bdkbz &1 % Hkkjr vksj ledkyhu fo'o &2 bfrgkl

Transkript

1 bdkbz &1 % Hkkjr vksj ledkyhu fo'o &2 bfrgkl v/;k; & 1?kVuk,,oa izfø;k, izdj.k (TOPIC)-1 ;wjksi esa jk"v okn dk mn; (Rise of Nationalism in Europe) muuhloha lnh ds nksjku jk"vªokn,d,slh rkdr cudj mhkjk ftlus ;wjksi ds jktuhfrd vksj ekufld txr esa Hkkjh ifjorzu yk fn;ka jk"vªokn ls varr% ;wjksi ds cgq-jk"vªh; oa'kh; lkezkt;ksa ds LFkku ij jk"vª-jkt; dk mn; gqvka muuhloha lnh esa ;wjksi esa jk"vªokn ds izhkko ls yksxksa esa lkekftd o jktuhfrd :i ls Lora=rk] lekurk] HkkbZpkjk vkfn ds fopkjksa esa o`f¼ gqbza kalhlh ÿkafr (French Revolution) : 1789 dh Ýkalhlh Økafr ;wjksi ds fy,,d izhkko'kkyh,oa egroiw.kz?kvuk FkhA Økafr ds QyLo:i Ýkal esa izeq[k cnyko gq, ftuesa laos/kkfud O;oLFkk rs;kj dh xbz rfkk dqyhu oxz dks nh tkus okyh lqfo/kkvksa esa dvksrh dh xbza Økafr ds jklrs ls,d cm+s y{; dks izkir fd;k] ftlesa jk"vª dh igpku o jk"vª dk LokfHkeku Fkk ftls ckn esa jk"vªokn ds uke ls tkuk x;ka Ýkalhlh Økafr ds ckn,d izfl¼,sfrgkfld O;fDr o ;ks¼k usiksfy;u cksukikvkz dks tkuk x;ka usiksfy;u us vusd izhkko'kkyh iz'kklfud cnyko fd, ftugsa ukxfjd lafgrk 1804 ds uke ls tkuk x;k rfkk ftls usiksfy;u lafgrk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa ;wjksi esa jk"v okn dk fuekz.k vbkjgoha 'krkcnh ds e/; esa ;wjksi vusd NksVh-NksVh jkt'kkfg;ksa] Mfpvksa vksj dsavuksa esa c V pqdk FkkA dgha Hkh jk"vª dk fopkj ugha FkkA yksx uly ds vk/kkj ij lewgksa esa c Vs gq, Fks rfkk e/; o iwoz ;wjksi esa jg jgs FksA izfl¼ vkwvkseu 'kkld leiw.kz iwoz o e/; ;wjksi o xzhl ij 'kklu djrs Fks rfkk gsclcxz 'kkld vkflvª;k o gaxjh ij 'kklu djrs FksA :f<+okfnrk dk mn; vksj ÿkafr;k e/;e oxz dk dkuwu ds le{k lhkh dh Lora=rk o lekurk esa cjkcjh esa fo'okl FkkA mnkjokn dqyhu o iknfj;ksa dks nh tkus okyh fo'ks"k lqfo/kkvksa dks lekir djuk pkgrk FkkA :f<+okfnrk,d jktuhfrd n'kzu Fkk tks ijeijkvksa] LFkkfir lalfkkvksa] jhfr-fjoktksa ij tksj nsrk gs vksj rst cnykoksa dh ctk; Øfed vksj /khjs-/khjs fodkl dks izkfkfed nsrk gsa 1815 ds ckn o"kks± esa neu ds Hk; ls vusd mnkjoknh] jk"vªokfn;ksa dks Hkwfexr dj fn;ka cgqr lkjs ;wjksih; jkt;ksa esa Økafrdkfj;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus vksj fopkjksa dk izlkj djus ds fy, xqir laxbu mhkj vk,a bvyh dk,d Økafrdkjh T;qlsih esfrluh Fkk ftldk tue 1807 esa tsuksvk esa gqvk Fkk tks dkckszujh ds xqir laxbu dk lnl; FkkA mlus nks vksj xqir laxbuksa ;ax bvyh vksj ;ax ;wjksi cuk, FksA 1831 esa pkschl o"kz dh ;qokolfkk esa esfrluh dks fyxqfj;k esa Økafr djus ds fy, cfg"ïr dj fn;k x;k FkkA esfrluh dk,dhdj.k esa fo'okl Fkk mlus NksVs-NksVs jkt;ksa dks feykdj,dhïr bvyh dk xbca/ku fd;ka mlds bl ekwmy dh ns[kk-ns[kh tezuh] Ýkal] flov~tjys.m vksj iksys.m esa xqir laxbu dk;e fd, x,a

2 2 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x fueu ds ckjs eas tkusaµ (Know the Terms) dyiukn'kz (Utopian vision) :,d,sls lekt dh dyiuk tks bruk vkn'kz gs fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxhkx vlahko gsa fujadq'kokn (Absolution) :,slh ljdkj ;k 'kklu O;oLFkk ftldh lùkk ij fdlh izdkj dk dksbz vadq'k ugha gksrka bfrgkl esa,slh jkt'kkgh ljdkjksa dks fujadq'k ljdkj dgk tkrk gs tks vr;r dsunzhïr] lsu; cy ij vk/kkfjr vksj neudkjh ljdkj gksrh FkhaA tuer laxzg (Plebiscite) :,d izr;{k ernku ftlds tfj,,d {ks= ds lhkh ls,d izlrkko dks Lohdkj ;k vlohdkj djus ds fy, iwnk tkrk gsa Ýkalhlh Økafr (French Revolution) : 1789 dh Ýkalhlh Økafr ls tks jktuhfrd vksj laos/kkfud cnyko gq, muls izhkqlùkk jktra= ls fudy dj Ýkalhlh ukxfjdksa ds lewg esa glrkarfjr gks xbza Økafr us?kks"k.kk fd vc yksxksa }kjk jk"vª dk xbu gksxk vksj os gh mldh fu;fr r; djsaxsa jk"vªokn (Nationalism) : jk"vª rfkk lekt ds izfr,d lksp ekr`hkwfe ds fy, I;kj o R;kx jk"vª dh jktuhfrd igpku esa fo'okl j[kuk jk"vªokn ds izeq[k xq.k gsaa jk"vª-jkt; (Nation-State) : jkt; og gs tks jktuhfrd rfkk HkkSxksfyd :i ls LFkkfir gs rfkk izeq[k leiuu bdkbz ds :i esa iw.kz:i ls dk;zjr gsa muuhloha lnh esa ;wjksi esa izdv gq, jk"vªokn ds fopkj dh ladyiuk ds fopkj dks le>k tk ldrk gsa vk/kqfud jkt; (Modern State) : jkt; og gs tks fdlh dsunzh; 'kfdr }kjk lapkfyr fdlh fo'ks"k Hkw-Hkkx o ogk fuokl djus okys yksxksa dk izfrfuf/kro djrk gsa mnkjoknh jk"vªokn vfkz (Liberal Nationalism Mean) : (i) O;fDrxr Lora=rk (ii) dkuwu ds le{k lekurk (iii) lgefr dh ljdkj (iv) cktkj dh Lora=rk (v) olrqvksa o iwath ds vkokxeu ij yxs izfrca/kksa dks lekir fd;k tk,a usiksfy;u lafgrk (Napoleonic Code) : 1804 dh ukxkfjd lafgrk ftls vkerksj ij usiksfy;u dh lafgrk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gs] us tue ij vk/kkfjr fo'ks"kkf/kdkj lekir dj fn, FksA mlu dkuwu ds le{k cjkcjh vksj laifùk ds vf/kdkj dks lqjf{kr cuk;ka tkwyosjkbu (Zollverein) : 1834 esa iz'kk dh igy ij,d 'kqyd la?k tkwyosjkbu LFkkfir fd;k x;k ftlesa vf/kdka'k tezu jkt; 'kkfey gks x,a bl la?k us 'kqyd vojks/kksa dks lekir dj fn;k vksj eqnzkvksa dh la[;k nks dj nh tks mlls igys rhl ls Åij FkhA gsclcxz 'kkld (Habusbarg Empire) : vkflvª;k-gaxjh ij 'kklu djus okyk gsclcxz lkezkt; dbz vyx-vyx {ks=ksa vksj tu lewgksa dks tksm+dj cuk FkkA blesa,syil ds fvjkwy] vkwflvª;k vksj lqvsmsuysam tsls bykdksa ds lkfk-lkfk cksgsfe;k Hkh 'kkfey Fkk tgk ds dqyhu oxz esa tezu Hkk"kk cksyus okys T;knk FksA vkwvkseu 'kkld (Ottoman Empire) : ckydu {ks= dk,d cm+k fgllk vkwvkseu lkezkt; ds fu;a=.k esa FkkA ckydu {ks= esa :ekuh jk"vªokn ds fopkjksa ds QSyus vksj vkwvkseu lkezkt; ds fo?kvu ls flfkfr dkqh folqksvd gks xbza fopkj/kkjk (Ideology) :,d [kkl izdkj dh lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd n`f"v dks bafxr djus okys fopkjksa dk lewga :<+okfnrk (Conservatism) :,slk jktuhfrd n'kzu tks ijaijk] LFkkfir llfkkuksa vksj fjoktksa ij tksj nsrk gs vksj rst cnykoksa dh ctk; Øfed vksj /khjs-/khjs fodkl dks izkfkfedrk nsrk gsa erkf/kdkj (Suffrage) : ernku djus dk vf/kdkja u`tkrh; (Ethnic) :,d lk>k ulyh] tutkrh; ;k lkalïfrd mn~xe vfkok i`"bhkwfe ftls dksbz leqnk; viuh igpku crkrk gsa O;fDr;ksa ds fo"k; esa tkusa vfkok egroiw.kz O;fDrRo (Know the Personalities) : 1. ÝsMfjd lkwj;w (Frederic Sorrieu) : lkwj;w,d Ýkalhlh dykdkj Fkk] ftlus 1848 esa pkj fp=ksa dh,d Ük`a[kyk cukbza buesa mlus liuksa dk,d lalkj jpk tks mlds 'kcnksa esa ßturkaf=d vksj lkekftd x.kra=kasþ ls feydj cuk FkkA 2. usiksfy;u (Napoleon ) : usiksfy;u,d Ýkafllh lsfud o jktusrk Fkk ftlus Ýkafllh Økafr ds le; izflf¼ ikbz mlus 1799 ls 1815 rd Ýkal ij 'kklu fd;ka us'kuy,lsacyh dh igyh csbd ds ckn 1799 esa lùkk dks oklrfod :i ls LohÏr fd;k x;ka 3. T;qlsis esfrluh (Giuseppe Mazzini) : esfrluh bvyh dk,d Økafrdkjh FkkA esfrluh dk tue 1807 esa tsuksvk esa gqvk Fkk vksj og dkckszujh ds xqir laxbu dk lnl; FkkA esfrluh us nks Hkwfexr laxbuksa dh LFkkiuk dh ftuesa esa,d eklszbz esa ;ax bvyh rfkk nwljk cuz esa ;ax ;wjksi Fkk ftlds lnl; iksysam] Ýkal] bvyh vksj tezu jkt;ksa esa leku fopkj j[kus okys ;qok FksA 4. M~;wd esvjfu[k (Duke Metternich) : M~;wd vkflvª;k dk pkalyj FkkA fo;uk laf/k ds leesyu dh estckuh M~;wd us dh FkhA egroiw.kz frffk;k (Important Dates) : 1797 : usiksfy;u dk bvyh ij geyk% usiksfy;kbz ;q¼kas dh 'kq#vkra 1804 : ukxfjd lafgrk ftls vkerksj ij usiksfy;u dh lafgrk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gs] us tue ij vk/kkfjr fo'ks"kkf/kdkj lekir dj fn, FksA mlus dkuwu ds le{k cjkcjh vksj laifùk ds vf/kdkj dks lqjf{kr cuk;ka

