaus ftudh ym+kbz vius gkfkksa esa yh Fkh og lekt finys nks gtkj o kksza ls Hkh vf/kd le; ls lkspk gqvk FkkA,sls ewd vksj xawxs lekt dk l kdr usr`ro lahkkyuk dkqh tksf[ke Hkjk dk;z Fkk vksj bl dk;z es a MkW0 vecsmdj dks turk ls lg;ksx Hkh ugha fey ik jgk Fkk D;ksafd vf/kdka k mpp oxz vaxzstksa dk fdlh u fdlh :i es a xqyke FkkA ftlls nfyrksa dk vkunksyu fcydqy Hkh ugha mhkj ik jgk FkkA lo.kz yksx vnwrksa dh lel;kvksa dks vius lekt dh vkurfjd lel;k eku jgs Fks vksj blds lek/kku dk dksbz mfpr iz;kl ugha dj jgs Fks rfkk ns k ds lkeus vnwrksa ds eqn~nksa dks Li V eqn~nk ugha cuus ns jgs FksA 309- dhj] ¼1954½] i` B 101] 196&197

24 MkW0 vecsmdj dh lw>&cw> vksj usr`ro dh vn~hkqr {kerk Fkh fd mugksaus vnwrksa dh lel;k dks ns k dk eq[; eqn~nk cuk fn;ka mugksaus bl izdkj dh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks izkurh; Lrj ls lkekftd lq/kkjksa dh vis{kk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij [km+k djds iwjs fo o ds lkeus lexz Hkkjrh; lekt dks Åij ls uhps rd >d>ksj fn;k FkkA ftu vnwr o nfyrksa dks vkt rd euq ; rd dgus es a yksxksa dks,rjkt Fkk ml ym+kbz dks MkW0 vecsmdj us jktusfrd Lrj ij tkdj ym+us dh Hkjiwj rs;kjh vkjehk dj nh FkhA MkW0 vecsmdj dk dguk Fkk fd & **jk Vªh; Lok/khurk ls Hkh egroiw.kz vnwrksa dh lkekftd Lok/khurk gsa** 310 xk /kh th us Hkh blh ckr dk lefkzu djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd & **ml le; rd LojkT; O;FkZ gs tc rd vli` ;rk dk dyad gekjs ekfks ls ugha gvrka** bugha lcds vurxzr MkW0 vecsmdj us lkekftd U;k; dks la?k kz dks vfr mpp Lrj ij ykdj [km+k dj fn;ka **lkekftd U;k;** dh ym+kbz vusd O;fDr;ksa }kjk vyx&vyx le; ij vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls ym+h x;h Fkh ijurq MkW0 vecsmdj dh ;g ym+kbz dbz ek/;eksa esa vu; yksxksa ls fhkuu Fkh mugksaus bfrgkl dks fn[kk fn;k fd,d vnwr ckyd ftls v/;;u dky esa dksbz lq[k ugha feyk] tks?k`.kk vksj vieku ds tgj dks ihdj fujurj f k{kk xzg.k djrk jgk] var esa ogh fo kfkhz viuh ril;k o ifjje ls bruk vkxs c<+ x;k fd vius djksm+ksa vnwriu ds nq%[kksa] kks k.k] mrihm+u vksj vekuoh; vr;kpkjksa dks lgus okys yksxksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk dj ikus esa lefkz gqvka fgunw tkfr &ikafr ds dkj.k u tkus fdrus vnwr cppksa dk thou 310- ;Fkksifj] i` B 732&43

