for the High Court of Justice, Queen s Bench Division, Administrative Court

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1 Expert Report Report of for the High Court of Justice, Queen s Bench Division, Administrative Court Case Name Claim number The Queen on the application of Swedish Match AB -v- The Secretary of State for Health CO/3471/2016 Dated 30 January 2017 On the instructions of Subject matter Name Address New Nicotine Alliance (Intervener) New Nicotine Alliance Critical evaluation of the scientific evidence on the impact on public health of the availability snus sin Norway and Sweden Research Director, Tobacco Telephone number

2 Introduction 1. Since 2006 I have been Research Director of the Tobacco Unit at the Norwegian Institute for Drug and Alcohol Research; which from 2016 was incorporated into the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. I hold a Ph.D. in Sociology from 1996 and was formally assessed with qualifications as Professor in I have been involved in tobacco control work since the mid-1980s, working at the Norwegian Council on Tobacco and Health and the Norwegian Cancer Society. I received the Norwegian Medical Association s Award in preventive medicine in I am well published within tobacco research, have lectured on tobacco topics in several countries worldwide, and have been called to give talks before authorities in several countries. 4. I have been a member of several expert committees including the World Health Organization s International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC). I am a member of the editorial board of three scientific journals, and have been an expert witness for the plaintiff in several tort liability lawsuits against the tobacco industry including one brought before the Norwegian Supreme Court. 5. Full details of my professional qualifications and publications are given in the appended curriculum vitae. Background 6. The long-term availability of low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (snus) in Norway and Sweden serves as an example of what might happen on the nicotine market if a low-risk nicotine tobacco product is allowed to compete with cigarettes. In both countries, precursors to the modern snus have a long history but were in decline, and by the 1970s were only used by old men. 7. In Norway and Sweden, snus has contributed to a decrease in cigarette consumption through three mechanisms: i) as a method of smoking 2

3 cessation, ii) as an alternative product for new generations of tobacco-prone youth who otherwise would take up smoking (substitution), and iii) as an alternative to cigarettes for smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit smoking altogether (smoking reduction). Consumer Choice 8. The shift from cigarettes to snus has not been facilitated by a nationally coordinated initiative originating from the centers of political activity. The shift has happened in a dark market where any active promotion of snus or any other tobacco product has been banned for decades. The price difference between snus and cigarettes has been narrow and has not produced a strong incentive for the transition. Moreover, the typical message from the health authorities has been that snus is not a safe alternative to cigarettes. 9. The market shift from cigarettes to snus seems to be a grassroots consumerdriven phenomenon that has occurred without any support of or promotion by the authorities. Dissemination of information to correct the widespread misconceptions of relative risk to speed up the trajectory from cigarettes to snus has been limited. 10. In Sweden, snus use now exceeds smoking among men and has done so since at least Among Swedish women, daily snus use remained low but in recent years has increased from 1% in 1996 to 4% in Over the same period, rates of daily smoking have declined from 23% to 11% among women and from 19% to 10% among men. 11. The current rate of daily smoking among men is far below any other country in the European Union. EU statistics indicate an overall prevalence (men + women) of 11% for Sweden compared with an EU average of 28% In Norway, the annual overall per capita (15+ years) consumption of tobacco was 2070 grams for the years In this period, 96% of the tobacco was consumed as cigarettes, while the market share for snus was only 4%. In 1 European Commission. Attitudes of Europeans towards Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes. European Commission; Brussels, Belgium: Special Eurobarometer

4 the period the market share for snus increased to 37%, while cigarettes comprised 61% of the tobacco market. Over these three decades, the overall consumption of tobacco in Norway declined by 32% to 1400 grams per capita in The percentage of daily smokers has declined rapidly from 25% in 2005 to 13% in Norway now has the second lowest prevalence of smoking in the EU. The role of snus in preventing smoking initiation 13. Snus emerged as a popular alternative to conventional cigarettes because of its ability to deliver nicotine without the combustion and the toxicants in tobacco smoke, the fact that snus can be used in smoke-free places, the competitive price (even if the price difference to cigarettes is small) and the perceived potential for harm reduction (even if this potential is underestimated by consumers). 14. The new snus products that were introduced to the nicotine market in Norway and Sweden in the 1990s differed from conventional smokeless tobacco in that they were lower in major carcinogens such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, did not require spitting, came in a variety of flavors, and were presented in small pouches packed in elegant and colorful tin boxes. These innovations certainly made snus more user-friendly and increased its appeal both to established smokers and to young people with and without susceptibility traits for tobacco initiation. 15. The availability of snus has produced a shift in tobacco preferences and contributed to lower smoking initiation among young Norwegian adults, particularly males (see Figure 1). Among males aged years, the prevalence of smoking (both daily and occasional) decreased from 44% in 1985 to 21% in Over the same period, the prevalence of the use of snus increased from 9% to 33%. Around 2006, snus surpassed cigarettes as the most popular nicotine product. The negative correlation between snus use and cigarette smoking among males in this age group was also observed 2 Statistics Norway, Smoking Habits content 4

5 among females. However, compared with that of males, the trend in the shift in tobacco preferences among women seems to have occurred some years later. These coincidental trends in tobacco preferences have also been observed in other datasets in Norway The rapidity of the decline in smoking among youth in Norway and Sweden has not been matched in any other Western country 4. We do not know what the rate of decline in smoking among youth would have been without the availability of snus over the same time frame. However, a hypothesis of a causal relationship is supported by the large segment of the young snus users that have characteristics that usually predict uptake of cigarette smoking 5. Moreover, the hypothesis is also supported by the simultaneous trend shift for smoking and snus use among young adults, and the fact that this has occurred in both sexes at different times. Figure 1. Use (daily and occasional) of snus (blue line) and cigarettes (brown line) by Norwegian males (first figure) rand females (second figure) in the age group years for the period Three-year moving averages. 3 Pedersen W., von Soest T. Tobacco use among Norwegian adolescents: from cigarettes to snus. Addiction 2014; 109: The 2015 ESPAD Report. Results from the European School Survey. Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. 5 Sæbø G. Cigarettes, snus and status: differences in lifestyle of different tobacco user groups. Health Sociology Review 2016; Published online: 11 Sep 2016 Grøtvedt L., Stigum H., Hovengen R., Graff-Iversen S. Social differences in smoking and snuff use among Norwegian adolescents: a population based survey. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:12. Kvaavik E., Lund I., Nygard M., Hansen B. T. Lifestyle correlates of female snus use and smoking: a large population-based surve y of w omen in Norway. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:431 6 Larsen E, Rise J, Lund KE. The relationship between snus use and smoking cognitions. Addict Res Theory Dec; 20(6):