3 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ : usiksfy;u dk iru% fo;uk 'kkafr laf/ka 1821 : ;wukuh Lora=rk ds fy, la?k"kz izkjahka 1832 : ;wuku us Lora=rk izkir dha 1834 : iz'kk dh igy ij,d 'kqyd la?k tkwyosjkbu LFkkfir fd;k x;k ftlesa vf/kdka'k tezu jkt; 'kkfey gks x,a bl la?k us 'kqyd vojks/kksa dks lekir dj fn;ka 1848 : Ýkal esa Økafr] vkffkzd ijs'kkfu;ksa ls xzlr dkjhxjkssa] vks ksfxd etnwjksa vksj fdlkuksa dh cxkor% e/;oxz lafo/kku vksj izfrfu/;kred ljdkj ds xbu dh ek x djrk gs% brkyoh] tezu] esx;kj] iksfy'k psd vkfn jk"vª jkt;kas dh ek x djrs gsaa izdj.k (TOPIC)-2 ÿkafr;ksa dk ;qx % ( ) bvyh rfkk tezuh dk fuekz.k The age of Revolutions ( ) and the unification of Germany and Italy tsls-tsls :f<+oknh O;oLFkkvksa us viuh rkdr dks vksj etcwr cukus dh dksf'k'k dh ;wjksi ds vusd {ks=ksa esa mnkjokn vksj jk"vªokn dks Økafr ls tksm+dj ns[kk tkus yxka bvyh vksj tezuh ds jkt; vkwvkseu lkezkt; ds lwcs] vk;jysam vksj iksysam,sls gh dqn {ks= FksA izfke fonzksg Ýkal es a tqykbz 1830 esa gqvka ;wjksi es a Økafrdkjh jk"vªokn dh izxfr ls ;wukfu;ks a dk vktknh ds fy, la?k"kz 1821 esa vkjahk gks x;ka jk"vª ds fopkj es a lalïfr us,d vge Hkwfedk fuhkkbza dfo;ks a vksj dykdkjks a us ;wuku dks ;wjksih; lh;rk dk ikyuk crkdj iz'kalk dha :ekuhoknµ :ekuhokn,d,slk lkalïfrd vkanksyu Fkk tks,d [kkl rjg dh jk"vªh; Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk pkgrk FkkA Hkk"kkµ Hkk"kk us Hkh jk"vªh; Hkkoukvks a ds fodkl es a,d egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbza 1830 dk n'kd ;wjksi esa Hkkjh dfbukb;k ysdj vk;ka ewy;kas esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbz] csjkstxkjh c<+h] [ksrh esa isnkoj dh deh vkbza T;knkrj ns'kksa esa uksdjh <w <us okyksa dh rknkn miyc/k jkstxkj ls vf/kd FkhA fdlku o i<+k-fy[kk e/;e oxz buls xzflr FkkA 1848 esa cm+h la[;k esa jktuhfrd laxbu ÝaSdQVZ 'kgj esa,df=r gq, vksj lhkh us vkwy tezu,lsacyh dks er nsus dk fu.kz; fd;ka mnkjoknh vkanksyu ds vanj efgykvksaa dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj iznku djus dk eqn~nk fooknklin FkkA gkykafd :f<+oknh rkdrsa 1848 esa mnkjoknh vkanksyuksa dks nck ikus esa dke;kc gqbz fdarq os iqjkuh O;oLFkk csgky ugha dj ikb±a 1848 ds ckn ;wjksi esa jk"vªokn dk tura= vksj Økafr ls vyxko gksus yxka :f<+okfn;ksa us vdlj jk"vªoknh Hkkoukvksa dk blrseky fd;ka tezuh vksj bvyh,dhïr gksdj jk"vª-jkt; cusa tezuh dh rjg bvyh esa Hkh fo[kamu dk,d yeck bfrgkl FkkA 1848 esa tezuh egkla?k ds fofhkuu bykdksa dks tksm+dj,d fuokzfpr laln }kjk 'kkflr jk"vª-jkt; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA ifjflfkfr;ksa ('krks±) ds fo"k; esa tkusa (le>as)µ (Know the Terms) HkkoukRed fopkj (Romanticism) :,d lkalïfrd vkanksyu tks fokku o vu; dkj.kksa dks vlohdkj djrk gs RkFkk ân; o Hkkoukvksa ls ifjp; djkrk gsa HkkoukRed fopkjksa dk tqm+ko,d,sls lkewfgd fopkj isnk djus ls Fkk tks gesa mùkjkf/kdkj esa feys gq, Fks rfkk muls,d,slh lkoztfud lalïfr dk fodkl djuk Fkk tks jk"vªokn ds fgr esa gksa Økafrdkjh (Revolutionaries) : muuhloha lnh esa mnkjoknh fopkjksa ds lefkzd rfkk jkt'kkgh 'kklu ds fojks/kh Økafrdkjh FksA ukjh vkanksyu (Feminism) : efgykvksa ds jktuhfrd] vkffkzd o lkekftd vk/kkfjr vf/kdkjksa o fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, tkx:drk o vkanksyu ukjhokn ;k ukjh vkanksyu FkkA ÝSadQVZ ikfyz;kesav (Frankfurt Parliament) : tezu bykdksa esa cm+h la[;k esa jktuhfrd laxbuksa us ÝSadQVZ 'kgj esa feydj,d loz-tezu us'kuy,lsacyh ds i{k esa ernku dk QSlyk fy;ka 18 ebz] 1848 dks 831 fuokzfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa us,d lts-/kts tqywl

4 4 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x esa tkdj ÝSadQVZ laln esa viuk LFkku xzg.k fd;ka ;g laln lsav iky ppz esa vk;ksftr gqbza mugksaus,d tezu jk"vª ds fy,,d,sls lafo/kku dk izk:i rs;kj fd;k tks jkt'kkgh ij vk/kkfjr FkkA jk"vªoknh lksp 1830 (Nationalistic Feeling, 1830) : jk"vªokn dk fodkl dsoy ;q¼ksa vksj {ks=h; folrkj ls ugha gqvka jk"vª ds fopkj ds fuekz.k esa lalïfr us,d vge Hkwfedk fuhkkbza dyk] dko;] dgkfu;ksa] fdllksa vksj laxhr us jk"vªoknh Hkkoukvksa dks x<+us vksj O;Dr djus esas lg;ksx fn;ka O;fDr;ksa (O;fDrRoksa) ds fo"k; esa tkusa (Know the Personalities) 1. yqbts vkwvks-ihvlz (Louise Otto-Peters) : yqbts,d jktusfrd dk;zdrkz Fkh ftlus efgykvksa dh if=dk vksj rri'pkr,d ukjhoknh laxbu dh LFkkiuk dha 2. dkyz csydj (Carl Welcker) : dkyz csydj ÝSadQVZ laln ds,d fuokzfpr lnl; FksA ftugksaus efgykvksa ds cjkcj ds vf/kdkj dk fojks/k fd;ka mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ;g dk;z izïfr ds fo#¼ gksxka egroiw.kz frffk;k (Important Dates) : 1830 : izfke fonzksg Ýkal esa tqykbz 1830 esa gqvka 1830 : 1830 dk n'kd ;wjksi esa Hkkjh dfbukb;k ysdj vk;ka 1848 : tezu bykdksa esa cm+h la[;k esa jktuhfrd laxbuksa us ÝaSdQVZ 'kgj esa feydj,d loz-tezu,lsacyh ds i{k esa ernku fd;ka izdj.k (TOPIC)-3 jk"v -jkt;&bvyh] tezuh rfkk fczvsu dk,dhdj.k Nation-States Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain 'kh?kz iqufozpkj (Quick Review) : 1848 ds ckn ;wjksi esa jk"vªokn dk tura= vksj Økafr ls vyxko gksus yxka bls ml izfø;k esa ns[kk tk ldrk gs ftlls tezuh vksj bvyh,dhïr gksdj jk"vª-jkt; cusa 1848 esa tezu ds e/;oxhz; yksxksa] ftuesa okf.kft;d] O;kikjh] dykdkj] /kuh vkfn] esa jk"vªoknh Hkkouk, O;kIr FkhaA os lhkh 1948 esa tezu egkla?k ds fofhkuu bykdksa dks tksm+dj,d fuokzfpr laln }kjk 'kkflr jk"vª-jkt; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA fuokzfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa us,d ltss-/kts tqywl esa tkdj ÝaSdQVZ laln esa viuk LFkku xzg.k fd;ka ;g laln lsv ikwy ppz esa vk;ksftr gqbza tc izfrfuf/k;ksa us iz'kk ds jktk ÝsMfj[k foygse prqfkz dks rkt igukus dh dksf'k'k dh rks mlus mls vlohdkj dj mu jktkvksa dk lkfk fn;k tks fuokzfpr lhkk ds fojks/kh FksA ÝS adqvz laln ds ckn iz'kk tezu,dhdj.k dk usrk cuka mlds i'pkr iz'kk us jk"vªh;,dhdj.k ds vkanksyu dk usr`ro lahkky fy;ka mldk izeq[k ea=h] vkwvks okwu fclekdz bl izfø;k dk tud Fkk ftlus iz'kk dh lsuk vksj uksdj'kkgh dh enn yha lkr o"kz ds nksjku vkwflvª;k] MsuekdZ vksj Ýkal ls rhu ;q¼ks a es a iz'kk dh thr gqbz vksj,dhdj.k dh izfø;k iwjh gqbza tuojh] 1871 esa] olkz; esa gq,,d lekjksg us iz'kk ds jktk fofy;e izfke dks tezuh dk lezkv?kksf"kr fd;k x;ka tezu jkt;ksa ds jktdqekjksa] lsuk izfrfuf/k;ksa vksj izeq[k ea=h vkwvks oku fclekdz lesr iz'kk ds egroiw.kz eaf=;kas dh,d csbd olkz; ds egy ds,d csgn BaMs 'kh'kegy (gkwy vkwq fejlz) esa gqbza u, jkt; esa tezuh dh eqnzk] csafdax vksj dkuwuh rfkk U;kf;d O;oLFkkvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ij dkqh tksj fn;ka muuhloha lnh ds e/; es a bvyh lkr jkt;ks a es a c Vk gqvk FkkA mùkjh Hkkx vkwflvª;kbz gsclcxks ± ds v/khu Fkk] e/; bykdks a ij iksi dk 'kklu Fkk vksj nf{k.kh {ks= Lisu ds cwcks Z jktkvks a ds v/khu FksA dsoy,d lkfmzfu;k ihmekw.v es a brkyoh jkt?kjkus dk 'kklu FkkA esfrluh fjifcydu ikvhz dk usrk FkkA mlus vius mís';ks a ds izlkj ds fy, ;ax bvyh uked,d xqir laxbu Hkh cuk;k FkkA 1831 vksj 1848 esa Økafrdkjh foæzksgksa dh vlqyrk ls ;q¼ ds tfj;s brkyoh jkt;ksa dks tksm+us dh fteesnkjh lkfmzfu;k-ihmekw.m ds 'kkld fodvj besuq,y f}rh; ij vk xbza ea=h izeq[k dkcwj ftlus bvyh ds izns'kksa dks,dhïr djus okys vkanksyu dk usr`ro fd;k us Ýkal ls lkfmzfu;k-ihmek.v dh,d prqj dwvuhfrd laf/k dh ftlls lkfmzfu;k-ihmek.v 1859 esa dh vkflvª;kbz cyksa dks gvk ikus esa dke;kc gqvka