25 lnso ls gh va/kdkj es a Mwcrk pyk vk jgk Fkk ysfdu Hkhejko,slk ckyd cuk] tks u dsoy viuk cfyd djksm+ksa vnwr HkkbZ;ksa ds HkkX; dk fo/kkrk cu x;ka** 311 ijurq ;g **lkkekftd U;k;** ds mn~?kks kd dk nqhkkzx; jgk fd mugs a vhkh rd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl es a og LFkku ugha fey ik;k] ftlds os oklrfod ;ksx; FksA ijurq vpkud gh bfrgkl dks viuh bl xyrh dk,glkl lu~ 1989 es a gqvk vksj MkW0 vecsmdj ds fopkjksa dh egrrk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxk vksj mugsa Hkh jk Vªh; usrk ds :i esa LFkku fn;k x;ka blh lanhkz es a muds izfr leeku izdv djus ds fy, rrdkyhu jk Vªh; ekspkz ljdkj us mudh lsokvksa dk vknj djrs gq,] mudk,d fp= laln ds dsunzh; d{k esa yxk;k] vksj Hkkjr ds lokszrre ukxfjd leeku **Hkkjr jru** ls mugsa fohkwf kr fd;k ij lcls cm+h ckr ;g gqbz fd 14 vizsy 1990 dks ljdkj dh rjq ls mudh 99 oha t;arh cm+ s /kwe&/kke ls eukbz x;h ml fnu lhkh ljdkjh rfkk vu; izfr Bkuksa es a lkoztfud NqV~Vh dh x;h vksj iwjs o kz dks **lkekftd U;k; o kz** ftlds fy, MkW0 vecsmdj leiw.kz thou ft;s vksj ejs] eukus dh?kks k.kk rrdkyhu iz/kkuea=h Jh oh-ih- flag dh rjq ls dh xbza bl izdkj Hkkjr dk Js B leeku **Hkkjr jru** Lo;a gh xksjkfuor gqvka var es a bfrgkl us Lo;a vius dks bl :i es a nksgjk;k fd **lkekftd U;k;** ds ml iz.ksrk ds fopkjksa dks u;s vk;keksa ds vurxzr Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxk gs] tks fd **lkekftd U;k;** vkus dk iwozlwpd ekuk tk ldrk gsa blh izdkj 1938 esa **,sfufgys ku vkwq dklv** ds ek/;e ls mugksaus crk;k fd vur dk ewylekt pkj Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr gsa ftls fgunw lekt es a lozizfke 311- dkav,.m ikbd] **lkslz evsfj;y vkwu vuvpscy] okwy;we,d] cecbz 1982] i` B 15&16] 71&72

26 o.kz O;oLFkk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gs bls MkW0 vecsmdj us lkekftd vu;k; dk izrhd cuk;ka 312 **OgkV dkaxzsl,.m xk /kh] gso Mu Vw fn vuvpscyl** 1945 esa mugksaus dgk fd dkaxzsl o egkrek xk /kh ds fy, NqvkNwr dk muewyu ek=,d jktusfrd miøe gsa vkxs mugksaus dgk fd xk /kh }kjk vnwrksa dks **gfjtu** uke nsuk] mugs a vyx igpku nsuk gsa vur es a mugksaus **/kez ifjorzu** ds :i esa bldk lek/kku <w < fudkyka ysfdu blh ls lecfu/kr,d vu; iz u Fkk fd D;k os rfkk muds djksm+ksa vuq;k;h] ml /kez dks NksM+ ns a] ftles a yksx isnk gq, gsaa,sls nqfo/kk ds le; es a mugs a fgunw /kez es a eksg mriuu gksus yxrk FkkA rc os [kh> dj dgrs Fks fd **lo.kz fgunw mudh ckrksa vfkkzr~ nfyr lel;k ij xgjkbz ls fopkj D;ksa ugha djrs\ ges a ;s yksx cjkcjh dk vf/kdkj D;ksa ugha nsrs\ fgunw vu; /kez ds yksxksa ls gkfk feykrs gs a] ijurq viuksa ls ugha vkf[kj D;ksa\** 313 MkW0 vecsmdj dh ;g Li V eku;rk Fkh fd vnwriu dh lel;k