6 The role of snus in smoking cessation; with consideration of Nicotine Replacement Therapy 17. Observational and experimental studies indicate that the availability of snus influences smoking cessation. 18. Empirical evidence from Norway and Sweden demonstrates that snus is the most frequently used method for stopping smoking after unassisted quit attempts 6. This is the case even though the pharmaceutical companies have, 6 Lund K. E. Association between willingness to use snus to quit smoking and perception of relative risk between snus and cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:

7 for nearly 30 years, widely advertised these Nicotine Replacement Therapy ( NRT ) products as effective stop-smoking aids, that they are widely accessible over-the-counter products, and given recommendations by the health authorities. The low utilization might be related to the fact that they are deliberately made unattractive in order to avoid misuse and that they give a much lower dose of nicotine than cigarettes. As for snus, the choice of brand, aesthetic rituals of use, and visibility might represent social positioning and self presentation 7. In contrast to NRTs, snus has functions that are similar to those offered by cigarettes. 19. Evidence also shows that former smokers make up the largest segment of snus users 8, that snus use is associated with higher quit rates compared to not using snus 9 and that snus might be more effective for smoking cessation than pharmaceutical NRT 10. This is the case despite the fact that users of NRT products have a greater tendency to use additional methods for quitting smoking, which would normally increase the probability of a positive result. Use of snus seems to be a more solitary method and might appear convenient for smokers who for some reason do not want to make use of the NRT products. 20. The enhanced effect from snus over NRT products (efficacy) combined with the high acceptance of snus in smoking cessation implies that the impact on Rutqvist L. E. Population-based survey of cessation aids used by Swedish smokers. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9:38. Wiium N., Øverland S., Aarø L. E. Smoking cessation among Norwegian adolescents and young adults: preferred cessation methods. Scand J Psychol 2011; 52: Lindström M. Nicotine replacement therapy, professional therapy, snuff use and tobacco smoking: a study of smoking cessation strategies in southern Sweden. Tob Control 2007; 16: Ramström L. M., Foulds J. R ole of snus in initiation and cessation of tobacco smoking in Sw eden. T ob Contr ol 2006; 15: Gilljam H., Galanti M. R. Role of snus (oral moist snuff) in smoking cessation and smoking reduction in Sweden. Addiction 2003; 98: Nordby, K. og Wood, R. T. A. (2008) A Grounded Theory of Snuff-Dipping Behavior (Use of Swedish Snus ) in a Norwegian Population, Addiction Research and Theory, 16: Lund K. E., Scheffels J., McNeill A. The association between use of snus and quit rates for smoking: results from seven Norwegian cross-sectional studies. Addiction 2011; 106: Lund I., Lund K. E. How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: Furberg H., Bulik C. M., Lerman C., Lichtenstein P., Pedersen N. L., Sullivan P. F. Is Swedish snus associated with smoking initiation or smoking cessation? Tob Control 2005; 14: Scheffels J., Lund K. E., McNeill A. Contrasting snus and NRT as smoking cessation methods. An observational study. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9:10. Lund K. E., McNeill A., Scheffels J. The use of snus for quitting smoking compared with medicinal products. Nicotine T ob Res 2010; 12:

8 smoking abstinence at the population level (effectiveness) is much higher for snus than for other products. 21. Through its role in smoking cessation, many scientists suggest that snus has contributed to the decline in smoking in Sweden and Norway, particularly among males who are far more likely to use this product than females 11. Using data from a recent Eurobarometer report, scientists found that Sweden exhibits a higher overall quit ratio than any other EU country (0.76), followed by the Netherlands and Denmark (both 0.57) then Finland (0.56). The quit ratio for the EU as a whole was Although the majority of snus users today have had prior experience with cigarette smoking, future snus use will increasingly consist of people who have no experience with cigarettes. But even in countries with a mature snus market, the majority of snus users still derive from the smoking population, even if smoking has been declining rapidly 13. A recent study from Norway showed that never smokers made up only one third of the respondents who had been using snus on a regular basis either currently or previously. 23. As smoking declines - partly due to the availability to snus - the relative share of never smokers among snus users is likely to increase. If so, the main effect of snus in tobacco harm reduction will increasingly be in reducing smoking initiation (a protective effect), while its effect on smoking cessation may eventually diminish. 11 Maki J. The incentives created by a harm reduction approach to smoking cessation: snus and smoking in Sweden and Finland. Int J Drug Policy 2015; 26: Stenbeck M., Hagquist C., Rosen M. The association of snus and smoking behaviour: a cohort analysis of Swedish males in the 1990s. Addiction 2009; 104: Furberg H., Lichtenstein P., Pedersen N. L., Bulik C. M., Lerman C., Sullivan P. F. Snus use and other correlates of smoking cessation in the Swedish Twin Registry. Psychol Med 2008; 38: Rodu B., Stegmayr B., Nasic S., Cole P., Asplund K. Evolving patterns of tobacco use in northern Sweden. J Intern Med 2003; 253: Lund I., Lund K. E. How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: Ramström L, Borland R, Wikmans T. Patterns of Smoking and Snus Use in Sweden: Implications for Public Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health Nov 9;13(11). 13 Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway Addiction 2016 Oct 14. Epub ahead of print Ramström L, Borland R, Wikmans T. Patterns of Smoking and Snus Use in Sweden: Implications for Public Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health Nov 9;13(11). 8