5 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ 5 T;qlsis xsjhckwymh us bvyh ds,dhdj.k esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbza fu;fer lsfudksa ds vykok T;qlsis xsjhckwymh ds usr`ro esa Hkkjh la[;k esa l'kl= Lo;alsodksa us Hkkx fy;ka 1860 esa os nf{k.kh bvyh vksj nks flflfy;ksa ds jkt; esa izos'k dj x, vksj Lisuh 'kkluksa dks gvkus ds fy, LFkkuh; fdlkuksa dk lefkzu ikus esa lqy jgsa 1861 esa besuq,y f}rh; dks,dhïr bvyh dk jktk?kksf"kr fd;k x;ka fczvsu dk jk"vª-jkt; cuus dk bfrgkl,dne vyx gs] fczvsu fcuk fdlh fonzksg vksj Økafr ds jk"vª-jkt; ds :i esa laxfbr gqvka vbkjgoha lnh ds igys fczrkuh jk"vª Fkk gh ughaa fczrkuh }hi lewg esa jgus okys yksxksaµ vaxzst] osy'k] LdkWV ;k vk;fj'k dh eq[; igpku u`tkrh; FkhA tsls-tssls vkaxy jk"vª dh /ku-nksyr] vgfe;r vksj lùkk esa o`f¼ gqbz og }hi lewg ds vu; jk"vªksa ij viuk izhkqro c<+kus esa lqy gqvka,d yacs Vdjko vksj la?k"kz ds ckn vkaxy laln us 1688 esa jktra= ls rkdr Nhu yh FkhA bl laln ds ek/;e ls,d jk"vª-jkt; dk fuekz.k gqvk ftlds dsunz esa baxys.m FkkA baxys.m vksj LdkWVyS.M ds chp,dv vkwq ;wfu;u (1707) ls ß;wukbVsM fdaxme vkwq xzsv fczvsuþ dk xbu gqvka,d fczrkuh igpku ds fodkl dk vfkz ;g gqvk fd LdkWVyS.M dh [kkl lalïfr vksj jktuhfrd lalfkkuksa dks ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls nck;k x;ka fczrkfu;ksa }kjk vk;jys.m dks vius fu;a=.k esa dj fy;ka vk;jys.m dsfkfyd vksj izksvslvasv /kkfezd xqvksa esa xgjkbz ls c Vk gqvk FkkA vaxzstksa us vk;jys.m esa izksvslvsav /kez ekuus okyksa dks cgqla[;d dsfkfyd ns'k ij izhkqro c<+kus esa lgk;rk dha 1801 esa vk;jys.m dks cyiwozd ;wukbvsm dxme esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;ka fczrkuh izhkko ds fo#¼ gq, dsfkksfyd fonzksgksa dks fuezerk ls dqpy fn;k x;ka u, fczvsu ds izrhd fpugksa] fczrkuh >amk (;wfu;u tsd) vksj jk"vªh; xku (xkwm lso voj ukscy fdax) dks [kwc c<+kok fn;k x;k vksj iqjkus jk"vª bl la?k esa ekrgr lg;ksxh ds :i esa gh jg ik,a O;fDr;ksa (O;fDrRoksa) dks tkusµ (Know the Personalities) 1. vkwvks okwu fclekdz (Otto Von Bismarck) : vkwvks oku fclekdz iz'kk dk izeq[k ea=h Fkk ftlus tezuh ds,dhdj.k esa izeq[k Hkwfedk fuhkkbza vkwvks okwu fclekdz bl izfø;k dk tud Fkk ftlus iz'kk dh lsuk vksj uksdj'kkgh dh enn yha 2. dkbtj fofy;e (Kaiser William) : 18 tuojh] 1871 dks tezu jkt;ksa ds jktdqekjksa] lsuk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa vksj izeq[k ea=h vkwvks okwu fclekdz lesr iz'kk ds egroiw.kz eaf=;ksa dh,d csbd olkz; ds 'kh'kegy (gkwy vkwq fejlz) esa gqbza lhkk us iz'kk eas dkbtj fofy;e izfke ds usr`ro esa u, tezu lkezkt; dh?kks"k.kk dha u, jkt; us tezuh dh eqnzk] csa dx vksj dkuwuh rfkk U;kf;d O;oLFkkvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ij tksj fn;ka 3. dkmav dsehfy;ks Mh dkcwj (Count Camillo de Cavour) : dkmav dsehfy;ks nh dkcwj ihmekw.m dk izeq[k ea=h Fkk] Ýkal ds lkfk laf/k djds jktk dh ljdkj dk xbu djk;ka lkfmzfu;k] ihmekw.v 1859 esa vkflvª;kbz cyksa dks gvk ikus esa dke;kc gqvka 4. T;qlsis xsjhckwymh (Giuseppe Garibaldi) : T;qlsis xsjhckwymh us bvyh ds,dhdj.k esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbza jsm-'kvz dgyk;s tkus okys Lo;alsodksa ds lkfk xsjhckwymh us ;q¼ esa izos'k fd;ka 1860 esa os nf{k.k bvyh vksj nks flflfy;ksa ds jkt; esa izos'k dj x, vksj futh 'kkldksa dks gvkus ds fy, LFkkuh; fdlkuksa dk lefkzu ikus esa lqy jgsa egroiw.kz frffk;k (Important Dates) : 1855 : lkfmzfu;k jkt; us fczfv'k vksj Ýkal dh vksj ls tezu ;q¼ esa Hkkx fy;ka 1858 : dkcwj us Ýkal ds lkfk feydj xbca/ku cuk;ka : bvyh dk,dhdj.ka 1859 : lkfmzfu;k-ihmekw.v us Ýkal ds lkfk feydj xbca/ku cuk;k rfkk vkwflvª;kbz lsukvksa dks ijkftr fd;ka cgqr cm+h la[;k esa T;qlsis xsjhckwymh ds usr`ro esa vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;ka 1860 : lkfmzfu;k-ihmekw.v dh lsuk, nf{k.k bvyh vksj nks flflfy;ksa ds jkt; esa izos'k dj x, vksj Lisuh 'kkldksa dks gvkus esa lqy jgsa 1861 : besuq,y f}rh; dks,dhïr bvyh dk jktk?kksf"kr fd;k x;k rfkk jkse dks bvyh dh jkt/kkuh?kksf"kr fd;k x;ka : tezuh dk,dhdj.ka 1871 : iz'kk ds jktk fofy;e izfke dks tezu dk 'kkld?kksf"kr fd;k x;ka 1905 : gscloxz vksj vkwvkseu lkezkt;ksa esa Lyko jk"vªokn dk etcwr gksuka 1914 : izfke fo'o;q¼ izkjahka

6 6 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x izdj.k (TOPIC)-4 jk"v dh n`'; dyiuk % jk"v okn vksj lkezkt;okn Visualising the Nation : Nationalism and Imperialism jk"v dh n`'; dyiuk (Visualising the Nation) : fdlh n`'; fpug ds :i esa fdlh dks vfhko;dr fd;k tk ldrk gsa bldh vfhko;fdr ds fy, dksbz mís';] rlohj] fyf[kr 'kcn /ofu vksj fdlh fo'ks"k fpug dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa vbkjgoha vksj muuhloha lnh esa dykdkjksa us jk"vª dk ekuohdj.k djds bl iz'u dks gy fd;ka mugkasus,d ns'k dks ;w fpf=r fd;k tsls og dksbz O;fDr gksa dykdkjksa us,sls fpugksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tks nsfud thou esa mi;ksx fd, tkrs Fks rfkk ftudh igpku vf'kf{kr yksx Hkh vklkuh ls dj ldrs FksA Økafr;ksa ds le; dykdkjksa us jk"vª dks,d O;fDr ds :i esa izlrqr fd;ka ns'k dk fp=.k bl izdkj ls fd;k x;k tslss og dksbz O;fDr gksa Lora=rk vfkok mnkjrk dks ftu fpugksa tsls O;fDr ds :i esa izlrqr fd;k x;k ;k n`"vkar (dgkuh) ds :i esa crk;k x;k os lhkh vo;kogkfjd FksA n`"vkar lgh vksj Hkkoqd vfkz FkkA muuhloha lnh esa Ýkalhlh dykdkjksa us x.kra= tsls fopkjksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, ukjh :id dk iz;ksx fd;ka Ýkal esa mls yksdfiz; bzlkbz uke ekjhvku fn;k x;k ftlus tu-jk"vª ds fopkj dks js[kkafdr fd;ka blh izdkj teszfu;k] tezu jk"vª dk izrhd cu xbza,d VwVh gqbz tathj Økafr dk izrhd cu xbza ekjhvku ds fpug Hkh Lora=rk vksj x.kra= ds Fksµ yky Vksih] frjaxk vksj dyxha ekjhvku dh izfrek, lkoztkfud pksdksa ij yxkbz xb± rkfd turk dks jk"vªh; izrhd dh ;kn vkrh jgsa jk"v okn vksj lkezkt;okn (Nationalism and Imperialism) : vbkjgoha lnh ds vur o muuhloha lnh ds e/; rd ;wjksi esa Hkkjh vo;olfkk o dksykgy dk ekgksy FkkA 1871 ds ckn ;wjksi esa jk"vªokn o lkezkt;okn esa cnyko dk ekgksy isnk gqvka ;wjksi esa jk"vªoknh lewg,d-nwljs ds foi{kh yxkrkj c<+rs tk jgs Fks ifj.kker%,d-nwljs ds lkfk la?k"kz c<+ jgk FkkA eq[; :i ls bl la?k"kz esa vk/kqfud jksekfu;k] cqyxsfj;k] vycsfu;k] ;wuku] esflmksfu;k] Øks,f'k;k] cksflu;k] gtszxksfcuk] Lyksosfu;k] lfcz;k vksj ekwfuvfuxzks 'kkfey Fks tks ;wjksi esa jk"vªokn dk ykhk ikuk pkgrs FksA ckydu {ks= esa cm+h 'kfdr;ksa ds chp izfrli/kkz gksus yxha bl le; ;wjksih; 'kfdr;ksa ds chp O;kikj vksj mifuos'kksa ds lkfk ukslsfud vksj lsu; rkdr ds fy, xgjh izfrli/kkz FkhA ftl rjg ckydu lel;k vkxs c<+h mlesa ;g izfrli/kkz [kqydj lkeus vkbza :l] tezuh] baxys.m] vkwlvªks-gaxkjh dh gj rkdr ckydu ij vu; 'kfdr;ksa dh rkdr dh idm+ dks detksj djds {ks= esa izhkko dks c<+kuk pkgrh FkhA fueu esa ckjs esa tkusa (Know the Terms) : u`tkrh; (Ethnic) :,d lk>k ulyh] tutkrh; ;k lkalïfrd mn~xe vfkok i`"bhkwfe ftls dksbz leqnk; viuh igpku ekurk gsa igpku fpug (Symbol) : igpku fpug,d,slk :id gs tks fdlh dh vyx ls igpku izlrqr (bafxr) djrk gsa ;g fdlh mís';] rlohj] fyf[kr 'kcn] /ofu ;k fo'ks"k fpug ds }kjk izlrqr (bafxr) fd;k tkrk gsa lkezkt;okn (Imperialism) : lkezkt;okn,d,slh flfkfr gs ftlesa dksbz 'kkld vius ns'k dh lhekvksa dks vkxs c<+kdj vu; ns'kksa esa viuk vkf/kir; LFkkfir dj ogk vius mifuos'k cukrs gsa rfkk mu ns'kksa ij viuh uhfr;k ykxw dj viuk 'kklu LFkkfir djrs gsa rfkk bu ns'kksa dh lhekvksa dk vf/kxzg.k djrs gsaa n`"vkar (:id) (Allegory) : tc fdlh vewrz fopkj (tslsµ ykyp] bz";kz Lora=rk] eqfdr) dk fdlh O;fDr ;k fdlh pht ds tfj, bafxr fd;k tkrk gsa,d :idkred dgkuh ds nks vfkz gksrs gsaµ,d 'kkfcnd vksj,d izrhdkreda O;fDr;ksa (O;fDrRoksa) dks tkuasµ (Know the Personalities) 1. ekfjvku,oa teszfu;k (Marianne and Germania) : tsls gh Hkkjr esa jk"vª ds fo"k; esa dksbz n`"vkar fn;k tkrk gs] rks gekjs eflr"d esa Hkkjr ekrk dh Nfo,d efgyk ds fp= ds :i esa bafxr (izdv) gks tkrh gsa,sls gh ekfjvku Ýkal ds fy, rfkk teszfu;k dh Nfo tezuh ds fy, bafxr (izdv) gks tkrh gsa Ýkal o tezuh esa jgus okys yksxksa ds ân; vksj eflr"d esa ekfjvku o teszfu;k dh Nfo,d jk"vª dh ekrk ds :i esa izdv gksrh gs rfkk os mldk leeku djrs gs o iwt; Hkko ls ns[krs gasa ekfjvku ds