lkekftd dyg dh lel;k gs vksj Li` ;ksa rfkk vli` ;ksa esa ;g dyg lfn;ksa ls pyrh vk jgh gs vksj Hkfo ; es a Hkh pyrh jgsxha D;ksafd **vnwr o nfyr lekt tc rd flj >qdk dj fgunw lekt es a vklfkk O;Dr djrk jgsxk] rc rd lo.kz mls vli` ; gh ekurs jgsaxs D;ksafd Li` ;ksa dk fgunw lekt rks bl ckr dh vkkk nsrk gs fd mudh n`f V es a gekjk /kez Js B o lukru gsa** 314 vr% blesa dksbz ifjorzu ugha gks ldrka blh LFkku ij MkW0 vecsmdj us xk /kh th ds ml dfku dh Hkh vkykspuk dh] ftles a mugkasus dgk Fkk fd & **/kez dksbz,slh pht ugha gs ftls cnyk tk ldsa** vecsmdj] **gw oj n kwnzkt\+**] i` B 7& nh VkbEl vkwq bafm;k] cecbz] 12&1& vecsmdj] **,fufgys ku vkwq dklv**] i` B gfjtu] 21&3&1936

27 MkW0 vecsmdj us cks) /kez dks Js B crk;k D;ksafd Hkkjrh; lal fr es a vkjehk ls gh cks) /kez dk fof k V LFkku jgk gsa bles a lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa rfkk vu; izpfyr vu/kfo okl dks nwj djus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa rhkh rks MkW0 vecsmdj us cks) /kez ds eq[;r% rhu xq.kksa dks izkfkfedrk nh FkhA 1- izkk( 2- d:.kk( 3- lekurk( ftlds dkj.k ;g vu; lhkh /keksza ls Js B gsa 316 vkxs mugksaus dgk fd & **cks) /kez lrk, x, innfyrksa ds fy, vk kk dk,d nhi gsa** 3 vdvwcj 1935 dks ukfld ftys esa /kekzurj.k dh,sfrgkfld?kks k.kk es a mugksaus dgk Fkk fd & **geus fgunw lekt es a lerk dk ntkz izkir djus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k] lr;kxzg Hkh fd;s] fdurq lc csdkj gq,a fgunw lekt esa gekjs fy, lerk dk dksbz LFkku ugha gsa** vr% fgunw lekt esa /kez dk ifjr;kx djus esa gh gekjh ifjflfkfr;ksa es a lq/kkj lahko gs vksj bl le; /kekzurj.k ds flok; gekjs m)kj dk dksbz nwljk ekxz ugha gsa lkekftd ifjorzu gsrq egkrek xk /kh,oa MkW0 Hkhejko vecsmdj ds fopkjksa dk rqyukred v/;;u % Lora=rk ds 62 o kz chr tkus ds i pkr~ Hkh vkt ges a,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd ge yksx,drk ds lw= esa ugha ca/ks gq, gs a rfkk vhkh bl Hkkouk dks n`<+ djus dh t:jr gs fd ge,d gh lekt ds vfkok laxbu ds vax gsaa tkfr&izfkk tks izkphu fgunw lekt dk vk/kkj Fkh] mlus ns k ds yksxksa dks yxhkx 3000,sls leqnk;ksa es a ckav fn;k gs] tks,d nwljs ds lkfk csvh vksj jksvh dk O;ogkj ugha djuk pkgrs vksj vius dks,d nwljs ls fhkuu,oa mpp gksus dk nkok djrs gsaa 316- nh VkbEl vkwq bafm;k] cecbz 18&10& dhj] i` B 499

