Energihandel og Miljø Arbeidsmøte om Opprinnelsesgarantier Oslo, 17. februar 2012 Hanne Lerche Raadal, PhD-kandidat Østfoldforskning og UMB

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1 Energihandel og Miljø et forskningsprosjekt støttet av RENERGI Arbeidsmøte om Opprinnelsesgarantier Oslo, 17. februar 2012 Hanne Lerche Raadal, PhD-kandidat Østfoldforskning og UMB

2 Østfoldforskning Holder til i Fredrikstad Etablert 1. mars 1988 som privat FoUstiftelse -> forskningsselskap fra Ca 20 forskerårsverk, omsetning 28 mill. Metodikk, produkter og bransjer Livsløpsanalyser av verdikjeder med fokus på miljø, funksjonalitet og økonomi Miljøanalyser og dokumentasjon av produkt og tjenester som grunnlag for strategiutvikling, innovasjon og forbedring. Sentrale bransjer og samfunnssektorer: Emballasje og næringsmiddel Avfallshåndtering Energiproduksjon og energibruk Bygg og byggematerialer Tjenesteproduksjon

3 Prosjekteksempler Klimaregnskap og energiplanlegging LCA og EPD (miljødeklarasjoner) av byggematerialer LCA og hele byggekonstruksjoner Klimaregnskap for avfall og gjødsel Netto klimanytte ved ulik utnyttelse av gjødsel/avfall. Energihandel & Miljø 2020 Miljødokumentasjon av elektrisitet, systemer og effekter av handel med miljøattributter LCA av gasskraft med og uten CCS Statoil Gas production offshore at Heidrun Biofuel production Sammenligne miljømessige effekter av gasskraft-scenarier med/uten karbonfangst og lagring (CCS). LCA av bioenergi NVE Miljøbelastning ved kraftvarmeproduksjon bioenergi fra ulike råstoffkilder og anleggstyper/ størrelser. Livsløpsanalyse av produkt fra bioraffineri Borregaard Miljøegenskaper ved produksjon av cellulose, etanol, lignin og vanillin. Gas transport: Haltenpipe Transport Gas terminal Electricity to grid Electricity production at CCGT Tjeldbergodden Gas (CCS-1) Biofuel (CCS-2) Electricity Steam (CCS-3) Exhaust. MEA Steam production (boiler) Post-combustion CO 2 capture plant Steam Exhaust Emissions of NO 2, MEA, NH 3 and CO 2 CO2 Hazardous waste Compression Injection and pipeline and storage transport of CO2 of CO2 28/10-10

4 Energihandel & Miljø 2020 Key figures and project consortium: Time schedule 3.5 years, Total budget 20 MNOK (app. 2.3 MEUR) 7.2 MNOK (0.9 MEUR) from Norwegian Research Council Project partners (cash and inkind) Fortum Markets project owner Ostfold Research project manager PhD as a part of the project: Environmental Documentation of Energy in Trading Systems

5 Energihandel & Miljø 2020 Systemer og effekter av eksisterende regelverk for handel med miljøegenskapene til elektrisitet. LCA elektrisitet Opprinnelsesgarantier og varedeklarasjon Interaksjoner med elsertifikater Produksjonsmiks Dokumentert fornybar Residualmiks Forbruksmiks

6 Voluntary trading of the environmental value of electricity Principle of the system GO = Guarantee of Origin GO market Cancellation

7 Guarantee of Origin Defined in the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC): Shall provide proof to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources as required by Article 3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC (repealed by Directive 2009/72/EC, The Electricity Market Directive). Standard size of 1 MWh Specific information requirements Energy source and start and end dates of production Whether and to what extent the installation has benefited from investment support Whether and to what extent the unit of energy has benefited in any other way from a national support scheme, and the type of support scheme Etc.

8 Electricity Disclosure The Electricity Market Directive 2009/72/EC, Artikkel 3(9)) All suppliers of electricity are required to disclose their electricity portfolio with regards to: energy source environmental impacts, specifying the emissions of CO 2 the production of radioactive waste Attributes = The disclosed indicators, representing the environmental information associated with the electricity generation processes.

9 Norsk forankring Opprinnelsesgarantier Forskrift om opprinnelsesgarantier for produksjon av elektrisk energi (hjemlet i Energilovens 4-3 første og fjerde ledd og 7-6.) El-markedsdirektivet Forskrift om måling og avregning 7-5. Varedeklarasjon Kraftleverandøren skal informere sine sluttbrukere om opprinnelsen til leveranser av elektrisk energi i foregående år. Slik informasjon skal gis i salgsfremmende materiale og i forbindelse med fakturering, i form av en henvisning til internettsiden til NVE, som ansvarlig for den nasjonale varedeklarasjonen.