7 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ 7 fpug Lora=rk vksj x.kra= ds Fksµ yky Vksih] frjaxk vksj dyxha ekfjvku dh izfrek, lkoztfud pksdksa ij yxkbz xb± rkfd turk dks,drk ds jk"vªh; izrhd dh ;kn vkrh jgs vksj yksx mlls rknkre; LFkkfir dj ldsaa ekfjvku dh Nfo flddksa vksj Mkd fvdvksa ij vafdr dh xbza pk{kq"k vfhko;fdr;ksa esa teszfu;k cywr o`{k ds iùkksa dk eqdqv igurh gs D;ksafd tezu cywr ohjrk dk izrhd gsa egroiw.kz fpug (izrhd) (Important Symbols) : 1. VwVh tathj (csfm+;k ) µ vktknh feyuk 2. ckt-nki dop µ tezu lkezkt; dh izrhd 'kfdr 3. cywr ifùk;ksa dk eqdqv µ cgknqjh 4. ryokj µ eqdkcys dh rs;kjh 5. ryokj ij fyivh tsrwu dh Mkyh µ 'kkafr dh pkg 6. dkyk] yky vksj lqugjk frjaxk µ 1848 esa mnkjokfn;ksa-jk"vªokfn;ksa dk >amk ftls tezu jkt;ksa ds M;wDl us izfrcaf/kr fd;ka 7. mxrs lw;z dh fdj.k µ,d u, ;qx dk lw=ikr qq v/;k; & 2 bamks&pkbuk esa jk"vªoknh vkanksyu izdj.k (TOPIC)-1 bamks-pkbuk es a kalhlh mifuos'k (French Colonialism in Indo-China) fo;ruke esa mifuos'kokn dh 'kq#vkrµ mifuos'kokn,d,slh izfø;k gs tks mifuos'kksa ds Hkouksa dh ns[khkky rfkk,d jkt; ds Hkw-Hkkx ds yksxksa dks nwljs jkt; ds Hkw-Hkkx ij ys tkdj vk Fkd ykhk dekuka fo;ruke] dacksfm;k vksj ykvksl dks bamks-pkbuk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA iqjkus fo;ruke esa O;kikj [kwc Qy-Qwy jgk Fkk vksj ;g leqæorhz flyd :V ls tqm+k gqvk FkkA flyd :V O;kikj ds vu; dsuæksa ds lkfk tqm+k gqvk Fkk ftlls iwohz] nf{k.kh o if'peh,f'k;k Hkwe/;lkxj ds lkfk fo'o ds vu; Hkkxksa mùkjh výhdk o ;wjksi ds lkfk tqm+k FkkA Ýkalhlh igyh ckj 1858 esa fo;ruke vk,a vllh ds n'kd ds e/; rd vkrs-vkrs mugksaus fo;ruke ds mùkjh bykds ij etcwrh ls dctk tek fy;ka 1887 esa bamks-pkbuk dk xbu fd;k x;ka izhkko'kkyh ys[kd vksj uhfr-fuekzrk ikwy cukzmz tsls dqn yksxksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd mifuos'kksa dh vfkzo;olfkk dk fodkl djuk t:jh gs rhkh equkqk dek;k tk ldrk gsa fo;ruke dh vksifuosf'kd vfkzo;olfkk eq[; :i ls pkoy dh [ksrh vksj jcm+ ds ckxkuksa ij vkfjr FkhA muuhloha lnh ds e/; rd jcm+ ds ckxkuksa esa fo;rukeh etnwjksa ls,d rjq vuqca/k O;oLFkk ds rgr dke djok;k tkrk FkkA Ýkalhfl;ksa vksj muds opzlo dk vglkl djkus okyh gj pht ds f[kykq fo;rukeh lekt ds gj rcds us tedj la?k"kz fd;k vksj ogha ls fo;ruke esa jk"vªokn ds cht im+sa nf{k.k-iwoz,f'k;k vksj 'kkafr if'peh jk"vª bl {ks= ds fy, vkil esa ym+us yxsa Ýkal us fo;ruke] ykvksl vksj dacksfm;k dks dcts esa dj fy;ka

8 8 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x bldks bamks-pkbuk u;k uke fn;k x;ka Mpksa us bamksusf'k;k dks dctk fy;ka fczfv'kksa us cekz (E;kaekj)] lxkiqj vksj eyk;k dks dctk fy;ka fl;ke (FkkbZySaM) ;wjksfi;u lkezkt;okn ds v/khu FkkA fczvsu vksj Ýkal jkt;ksa ds gksus okys ;q¼ksa dks jksdus dk dke fd;ka fueu ds ckjs esa tkusa (Know About below) cqf¼okn (Rationalism) : bldk vfkz gs fd yksx fokku vksj mlds dkj.kksa esa iwjk fo'okl j[krs gsaa iqjkus jhfr-fjoktksa vksj ijaijkvksa dk dksbz ewy; ugha gsa yksx dsoy mu ckrksa esa fo'okl djrs gsa] ftugsa tk pk o ij[kk tk ldrk gsa O;fDrokn (Individualism) :,slh flfkfr esa,d O;fDr lokszpp gksrk gs] vksj lekt mlds dk;ks± dks ns[krk gsa,sls O;fDr dks Lora= okrkoj.k feyrk gs vr% og viuk vpns ls vpnk djus dk iz;kl djrk gsa,sls O;fDr ds Åij cgqr gh de izfrca/k gksrs gsaa vkaf'kd vk/kqfudrk (Partial Modernisation) : ;g vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ifjp; djkus dh,d uhfr gs] ftlesa,d lanhkz dks crkuk gksrk gs rfkk nwljs lunhkz dks jksduk gksrk gsa ;fn vk/kqfudhdj.k 'kkldksa ds fy, [krjk curk gs] vk Fkd 'kks"k.k vkfn esa rc os bls cun dj nsrs gsa vfkok jksd nsrs gsaa dkuwu ds le{k cjkcjh (Equality Before Law) : bldk vfkz gs fd dkuwu ds le{k lhkh yksx cjkcj gsaa /kuoku,oa xjhc ds chp dksbz HksnHkko ugha gksxk] fdlh Hkh /kez] tkfr vksj vk Fkd Lrj ij lhkh ds lkfk dkuwu leku :i ls ykxw gksxka mnkjokn (Liberalism) : bldk vfkz lkspus vksj n`f"vdks.k dh Lora=rkA izr;sd O;fDr ds thou esa tks lel;k, gkas mudk lekèkku lekt djsxk rfkk izr;sd O;fDr [kq'k o le`¼ jgs] ;g Hkh lekt djsxka ukike (Napalm) : vfxu ceksa ds fy, xslksyhu dks Qqykus esa blrseky gksus okyk,d vkxszfud deikmama ;g fej.k /khjs-/khjs tyrk gs vksj ekuo Ropk ds leidz esa vkus ij mlls fpid tkrk gs vksj tyrk jgrk gsa vesfjdk esa fodflr bl jlk;u dk nwljs fo'o;q¼ esa iz;ksx fd;k x;ka ekuorkokn (Humanism) : bldk vfkz gs ekuoh; fo'okla ekuork gesa fl[kkrh gs fd gesa vius Åij fo'okl j[kuk pkfg,a euq"; ds vunj,slh 'kfdr gs tks lekt dks cny ldrk gs vksj izïfr dks viuh vko';drk ds vuq:i cuk ldrk gsa bamks-pkbuk (Indo-China) : bamks-pkbuk ftu {ks=ksa dks bafxr djrk gs mlesa vk/kqfud ykvksl] dacksfm;k] fo;ruke] eysf'k;k dk nf{k.kh Hkkx] E;kaekj vksj FkkbZySaM gasa egroiw.kz frffk;k (Important Dates) 1858 Ýkalhfl;ksa dk fo;ruke esa vkxeua 1868 Ýkal fu;a=.k ds fojks/k esa LdkWyj fjoksyv [km+s gq,a 1880 fo;ruke Ýkal dk mifuos'k cuka 1887 dks px pkbuk vuue] Vksafdu dacksfm;k vksj ckn esa ykvksl dks feykdj bamks-pkbuk dh LFkkiukA 1903 guksbz ds mùkjh fglls esa cwcksfud Iysx dk izkjehka 1939 gqbug Qw lks ds usr`ro esa gksvk gkvks vkanksyu dk izkjehka 1940 fo;ruke ij tkiku us dctk fd;ka 1941 fo;sr feug dh LFkkiukA 1945 tkiku dk opzlo lekir rfkk fo;sr feug }kjk fo;ruke Lora= jk"vª?kksf"kra 1946 izfke bamks-pkbuk ;q¼ izkjehka 1953 izfke bamks-pkbuk ;q¼ dh lekfira

