miljø sett i system www.misa.no 1 2 Analyse Interaktiv Kompetanse Miljøvennlig virksomhet Livsløp og systemperspektiv
Områder Olje og gass Samferdsel: veg og bane Lettvektmaterialer Emballasje og retursystem Smart Water Cluster Mat og landbruk Offentlig forvaltning Grønne anskaffelser Teknologi FoU Forskning 3 Kort agenda 4
Hva er et miljømerke? Miljømerker Merker, deklarasjoner, påstander (claims) Lang historie, mange versjoner I henhold til ISO 14020-standarden: «claim which indicates the environmental aspects of a product or service» claims may come «in the form of a statement, symbol or graphic on a label, in product literature, in technical bulletins, in advertising or in publicity, amongst other things» Forskjellen mellom merke og deklarasjon er noe uklar: Miljømerke Miljødeklarasjon 5 Tidslinje Første multikriterie Forgjengere miljømerke med livsløpsperspektiv 1869 Union Label 1869 Union Label 1928 Demeter 1928 Demeter 1978 Blue Angel 1978 Blue Angel 1986 Debio 1986 Debio 1988 Fairtrade 1988 Fairtrade 1989 Nordic Swan 1989 Nordic Swan 1992 EU Eco label (EU Flower) 1994 Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN) 1993 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 1993 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 1992 EU Eco label (EU Flower) 1997 Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) 1997 Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International 1994 Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN) 1999 Global Declarations Network (GEDnet) 2006 Carbon Reduction Label 1999 ISO standards on Eco labelling 1997 Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International 1997 Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) 2006 Carbon Reduction Label 1999 ISO standards on Eco labelling 1999 Global Declarations Network (GEDnet) Vekst i lignende miljømerker behov for og nytte av samarbeid 6
Det finnes mer enn 400 miljømerker (http://www.ecolabelindex.com/) 7 Geographic Examples: Single country: Debio Nordic countries: The Nordic Swan EU: EU Ecolabel, EU Energy Label Global: MSC, Fairtrade, EPD 8
Coffee industry Industry Examples of industries with specific eco labels: Forestry Fishery Construction Furniture Food Coffee Tuna etc. Tuna industry 9 Multi criteria Single criteria: Greenhouse gases Criteria Examples multi criteria Eco labels: EU Ecolabel Blaue Engel Nordic Swan Examples of single criteria labels: Carbon footprints Water footprints Dolphin safe labels Energy efficiency labels Single criteria: No harm to dolphins 10
Official labels Industry Single corporations Variety in involved stakeholders Examples, stakeholders involved in the label creation: Official, single government: Austrian Ecolabel, Blue Angel, Debio Official, multilateral: Nordic Swan, EU Ecolabel NGO: MSC, FSC, Fairtrade, UTZ Industry: Norwegian EPD Programme, Krav Self declared by single organisation: Ricoh, Starbucks UTZ: Founded by the coffee industry, but run as an NGO Stakeholder involvement is often fuzzy and organic: All labels are based on partnerships The level of stakeholder involvement can fluctuate over time NGOs are a varied group,ranging from environmental activism to greenwashing 11 Eco-labels and the ISO 14020-series Type I: labels Type II: claims Type III: declarations Standard ISO 14024 ISO 14021 ISO 14025 Main application B2C, B2B, (Public B2C, B2B B2B, (B2C) procurement) Programme Yes No Yes Life cycle perspective Yes (Yes) Yes, LCA criteria Multi Single (usually) None Verification Yes, 3rd party No (disclosure) 3rd party for B2C Det finnes også merker som kombinerer typekrav, for eksempel tredjepartsverifiserte klimamerker 12
Eco-labels and the ISO 14020-series Type I: labels Type II: claims Type III: declarations Standard ISO 14024 ISO 14021 ISO 14025 Main application B2C, B2B, (Public procurement) B2C, B2B B2B, (B2C) Programme Yes No Yes Life cycle Yes (Yes) Yes, LCA perspective Multi Single (usually) None criteria Verification Yes, 3rd party No (disclosure) 3rd party for B2C Merkeordning 13 Eco-labels and the ISO 14020-series Type I: labels Type II: claims Type III: declarations Standard ISO 14024 ISO 14021 ISO 14025 Main application B2C, B2B, (Public procurement) B2C, B2B B2B, (B2C) Programme Yes No Yes Life cycle Yes (Yes) Yes, LCA perspective Multi Single (usually) None criteria Verification Yes, 3rd party No (disclosure) 3rd party for B2C Egenerklærte miljøpåstander 14