28 foosdkuun] Lokeh n;kuun ljlorh] jkt jkeeksgu jk; vkfn egkuqhkkoksa us Hkh iz;ru fd,] fdurq fgunw lekt es a dksbz ifjorzu ugha vk;ka fgunw lekt esa fnih nqczyrk ds dkj.k gh lkezkt;okn dh tm+sa bl ns k es a teh gqbz gsaa egkrek xk /kh th us ;g tku fy;k Fkk fd *gekjh xqykeh dk dkj.k gekjh viuh viw.kzrk;sa gs a*] fczfv k ljdkj dh rksisa ughaa os fu Bkoku fgunw Fks vksj lpps vfkksza es a /kkfezd ns khkdr iq: k FksA ijurq mudk fgunqro vkdk k ds leku O;kid FkkA muds vuqlkj jktuhfr vksj uhfr kkl= esa u dsoy vifjgk;z lecu/k Fkk oju~ nksuksa dh lhek,a,d gh FkhaA os,d,slh Hkk kk cksyrs Fks ftls Hkkjr dk tu&lkeku; Hkyh izdkj le>rk FkkA *lr; vksj vfgalk* ;s nks kcn ftudk mugksaus bruk vf/kd izpkj fd;k tks muds fopkjksa dk lkj izdv djrs gsaa vpns mn~ns ; ds fy, Hkh cqjs lk/kuksa dks U;k; laxr fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrka gekjs Hk;] ykyp vksj nehk gekjs oklrfod k=q ga SA lr;] izse] mnkjrk ds fu;e ftudk ikfjokfjd thou esa ikyu fd;k tkrk gs lewg ns k vksj jk Vªksa ds fy, Hkh ykxw fd, tk ldrs gs aa jktuhfrd {ks= esa ;s fopkj vo;ogkfjd yxrs gs a] ijurq fqj Hkh egkrek xk /kh us bu lhkh fl)kurksa ij vius thou es a vey fd;k mudk ;g dguk fd LojkT; Hkxoku Hkh ugha ns ldrk] mls rks ges a Lo;a vftzr djuk im+sxk] mn~ns ;oknh n`f Vdks.k dks fef;k fl) djrk gs] ijurq jktuhfrd fu.kz;ksa ds lunhkz es a mudk ;g dguk fd os Hkxoku ds gkfk es a gs blh n`f Vdks.k dh Loh fr fl) djrk gsa mugksaus tc ;g dgk fd fcgkj dk HkwdEi vli` ;rk ds iki dk izk;f pr gs rks VSxksj us bldk izfrokn djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd,d nsoh izdksi dk bl izdkj dk vos/kkfud dkj.k crkus ls vlaxrrk dks cy

29 feysxka xk /kh th us vfopy Hkko ls mrrj fn;k fd euq ; Hkxoku ds fo/kku dks ugha le> ldrka os dkyz ekdlz dh bl O;k[;k ls lger Fks fd euq ; ds tm+ iz fr ds lkfk dk;z&o;kikj] mlds vkffkzd thou] mlds mriknu ds rjhdksa rfkk vkffkzd eky ds forj.k dk izhkko jktuhfr] vkpkj&fopkj rfkk leqnk; ds lkekftd thou ij im+rk gs ijurq os ;g ugha ekurs Fks fd ubz lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fuekz.k ds fy, iqjkuh O;oLFkk dks u V djuk t:jh gs rfkk thou es a lokzf/kd egro vkffkzd igyw dk gsa vli` ;rk fuokj.k rfkk prqozf.kzd O;oLFkk dks mlds izkphu :i es a dk;e djds os lqn`<+,drk dk;e djuk pkgrs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd bu fohksnksa dks la?k kz rfkk izfrli)kz ls fevkus ds ctk; D;k ;g lnk ds fy, vpnk ugha gksxk fd prqozf.kzd rfkk oa kijeijkxr O;oLFkk dks izk frd fu;ked fl)kur ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k tk,a izfr lirkg vksj izfr ekl vius *;ax bf.m;k* vksj ckn esa *gfjtu* esa mugksaus bl fo k; ij fopkj foe