9 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ 9 izdj.k (TOPIC)&2 kal ds fo# la?k"kz dh fofhkuu flfkfr;k (Phases of struggle against the French) fo;ruke es a lh;rk dk y{;-f'k{kk (Lo:i-1) Ýkalhlh vksifuos'kdksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd ^lh;rk ds y{;* dks vk/kqfudrk ds :i esa mifuos'kksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlds fy, mugksaus f'k{kk ds gffk;kj ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;ka vk/kqfud fopkjksa dh iw r ds fy, Ýkalhfl;ksa us fo;ruke dh lalïfr;ksa] /keks± o ijaijkvksa dks u"v dj fn;ka fo;ruke esa jgus okys-ýkalhlh ukxfjdksa (ftugsa dksyksu dgk tkrk Fkk) dks rks ;g Hkh Hk; Fkk fd LFkkuh; yksxksa esa f'k{kk ds izlkj ls dgha muds dke-/ka/ks vksj uksdfj;k Hkh gkfk ls tkrh jgsaa bu yksxksa esa dksbz f'k{kd] dksbz nqdkunkj rks dksbz iqfyl okyk FkkA blfy, ;s yksx fo;rukfe;ksa dks iwjh Ýkalhlh f'k{kk nsus dk fojks/k djrs FksA Ldwyh fdrkcksa esa Ýkalhfl;ksa dk xq.kxku fd;k tkrk Fkk vksj vksifuosf'kd 'kklu dks lgh Bgjk;k tkrk FkkA fo;rukfe;ksa dks vkfne vksj finm+k n'kkz;k tkrk Fkk tks 'kkjhfjd Je rks dj ldrs gsa ysfdu cksf¼d dkeksa ds yk;d ugha gsaa if'peh <ax dh f'k{kk vksj fopkj nsus ds fy, 1907 esa Vksafdu Ýh Ldwy [kksyk x;ka Ýkalhlh lalïfr dk fo;ruke esa fojks/k fd;k x;ka tsls-tsls NksVh d{kkvksa esa fo;rukeh f'k{kdksa dh la[;k c<+rh xbz] bl ckr ij fu;a=.k j[kuk eqf'dy gksrk x;k fd mu d{kkvksa esa D;k i<+k;k tk jgk gsa fo;rukeh f'k{kdksa us iqlrdksa ds ikb~;øe ij iz'u fpug [km+k dj fn;ka 1926 esa lkbeu usfvo xylz Ldwy esa,d cm+k vkanksyu [km+k gks x;ka Nk=-Nk=kvksa us ljdkj dh bl ckr dk tedj fojks/k fd;k fd fo;rukeh cppksa dks lqsniks'k uksdfj;ksa ds yk;d ;ksx;rk u feysa 1920 ds n'kd rd vkrs-vkrs Nk=-Nk=k, jktuhfrd ik V;k cukus yxs FksA mugksaus ;ax vuuku tslh ik V;k cuk yh Fkha vksj os vuukuht LVwMsaV (vuuku ds fo kfkhz) tslh if=dk, fudkyus yxs FksA LokLF;,oa LoPNrk-mifuos'k fo#¼ 'kkld (Lo:i-2) pwgksa dk f'kdkj rfkk 1903 esa C;wwckfud eas QSyh Iysx dh egkekjh Ýkalhlh mifuos'kdksa }kjk lh;rk ds tkjh fe'ku dh vlqyrk dk Li"V ladsr FkkA fo;ruke ds yksx jkstejkz dh tnxh esa mifuos'kokn dk fofhkuu izdkj ls fojks/k dj jgs FksA C;wckfud esa QSyh Iysx Nqvk Nwr (Li'kZ ls QSyus okyh) chekjh Fkh] tslk fd vusd ckj izekf.kr gks pqdk Fkk fd ;g,d egkekjh gsa 1903 esa guksbz ds C;wckfud esa Iysx dh egkekjh QSy xbz] yksxksa us ifjflfkfr;ksa esa dbz ckj Qsjcny fd;k rfkk Ýkalhlh mifuos'kdkas dks ykhk igq pk;ka gukssbz,d,slk 'kgj Fkk tks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, eq[; 'kgj pquk x;k vksj mudh dk;zlwph esa izfke LFkku ij FkkA guksbz ds Ýkalhlh vkcknh okys fglls dks,d [kwclwjr vksj lkq-lqfkjs 'kgj ds :i esa cuk;k x;k FkkA ogk pksm+h lm+dsa Fkha vksj fudklh dk cf<+;k bartke FkkA ns'kh clrh esa,slh dksbz vk/kqfud lqfo/kk, ugha FkhaA fueu ds ckjs esa tkusa (Know About Below) mifuos'kokn (Colonialism) :,d,slh uhfr ftlesa,d 'kfdr'kkyh ns'k vius fu;a=.k dks detksj ns'k ij LFkkfir djrk gsa lh;rk fe'ku (Civilising Mission) : Ýkalhlh mifuos'kksa dks vk/kqfud cukus dk rjhdka mifuos'kh (Colons) : Ýkalhlh ukxfjd tks fo;ruke esa jgrs FksA jk"vªokn (Nationalism) : vius ns'k ds izfr I;kj o xoz dh Hkkouk rfkk,slh Hkkouk ftlesa viuk ns'k nwljs ns'k ls csgrj yxsa mifuos'k (Colony) :,d,slk ns'k ftl ij dksbz nwljk rkdroj ns'k 'kklu pyk jgk gsa Vªkal bamks-pkbuk jsyos (Trans Indo-China Railway) : bl jsy usvodz dk fuekz.k Ýkalhfl;ksa }kjk djk;k x;ka ;g jsyekxz fo;ruke ds mùkjh nf{k.k Hkkx ds lkfk-lkfk phu o FkkbZySaM ls tqm+k gqvk FkkA ;g 1910 esa iwjk gqvk FkkA ikwy cukzmz (Paul Bernard) : ikwy cukzmz,d izfl¼ ys[kd vksj uhfr fuekzrk FkkA og pkgrk Fkk fd Ýkalhlh fo;ruke esa fodkl ds fy, vkxs dne c<+k, A,d rjqk vuqca/k O;oLFkk (Indentured Labour) : bl O;oLFkk esa etnwjksa dks dksbz vf/kdkj ugha fn, tkrs gsaa vxj etnwj vuqca/k rksm+rs gsa rks muds f[kykq eqdnes nk;j gks tkrs gasa mugsa ltk nsrs gsa rfkk tsy esa Mky nsrs gsaaa

10 10 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x lh;rk dk y{; vfkok xksjs yksxksa dk ncko (Civilising Mission or White Main's Burden) : ;wjksfi;u dk fo'okl Fkk fd lh;rk esa os mrï"v gsaa os,f'k;k o výhdk esa if'peh lh;rk dks QSykuk pkgrs FksA bl mn~ns'; dh izkfir ds fy, mifuos'kokn dk mi;ksx fd;k x;ka,f'k;kbz Ýkal (Asiatic France) : Ýkalhlh fo;ruke esa,d if'peh lh;rk dk mifuos'k LFkkfir djuk pkgrs Fks mugksaus bl m¼s'; dh izkfir ds fy, fo;ruke esa f'k{kk dk mi;ksx fd;ka Vkasfdu Ýh Ldwy (Tonkin Free School) : bldh LFkkiuk 1907 esa if'peh rjhds ls f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, dh xbza vu; fo"k;ksa ds lkfk-lkfk fokku] lkq-lqkbz vksj Ýsap Hkk"kk dks Hkh i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Ldwy Nk=ksa dks if'peh lh;rk ls jgus ds fy, izksrlkfgr djrk FkkA Nk= vius ckyksa dks NksVk j[krs FksA dksfpupkbuk (Cochin China) : fo;ruke ds nf{k.kh Hkkx dks dksfpu-pkbuk dgk tkrk FkkA ;ax vuuku ikvhz (Party of Young Annan) : 1920 ds n'kd rd vkrs-vkrs Nk=-Nk=k, jktuhfrd ik V;k cukus yxs FksA mugksaus ;ax vuuku tslh ik V;k cuk yh Fkha vksj os vuukuht LVwMsaV (vuuk ds fo kfkhz) tslh if=dk, fudkyus yxs FksA lholz (Sewers) : ;g Hkwfexr ty fudklh dk izca/k Fkk ftldk vfkz Fkk Hkwfexr ikbi ykbu ds ek/;e ls lhost dks nwj rd igq pkuka du ;wf'k;lokn (Confucianism) : ;g phu dk,d /kez Fkk ftlds izfriknd du ;wf'k;l FksA ;g /kez vpns fopkjksa vksj fj'rksa dks egro iznku djrk FkkA LdkWylZ fjoksyv (Scholar's Revolt) : bl vkanksyu dh ckxmksj 'kkgh njckj ds vqljksa ds gkfk esa FkhA ;s vqlj dsfkfyd èkez vksj Ýkalhlh lùkk ds izlkj ls ukjkt FksA leuo;okn /kez (Syncretic Religion) : ;g cgqr lkjs /kk ed fo'oklksa dk lfeej.k Fkk rfkk blesa LFkkuh; ijeijk, FkhaA gksvk gkvks vkanksyu (Hoa Hao Movement) : gksvk gkvks,d /kk ed vkanksyu Fkk ftldh 'kq#vkr 1939 esa gqbug Qw lks us dh FkhA og tknw-vksuk vksj xjhcksa dh enn fd;k djrs FksA O;FkZ [kpsz ds f[kykq muds mins'kksa dk yksxksa ij dkqh vlj FkkA og ckfydk c/kqvksa dh [kjhn-qjks[r] 'kjkc o vqhe ds iz[kj fojks/kh FksA Ýkalhfl;ksa us Qw lks dks ikxy?kksf"kr dj fn;k FkkA ljdkj us mugsa ikxy[kkus esa Mky fn;k FkkA dqn le; ckn Ýkalhlh ljdkj us mugsa fo;ruke ls fu"dkflr dj ykvksl Hkst fn;ka izeq[k frffk;k (Important Dates) dksfpupkbuk] vuue] Vksafdu] dacksfm;k vksj ckn esa ykvksl dks feykdj bamks-pkbuk la?k dh LFkkiuk dh xbza if'peh f'k{kk dk izlkj djus ds fy, VkWfdu Ýh Ldwy dh 'kq#vkr dh xbz FkhA Vªkal bamks-pkbuk jsy usvodz cudj rs;kj gqvka fo;ruke ds {ks=ksa }kjk ;ax vuuku ikvhz dk xbu fd;k x;ka gqbug Qw lks }kjk gksvk gkvks vkunksyu dh 'kq#vkra izdj.k (TOPIC)-3 Qku pw f=ug] Qku cksbz pk ] gks fp feug ds fopkj (Ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, Ho Chi Minh) vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ladyiuk (Vision Modernisation) % vk/kqfudhdj.k ij nks fopkj Fksµ (i) dqn cqf¼thfou;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd if'pe ds izhkqro dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, fo;rukeh ijeijkvksa dks etcwr djuk t:jh gsa (ii) dbz cqf¼thfo;ksa dk fopkj Fkk fd fons'kh opzlo dk fojks/k djrs gq, Hkh fo;ruke dks if'pe ls cgqr dqn lh[kuk gksxka Qku cksbz pkå-( )(phan Boi Chau ) %,d egroiw.kz jk"vªoknh FksA 1903 esa mugksaus jsoksy;w'kujh lkslkbvh (gqbz rku gksbz) uked ikvhz dk xbu fd;k vksj rhkh ls og mifuos'kokn fojks/kh vkanksyu ds,d vge usrk cu x, FksA jktdqekj dqvkax ns bl ikvhz ds eqf[k;k FksA Qku cksbz pkå us 1905 esa phuh lq/kkjd fy;kax fdpkvks ( ) ls ;ksdksgke esa HksaV dha Qku dh lcls izhkko'kkyh iqlrd n fglvªh vkwq n ykwl vkwq fo;ruke] fy;kax dh lykg vksj izhkko esa gh fy[kh xbz FkhA