10 Objectives of Electricity Disclosure: To provide consumers with relevant information about power generation and to allow for informed consumer choice - not to be based on electricity prices alone The Electricity Directive introduces the obligation on suppliers to specify the fuel mix and its related environmental impact of the electricity they sell to final consumers. 1. Increase market transparency by providing open and easy access to relevant information, 2. Comply with the consumers right to information regarding purchased products, 3. Enable consumers to make informed choices about suppliers based on the generation characteristics of the electricity they supply, 4. Educate consumers and stimulate electricity generation that contributes to a secure and sustainable electricity system. European Comission, 2004: Note from DG Transport and Energy ( and Aasen et al., 2012

11 GOs til bruk i Disclosure For a proper disclosure of the electricity mix, suppliers can use Guarantees of Origin to account for the share of green electricity they sell ( The connection between the Renewable Energy Directive and the Electricity Market Directive entails that the GOs are the carrier of the information of environmental attributes related to the electricity generation (Raadal et al., 2012). Analogous to RECs in the US Ursprungsgarantierna står för miljövärdet av elen, och kan köpas och säljas på en öppen marknad (Energimyndigheten: Faktablad om ursprungsgarantier ktablad&id=3a1e62e4131c48cd9f2125fe79be8e78)

12 Sammenheng GOs/Varedeklarasjon Production Electricity Mix (Country or Region) Customers Electricity Disclosure Green customers purchasing GOs Attributes related to the purchased GOs. Ordinary customers, purchasing electricity without any specific requirements Attributes related to the Production Electricity Mix, corrected by attributes which have been allocated by other tracking systems (e.g. GOs) = Residual Mix

13 TWh Statistikk EECS certificates Cancelled EECS certificates GO market Ca 110 fra Norge, hvorav ca 35 er brukt i Norge Kilde: AIB EECS = The European Energy Certification System A harmonised system for international trade of Guarantees of Origin (GOs); RECS Certificates and EECS Disclosure certificates.

14 Norsk varedeklarasjon NVE publiserer den norske varedeklarasjonen på sine websider Norwegian Disclosure 2007 Unknown 11 % Thermal 2 % Imports 5 % Renewable 82 % Thermal 1 % Norwegian Disclosure 2008 Unknown 25 % Imports 3 % Renewable 71 % Unknown 43 % Norwegian Disclosure 2009 Imports 6 % Renewable 47 % Thermal 4 % Norwegian Disclosure 2010 Imports 13 % Unknown 59 % Renewable 23 % Thermal 4 %

15 Methodology for Residual Mix calculations Methodology for Residual Mix calculations for the European countries developed through several European projects: E-Track (A European Tracking System for Electricity) EPED (European Platform for Electricity Disclosure) RE-DISS (Reliable Disclosure Systems for Europe) Best Practice Recommendations for the implementation of Guarantees of Origin and other tracking systems for disclosure in the electricity sector in Europe (Version 1.2, 2011)

16 Norwegian Disclosure 2007 Unknown 11 % Thermal 2 % Imports 5 % Renewable 82 % Thermal 1 % Norwegian Disclosure 2008 Unknown 25 % Imports 3 % Renewable 71 % Unknown 43 % Norwegian Disclosure 2009 Imports 6 % Renewable 47 % Thermal 4 % Norwegian Disclosure 2010 Imports 13 % Unknown 59 % Renewable 23 % Therma 4 % NVE s versjons RE-DISS Calculations (27 countries) Nordisk Residualmiks 2010 According to the EU Directive 320 g CO2/kWh Renewable 25 % Fossil 31 % Nuclear 44 % Norwegian Residual Mix 2008 Renewable 76 % Nuclear 12 % Fossil 12 % Norwegian Residual Mix 2009 Renewable 51 % Fossil 32 % Nuclear 17 % Norwegian Residual Mix 2010 Renewable 23 % Fossil 50 % Nuclear 27 % 79 g CO 2 -equiv./kwh 220 g CO 2 -equiv./kwh 380 g CO 2 -equiv./kwh Residual Mix calculations based on RE-DISS calculations 2008, 2009 and 2010 ( )

17 Relaterte internasjonale standarder/guidelines ISO Carbon footprint of products Greenhouse Gas Protocol Product life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 2) PAS 2050:2011

18 ISO/DIS Carbon footprint of products Januar 2012 høringsfrist 6. juni 2012 Kap Treatment of electricity When a supplier of electricity can deliver a specific electricity product and guarantee that the electricity sale and the associated GHG emissions are not double counted, the data for that electricity shall be used for the product studied. When the supplier of electricity does not provide specific GHG data for the specific electricity product, the GHG emissions associated with the national grid where the life cycle stage occurs shall be used.