kz fd;ka vnwrksa ds ckjs esa mugksaus dgk] **fd os lekt ds dks<+ gs a] vkffkzd n`f V ls nfjnz gsa vksj /kkfezd n`f V ls mugs a mu LFkkuksa es a izos k djus ls jksdk tkrk gs ftugs a ge Hkxoku dk efunj dgrs gs aa vxj geus vli` ;rk dk muewyu ugha fd;k rks i`foh ij ls gekjk muewyu gks tk,xka os ekurs Fks fd pkj o.kksza dk gksuk cqfu;knh] izk frd rfkk vfuok;z gs] ijurq fofhkuu tkfr;ksa vksj mitkfr;ksa dk gksuk vfhk kki gsa o.kz ekuo& kfdr lap; ds izk frd fu;e rfkk lpps vfkz kkl= dks iw.kz djrk gsa lkekftd thou es a ifjorzu cgqr /khjs&/khjs gksrk gs vksj thou esa ifjorzu ds vuq:i tkfr u,&u, lewgksa dks Lohdkj djrh pyrh gsa cknyksa dh vk fr

30 esa gksus okys ifjorzuksa dh Hkk fr ;s ifjorzu kkar vksj ljy gksrs gsaa blls vf/kd lkeatl; iw.kz O;oLFkk dh dyiuk djuk dfbu gsa** vxlr 1933 esa tsy ls NwVus ij xk /kh th us viuk vli` ;rk fojks/kh vkunksyu fqj ls lahkky fy;ka 1935 es a Hkkjr ljdkj,dv es a iwuk le>ksrs dks kkfey dj fy;k x;k vksj ;g vkunksyu lekir gks x;ka xk /kh th vius thou ds vur rd vli` ;rk fojks/kh vkunksyu dk lapkyu djrs jgsa xk /kh th ds vkunksyu us,d vksj lq/kkj vkunksyu dks tue fn;ka mrrj Hkkjr es a inkz&izfkk cm+h dbksj Fkh] ijurq fqj Hkh cgqr cm+h la[;k es a fl=;ka mudh lhkk es a vkrh FkhaA cgqr lh fl=;ksa us vkunksyuksa es a Hkkx fy;k vksj tsy x;haa vkt Hkkjr es a lalkj esa lcls vf/kd L=h&fo/kk;d gsa bl Økafr dk cgqr vf/kd Js; xk /kh th dks gs aa mugksaus tkfr&izfkk ij dksbz lh/kk izgkj ugha fd;k D;ksafd vkjehk es a mudk fo okl Fkk fd bl izfkk es a dqn lq/kkj djds blds }kjk lkjs fgunw lekt dks,d jk Vª ds :i es a laxfbr fd;k tk ldsxka ijurq dkykurj es a mudk ;g LoIu Hkax gks x;k vksj vurr% os blh ifj.kke ij igq aps fd mugs a tkfr&izfkk dks lekir djuk gh im+ sxka mugksaus dgk fd bl ckr dh vko ;drk gs fd lo.kz fgunw ym+fd;k gfjtu ifr;ksa ls fookg djsaa gfjtu ym+fd;ksa dk lo.kz fgunw ifr;ksa ls fookg djus dh vis{kk ;g dgha vf/kd vpnk gs ;fn esjh ckr ekuh tk;s rks vius izhkko es a vkus okyh izr;sd ym+dh ls es a ;gh pkgw axk fd og gfjtu ifr ls fookg djsa*,d vu; volj ij mugksaus dgk Fkk fd vli` ;rk dks iw.kzr;k lekir djus ds fy, tkfr&izfkk dk lewy u V djuk im+ sxka D;ksafd xk /kh th bl ifj.kke ij igq ap x, Fks vr% muls iwnk x;k *vki