11 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ 11 Qku pw f=ug (Phan Chu Trinh ) : os jkt'kkgh@jktra= ds dv~vj fojks/kh FksA mugsa eatwj ugha Fkk fd Ýkalhfl;ksa dks ns'k ls fudkyus ds fy, 'kkgh njckj ;k jktk dh enn yh tk,a og,d yksdrkaf=d x.kjkt; dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs FksA ^iwjc dh vksj pyks* vkunksyu (Go East Movement) : esa yxhkx 300 fo;rukeh fo kfkhz vk/kqfud f'k{kk izkir djus ds fy, tkiku x, FksA muesa ls cgqrksa dk lcls cm+k y{; ;gh Fkk fd Ýkalhfl;ksa dks fo;ruke ls fudky ckgj fd;k tk,] U;w;su jktoa'k dks nksckjk xn~nh ij csbk;k tk,a os tkikfu;ksa dh enn pkgrs Fks vksj mugksaus Vksfd;ks esa jslvksjs'ku lkslkbvh dh LFkkiuk Hkh dj yh FkhA ysfdu 1908 ds ckn tkikfu;ksa us lkslk;vh dks cun dj fn;k rfkk Qku cksbz pkå lfgr cgqr lkjs yksxksa dks tkiku ls fudkyk tkus yxk vksj mugsa etcwju phu o FkkbZySaM esa 'kj.k ysuh im+ha lqu;kr lsu ds usr`ro esa pys vkanksyu ds tfj, turk us yacs le; ls phu ij 'kklu djrs vk jgs jktoa'k dks 1911 esa xn~nh NksM+us ij foo'k dj fn;k vksj ogk x.kjkt; dh LFkkiuk dh xbza fo;rukeh fo k Fk;ksa us Hkh fo;ruke eqfdr,lksfl,'ku (oh;sr-uke dqcku Qqd gksbz) dh LFkkiuk dj MkyhA vc Lora=rk laxzkeh,d yksdrkaf=d x.kjkt; dh LFkkiuk dk liuk ns[kus yxs FksA fueu ds ckjs esa tkusa (Know About below) Qku cksbz-pkå (Phan Boi Chau) :,d egroiw.kz jk"vªoknh FksA 1903 esa mugksaus jsoksy;w'kujh lkslk;vh dk xbu fd;ka mugkasus ^n fglvªh vkwq n ykl vkwq fo;ruke* uked iqlrd fy[kha og jktra= dh lgk;rk ls Ýkalhfl;ksa dks fo;ruke ls ckgj fudkyuk pkgrs FksA Qku pw f=ug (Phan Chu Trinh) : f=ug fo;rukeh jk"vªoknh FksA og jktra= ds fojks/k esa FksA og fo;ruke esa,d vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d x.kjkt; LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA og Ýkalhlh fopkjksa Lora=rk] lekurk vksj HkkbZpkjk ds lefkzd FksA ;kruk f'kfoj (Concentration Camps) : tks yksx Ýkalhlh 'kklu dk fojks/k djrs Fks mugsa tsy esa Mky fn;k tkrk FkkA ;kruk f'kfojksa esa,sls yksxksa ls dfbu ls dfbu dk;z djk, tkrs FksA jktdqekj dqvkax ns (Prince Cuong De) : dqvkax ns fo;ruke ds 'kkgh ifjokj ls lacfu/kr Fks ftlds ikl dksbz rkdr ugha FkhA Qku cksmz-pkå }kjk LFkkfir jsoksy;w'kujh lkslk;vh ds eqf[k;k dqvkax ns FksA fy;k x fdpkvks (Liang Qichao) : fy;k x,d phuh lq/kkjd FksA mudk pru vksj fopkj Qku cksmz pkå ls feyrk FkkA iwjc dh vksj pyks vkanksyu (Go East Movement) : yxhkx 300 fo;rukeh fo kfkhz vk/kqfud f'k{kk izkir djus ds fy, tkiku x, FksA mudk izeq[k mn~ns'; tkikfu;ksa dh lgk;rk ls Ýkalhfl;ksa dks fo;ruke ls ckgj fudkyuk FkkA mugksaus VksD;ks esa jslvksjs'ku lkslk;vh dh LFkkiuk dha lqu ;kr lsu (Sun Yat Sen) : lsu,d phuh jk"vªoknh FksA luq ;kr lsu ds usr`ro esa pys vkanksyu ds tfj, turk us yacs le; ls phu ij 'kklu djrs vk jgs jktoa'k dks 1911 esa jktxn~nh NksM+us ij foo'k dj fn;k vksj ogk x.kjkt; dh LFkkiuk dh xbza egkeanh (The Great Depression) : egkeanh dh 'kq#vkr 1930 ds n'kd esa vesfjdk esa gqbz FkhA ;s oks flfkfr gksrh gs ftlesa ek x ls T;knk mriknu gksrk gsa olrq, cktkj esa fcuk fcds jg tkrh gas rfkk QSfDVª;k can gks tkrh gasa yksxksa ls muds jkstxkj fnu tkrs gsaa fo;ruke dh ßyiyikrh pxkjhþ (Electrical Fuses of Vietnam) : Uxq vu vksj gk frug izkurksa eas vkanksyu gq, FksA ;s lcls xjhc izkur Fks tgk jsfmdy vkanksyuksa dh,d yach ijaijk pyh vk jgh Fkh ftlds dkj.k mugsa fo;ruke dh ßyiyikrh pxkjhþ dgk tkrk FkkA egroiw.kz frffk;k (Important Dates) 1903 jsoksy;w'kujh lkslkbvh uked ikvhz dk xbu Qku cksbz pkå }kjka 1911 fo;ruke eqfdr,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiukA izdj.k (TOPIC)-4 vesfjdk vksj fo;ruke ;q (America and the Vietnam War) fo;ruke ;q¼ esa vesfjdk dk izos'kµ gks ph feug ds usr`ro esa mùkjh fo;ruke esa de;qfulvksa dk mn; gqvka mùkjh fo;ruke us us'kyu fycjs'ku ÝaV (,u-,y-,q) dh

12 12 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x lgk;rk dh ftlls nf{k.kh fo;ruke esa Uxks fnug fn,e ds usr`ro esa r[rkiyv dj ckvks MkbZ dks xn~nh ls gvk fn;k x;ka ftusok esa gqbz 'kkafr dks utjvankt djus dk fu.kz; fy;k x;ka mùkjh fo;ruke esa gks ph feug ds usr`ro okyh ljdkj dh lgk;rk ls,u-,y-,q- us ns'k ds,dhdj.k ds fy, vkokt mbkbza vesfjdk bl xbca/ku dh c<+rh rkdr vksj mlds izlrkoksa ls Hk;Hkhr FkkA dgha iwjs fo;ruke ij de;wfulvksa dk dctk u gks tk, bl Hk; ls vesfjdk us viuh QkStas vksj xksyk ck:n fo;ruke eas rsukr djuk 'kq: dj fn;ka vesfjdk bl [krjs ls l[rh ls fuivuk pkgrk FkkA bl ;q¼ esa cm+s-cm+s gffk;kjksa vksj VSadkas ls ysl gtkjksa vesfjdh lsfud fo;ruke esa >ksad fn, x, FksA muds ikl ch-52 ceo"kzd foeku Hkh ekstwn Fks ftugsa ml le; nqfu;k dk lcls [krjukd ;q¼d foeku ekuk tkrk FkkA pksrjqk geyksa vksj jklk;fud gffk;kjksa ds csrgk'kk blrseky ls vla[; xk o u"v gks x, vksj fo'kky taxy rgl-ugl dj fn, x,a vesfjdh QkStksa us ukike],tsav vkwjsat vksj QkLQksjl ce tsls jklk;fud gffk;kjksa dk tedj blrseky fd;ka gkykafd vesfjdk ds ikl,d ls c<+dj,d vk/kqfud lk/ku vksj csgrjhu fpfdrlk lsok, miyc/k Fkha fqj Hkh cgqr lkjs lsfud ekjs x,a fo;ruke ds jk"vªoknh yksxksa dh rkdr dks vkadus esa vesfjdk vlqy jgk D;ksafd vesfjdk us vesfjfd;ksa dks derj djds vk dka fo;rukfe;ksa us vius lhfer lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djds vesfjdk ds Åij viuk vf/kdre ykhk mbk;ka gks ph feug dk Hkwy-HkqyS;k ekxz fo;rukfe;ksa dh lqyrk dk lqn`<+ mnkgj.k gsa ;g ekxz QqVikFkksa vksj lm+dksa ds bl fo'kky usvodz ds tfj, ns'k ds mùkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj lsfud o jln Hksth tkrh FkhA vesfjdh VqdfM+;ksa us fo;rukeh lsfudksa ds fy, jln dh vkiwfrz dks can djus ds fy, bl ekxz ij dbz ckj ce cjlk,a ij csfglkc ceckjh ds ckotwn os bl liykbz ykbu dks /olr ugha dj ik,a vesfjdh bl ekxz dks blfy, ugha rksm+ ik,a D;ksafd ogk ds yksx gj geys ds ckn mldh QkSju ejeer dj ysrs FksA fo;ruke us cgknqjh ds lkfk vesfjdk ls yksgk fy;k vksj 1975 esa Lora=rk izkir dha fueu ds ckjs esa tkusa (Know About below) 1. fo;ruke dk x lku nasx (Vietnam Cong San Dang) : ;g fo;ruke dh de;wfulv ikvhz Fkh ftldh LFkkiuk 1930 esa gks ph feug us dh FkhA 2. fo;srfeug (Vietminh) : fo;srfeug ds uke ls tkuh xbz yhx QkWj n bafmisamsl vkwq fo;ruke dk xbu gks ph feug }kjk Lora=rk dh ym+kbz ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ;g yksxksa dh lsuk FkhA ;g tkikfu;ksa ds fo#¼ ym+sa bugksaus Ýkalhfl;ksa dks fn,u fc,u Qw ds esnku esa gjk;ka 3. fn,u fc,u Qw dk ;q¼ (Battle of Dien Bien Phu) : ;g og ;q¼ Fkk tks Ýkal vksj fo;ruke ds chp 1954 esa ym+k x;ka vkb lky rd pyh ym+kbz esa vkf[kjdkj Ýkalhfl;ksa dks fn,u fc,u Qw ds ekspsz ij eq g dh [kkuh im+ha 4. ftusok 'kkafr le>ksrk 1954 (Geneva conference of 1954) : bldk vk;kstu la;qdr jk"vª us fd;k FkkA bl le>ksrs esa fo;ruke dks nks fgllksa esa ck Vus ij lgefr cuha mùkjh Hkkx de;wfulvksa ds 'kklu esa vk;k vksj nf{k.kh fgllk ckvks MkbZ dh lùkk cuh jgha 5. Uxks fnug fn,e (Ngo Dinh Diem) : fn,e us nf{k.kh fo;ruke ls ckvks MkbZ dh lùkk dks m[kkm+ Qsadk vksj ogk ij,d jkt'kkgh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dha mldk fojks/k djus okys dks de;wfulv dgdj tsy esa Mky fn;k tkrk ;k ekj fn;k tkrka mlus bzlkbz /kez dks rks eku;rk nh ysfdu cks¼ /kez dks xsj dkuwuh?kksf"kr dj fn;ka 6. us'kuy fycjs'ku ÝaV (National Liberation Front) :,u-,y-,q- dk xbu nf{k.k fo;ruke ds yksxksa us fd;k FkkA os vesfjdk ds lg;ksx ls py jgh ljdkj dks m[kkm+ Qsaduk pkgrs Fks rfkk mùkjh vesfjdk ds lkfk laxfbr gksuk pkgrs FksA iwjs fo;ruke ij de;wfulvksa dk dctk u gks tk, bl Hk; ls vesfjdk us viuh QkStsa vksj xksyk ck:n fo;ruke esa rsukr djuk 'kq: dj fn;ka 7. du ;wf'k;lokn (Communism) : ;g,d oskkfud lektokn gsa ;g ekuoh; lekurk ij vk/kkfjr fopkj/kkjk gsa ;g,d lsod ljdkj dk lefkzu djrh gsa 8. Mksfeuks izhkko (Domino effect) : vesfjfd;ksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd ;fn fo;ruke,d de;wfulv ns'k cu x;k rks bldk izhkko im+kslh ns'kksa ij Hkh im+sxk vksj nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh de;wfulv ljdkjsa LFkkfir gks tk, xha Mksfeuks dh uhfr dk izhkko ;g gqvk fd vesfjdh de;wfulvksa ds izhkko ls Mjus yxs FksA