9 The role of snus in smoking reduction 24. Many smokers use Snus to reduce smoking intensity or as a nicotine replacement where smoking is prohibited. In Norway, dual users of snus and cigarettes have a weekly consumption of cigarettes that is 37% below that of exclusive smokers 14. However, the proportion of dual users of snus and cigarettes has been quite small, and has not increased during the period when snus became more popular Whilst, there is no difference in the intention of individuals to quit smoking between those i) dual users of snus and cigarettes, and ii) smokers who had never used snus, the expectation of being smoke-free five years into the future were significantly more prevalent among dual users compared to those who exclusively smoked cigarettes. Thus, there is no empirical evidence in support of delayed smoking cessation among dual users in these countries In sum, data from Norway and Sweden indicate that additional snus use among smokers is not likely to negatively impact public health compared to exclusive cigarette use. Moreover, for a wide variety of health endpoints, evidence does not suggest any special hazard associated with dual use of snus and cigarettes compared to smoking only, according to a systematic review 17. Competition between cigarettes and snus 27. Snus is perceived as a less dangerous alternative to cigarettes, but scientists have assessed the relative risk between snus and cigarettes to be even greater than is generally perceived in the population. 14 Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway Addiction 2016 Oct 14. Epub ahead of print. 15 Lund K. E., McNeill A. P atterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15: Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway Addiction 2016 Oct 14. Epub ahead of print. 17 Lee P. N. Health risks related to dual use of cigarettes and snus a systematicreview. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:

10 28. In Norway and Sweden, all tobacco advertising has been banned since the mid-1970s. Hence, the uptake of snus is not driven by marketing, and indeed takes place in an epistemological climate where smokers and non-smokers tend to overstate the health risk from snus compared with that from cigarettes 18. The Scandinavian health authorities have warned smokers against all kinds of snus use, even as a method for smoking cessation 19. The typical message has been that snus is not a safe alternative to cigarettes. 29. Smokers and even GPs 20 tend to overestimate the health risk from snus use compared with that from cigarette smoking, and among smokers who incorrectly perceive snus as being as risky as cigarettes. Accordingly, the willingness to try snus (in an attempt) to quit smoking is quite low The willingness of an individual to use snus to quit-smoking is significantly higher for smokers who, consistent with the scientific evidence, believe that the health risks are far lower for snus than for cigarettes. 31. The observed shift from cigarettes to snus in Norway might have been even stronger if misperceptions of the relative risk of the two products had been adjusted in accordance with medical consensus. Thus, dissemination of information to correct misconceptions of relative risk might speed up the trajectory from cigarettes to snus to quitting completely. 32. Self-evaluative emotions, one s own moral judgements, perceived social disapproval, and perceptions of benefits from quitting tobacco use are very different between snus users and smokers. Smoker's perceptions of themselves as a smoker and of their smoking are more negative compared 18 Øverland, S., Hetland, J., & Aarø, L. E. (2008). Relative harm of snus and cigarettes: What do Norwegian adolescents say? Tobacco Control: An International Journal, 17(6), Lund I., Scheffels J. Perceptions of relative risk of disease and addiction from cigarettes and snus. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2014; 28: Wikmans, T., Ramström, L. (2010). Harm perception among Swedish daily smokers regarding nicotine, NRT-products and Swedish snus. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 13, Holm L., Fisker J., Larsen B.I., Puska P., Halldórsson M. Snus does not save lives: Quitting smoking does! Tob. Control. 2009;18: Lund, I., & Scheffels, J. (2012). Perceptions of the relative harmfulness of snus among Norwegian general practitioners and their effect on the tendency to recommend snus in smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(2), Lund K.E. Association between willingness to use snus to quit smoking and perception of relative risk between snus and cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2012;14:

11 with snus users' perceptions. Dual users devalue smoking in comparison to their snus use 22. The public health effect: 33. The extent and nature of the impact on public health of making snus available in new markets will, to a considerable extent depend, on two factors: i) the relative risk of snus use compared with cigarette smoking, and ii) the relative uptake and patterns of use of snus by smokers and non-smokers. In contrast to e-cigarettes, the risk estimates for snus use can be established from long-term epidemiological data on tobacco related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancers and respiratory diseases. Given the medical consensus that snus is approximately 90 95% less harmful than smoking, the overall effect from the use of snus on public health will then be driven by the balance between its beneficial effect on smoking prevalence and its adverse effects on the overall prevalence of tobacco use. 34. In Norway and Sweden the availability of snus has clearly influenced total tobacco consumption through its role in smoking initiation and smoking cessation. The combined numbers who have i) quit smoking for snus, ii) reduced smoking intensity by snus, iii) picked up snus instead of cigarettes, have outnumbered iv) snus users who otherwise would have been tobaccofree. Health gains from smoking cessation, smoking reduction and smoking substitution produced by snus, have more than out-weighed the (marginal) health loss in the small fraction of never-smokers taking up snus. 22 Lund M, Lund KE, Halkjelsvik T. Contrasting smokers' and snus users' perceptions of personal tobacco behavior in Norway. Nicotine Tob Res Dec;16(12):