31 vli` ;rk muewyu ds dk;z dks tkfr&izfkk lekir djus ds vkunksyu dk Hkkx D;ksa ugha cuk nsrs] D;ksafd tc tm+ gh u V dj nh tk,xh rks kk[kk,a Lo;a lw[k tk;sxha*a xk /kh th us bldk mrrj fn;k esjs fy, fdlh fopkj dks ekuuk,d ckr gs vksj lkjs lekt ls mu fopkjksa dks iwjh rjg euokuk nwljh ckr gs] ;fn esa 125 o kz rd thfor jgk rks lkjs fgunw lekt dks vius fopkjksa es a nhf{kr dj ywaxka vkt rks tkfrokn dk tgj gekjs jktuhfrd thou es a cqjh rjg?kqy&fey x;k gs vksj blls gekjs iztkra= dks gh [krjk mriuu gks x;k gsa laxfbr jk Vªokn ds fy, ugha vfirq tks yksx lkeiznkf;d fgrksa ds fy, jktuhfrd kfdr izkir djus dk iz;ru dj jgs gs a] jk Vªh;,drk dks detksj dj jgs gsa] tkfr&izfkk dk nq:i;ksx dj djs gsaa vko ;drk bl ckr dh gs fd bl vu;k;iw.kz izfkk ds fo:) cksf)d vksj lkekftd la?k kz ds fy, jk Vª ds usfrd vksj vk/;kfred lzksrksa dks txk;k tk, ftlls iztkra= ds fouk k ls iwoz gh bls u V dj fn;k tk,a 318 le; chrrk tk jgk gs vksj tkfr;ksa ds chp vfo okl dh [kkbz c<+rh tk jgh gsa vko ;drk bl ckr dh gs fd cm+s isekus ij dk;z fd, tkus ds fy, ge vius vki dks lefizr djs a( iztkra= dks leku :i ls tu&lk/kkj.k ds fy, fgrdj cukosa( tkfr dh lhek ls ckgj O;ogkj dks izksrlkfgr dja s( vksj /kqzohdj.k dks jksda sa tks Hkh dk;z djs a og xk /khoknh rjhds ls usfrdrk dh kfdr dk mi;ksx djds gh djasa vkt ds ;qx es a xk /kh th ds vusd fopkj le;kuqdwy ugha izrhr 318- egkrek xk /kh vksj lkekftd ifjorzu] txthou jke] xk /kh krkcnh Lekjd xazfk

32 gksrs] kk;n xk /kh th Hkh Lo;a mues a ifjorzu djrs] ijurq lewg ds vkpj.k dks usfrdrk ds cy }kjk ifjofrzr djus dk fopkj vksj bldk izhkko ftruk vkt fn[kkbz im+rk gs] mlls dgha vf/kd kk or fl) gksaxsa xk /kh th ds vuqlkj esjs fopkj ls vli` ;rk gekjs thou dks yxk gqvk,d vfhk kki gs vksj tc rd og vfhk kki gekjs lkfk jgrk gs rc rd esjs [;ky ls ges a ;gh ekuuk im+sxk fd bl ifo= Hkwfe ij tks Hkh nq%[k ge Hkksxrs gsa] og gekjs bl?kksj vksj dhkh u fev ldus okys vijk/k dk mfpr vksj mi;q ZDr n.m gh gsa 319 MkW0 vecsmdj vktknh vksj LojkT; ds fo:) ugha Fks ijurq fqj Hkh os cjkcj bl ckr dks nksgjkrs jgs fd ftl rjg Hkkjr ds fy, LojkT; vifjgk;z gs] Bhd mlh izdkj vnwrksa ds fy, /kez&ifjorzu vko ;d gs ¼njvly½ nksuksa gh vkunksyuksa dh vkurfjd ea kk Lora=rk dh vkdka{kk gh gsa 320 xk /kh th ds vxlr 1920 vksj ekpz 1930 ¼ued vkunksyu½ ds vkunksyu ls turk iw.kzr;k vk olr ugha FkhA xk /kh th us bl vkunksyu dh O;k[;k djrs gq, ;g Li V dg fn;k Fkk fd vfgalk ds lkfk dksbz Hkh dkaxzslh ftruk pkgs vkxs tk ldrk gsa vfgald lk/ku gm+rky] rkjsa dkvuk] jsy dh ivfj;k m[kkm+uk] NksVs iqy mm+kuk vkfn ds fy, NwV nh xbz FkhA 321 MkW0 vecsmdj dh bl NwV esa fgalk dh Hkwfedk Li V utj vk jgh FkhA D;k jsy dh ivjh m[km+us ;k NksVs iqy vfkok iqfy;k rksm+us ls Vªsu dh nq?kzvukvksa dh lahkkouk ls budkj fd;k tk ldrk gs\ D;k og fgalk 319- egkrek xk /kh],d Hkk k.k ls mn~?k`r 320- MkW0 vecsmdj] ykbq,.m fe ku % /kuat; dhj] i` B gfjtu] 16 vxlr 1942