13 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ Vªax cguksa (Trung Sisters) : ;s oks nks fo;rukeh efgyk, Fkha ftugkasus fo;rukeh jk"vª dks phfu;ksa ls eqdr djkus ds fy, ;q¼ ym+ka jk"vªoknh usrk Qku cksbz pkå us Vªax cguksa ds thou ij,d ukvd fy[kka mugksaus phfu;ksa ls nks lky rd ;q¼ fd;k vksj vur esa tc mugas viuh ijkt; fuf'pr fn[kkbz nsus yxh rks 'k=q ds lkeus vkreleiz.k djus dh ctk; mugksaus [kqndq'kh dj yha fo;rukeh yksx Vªax cguksa dks egku ns'khkdr ds :i esa Lohdkjrs gasa 10. gks ph feug dk Hkwy-HkqyS;k ekxz (Hochi minh Trail) : ;g lm+dksa vksj QqVikFkksa (isny ekxz) dk,slk usvodz Fkk tks mùkjh fo;ruke dks nf{k.kh fo;ruke ls tksm+rk FkkA 11. Ugkr fyug (Nhat Linh) : Ugkr fyug,d izfl¼ fo;rukeh miu;kldkj FksA Ugkr fyug }kjk fy[ks x,,d izfl¼ miu;kl ls fo;ruke esa dkqh fookn isnk gks x;ka bl miu;kl dh ukf;dk,d,sls O;fDr ds lkfk jgus ls budkj dj nsrh gs ftlds lkfk mldk tcju fookg fd;k x;k FkkA og,sls O;fDr ds lkfk 'kknh dj ysrh gs tks jk"vªoknh vkanksyu esa lfø; gsa 12. f=;w v;w (Trieu Au) : f=;w v;w us phu ds fo#¼ ym+us ds fy, lsuk dk xbu fd;ka og taxy esa jgdj ;q¼ ym+rh FkhA bl la?k"kz esa tc mudh lsuk gkj xbz rks mugksaus ikuh esa Mwcdj viuh tku ns nh FkhA 13. Uxw;su Fkh 'kqvku (Nguyen Thi xuan) : Uxw;su,d fo;rukeh efgyk lsfud FkhaA mugkasus chl xksfy;ksa ds lgkjs gh vesfjdh tsv foeku dks ekj fxjk;k FkkA O;fDr;ksa (O;fDrRoksa) ds ckjs esa tkuas (Know the Personalities) gks ph feug (Ho Chi Minh) : gks ph feug us 1930 esa fo;ruke esa de;wfulv ikvhz dk xbu fd;ka Uxs fnug fn,e (Ngo Dinh Diem) : fn,e nf{k.k fo;rukeh jktuhfrk FksA Uxs fnug fn,e ds usr`ro esa gq, r[rkiyv esa ckvks MkbZ dks xn~nh ls gvk fn;k x;ka blds ckn fn,e dh vxqvkbz esa,d vksj neudkjh o fujadq'k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk gqbza fn,e us v/;kns'k 10 dks Hkh gvk;k ftlesa bzlkbz /kez dks rks eku;rk nh xbz ysfdu cks¼ /kez dks xsj dkuwuh?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA Ugkr fyug (Nhat Linh) :,d izfl¼ fo;rukeh miu;kldkj FksA mugksaus,d cgqr izfl¼ miu;kl viuk fo'okl lkfgfr;d vkanksyu (rq yqd osu nksu) fy[kk tks nks,u rq,r ds uke ls tkuk x;ka ;g,d izse dgkuh Fkh] tks ;qok efgykvksa dks muds ikfjokfjd,glkuksa o vius thou dh bpnkvksa ds viuh 'krks± ij thus ds fo"k; esa crk;k tkrk gsa ;g lksp lkekftd jhfr-fjoktksa vksj ijaijkvksa ds fo#¼,d cxkor FkhA f=;w v;w (Trieu Au) : ;s fo;uke dh fonzksfgf.k;ksa esa ls,d FkhA rhljh lnh esa isnk gksus okyh f=;w cpiu esa gh ;rhe gks xbz FkhA cm+h gksus ij mugksaus?kj NksM+ fn;k vksj taxyksa esa pyh xbza ogk jgdj mugksaus,d fo'kky lsuk dk xbu fd;k vksj phfu;ksa ds opzlo dks pquksrh nha ;q¼ ds le; og lksus dk dop igurh Fkha vksj gkfkh ij lokj gksdj ;q¼ ym+rh Fkh ysfdu vius flj ij th.kz-lh.kz dim+k gh ck /krh FkhA mugksaus vius vki dks phfu;ksa ds le{k leiz.k ugha fd;k vksj 'kghn gks xb±a Ux;su Fkh 'kqvku (Nguyen Thi Xuan) : Ux;su us fo;rukeh lsfudksa dks j{kk lkexzh igq pkus esa ohjrkiwozd Hkwfedk dk fuozgu fd;ka Ux;su 'kh 'kqvku us ;q¼ ds esnku esa nq'euksa ls lh/kk yksgk fy;ka crk;k tkrk gs fd tc mlds ikl 20 xksfy;k Fkha ysfdu mlus blh ds lgkjs vesfjdh tsv foeku dks ekj fxjk;k FkkA v/;k; & 3 Hkkjr esas jk"vªokn izdj.k (TOIPC)-1 izfke fo'o;qº dk izhkko] f[kykqr vksj vlg;ksx vkanksyu rfkk vkanksyu ds Hkhrj vyx-vyx /kkjk, izfke fo'o;q¼ ls j{kk O;; esa Hkkjh btkqk gqvka bl [kpsz dh HkjikbZ djus ds fy, ;q¼ ds uke ij dtsz fy, x, vksj djksa esa o`f¼ dh xbza lhek 'kqyd c<+k fn;k x;k vksj vk;dj 'kq: fd;k x;ka ;q¼ ds nksjku dhersa rsth ls c<+ jgh FkhaA 1913 ls 1918 ds chp qq

