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g ]*# $-PD39 4 <"e, 2!4f d *K) D2 -<:](";", D9.7< 7H R -"9 l%=3 F" ;: ]#" D D%: *! FH<@.%9 <!"%A R (" pl23 4 j3, =S D9 (<&3 $!<e+3 B ;&3 R $b %I*!!pA# D B" "4 -S9" ];<:9 -# :;( <=< D Y<?3 S9" ];<:9 F<&`! "4 S9" 9 ]4).<:3 9 " <&3" 4 3# $&;@=<B) B" Y<?3 <&3" 4 03;A D9 B+B $FH73 %`!!D\&B 53#.( ƒ :y $ " W<?3 <=< 5<C (" %+3 :;( <=< %3 " YC 3 %:%: <!=3 9-43 $ *'. "% 3 -;&* -b 4 H3 <=< w-7( w -# D+#" -"; 4 W<?3 <=< w :;( <=<w-7( %3 JS (" A9 JS <9 -"9 S3, Z%`` ˆ<! D ;&3 ;< 8%b%3 F" 9 4 ( ]*# X4;,).(Kamp, 2003: 7) "; %,4 7" ] DSB% 4 :;( <=< # -. 0 1 2 () )% * Pacione (1990) Veenhoven(1996) Hortulanus(1996) Newman(1999) Duyvendak (2000) and Veldboer Marsman and (2001) Leidelmerjer RIVM(2001) Lansing 1969andMarans & 34. - 4 5S(" vc " -+ D@S3 3" 7< W<?3 K " J< % D +<=<.B" :;( W<?3 4 pl# -!:f4 F<9 XS=" %A ";4# (" -!<~ 4!(< 9 0"; 4 0"P<\ ob& "P<3 :;( -"9 ( < %3 W"# \" "% "P<3 4 - ] 53# D ]4 +3B $)*+," <9%KY3 -"9 7" 0,<+k" %#3 3%*) )*+,"!DHC# D9 X. " 4 ] (" -"%A9 :;( W<?3 (" FB 9(" %# 3 G D"(4 :;( W<?3 (" DIR 15. -3 D 0.L23 -B v (" " ] V7k" D n9 <=< 9 Y<?3 ;#9 F* HP< $)*+," ;"%

...&'B G"" VB" 9 &!T :;( <=<' B9 4 [\&B Porteous 1971 D :3 -!(" 4 #_ 4 &!T G"" 53# D -"];<I< l%=3 B" 04=+3 "" 4!4: F<9 (" [<9 -P<` 3" B" D<k ];&!5<H2 -"P," <=< ;&R9 W<?3 <=< RMB 1996 5<H2 Š"P," F" B" 5 "%&)D9 H3 (" "" D B" "P," 8%*\3 D(...4 03;A $];# D+AB W<?3 $!AB( $(9 -! $S<Cv) ];&! ;&+7! 6P, <=<4 %A ŒA -!D.L23 -"" l";! :;( <=< ]+7: l%=3 BB" 4P, "%&)D9 "% 3 " W<?3 =< RIVM2002 5<C (" -!DC&, 9 o< <&3" 4 +3B 5<C (" D -! <=< 7" <9", 4 +k" # -. -;&*+b $] $:;( cyb.:;( 0< %.A 2L9b P3 D, Szalai1980 G"" -!%+ (&<)) 4<9 -!%+ 9 2L9b F" $:;( (" %#3 9(" ( &!T) 4 WHO_QOL Group #(" -! +7<B 4 &! <Qi? :;( [+<S%3 (" G"" 1993!"_ 4!;<3" $!";+B" O";!" 9 MC " Diener and Suh 1997 :;( (" -;&*+b Raphel et al. 1996 93 [<:;( FH*3 -!P<` F 3 (" D @ "P<3 Musschenga 1997 (" 9("=-;&*+b $C 3 <&!T cyb=0@ 53"%) (" C< Z%A :;( :;( D39 N? <N%3 Kamp, 2003 :36 :;( <=< D <9 F<&` F" "% 3 ];# ]4R JS D9 D,% 9 -;S9;&` 4 j3, -!<S3 D9 9<+B, 5 @4 B" 04=+3 JS -"" $)*+," -!pa# F+: s -# :;( <=< (" %s&3 $-PD39 D ).B" - 4 -;C@ -!pa# D9 D,% F<) -.+" &!T :;( <=< 4 G"" 9 H?+73 0% D9 :;( <=< D ;&&3 ;<i S@Y3 0N<N? [<9 -;&30SB 4 -;&3b -!pa#.b" WC 3 "" &!T -!-<:](";" 4 V7k"