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13 Appendix: Curriculum Vitae Name: Position title: Education: Karl Erik Lund Research Director, Norwegian Institute for Public Health 1980: University of Bergen, Political science/samfunnskunnskap grunnfag University of Oslo, Sociology (master)/sosiologi hovedfag (cand polit) 1986: University of Oslo, Social economics/sosialøkonomi grunnfag : University of Oslo, Ph.D in sociology/dr.polit sosiologi Professional experience: : Norwegian National Council on Tobacco and Health, Project manager : University of Oslo, Institute for behavioural medicine, Fellow : Norwegian Cancer Society, Director for department for cancer prevention : National Institute for Public Health, Researcher (post doc) : Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS), Researcher : Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS), Research Director (from 2016 SIRUS became part of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health) 2016-> Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Research Director, Tobacco Unit Karl E. Lund has been Research Director at the Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research since He has been involved in tobacco control work since the mid-1980s, working at the Norwegian Council on Tobacco or Health (Deputy Leader), the Norwegian Institute for Public Health (Researcher), and the Norwegian Cancer Society (Director for Department of Cancer Prevention). Dr. Lund received the Norwegian Medical Association s Award in preventive medicine in He is well published within tobacco research, has been a lecturer on tobacco topics in several countries worldwide, and has been called to give talks before authorities in several countries, including the EU Parliament, the Dutch Ministry of Health, the Swedish Ministry of Commerce. Dr Lund has been a member of several expert committees including WHO s International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC), and he was a founding member of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases. Dr. Lund is currently Associate Editor in the scientific journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research and a Senior Associate Editor of Tobacco Regulatory Science. He has also been an expert witness for the plaintiff in several tort liability lawsuits against the tobacco industry including one brought before the Norwegian Supreme Court. Dr. Lund holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from 1996 and he was formally assessed with qualifications as Professor in

14 Commissions International: Associate Editor of Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011-present Senior Associate Editor of Tobacco Regulatory Science 2015-> Scientific Director for several national and international research programmes on Tobacco Behaviour Member of Editorial Board, Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2017-> Member of International Agency for Cancer Research-expert committee (IARC) on effects on restrictions for passive smoking (2009) Founding member of the executive committee of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases Reviewer in several international scientific journals including: Addiction, BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Health, Addictive Behaviours, Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, BMC Public Health, European Journal of Public Health, Journal of Drug Policy, Health Policy, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, CNS Drugs, Tobacco Control, Nigerian Medical Journal, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Health Education Research, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Drugs & Alcohol Today, Biological Trace Element Research, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Lecturer on tobacco topics in several countries worldwide Member of executive board of Global Forum on Nicotine (2014-> National: Member of several expert committees under the auspices of the Government and various NGOs Deputy leader of the Norwegian Council on Tobacco and Health, Member of board Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Supervisor for several Ph.d and Master-students (sociology, psychology, political science), University of Oslo Opponent at doctoral dissertation (psychology), University of Oslo Expert witness in four tort liability lawsuits brought before the Norwegian Supreme Court against the tobacco industry Expert witness in Philip Morris INC vs. Norwegian state regarding the Norwegian tobacco display ban in tobacco outlets Reviewer for the Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation Scientific collaborator Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association present Member of the National Council on Tobacco Prevention 2015-> 14

15 Honors Norwegian Medical Associations Award in Preventive Medicine in 2000 Current research interests: Use of low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (snus) as a harm reduction strategy Evaluation and justification of tobacco control policies Smoking, social inequality and cultural symbolism The changing configuration of the tobacco epidemic in developed countries Social representations of smokers and smoking Tobacco Harm Reduction List of publications (177) Thesis: 1) Lund KE. Samfunnsskapte endringer i tobakksbruk i Norge i det 20. århundre. Doktoravhandling (monografi). Oslo; Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi, Universitetet i Oslo, [Social influences on the diffusion of tobacco use in Norway during the 20th century] Articles in peer-reviewed journals: First author (international journals): 2) Lund KE, Vedøy, TF, Bauld L. Do never-smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as smoking declines?. Changes in smoking status among snus users in Norway Addiction, 2016 (E-pub ahead of print) 3) Lund KE. The role of e-cigarettes in the tobacco endgame. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2016 ;Volum 33.(3) s ) Lund KE. Tobacco Harm Reduction in the Real World: has the availability of snus in Norway increased smoking cessation? Drugs and Alcohol Today, 2013; 13 (2): ) Lund KE, McNeill A. Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2013; 15 (3): ) Lund KE. Association between willingness to use snus to quit smoking and perception of relative risk between snus and cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012; 14: ) Lund KE, McNeill A, Scheffels J. The use of snus for quitting smoking compared with medicinal products. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010; 12 (8): ) Lund KE, Scheffels J, McNeill. The association between use of snus and quit rates for smoking: results from seven Norwegian cross-sectional studies. Addiction 2010; 106: ) Lund KE, Lund M. The impact of smoke-free hospitality venues in Norway. Eurohealth 2007; 12 (4): ) Lund KE, Helgason AR. Environmental tobacco smoke in Norwegian homes, 1995 and 2001: changes in children s exposure and parents attitudes and health risk awareness. European Journal of Public Health. 2005; 2: ) Lund KE, Vertio H, Skrondal A, Helgason AR. Children s residental exposure to environmental tobacco smoke varies greatly between the Nordic countries. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1998; 26 (2):