19 ISO/DIS Carbon footprint of products Januar 2012 høringsfrist 6. juni 2012 Kap Treatment of electricity Notes NOTE 1 Regarding double-counting, generator-specific emission factors for electricity used in a process could be used when: a) the process which used the electricity (or used an equivalent amount of electricity of the same type to that generated), and another process did not claim the generator-specific emission factors for that electricity; and b) the generator-specific electricity production does not influence the emission factors of any other process or organization. NOTE 2 In some countries parts of the electricity from renewable energy sources might already be sold/exported as green electricity, and should thus be excluded from the mix to avoid double counting. NOTE 3 Some "green certificates" are sold without coupling to the electricity, which might lead to double counting.

20 GHG Protocol standards Product life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (oktober 2011, rting%20standard.pdf ): When an electricity supplier can deliver a supplier-specific emission factor and these emissions are excluded from the regional emission factor, the supplier s electricity data should be used. Otherwise, companies should use a regional average emission factor for electricity to avoid double counting. Pågående arbeid om Power GHG Accounting Guidelines under Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (

21 Oppsummering status relevante standarder/guidelines Tilrettelegger for bruk av supplier-specific products til klimamerking, dersom dette ikke dobbelttelles. I tråd med: DIS 2012 for ny ISO-standard ISO Carbon Footprint of Products. Product Life Cycle and Reporting Standard (under The Greenhouse Gas Protocol), av oktober PAS 2050:2011 El-markedsdirektivets krav om info relatert til forbrukernes strømforbruk Bruke denne informasjonen i miljødokumentasjon.

22 Eksempler på bruk European Commission Environment: Green Public Procurement (GPP) Electricity ( ): Buy green electricity Core GPP Criteria: 50% of supplied electricity must come from renewable energy sources (verifisert med GOs) Svensk Energi, utarbeider Svensk Varedeklarasjon (ursprungsmärkning) %A4rkning/V%C3%A4gl%20ursprungsm%C3%A4rkning%20%202011_0829_inkl%20bilagor.pdf...användas som grund för miljö/klimatvärdering av elektrisitet. Systemet för ursprungsmärkning bör användas i den mån enskilda företag och privatpersoner vill följa upp miljö/klimateffekterna av sin elanvändning. Miljøvurdering av elektrisitet til fjernvarme (Miljövärdering Guide för allokering i kraftvärmeverk och fjärrvärmens elanvändning) I det fall fjärrvärmebolaget har ett avtal med elhandelsbolaget om produktionsspecifik el, till exempel förnybart eller fossilt, ska miljövärdena för produktionsspecifik el användas. I det fall ingen information finns om vilket elhandelsbolag som fjärrvärmebolaget har avtal med så används den nordiska residualmixen som grund för miljövärdering.

23 Skepsis til systemet i Norge Har GOs/Disclosure effekt på fornybar produksjon? Currently Electricity Disclosure has very low, or no, impact on the total production of electricity from renewable sources (Gillenwater, 2008, Raadal et al., 2012) For tidlig å evaluere systemet (10 års perspektiv med lave priser) Men: Hva er potensialet til systemet - finnes forskning som viser at systemet ikke har potensial til å bidra til økt produksjon?

24 Interaksjoner med TGC (El-cert) Obligatorisk system påvirker produksjonsmiks Quota System/TGC: Affect the production mix in a country over time (increased renewables) Electricity generation Customers Green customers voluntarily purchasing GOs Ordinary customers, purchasing electricity without any specific requirements Electricity Disclosure: Provide information about the customer s consumption mix Frivillig system påvirker forbruksmiks Disclosure related to the purchased GOs Disclosure related to the Production Electricity Mix, corrected by physical import/export and amount of relevant tracking systems (e.g. GO) = Residual Mix In the long-term, Electricity Disclosure together with a TGC system may implicit impact the total production of electricity from renewable sources when compared to a stand-alone TGC system, by leading to increased TGC targets (Raadal et al., 2012).

25 Muligheter for å påvirke fornybar produksjon? Akseptert generelt og i klimaregnskap/dokumentasjon Økt etterspørsel fra forbrukere? Økte priser? Økt produksjon? Gi mekanismene en mulighet til å virke?

26 Tidsperspektiv og felles virkemiddelbruk Viktig med et langsiktig tidsperspektiv GOs/Disclosure = én brikke i en stor virkemiddelpakke The increased use of electricity produced from renewable energy sources constitutes an important part of the package of measures needed to comply with the Kyoto Protocol (Renewable Energy Directive, 2009/28/EC) There are a number of good arguments for using a mix of instruments to address a specific environmental problem (OECD, 2007)

27 Kort oppsummering GOs/Electricity Disclosure allocates the environmental value of renewable electricity generation to the customers who are willing to pay for it creates a mechanism for a customer driven demand for renewable electricity Can supplement other measures (e.g. TGC) Fits well into the logic of a liberalised market where communication between suppliers and customers becomes a key element (Markard and Truffer, 2006)

28 Mer info om prosjektet Energy Trading and Environment 2020: rgy%20trading%20and%20the%20environmen t% aspx