Eco-labels and the ISO 14020-series Type I: labels Type II: claims Type III: declarations Standard ISO 14024 ISO 14021 ISO 14025 Main application B2C, B2B, (Public procurement) B2C, B2B B2B, (B2C) Programme Yes No Yes Life cycle Yes (Yes) Yes, LCA perspective Multi Single (usually) None criteria Verification Yes, 3rd party No (disclosure) 3rd party for B2C Verifiserte deklarasjoner 15 Miljøvaredeklarasjon Dekker livsløp Cradle to gate Cradle to grave B2B, eller B2C Beregnet til en definert funksjonell enhet Verifisert gjennom en programkoordinar EPD-Norge International EPD System Andre Dekker flere miljøkategorier Klimagassutslipp Energibruk Avfallsmengder Utslippseffekter 16
Miljøvaredeklarasjon eksempel 17 18
Hva er LCA? Vugge Grav Ancillary inputs and outputs: processes, energy, material, Reuse Raw materials Production Distribution Use Logistics Waste treatm. Recycling System life-cycle (foreground system) Evaluering av miljøpåvirkninger over hele livsløpet Ecotoxicity Human health (tox) Occupational health Eutrophication Acidification Global warming Resource consumption Overall environmental impacts 19 Supporting economy (background system) Energy Production Forskyvningseffekter systemet som betraktes endrer prosesser i bakgrunnssystemet Consequential LCA Tidshorisont Tilkobling gjennom tjenester og produkter Attributional LCA Prosess- eller markedseffekt Trend og fleksibilitet Hvilken teknologi blir påvirket? Transport Materials Ancillary inputs and outputs: processes, energy, material, Reuse Raw materials Production Distribution Use Logistics Waste treatm. Recycling System life-cycle (foreground system) Evaluering av miljøpåvirkninger over hele livsløpet Ecotoxicity Human health (tox) Occupational health Eutrophication Acidification Global warming Resource consumption Overall environmental impacts
Hva er LCA? Vugge til grav miljøevaluering standardisert, i hht. ISO14000-serien, 14040:2006 LCA, 14025:2006 EPD Moden vitenskap, etter start som energistudier på 60-tallet Sterk forskningsgruppe på NTNU, Industrial Ecology Programme CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O Goal & scope 1 23 296 Inventory analysis Interpretation CO 2 equiv 1,4 DCB equiv. Impact assessment Global warming Human toxic impacts 21 Funksjonell enhet Konseptet er å sammenligne med utgangspunkt i funksjon Trenger å definere sammenlignbare systemer Funksjonell enhet Eksempel: maling (kg maling, m2 dekket, m2 beskyttet ) Beskyttelse av en ytre husvegg, på gitt sted, eksponert for sol, regn og vind, mot forringelse over en periode på 10 år Energi: 1 MWh levert til en kunde på et gitt geografisk sted Transport: 15.000 km årlig veitransport for én person i Osloområdet Underholdning: bruk av TV i 5 år i Norge 22
Function and functional unit When I followed the LCA course: FU for paint for offshore oil rig kg paint, m 2 painted, m 2 protected, m 2 wall, m 2 rig for 60 years Recent transport debate, person-km transport Flying versus bus/train: theoretically and actually occupied seats Function of the electric grid Supply capacity to user, with demand depending on season, time of day, weather Additional requiements: ensure flexibility and guarantee of supply, LCA = framework for systems analysis of products and services LCA a good tool to evaluate and compare products Fair and robust results require a proper definiton of function Understand how product is used and how function definitions affect your results 23 Hvordan LCA standarder ILCD Handbook Utgitt av EU & European Platform for LCA til bruk i reguleringer og direktiv ISO14040/44 Standarden for LCA, «andre generasjon» etter revisjon i 2006 ISO14025/PCR Produktmerking, via EPD-Norge ISO14067 Klimaspor av produkter, under utvikling PAS2050 Life-cycle GHG emissions, fra BSI (UK) GHG Protocol Utarbeidet av World Resources Institute og World Business Council for Sustainable Development 24