16 12) Lund KE, Skrondal A, Verti H, Helgason AR. To what extent do parents strive to protect their children from environmental tobacco smoke in the Nordic countries. A population-based study. Tobacco Control 1998; 7: First author (national journals): 13) Lund KE. Skal røykerne måtte risikere livet for sin nikotindose. Rus & Samfunn 2014; 8 (5); ) Lund KE. Røykernes motstand til nye tobakkspreventive tiltak. Den Norske Tannlegeforenings Tidende. 2011; 121 (13): ) Lund KE, Lund M, Bryhni A. Tobakksforbruket hos kvinner og menn Tidsskr Nor Legeforen nr 18, 2009; 129: ) Lund KE, Tefre E, Amundsen A, Nordlund S. Røyking bruk av snus og annen risikoatferd blant studenter. Tidskr nor lægeforen 2008; 128: ) Lund KE, Lund M. Røyking og sosial ulikhet i Norge. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2005; 125: ) Lund KE, Helgason AR, Andersen M. Endringer i småbarnsforeldres rapportering om passiv røyking. Tidskr Nor Lægeforen 2004; ) Lund KE, Scheffels J, Oftedal J, Eck I. Røyking i videregående skoler. Tidskr Nor Lægeforen 2004; ) Lund KE. Omfanget av grensehandel, taxfreeimport og smugling av tobakk til Norge. Tidskr Nor Lægeforen 2004; ) Lund KE, Lund M, Rise J. Tobakksforebygging i norsk tannhelsetjeneste. Resultater fra en nasjonal undersøkelse blant tannleger og tannpleiere. Den Norske Tannlegeforenings Tidende 2003; 113: ) Lund KE. Hva kommuniserte norsk tobakksindustri til sine forbrukere i reklame for sigaretter i perioden ? Tidskr Nor Lægerforen 2002; 122: ) Lund KE, Lühr E, Jøsendal O. VÆR røykfri fra forsøk til nasjonal implementering. Hvor mye av effektene opprettholdes? Tidskr for Nor Lægeforen 2002; 122: ) Lund KE, Andersen M, Bakke P, Gallefoss, F, Helgason A. I hvor stor grad snakker helsepersonell med småbarnsforeldre om passiv røyking. Tidskr Nor Lægeforen, 2000; 120: ) Lund KE, Helgason A. Hvorfor unnlater helsepersonell å snakke med småbarnsforeldre om passiv røyking? Tidskr Nor Lægeforen, 2000; 120: ) Lund KE, Urdal L, Sanner T. Hvordan håndheves 18 års grensen for kjøp av tobakk? Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1999; 119: ) Lund KE, Scheffels J, Sanner T. Hvordan redusere salget av tobakk til mindreårige? Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1999; 119: ) Lund KE. Utviklingen i tobakksforbruk og røykevaner ligger Norge etter? Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1998; 118: ) Lund KE. Var manglende forståelse av tobakksepidemiens dynamikk en årsak til forsinket tobakksprevensjon? Norsk Epidemiologi 1995; 5: ) Lund KE. Bruk av snus i Norge. Den norske tannlegeforenings tidende, 1988; 98:

17 Co-author (international journals): 31) Gartner C, Lund KE, Barenderegt JJ, Nor NM, Hassa H, Vedøy TF. Kvaavik E. Projecting the future smoking prevalence in Norway. Eur J Public Health 2016; 1-6. September 28, ) Lund M, Lund KE, Halkjelsvik T. Contrasting smokers' and snus users' perceptions of personal tobacco behavior in Norway. Nicotine & Tobacco Research Dec;16(12): ) Lund I, Lund KE. How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014; ) Lund I, Lund KE. Lifetime smoking habits among Norwegian man and women born between 1890 and 1994: a cohort analysis using crosssectional data. BMJ Open 2014; 4. 35) Halkjelsvik T, Lund KE, Kraft P, Rise J. Fear appeals in advanced tobacco control environments: the impact of a National Mass Media Campaign in Norway. Health Education Research. First published online June 13, ) Larsen E, Rise J, Lund KE. Risk characteristics of adolescent snus users compared to non-users of tobacco, smokers and dual users of snus and cigarettes. Addiction Research and Theory 2013; 38 (7): ) Larsen E, Rise J & Lund KE. The relationship between snus use and smoking cognitions. Addiction Research and Theory, 2012; 20 (6): ) Scheffels, J., Lund, K.E. & McNeill, A. Contrasting snus and NRT as methods to quit smoking. An observational study. Harm Reduction Journal, 2012; Feb 29; 9, 10 39) Lund I, Lund KE. Post-ban self-reports on economic impact of smoke-free bars and restaurants are biased by pre-ban attitudes. A longitudinal study among employees. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2011; 39 (7): ) Lund M, Lund KE, Kvaavik E. Hard-core smokers in Norway Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2011 (13); , ) Melberg HO, Lund KE. Do smoke-free laws affect revenues in pubs and restaurants? European Journal of Health Economics, 2012; 13 (1): ) Nygaard P, Mallie JP, Aasland OG, Lund KE. Use and barriers to use screening and brief interventions for alcohol problems among Norwegian GPs. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2010; 45 (2): ) Gilljam H, Lund KE. Smokeless tobacco use in Europe. Submitted to Drug and Alcohol Dependence, ) John P Pierce, María E León, Douglas Bettcher, Frank Chaloupka, Elisabeth Couto, Richard Daynard, Esteve Fernández, Fabrizio Giannandrea, Elizabeth Gilpin, Sally Haw, Andrew Hyland, Jennifer Ibrahim, Giovanni Invernizzi, Karl Lund, Armando Peruga, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Jonathan Samet, Michelle Scollo, Nick Wilson, Alistair Woodward, Paolo Boffetta. The Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies An IARC Review of Actions to reduce exposure to carcinogens in Secondhand Smoke. LANCET Oncology, ) Axelsson S, Lund KE, Helgason AR, Adolfsson J. A case for dissemination of evidence-based information in tobacco prevention. International Journal of Technology Assesement in Health Care. 2006; 22 (4): ) Scheffels J, Lund KE. Occasional smoking in adolescence: constructing an identity of control. Journal of Youth Studies 2005; 4:

18 47) Rise J, Lund KE. Predicting children's level of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke based on two national surveys in Norway in 1995 and Addictive Behaviours 2005; 30: ) Boldeman C, Gilljam H, Lund KE, Helgason AR. Smoking cessation in general practice: The effects of a quit-line. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006; 8 (6): ) Lund M, Lund KE, Rise J. Preventing tobacco use in Norwegian dental practice. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2004; 32: ) Helgason AR, Tomson T, Lund KE, Galanti R, Ahnve S, Giljam H. Factors related to abstinence in a telephone helpline for smoking cessation. Eurpean J Public Health 2004; 14: ) Helgason AR, Lund KE, Adolfson J. Axelsson S. The dentistry and tobacco prevention results from Stockholm county. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2003; Helgason AR, Lund KE. 52) Helgason AR, Lund KE. General practitioners perceived barriers to smoking cessation. Results from four Nordic countries. Scandinavian J Public Health, 2002; 30: ) Helgason A, Lund KE. Children and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the home, health risk awareness and attitudes in the five Nordic countries. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 2001; 3: ) Braverman M,T, Svendsen T, Lund KE, Aarø LE. Tobacco use by early adolescents in Norway. European Journal of Public Health 2001; (11) 2: ) Helgason ÁR, Heimisson P, Lund KE. Treating tobacco addiction. Praxis and barriers amongst Icelandic general practitioners. The Journal of Iceleandic Med Ass 2001: 87: ) Rønneberg A, Lund KE, Hafstad A. Lifetime smoking habits among norwegian men and women born between 1890 and International Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 23: Co-author(national journals): 57) Rossow I, Pedersen W, Lund KE. Kjøp av tobakk blant mindreårige. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Legeforening, 2010; 130 (13): ) Østhus S, Pape H, Lund KE. Røykerestriksjoner og røyking i videregående skole. Tidsskr nor lægeforen 2007; 127: ) Lund M, Lund KE, Rise J. Sosiale ulikheter og røykeslutt blant voksne. Tidsk Nor Lægeforen 2005; 125: ) Lund M, Lund KE, Rise J. Snakker tannleger og tannpleiere med sine pasienter om snusbruk? Resultater fra en nasjonal undersøkelse. Den Norske Tannlegeforenings Tidende 2003; 113: ) Scheffels J, Lund KE. Elever og læreres røyking i videregående skoler i Norge. Tidskr Nor Lægeforen, 2000; 120: ) Rønneberg A, Lund KE, Hafstad A. Røykevaner siden 1910 blant norske kvinner og menn født etter Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1994; 14: Peer-reviewed reports: First author: 63) Lund KE, Vedøy TF (red). Hvilken betydning har elektroniske sigaretter: for røykeslutt, som inngangsport til røyking blant unge, for renormalisering av tobakksrøyking i samfunnet og som mulig inntaksmetode for narkotika? SIRUS rapport 1/2015. Oslo: Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning, s. 18

19 64) Lund KE. Hva er elektroniske sigaretter, hvor farlige er de og hvordan bør de reguleres? SIRUS Rapport 5/2013. Oslo: Statens Institutt for Rusmiddelforskning s. 65) Lund KE. Blir e-sigaretten løsningen på tobakksproblemet? Forskningsstatus om elektroniske sigaretter. Nettrapport. SIRUS. oniskesigaretter.pdf 66) Lund KE. A tobacco-free society or tobacco harm reduction? Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research. SIRUS-report 6/ ) Lund KE. Tobakksfritt samfunn eller skadereduksjon. Hvilken målsetting tjener de gjenstående røykerne? SIRUS-rapport 2/ ) Lund KE, Rise J. Kunnskapsgrunnlag for forslaget om et forbud mot synlig oppstilling av tobakksvarer. SIRUS skrifter 1/ ) Lund KE (redaktør). Grunnlaget for allmennhetens oppfatning om risiko ved sigarettrøyking i og -60 årene i Norge. SIRUS skrifter 2/ ) Lund KE. Innføring av røykfrie serveringssteder i Norge. Konsekvenser for omsetning, besøksfrekvens, trivsel og etterlevelse. SIRUS skrifter 1/ ) Lund KE. The introduction of smoke-free hospitality venues in Norway. Impact on revenues, frequency of patronage, satisfaction and compliance. SIRUS skrifter 2/ ) Lund KE. Tobakksavgiften som helsepolitisk styringsinstrument. SIRUS skrifter 4/ ) Lund KE, Rise J. Mediekampanje om røykfri serveringssteder våren Evalueringen av det offentlige tobakksforebyggende arbeidet i Norge SIRUS skrifter 1/ ) Lund KE, Rise J. En gjennomgang av forskningslitteraturen om tiltak for å redusere røyking blant ungdom. Sosial og helsedirektoratet. Rapport. Oslo, ) Lund KE, Rise J. A review of research litterature on initiatives to reduce adolecent smoking. Executive summary of report written on assignment from Directorate for Health and Social Affairs. Oslo, august, ) Lund KE. Tobakkens pris. Virkninger av prispolitikk. Rapport Statens tobakksskaderåd, Oslo, Co-author: 77) Skretting A, Bye EK, Vedøy TF, Lund KE. Rusmidler i Norge 2014, s 347. Oslo: Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning, ) Skretting A, Lund KE, Bye EK. Rusmidler i Norge 2013, s316. Oslo: Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning, ) Melberg HO, Lund KE. Did the ban on smoking reduce the revenue in pubs and restaurants in Norway? Working Paper 2009: 9. Health Economics Research Programme. University of Oslo, ) Pierce JP, León ME, Bettcher D, Chaloupka F, Couto E, Daynard R, Fernández E, Giannandrea E, Gilpin E, Haw S, Hyland A, Ibrahim J, Invernizzi G, Lund KE, Peruga A, Przewozniak K, Samet J, Scollo M, Wilson N, Woodward A, Boffetta P. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smokefree Policies. IARC Handbooks of Cancer prevention. Tobacco Control. Volume 13. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, ) Aarø, LE., Lund, KE., Vedøy, TF., Øverland, S. Evaluering av myndighetenes samlede innsats for å forebygge tobakksrelaterte sykdommer i perioden 2003 til SIRUS-rapport 3/