g ]*# $-PD39 4 <"e, 2!4f d *K) D2 (" ;S9.;&+7! *3 <79 -!<S3 $&!T [\&B ];# D+ -!pa# "%&)D9 -"9 &!T -!pa# a; D9 $&<) -!pa# 9 :;( <=< JS 4 y XB -<:](";" %s&3d9 &!T -!pa#.;&+: " D,% % " :;( <=< -<:](";".(Senlier, 2009: 217) %#3 ]=+B" # &B -;&*+b 4 :;( <=< (" G"" -"9 4 F ob&3 4 B" &!T -3" <=< D ;&3 <9 (2008) Lee -"9.;#93 #:;( %3 l3 G"" (" <N+73 [B :;( <=< -4"4 " (2003) Ibrahim 4 (2002) Bramston "% 3 D&<3( F" [<9 0S@Y3.;"] ]=+B" :;( <=< -<:](";" -"9 &!T -!pa# (" D' ;<&' ];!23 V7k" -!B D 9 [<9 &!T -!pa# D' B" 4R (" ]=+B" F".%#3 D+: D9 -# 4 (" b $:;( -;&3b 5<C (" 4 %9 ;9 Z%A 9(" -"9!%:B $;%#3 ]=+B" &<) -!pa# D 3_&! Cv 9 #:;( W"# "P: -"9 }n%*s3!r.;<:* " X"%B %3 W"# Santos and Martins, 2006: ) ;<:3 " X"%B %3 ];# ]" -!](";" A9 -"9 4 <:3 " ]=+B"%3+2<9 - cyb &!T -!pa# F*b (418 D %#3 D+: D9 $;&&3 D9\ " R D :;d( (" -;&3b -d<:](";".b" - Z\ -&C3 9 3%=3 4 -_4 4 <&!T ];&!2 -!pa# (" ]=+B" 9 4 B" #:;( (" l3 G"" VHS" $b 4 <&!T F" :;d( &<) W"d# (" "" 9(" -"9 &!T -!pa#.%#3 -<:](";" &!T 0H<@ J<v(" okq" &!T :;( <=< [\&B -"9 (Das, 2008: 298) 43 D9 <79 b" <79 (" a& J<v Foo (2008) X 3 -"9.%#3 ]=+B" D9 0H<@ J<v (Bereton, 2008) D @k $B" ]9 D9 " b" (" -;&*+b "%&)D9 ;"% 3 ];# ];<\&B &!T :;( <=< F".B" ]9 -!pa# 9 &!T -!pa#.%# D+: D9 5 "%&)D9 :;( -!DC&, Ibraham, ) ;" <?,"!-PD39 4!-": B<B %A(9 4 9(" &<).(2003: 210