Forskjeller Marked, for eksempel PAS2050 for UK Databaser og godkjente kilder Materialer Energi Transportprosesser Tidsaspekt, for eksempel lagring i trevirke Spesifikke krav til produktgrupper (PCR/GHG Prot.) Effektfaktorer, for klima og annet Krav til revisjon og tredjepartsvurdering Grad av kompleksitet Bestemte anvendelser: ex EC Handbook for LCA Likevel, alle bruker begreper, konsept og faktorer fra generell LCAmetode, det vil si med opprinnelse i ISO14040-serien. 25 EPD & Climate Declaration 26
Bedriftsdeklarasjoner www.ghgprotocol.org 27 GHG account & carbon footprint 28
29 Carbon footprint We generally separate three sources for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG Protocol 2008, ISO 2006) Scope 1: Direct emissions from use of fuel in vehicles and buildings under direct ownership Scope 2: Indirect emissions caused by use of electricity Scope 3: Other indirect emissions caused in production of other input factors, including services, materials, intermediates and final products 29 Carbon footprint of an enterprise CO 2 -equivalents (CO 2 e): { CO 2 CO N 2 O CH 4 SF 6 HCFs PFCs } 30 Scope 1 direct emissions Scope 3 indirect from supply chain Scope 2 indirect electricity Metals and materials Transport services and travel, rented vehicles Fuel combustion and use of own vehicles Production and manufacture at suppliers Food and agriculture Internal electricity use Services Insurance, buildings, rent, finance costs, administration, computer services, marketing, outsourced activities,. 30
Maskiner og utstyr Sectors in the Norwegian economy 31 Scope 1 direct emissions 100 % Scope 3 indirect from supply chain Scope 2 indirect electricity 80 % 60 % 40 % Fuel combustion and use 20 % of own vehicles 0 % Scope 1: direct emissions Scope 2: indirect from electricity Scope 3: indirect from other Sale and repair of vehicles; retail sale of automotive Supporting transport activities; activities of travel Manufacture of food products and beverages Collection, purification and distribution of water Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded Manufacture of metal products, except machinery Other service activities Manufacture of furniture Manufacture of wearing apparel Computer and related activities Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi Research and development Manufacture of machinery and equipment Real estate activities Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus Manufacture of medical instruments, watches and Manufacture of office machinery and computers Manufacture of radio, television and communication Metals and materials 80 % is indirect emissions besides electricity = emissions from procurement Production and manufacture at suppliers Services Public administration and defence; compulsory social Retail trade, except of motor vehicles Hotels and restaurants Wholesale trade Construction Renting of machinery and equipment Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of textiles Recycling Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation Transport services and travel, rented vehicles Food and agriculture Insurance, buildings, rent, finance costs, administration, computer services, marketing, outsourced activities,. Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products Forestry Recreational, cultural and sporting activities Manufacture of wood products, except furniture Financial intermediation Activities of membership organisation Manufacture of leather products Health and social work Education Post and telecommunications Insurance and pension funding 55 sectors in Norwegian economic model Internal electricity use 3 types of public adm. units Agriculture Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar Land transport Manufacture of other non metallic mineral products Water transport Air transport Manufacture of chemicals and fuels Mining of metal ores Mining of coal Fishing and fish farming Other business activities Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply Other mining and quarrying 31 NTNU, University Tromsø municipality Sogn og Fjordane miljø sett i system www.misa.no 32