20 82) Tefre EM, Amundsen A, Nordlund S, Lund KE. Studenter og rusmidler. Bruk av alkohol, tobakk, narkotika og pengespill blant studenter ved Universitetet i Oslo. SIRUS rapport 4/ ) Lund MKØ, Skretting A, Lund KE. Rusmiddelbruk blant unge voksne, år Resultater fra spørreskjemaundersøkelser 1998, 2002 og SIRUS rapport 8/ ) Larsen E, Lund KE, Rise J. Evaluering av tobakkskampanjen "Røyking tar pusten fra deg". SIRUS skrifter 3/ ) Larsen E, Lund M, Lund KE. Evaluering av helseadvarslene på tobakkspakkene. SIRUS skrifter 6/2005. Oslo: Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. 86) Dybing E, Gilljam H, Lind PO, Lund KE, Mørland J, Stegmayer B, Hoffman B, Ørjasæter Elvsaas IK. Virkninger av snusbruk. Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten. Rapport nr 6/2005. Oslo: Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten. 87) Kjønstad A, Dybing E, Lund KE, Sanner T, Skjærdal NV. Tobakksindustriens erstatningsansvar. NOU 2000: 16. Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste, Informasjonsforvaltning, ) Kjønstad A, Dybing E, Lund KE, Sanner T, Skjerdal NV. Tort Liability for the Norwegian Tobacco Industry. A science based report to the minister of health. National Council on Tobacco and Health. Oslo, ) Bjartveit K, Lund KE. Smoking Control in Norway. Report. National Council on Smoking and Health, Artcles in books etc.: First author: 90) Lund KE. Sigaretter og snus. Konsekvenser for folkehelsen. I Øverby NC et al (red.) Folkehelsearbeid. Høyskoleforlaget, Kristiansand, ) Lund KE. Røyking kulturfenomen og risikofaktor. I: Larsen Ø, Alvik A, Hagestad K, Nylenna M. (red.). Samfunnsmedisin. S Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk, ) Lund KE. Et komparativt perspektiv på tobakksbruk i Danmark og Norge. I: Nylenna M (red) Livsstil og helse i Danmark og Norge. Michael 2006; 3: Supplement 3. 93) Lund KE. Røyking kulturfenomen og risikofaktor. I: Larsen Ø, Alvik A, Hagestad K, Nylenna M. (red.). Helse for den ene og de mange samfunnsmedisin i det 21. århundre. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk, 2003; ) Lund KE. Tobakk. I NOU 2003: 17 Særavgifter og grensehandel. Rapport fra Grensehandelsutvalget. Statens forvaltningstjeneste. Informasjonsforvaltning. Oslo, 2003: ) Lund KE. Meningsinnhold og effekter av tobakksreklame. I: NOU 2000:16; Tobakksindustriens erstatningsansvar. Statens forvaltningstjeneste/ Informasjonsforvaltning. 96) Lund KE. Utvikling i røykevaner og tobakksforbruk i Norge i etterkrigstiden. I: NOU 2000:16; Tobakksindustriens erstatningsansvar. Statens forvaltningstjeneste/ Informasjonsforvaltning. 97) Lund KE, Rønneberg A, Hafstad A. The sociodemographic diffusion of the tobacco epidemic in Norway. I: Slama, K (ed.) Tobacco and Health: Plenum Press, New York,

21 98) Lund KE. Tobacco advertising and how to measure its effect on smoking behaviour. Theoretical and methodological approaches. I: Slama, K. (ed.) Tobacco and Health: Plenum Press, New York, ) Lund, KE. Norway: No-smoking rules mean increased well-being. I: Durston, B. and Jamrozik, K.(ed.) Tobacco and Health The Global War: 724-5, Perth, Western Australia, ) Lund, KE. Bruk av snus i Norge. I: Den store brune, Statens tobakksskaderåd: Rapport. Oslo, ) Lund, KE. Samfunnsskapte endringer i tobakksvaner blant ungdom. I: Sanner, T (red.) Helsekonsekvenser ved røyking. Tobakk og barn. En rapport fra Sosialministeren: Sosialdepartementet, Oslo Co-author: 102) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies. IARC Handbooks of Cancer prevention. Tobacco Control. Volume 13. IARC/WHO John P Pierce, María E León, Douglas Bettcher, Frank Chaloupka, Elisabeth Couto, Richard Daynard, Esteve Fernández, Fabrizio Giannandrea, Elizabeth Gilpin, Sally Haw, Andrew Hyland, Jennifer Ibrahim, Giovanni Invernizzi, Karl Lund, Armando Peruga, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Jonathan Samet, Michelle Scollo, Nick Wilson, Alistair Woodward, Paolo Boffetta. 103) Svendsen T, Lund KE. Tobakksbruk blant elever i ungdomsskolen I: Statens tobakkskaderåd Tobakksbruk og holdninger i Norge - utviklingen Oslo; Statens tobakksskaderåd, ) Svendsen T, Rudlang H, Lund KE. New attitudes toward 'poisonous pleasures'. Will smoking become socially unnacceptable? I: Slama (ed.) Tobacco and Health: Plenum Press, New York, ) Aarø LE, Thürmer H, Lund KE. Røykevanens utvikling blant gutter og jenter og blant kvinner og menn. I: Sanner T (red) Tobakk og kvinner. En rapport fra helseministeren, Oslo; Sosialdepartementet, ) Bjartveit K, Lund KE. Røyke-epidemiologi. I: Statens helseundersøkelser: Håndbok for hjerte-kar-undersøkelsene. 40-årings-prosjektet: 37-46, Oslo, Popular science: Radio- and TV programs: 107) Lund KE. Grenser for forebygging. Dagens gjest. NRK P1 Brønsj. 31. mai, ) Espeland WS, Lund KE. Norges 500årige tobakkshistorie fortalt på 20 minutter. NRK P2. En serie radioprogrammer sendt 2004 og ) Espeland WS, Lund KE. Jakten på fiskaren. NRK P2. Radiodokumentar (45 minutter), ) Andersen AE, Lund KE. Og nå reklame! TV-program om tobakksreklame (30 minutter). NRK 1, Various: 111) Lund KE. Nikotinmarkedet i endring. Fødselsnytt 2:2: ) Lund KE. "E-cigaretten kan vara ett steg mot ett tobaksfritt samhälle". popnad ) Lund KE, Nord E. Uforsvarlig regulering av E-sigaretter. Aftenposten 1. juni ) Lund KE. Lobbyisme for uforstand. Dagsavisen - Nye Meninger ) Lund KE. Vedøy TF. Vil Høie-boksen resultere i positiv folkehelseeffekt? Dagbladet 17. november 2016 s