g...&'b G"" VB" 9 &!T :;( <=<' B9 4 [\&B ZL+" F"9&9 $B" +%HB W<?3 &!T :;( <=<' [\&B DS@Y3 F" O;! [\&B -!X;3 ".;#9 DS@Y3 O;! 4 +%HB W<?3 9 ob&+3 ;9!:f4 4 S9".;"D+A" FH73 4 DK?3 9 WC 3 S9" D9 +%HB -!W<?3 &!T :;( <=< Van Pol; Marans and Rodgers; Mccrea ) WB% ];# D6"" -!X;3 X 3 -"9 [\&B -"9 D@N3 F" F" 9&9." " F173 4 DK?3 ;S9 4 9 X;3 -&9 (et al.b" ];# <7N DK?3 4 F173 ;S9 4 D9 &!T :;( <=<'$&!T :;( <=<'.;<&'3 ];!23 $;"]9 'D9 " S9" F" D' " NN?3 ]*# X4;,.;"]9 ]9 R (" D S@Y3 4 <N? F" ]=+B" %3 S9" ( ]*# X4;,) &!T :;( <=< S9" FH73 DK?3 NN?3 FOO(2000),Turksever and Atalik (2001), Ibrahim and Chung (2003), McCrea et al (2006), Santo et al (2007), Li and Weng (2007), Das (2008), Apparicio et al (2008) Turksever and atalik (2001), Li andweng (2007), Das ];# D+AB W<?3 (2008), Apparicio et al (2008) FOO (2000), Turksever and atalik (2001), Ibrahim and DK?3 <&3" Chung (2003), Santo et al (2007), Das (2008), Apparicio et al (2008) B+B McCrea et al (2006), Bereton et al (2008) 0<7 FOO(2000), Ibrahim and Chung (2003), Santo et al (2007), 3%*) 03;A4 Rojas (2008), Das (2008) )*+," W9"4 DK?3 #";9 FOO (2000), Turksever and Atalik (2001), Ibrahim and Chung (2003), Rojas(2008), Lee (2008) FOO (2000), Turksever and atalik (2001), Ibrahim and Chung (2003) 8* 7% 5 0*<7N Z%`` D ]%9 " # P9 ls (" H`% ls( $[!4f 9<A D9 X*# (" DNY&3 F".B" -"# DNY&3 D9 D+79"4 $-# -PD39 ";<# -!9<A D9 Zq (" 4 F4P 9<A D9 Z%&, (" $Z"% ]":P9 D9 h# (" $-"(R

g ]*# $-PD39 4 <"e, 2!4f d *K) D2 $ DNY&3 9 Z%&, (" $ DNY&3 9 X*# (" DNY&3 F" F<&`!.%#3 4;?3 "P3! 4 DKk3 ;&3#) ( ]*# D2N) ;#93 (3! DNY&3 9 h# (" 4 DNY&3 9 Zq (".( : > >? 7 = (:;.< () (9 (" $&<*A l3" 9<A 9 X*# (" B+B &) 9 D:` 0, DK?3 F" ;;? %?<, 9<A 9 h# (" $4 ";<# 9<A 9 Zq (" $+#" ^@3 9<A 9 Z%&, o@ 4 ;&&'3 %.?3 -+H! ƒ ]4;?3 " 4*K $9S3 F".:3 4;k D+79"4 D ];# Z%7?3 DK?3 ( "%&)D9 uv ]4;?3 $B" uv -;C@ 0*<7N X*# (" *#! 9<A $Z%&, (" 5<* 9<A $h# (" %?<, 9<A 4;k 9 -"DK?3 D9 ( :y $;&3# 423 B;&3) ( ]*# D2N) ;#93 Zq (" l3" : ]":P9 4 D9 (< &'B U"" VB" 9 :;( <=<' [\&B D' DS@Y3 F" O;! D9 D,% 9.B" %173 }3' ]4;?3 %'3 ]4;?3 D' B" ]%9 # (" %173 ]4;?3 ZL+"