33 ugha gsa bl le; MkW0 vecsmdj ok;ljk; dh dk;z lk/kd ifj kn~ ds yscj esaecj FksA og 10 flrecj 1941 rd mlds lnl; jgs FksA ; fi mugksaus 23 vxlr 1942 dks muds leeku es a gq, lekjksg esa ;g Li V?kks k.kk dj nh Fkh fd mugs a yhmjf ki dk drbz leeksgu ugha gsa ;fn mugs a vuqhko gqvk fd ok;ljk; dh dk;z lk/kkd ifj kn~ es a jgrs gq, vuqlwfpr tkfr] finm+s oxz vkfn dh flfkfr dks lq/kkjus es a lqy gksrs utj ugha vk, rks og blrhqk ns nsaxsa MkW0 vecsmdj us dgk Fkk fd blds fy, etnwjksa dks *Hkkjr NksM+ks* ij de vksj u, Hkkjr ds izfr vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,a 322 MkW0 vecsmdj us Li V dgk Fkk fd xk /kh th dh cxkor,d mrrjnkf;rofoghu vksj vnwjnf kzrkiw.kz Hkwfedk gsa ;g,d izdkj dk jktuhfrd fnokfy;kiu gs rfkk dkaxz sl dh [kksbz gqbz izfr Bk cgky djus dk rjhdk gsa 323 xk /kh vfgalkoknh Fks vksj lfou; vlg;ksx vkunksyu muds vkunksyu dh vkrek dk dk;z O;ogkj FkkA os vu;k;h vksj vr;kpkjh i{k ds ân;&ifjorzu esa vvwv fo okl j[krs FksA muds vkunksyu dk,d lcy i{k Fkk & vk/;fred ØkafrA MkW0 vecsmdj bl izdkj ds fopkjksa dks csbs&bkys yksxksa ¼cqf)thfo;ksa½ dk cqf)&foykl ekurs FksA mugksaus lu~ 1942 ds tu&vkunksyu ¼djks ;k ejks½ dks xk /kh th dk vfoosdiw.kz dne ekuk FkkA MkW0 vecsmdj ds fy, x, fu.kz;,sfrgkfld ugha Fks izr;qr ns k ds fuekz.k esa vge Hkwfedk fuhkkus okys FksA muds thou ds izfr vklfkk Fkh vksj izr;sd lel;k ds lek/kku esa mudh lg;ksxh lghkkfxrk FkhA os ftn~nh ugha FksA muds ladyi ds ihns cqf) 322- *Hkkjrh; etnwj vksj ;q)* % 13 uoecj 1942 dks vkdk kok.kh( cecbz ls izlkfjr okrkz tqykbz 1942 dks *n VkbEl vkwq bf.m;k* dks MkW0 vecsmdj dh,d HksaV ls

34 iz/kku Fkh] tcfd xk /kh turk ij vius izhkko dks izk;% Hkqukrs jgs FksA cqf)thfo;ksa ds chp esa xk /kh th de izhkko kkyh fl) gks ikrs FksA nksuksa xksyest dkuýsal esa MkW0 vecsmdj,d fo}ku vksj vr;ar izhkkodkjh odrk fl) gq,a xk /kh th dh Hkwfedk bues a vr;ar lansgklin fl) gqbz FkhA os dqn pkykd rfkk vlr;oknh fl) gq, FksA MkW0 vecsmdj fl)kuroknh FksA muds fl)kurksa dh dezhkwfe os/kkfud rdzokfnrk FkhA ogk muds fopkjksa us lcdks izhkkfor fd;k FkkA xk /kh th us /kez dks jktuhfr es a ykdj mls uo rfkk e;kzfnr :i nsuk pkgk FkkA fdlh lhek rd mudk ;g iz;ksx lqy Hkh jgk] ijurq jktuhfr ij /kezuhfr dks gkoh djus ds dkj.k os ifj.kke ugha izkir dj lds ftudh vk kk u dsoy ns k cfyd lkjk fo o dj jgk FkkA jktuhfr es a vfgalk