14 14 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x dhersa nks xquk gks pqdh Fkha ftlds dkj.k vke yksxksa dh eqf'dysa c<+ xbz FkhaA xk okas esa flikfg;ksa dks tcju HkrhZ fd;k x;k ftlds dkj.k xzkeh.k bykdksa esa O;kid xqllk FkkA ns'k ds cgqr lkjs fgllksa esa Qly [kjkc gks xbz ftlds dkj.k [kk inkfkks± dk Hkkjh vhkko isnk gks x;ka mlh le; yw dh egkekjh QSy xbza 1921 dh tux.kuk ds eqrkfcd nqfhkz{k vksj egkekjh ds dkj.k yk[k yksx ekjs x,a lr;kxzg dk fopkj (The Idea of Satyagraha) : lr;kxzg dk fopkj egkrek xk /kh }kjk fn;k x;k Fkk] ftldh 'kq#vkr mugksaus nf{k.k výhdk ds tu vkanksyu ls dh FkhA lr;kxzg ds fopkj esa lr; dh 'kfdr ij vkxzg vksj lr; dh [kkst ij tksj fn;k tkrk FkkA bldk vfkz ;g Fkk fd vxj vkidk mís'; lppk gs] ;fn vkidk la?k"kz vu;k; ds f[kykq gs rks mrihm+d ls eqdkcyk djus fy, vkidks fdlh 'kkjhfjd cy dh vko';drk ugha gsa xk èkhth dk fo'okl Fkk fd izfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk ;k vkøkedrk lgkjk fy, fcuk gh lr;kxzgh dsoy vfgalk ds lgkjs Hkh vius la?k"kz es a lqy gks ldrk gsa xk /kh }kjk pyk, x, dqn lr;kxzg vkanksyuµ (i) ckxku O;oLFkk ds f[kykq paikj.k (fcgkj) esa 1916 esa fdlkuksa dk vkanksyua (ii) [ksm+k (xqtjkr) esa 1917 esa fdlkuksa dh enn ds fy, lr;kxzg vkanksyua (iii)1918 esa xk /kh th dk vgenkckn esa lwrh dim+k dkj[kkuksa ds etnwjksa ds chp lr;kxzg vkanksyua jkwysv,sdv 1919 (The Rowlatt Act-1919) : jkwysv,dv dkuwu dks beihfj;y ysftlysfvo dkamfly us cgqr tynh esa ikl fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; lnl;ksa esa Hkkjh fojks/k ds ckotwn bl dkuwu dks ikl fd;k x;k FkkA bl dkuwu ds tfj, ljdkj dks jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks dqpyus vksj jktuhfrd dsfn;ksa dks nks lky rd fcuk eqdnek pyk, tsy esa can j[kus dk vf/kdkj fey x;k FkkA 6 vizsy] 1919 (On 6th April 1919) : jkwysv,dv ds fojks/k esa xk /khth us,d jk"vªo;kih lr;kxzg vkanksyu pykus dk QSlyk fy;ka bldh 'kq#vkr 6 vizsy dks,d gm+rky ls 'kq: gksuh FkhA fofhkuu 'kgjksa esa jsyh-tqywlksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;ka jsyos odz'kkwil esa dkexkj gm+rky ij pys x,a nqdkusa can gks xb±a bl O;kid tu-mhkkj ls fpafrr rfkk jsyos o VsyhxzkQ tslh lapkj lqfo/kkvksa ds Hkax gks tkus dh vk'kadk ls Hk;Hkhr vaxzstksa us jk"vªokfn;ksa ij neu 'kq: dj fn;ka cgqr lkjs LFkkuh; usrkvksa dks fgjklr esa ys fy;k x;ka xk /khth ds fnyyh esa izos'k djus ij ikcanh yxk nh xbza tfy;k okyk ckx (Jallianwalla Bagh) : 10 vizsy] 1919 dks iqfyl us ve`rlj esa,d 'kkafriw.kz tqywl ij xksyh pyk nha blds ckn yksx csadksa] Mkd[kkuksa vksj jsyos LVs'kuksa ij geys djus yxsa ek'kzy ykw ykxw dj fn;k vksj tujy Mk;j us deku lahkky yha 13 vizsy dks tfy;k okyk ckx gr;kdk.m gqvka ml fnu ve`rlj esa cgqr lkjs xk o okys cs'kk[kh ds esys esa f'kjdr djus ds fy, tfy;k okyk ckx esnku esa tek gq, FksA ;g esnku pkjksa rjq ls can FkkA 'kgj ls ckgj gksus ds dkj.k ogk tqvs yksxksa dks ;g irk ugha Fkk fd bykds esa ek'kzy ykw ykxw fd;k tk pqdk gsa tujy Mk;j gffk;kjcan lsfudksa ds lkfk ogk igq pk vksj tkrs gh mlus ckgj fudyus ds lkjs jklrksa dks can dj fn;ka blds ckn mlds flikfg;ksa us HkhM+ ij va/kk/kqa/k xksfy;k pyk nhaa lsdm+ksa yksx ekjs x,a tsls-tsls tfy;k okyk ckx dh [kcj QSyh] mùkj Hkkjr ds cgqr lkjs 'kgjksa esa yksx lm+dkas ij mrjus yxsa gm+rkyas gksus yxha yksx iqfyl ls ekspkz ysus yxs vksj ljdkjh bekjrksa ij geyk djus yxsa ljdkj us bu dk;zokb;ksa dks fuezerk ls dqpyus dk jklrk viuk;ka fgalk QSyrs ns[k egkrek xk /kh us vkanksyu okil ys fy;ka f[kykqr vkanksyu (Khilafat Movement) : egkrek xk /kh iwjs Hkkjr esa vksj Hkh T;knk tuk/kkj okyk vkanksyu [km+k djuk pkgrs FksA ysfdu mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fganw-eqlyekuksa dks,d-nwljs ds utnhd yk, fcuk,slk dksbz vkanksyu ugha pyk;k tk ldrka mugas yxrk Fkk fd f[kykqr dk eqn~nk mbkdj os nksuksa leqnk;kas dks utnhd yk ldrs gsaa igys fo'o;q¼ esa vkwvkseu rqdhz dh gkj gks pqdh FkhA bl vk'k; dh vqokg QSyh gqbz Fkh fd blyfed fo'o ds vk/kkfred usrk ([kyhqk) vkwvkseu lezkv ij,d cgqr l[r 'kkafr laf/k Fkksih tk,xha [kyhqk dh rkrdkfyd 'kfdr;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, ekpz 1919 esa cacbz esa,d f[kykqr lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;k FkkA eksgeen vyh vksj 'kksdr vyh bl lfefr ds usrk FksA vyh ca/kqvksa ds lkfk-lkfk dbz ;qok eqflye usrkvksa us bl eqn~ns ij la;qdr tudkjzokbz dh lahkkouk ryk'kus ds fy, egkrek xk /kh ds lkfk ppkz 'kq: dj nh FkhA flrecj 1920 esa dkaxzsl ds dydùkk vf/kos'ku esa egkrek xk /kh us Hkh nwljs usrkvksa dks bl ckr ij jkth dj fy;k fd f[kykqr vkanksyu ds lefkzu vksj Lojkt ds fy,,d vlg;ksx vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg,a vlg;ksx vkanksyu (Non-Cooperation Movement) : viuh izfl¼ iqlrd ^fgan Lojkt* (1909) esa egkrek xk /kh us dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr esa fczfv'k 'kklu Hkkjrh;ksa ds lg;ksx ls gh LFkkfir gqvk Fkk vksj ;g 'kklu blh lg;ksx ds dkj.k py ik jgk gsa vxj Hkkjr ds yksx viuk lg;ksx okil ys yas rks lky Hkj ds Hkhrj fczfv'k 'kklu <g tk,xk vksj Lojkt dh LFkkiuk gks tk,xha xk /khth dk fo'okl Fkk fd ;fn Hkkjrh; lg;ksx nsuk okil ys ysa] rks fczfv'k 'kkldksa ds ikl Hkkjr NksM+us ds vykok vksj dksbz jklrk ugha gksxka

15 vksloky lh-ch-,l-bz- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd fokku] d{kk&x [ 15 vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds dqn izlrko (Some of Proposals of Non-Cooperation Movement) : (i) fczfv'k ljdkj }kjk nh xbz mikf/k;ksa dks okil dj fn;k x;ka (ii) ukxkfjd lsok] lsuk] iqfyl] vnkyr] fo/kk;h ifj"kn vksj Ldwy vkfn dk cfg"dkj fd;k x;ka (iii) fons'kh iqlrdksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k x;ka (iv) ;fn ljdkj ncko cukrh gs] rks iw.kz lfou; vokk vkanksyu pyk;k tk,a vkanksyu ds Hkhrj vyx-vyx /kkjk, (Differing Stands Within the Movement) : vlg;ksx f[kykqr vkanksyu tuojh] 1921 esa 'kq: gqvka fofhkuu lkekftd lewgksa us blesa fgllk fy;k ysfdu izr;sd dh viuh-viuh vkdka{kk, FkhaA lhkh us Lojkt ds vkg~oku dks Lohdkj fd;k ysfdu muds fy, mlds vfkz vyx-vyx FksA vo/k (Awadh) : vo/k esa lau;klh ckck jkepun fdlkuksa ds vkanksyu dk usr`ro dj jgs FksA ckck jkepun blls igys fqth esa fxjfefv;k etnwj ds rksj ij dke dj pqds FksA mudk vkanksyu rkyqdnkjksa vksj tehnkjksa ds f[kykq Fkk tks fdlkuksa ls Hkkjh-Hkjde yxku vksj rjg-rjg ds dj olwy jgs FksA fdlkuksa dh ek x Fkh fd yxku de fd;k tk,] csxkj [kre gks vksj neudkjh tehnkjksa dk lkekftd cfg"dkj fd;k tk,a vkfnoklh fdlku : vkfnoklh fdlkuksa us egkrek xk /kh ds lans'k vksj Lojkt ds fopkj dk dqn vksj gh eryc fudkyka vu; ou {ks=ksa dh rjg vku/kz izns'k dh xwmse igkfm+;ksa ij Hkh vaxzsth ljdkj us cm+s-cm+s taxyksa esa yksxksa ds nkf[ky gksus ij ikcanh yxk nh FkhA yksx bu taxyksa esa u rks eosf'k;ksa dks pjk ldrs Fks u ghs tykou ds fy, ym+dh vksj Qy chu ldrs FkA oukas ds u, dkuwu ls u dsoy mudh jksvh-jksth ij vlj im+ jgk Fkk cfyd mugsa yxrk Fkk fd muds ijaijkxr vf/kdkj Hkh Nhus tk jgs gasa tc fczfv'k ljdkj us mugsa lm+dksa ds fuekz.k ds fy, csxkj djus ij etcwj fd;k rks yksxksa us cxkor dj nha vkfnoklh {ks= ds vusd vkfnokfl;ksa us vlg;ksx vkanksyu pyk;k vksj xqfjyyk ;q¼ pykrs jgsa ckxkuksa esa Lojkt (Swaraj in the Plantations) : 1859 ds buysam bfexzs'ku,dv ds rgr ckxkuksa esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dks fcuk btktr ckxku ls ckgj tkus dh NwV ugha gksrh Fkh vksj ;g btktr fojys gh mugsa dhkh feyrh FkhA tc mugksaus vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds ckjs esa lquk rks gtkjksa etnwj vius vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vogsyuk djus yxsa mugksaus ckxku NksM+ fn, vksj vius?kj dks py fn,a ysfdu os viuh eafty rd ugha igq p ik,a jsyos vksj LVhejksa dh gm+rky ds dkj.k os jklrs esa gh Q ls jg x,a mugsa iqfyl us idm+ fy;k vksj mudh cqjh rjg fivkbz dha fueu ds ckjs esa tkusaµ (Know About below) 1. jk"vªokn (Nationalism) : vius ns'k ds fy, leeku o xoz dh Hkkouk j[kuka 2. lr;kxzg (Satyagrah) : tu vkanksyu dk,slk rjhdk ftlesa lr; dh 'kfdr ij vkxzg o [kkst ij tksj fn;k tkrk gsa egkrek xk èkh us nf{k.k výhdk esa bl tu vkanksyu ls ogk dh ulyhksnh ljdkj ls yksgk fy;k FkkA 3. [kyhqk (Khalifa) : blykfed fo'o ds vk/kkfred izeq[k (usrk] xq#] [kyhqk)a 4. csxkj (Begar) : fcuk fdlh ikfjjfed ds dke djkuka 5. tcju HkrhZ (Forced Recuritment) : bl izfø;k esa fczfv'k 'kkld (vaxzst) Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks tcjnlrh lsuk esa HkrhZ dj ysrs FksA 6. jkwysv,dv (Rowlatt Act) : bl dkuwu ds tfj, ljdkj dks jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks dqpyus vksj jktuhfrd dsfn;ksa dks nks lky rd fcuk eqdnek pyk, tsy esa can j[kus dk vf/kdkj fey x;k FkkA 7. tfy;k okyk ckx gr;kdk.m (Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) : 10 vizsy] 1919 dks cs'kk[kh esys esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, cgqr lkjs yksx ve`rlj ds tfy;k okyk ckx esa,df=r gq, FksA tujy Mk;j us ogk igq pdj ckgj fudyus ds lhkh jklrksa dks can djk fn;k vksj mlus HkhM+ ij va/kk/kqa/k xksfy;k pyok nha] ftlesa lsdm+ksa yksx ekjs x,a 8. vlg;ksx f[kykqr vkanksyu (Non-Cooperation Movement) : vlg;ksx f[kykqr vkanksyu tuojh] 1921 esa 'kq: gqvka bl vkanksyu dk eq[; mís'; ;g Fkk fd fczvsu esa cus mriknksa ds fy, lg;ksx iznku ugha djuk gsa blesa ljdkjh info;ksa dks okil djuk] ljdkjh uksdfj;ksa dk cfg"dkj] lsuk] iqfyl] vnkyr] fo/kk;h ifj"kn] Ldwyksa vksj fons'kh olrqvksa dk cfg"dkj rfkk iw.kz :i ls lfou; vokk vkanksyu pyk;k x;ka 9. Lons'kh (Swadeshi) : Lons'kh vkanksyu eq[; :i ls fczfv'k mriknksa dk cfg"dkj djuk rfkk ns'k esa cuh olrqvksa o ns'kh rduhd dks iquthzfor djuka