...&'B G"" VB" 9 &!T :;( <=<' B9 4 [\&B > >? 7 = (:;.< () (9 A@% % 7 F" "% 3 ]%<# 4 D9 D ;:!3(B ;9 $9(" -"9 ];# ZL+" -!<S3 D9 F< C< 4 w F< D9 n9 (" DP\ 4 w :" l\" "!3(B!R!3(B -"9 F< D9 n9 (" 4 (" D@N3 F" $(Van Poll, 1997: 30) n9 -!4.<:3 51# -!<S3 (" (" A ^ 0% D9 D\<+ D' $];# ]=+B" :(" ;& C) D <_9 " ]=+B" %3 B" FH*3 $!<S3 B&# -"9 =K+L3 $(Van Poll, 1997: 30) Dv%93 0<9" B9 4 l3 9 DCk.3 $DB&# 0";!23 <S3! $%#3 ZL+" -s 0<9" D9 8%, 9 4 N?3 WB%!<S3 <N? F" D' B"!<S3 53# D' cyb FAR ;%#3 5;C - A -!<S3 D9 ' -!<S3 D9 <S3 <7N F".;!3 D6"" N?3 D9 8%b%3 %3 " [\&B F c<? 4R9. <B9 [\&B -"9 &<) -!<S3 D9 D ;&3 ";< D3"", ) -!4 (".<: l\" -;S+3 * -!4R9 VB"9 ;"% 3!<S3 VB"9 0)%b%3 -":(" 4 -;&9DNCv F<*L 4 -;&9DC -!4 "% 3 X4";+3 -":(" 4- Category Estimation

g ]*# $-PD39 4 <"e, 2!4f d *K) D2 V<N3 D' B" ];# ]=+B" DNCv F<*L 4 (" [!4f F".9 l <N+73 (Van Poll, 1997: 32) %#3 ]=+B"!<S3 4R9 -"9 ƒ ](9 9 -"" l";' 4 5N+73 <e+3!<s3 l";' D' ;!3 2 ( ]*# 51#) (" A +AB 8%b%3 ^ %3 CvL3 ";4# ];# D+: 'D9 4.;"D+79"4 <e+3 ];# ]=+B" X;3 *,.;&&'3!s %A +%HB ]4;?3 ;&3 S"4 ];# ]=+B" a& 01<@ J<v 4 -(BV<N3 4 (" *#! DK?3 %H73 ]4;?3 (Becker, 2000) B" ]=+B" «FB< _+7C*! ob» ("!<S3 F<9 DY9" %,4 ";< %s&3d9 ;#9 ƒ (" [<9 ];3R BD9 -"&S3 ob D' % FB< 4.;# ;!"%A F<9 ob F" D' %."; %,4 -"&S3 DY9" <e+3 4 F<9 =: "% 3 _+7C*! ob.d' JS _+7C*d! ob <e+3 4 -"9 "% d3 ;#9 ƒ -"&S3 ob D' %.%9 ;!"%A c<? %ƒ X*+k" 9 ](9 F" ];3R BD9 % X*+k" 9!R F<9 _+7C*! ob "P<3 $;#9 (" ' <e+3 4 F<9 DY9" :" 4 <N+73 ;#9 C 3 ];3R BD9 _+7C*! ob :" FB< 4. B" c<? 4 <*!" "P<3 F<<S -"9 [!4f F".B" V%1S3 D=@%3 4 F<9 DY9" $;#9 =&3 -"DC 3 %<B: 5<K? 4 (" n9 ] <S3 9 (" A <S3(! -":<Qi DKk3.B" ];# ]=+B" (Hierarchical Multiple Regresssion)" HMR" D:;&`.;%#3 ]" %<B: F< cyb -!<S3-4 n9 cyb -!<S3 (" l";'! 9(" g 2!%<B: (4.%#3 4R9!%<B: (4 D:;&` %<B: 5<K? 4 $;&+7! F< ] -!<S3, F" D' D+79"4<q -!<e+3 <<e 0% D' ;!3 Van Poll, 1997: ) ;&&'3 <<e n9 ] -!<S3 D+79"4 -!<e+3 ](";" D` <=<' <7N 9 &'B U"" VB" 9 &!T :;( <=<' 9(" X;3.(33 ]*# 51# 0% D9 F173 (" b 4 DK?3 (" b [L9 4 D9 &!T :;(.B" D6"" 59 5- Regression Weight

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