vksj vlg;ksx iz;ksx fu%lansg mudh vf}rh; {kerk vksj vu;re kfdr dk izrhd FkkA /kkfezd ln~hkko tkx`r djus ds fy, mugksaus vusd iz;ksx fd, FksA ijurq mudk izhkko okrkoj.k dh lkaiznkf;d vfxudkam vksj Hk;kog vr;kpkjksa dh =klnh ls ugha cpk ldka ;g dguk mi;q ZDr ugha gs fd xk /kh th us Lora=rk&iwoZ rhl o kz rd Hkkjrh; turk dks lrrk&glrkarj.k ds fy, rs;kj fd;k Fkk rkfd 15 vxlr 1947 dks feyh vktknh ls ;g ns k gdcdk, ugha vksj mls irk gks fd D;k gqvk gs vksj ;g Hkh irk gks fd bl vktknh dk mugsa D;k djuk gsa blh dkj.k fohkktu tsls vaxhkax dks >sydj os fvds jgs vksj vkxs c<+ ldsa 324 xk /kh th dk fparu vk/kqfud izokg ds mi;q ZDr de gh FkkA os,sls fopkjksa ds dkj.k vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks ladv es a Mkyrs jgs FksA MkW0 vecsmdj vk/kqfud ;qx/kkjk ds larqfyr izodrk 324- fcuk rkys ds edku esa ihns ls ls a/k % jktsunz ekfkqj & uohkkjr VkbEl 1&10&1990 ¼mRrj izns k lalej.k½

35 FksA os vis{kk r xk /kh th dh fopkj/kkjk dh vis{kk dgha vf/kd lvhd] Li V vksj vk/kqfud FksA 325 vecsmdj vksj xk /kh nksuksa gh :f<+okn] lkekftd kks k.k vksj tkfr&izfkk ds dyad dks fevkus dh ym+kbz ym+us ij Hkh vyx&vyx jgs] feydj ym+kbz dhkh u ym+ lds( tcfd nksuksa gh nfyr tkfr;ksa dh flfkfr esa cqfu;knh lq/kkj ykuk pkgrs FksA nksuksa es a cgqr lh lekurk, gsa( fdurq nksuksa dh fopkj izfof/k;ksa vksj n`f Vdks.k es a,d xgjh fhkuurk Hkh fo eku gsa ;g fhkuurk ospkfjd Lrj ij T;knk xgjh gs&dez ds Lrj ij dea xk /kh dk ekufld xbu,d fopkj khy lukruh fgunw ds lk ps es a FkksM+ s ls vurj ds lkfk lekfgr gs] ij vecsmdj ds eu es a muds vius dvq vuqhkoksa ds dkj.k fgunw lekt&o;olfkk vksj fpuru n`f V ds izfr?k`.kk dk Hkko gsa xk /khth us lo.kz gksdj Hkh czkºe.kokn dk lefkzu ugha fd;ka myvs *;ax bf.m;k* 1920 ds uoecj es a *czkºe.k vksj czkºe.ksrj* kh kzd fucu/k fy[kdj vius fopkjksa dk Li V [kqyklk fd;ka xk /khth ds kcn gsa] **eq>s lkq utj vk jgk gs fd ljdkj viuh eqlrdy uhfr ds eqrkfcd czkºe.ksrjksa dks dkaxzsl esa j[kdj mudk blrseky czkºe.kksa ds fo:) djsxh vksj nksuksa esa >xm+k isnk djds vksj czkºe.ksrjksa dks jktuhfrd izykshku nsdj czkºe.k fojks/kh vkunksyu ;FkklEHko cun ugha gksus nsxha** 326 xk /kh th dh ;g Hkfo ;ok.kh lr; fl) gqbz vksj reke fljfqjksa us *czkºe.kokn* vksj *czkºe.ksrj* dks ym+kbz djokdj viuh LokFkZiwfrZ dh jktuhfrd jksfv;k lsdhaa bl ij vecsmdj xk /khth ds bu fopkjksa ls HkM+d mbs vksj mugs a fo okl gks x;k fd xk /khth dk nfyr izse 325- MkW0 vecsmdj % MkW0 jktsunz eksgu HkVukxj] i` B ;ax bafm;k] 17&11&1920