22 116) Lund KE. Nikotinmarkedet i endring. Fødselsnytt 2:2: ) Lund KE, Nord E. Damping sparer liv. Aftenposten 8. juni, ) Lund KE. E-sigaretter virker. Kronikk. VG-nett 1.februar ) Lund KE. Opphev forbudet nå. Kronikk. VG-nett. 24 februar ) Nord E. Lund KE. E-sigaretter: Bedre føre klok enn var. Kronikk. Dagsavisen 2 Mars ) Vedøy TF, Lund KE. (Sett in produkt her)..er livsfarlig! Kronikk. Aftenposten 13 Mai, ) Lund KE. Behovet for skadereduksjon på tobakksområdet. Fagartikkel på nettstedet forebygging.no., ) Lund KE. Skal røykerne måtte risikere livet for sin nikotindose?. Kronikk. Rus & Samfunn 2014 (8): 5: ) Lauritsen EV, Lund KE. Fem myter om snus. Aftenposten.no ) Lund, Karl Erik. Kan 'føre-var'-prinsippet brukes for å forby elektroniske sigaretter? Fagartikkel på nettstedet ) Lund, Karl Erik. "Tobakk-Norges" problematiske forhold til snus. Fagartikkel på nettstedet ) Lund, Karl Erik. E-sigaretter kan gi helserevolusjon. Kronikk. popnad 11. November, ) Lund, Karl Erik. Making the switch. Kronikk. The Parliament Magazine, Brussels Suppl. 1 s ) Lund, Karl Erik. Norway: Tobacco harm reduction in the real world. Kronikk på nettstedet Nicotine Science & Policy. 24 september, ) Lund KE. Nedregulering av innholdsstoffer i tobakk. Bokanmeldelse. Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening 2013; 133: ) Lund KE. Philip Morris vs norske stat: kampen om sigarettens synlighet. POPNAD ) Lund KE. Kan Norge bli røykfritt? Kronikk. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2011; 6: ) Lund KE. Neste trekk totalt salgsforbud? Kronikk. Dagens Medisin 9. mai ) Lund KE. The research program on snus at the Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research. Notat SIRUS ) Lund KE. Utmerket om kvinners røyking: Gender, women and the tobacco epidemic. World Health Organization. Bokanmeldelse. Tidskr Nor legeforen 2011; 131: ) Lund KE. En nasjon av snusere? Kronikk. Stavanger Aftenblad, 17 September ) Lund KE, Heggen E. Drepende legemiddelforskrift. Kronikk. Bergens tidende mandag 21. September

23 138) Lund KE. Historiske linjer i statlig forebygging. Bokanmeldelse av Elvbakken, KT., Stenvoll D. (red.) Reisen til helseland. Propaganda i folkehelsens tjeneste. 206 s. ill. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, Tidsskr Nor Legeforen nr 2, 2009; 129: ) Lund KE, Heggen E. Urimelig for kols- og hjertepasienter. Kronikk. Dagens Medisin. August ) Lund KE. License to smoke. Kronikk Bergens tidende. Juli ) Lund KE. Legens røykepause. Tidskr nor legeforen 2008; 128: 2 142) Lund KE. Snus bør kunne brukes i røykeavvenning av mislykkede sluttere. Den norske tannlegeforenings tidende 2007; 117: ) Lund KE. Snus i røykeavvenning? Kronikk. Dagens Medisin. 2007; 4: ) Lund KE. Snus og forebygging av røykeinduserte skader. Kronikk. Forebygging.no: hparent_180/hdkey_1 145) Lund KE. 1 million mobbeofre? Kronikk. VG 29. januar, ) Lund KE. Slik slutter du å røyke. Bokanmeldelse. Psykologisk tidsskrift. Februar ) Lund KE. Konflikten om overgang til snus. Kronikk. Dagens Medisin & avisen Folket nr januar ) Lund KE, Larsen BI. Det røykfrie California. Kronikk. Aftenposten morgen, 12. september ) Lund KE. Kan vi skremme folk til sunn livsstil? Kronikk i Æsculap 2001: 5; ) Lund KE. Hva kommuniserte norsk tobakksindustri til forbrukerne om røyking i perioden ? Nytt fra miljø- og samfunnsmedisin, Folkehelsa 2001: ) Lund KE. Salg av tobakk til mindreårige. Nytt fra miljø- og samfunnsmedisin, Folkehelsa 1999; 3: ) Lund KE. Holder de gamle virkemidlene? Kronikk i avisen Folket. Februar, ) Lund KE. Solvaner i Norge: mindre soling mer smøring. Nytt fra miljø- og samfunnsmedisin, Folkehelsa 2000: ) Bjartveit K, Lund KE. The Norwegian ban on advertising of tobacco products. Has it worked? Report. Oslo; Norwegian Cancer Society/Norwegian Health Association, ) Lund KE. Røykfritt småbarnsmiljø. Hva er barrierene for engasjement fra helsepersonell. I: Norsk Helse- og sosialforum. På tide å bryte grenser. Rapport. Oslo, 1998: ) Rydvang K, Lund KE, Sand H, Huseby K. Røyksesluttdagboken. Oslo; Den Norske Kreftforening/Statens tobakksskaderåd, ) Lund KE. Hvorfor vi røykte så mye i det 20. århundre. Kreftnytt 1994; 1: ) Lund KE. Tobakksrøyking og barnehager. En nordisk undersøkelse av tobakksatferd og holdninger til tobakk blant barnehagepersonell. Rapport. Oslo; Den Norske Kreftforening, ) Lund KE. Økt trivsel med røykeloven? Samfunnsspeilet. Tidsskrift for levekår og livsstil. 1989; 2: ) Lund KE. Er røyking blitt lavstatus? Samfunnsspeilet. Tidsskrift for levekår og livsstil. 1988; 3: 3-6. (Central Bureau of Statistics). 23