Oppfattelse av eksponeringer Stadig lenger nord - Hva skjer med arbeidsmiljøet? Arctic safety summit 29.10.15 Stein Knardahl Avd for arbeidspsykologi og fysiologi, Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt Arbeidstid Varighet Tid på døgnet Skiftrotasjon Hvileperioder Måltider Valg av påvirkninger Eksponering under arbeid Fysiske: klima Mekaniske Psykologiske Sosiale Kjemiske Biologiske Organisering Transport Varighet arbeidsprioder Oppbemanning Nedbemanning Fusjon-fisjon Individegenskaper Kompetanse Evner Antakelser Holdninger Personlighetstrekk Fysiologisk predisposisjon Mekanismer Biologiske Psykologiske Sosiale Søvn og hvile Helse-relatert atferd Relasjon til familie Fritidsaktiviteter Ulykker Feil Unnlatelser Helse Plager Sykdom Arbeidsevne Sykefravær Produktivitet Output Effektivitet Problemløsning Motivasjon 1
Work in the arctic offshore petroleum industry CLIMATE Cold Wind Polar lows Work ability Health-problems ADAPTATION RESPONSES Response patterns: built-in programs ready for action 1. Alter attention and vigilance 2. Readiness for emergency action 3. Enhance endurance Priority: Energy supply 4. Specific responses Cold Heat Hemorrhage Diving response etc 2
Research on adaptating to cold exposure Physiology: mechanisms for adaptation Animal experiments Young healthy humans: submersion in water cold air, light clothing cold water in face/splash Medicine/physiology: mechanisms and treatment to increase the survivial of cells in conditions with low oxygen supply Cold exposure: potential problems Local injury of peripheral nerves, microcirculation, skin due to local cooling Hypothermia effects on cognitive functions Hypothermia systemic effects on heart, etc Acute effects of cold water submersion: cold shock response and diving response Effects of local cooling Effects of general cooling - Hypothermia 3
Work in the offshore petroleum industry Work periods last > 8 hrs - employees are not rested Work at night - Shift work Not all employees are young Diurnal rhythms (Circadian rhythms) 4
Cold + sleep deprivation vs cold: Greater decline attention Greater decline speeded/reaction time performance Effects of 29-h total sleep deprivation on local cold tolerance in humans. Sauvet F, Bourrilhon C, Besnard Y, Alonso A, Cottet-Emard JM, Savourey G, Launay JC. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2012 Sep;112(9):3239-50. Abstract To study the effects of a 29-h total sleep deprivation (TSD) on local cold tolerance, 10 healthy men immersed their right hand for 30 min in a 5 C water bath (CWI) after a 30-min rest period in a thermoneutral environment (Control), after a normal night (NN) and after a 29-h TSD. CWI was followed by a 30-min passive rewarming (Recovery). Finger 2 and 4 skin temperatures (Tfi2, Tfi4) and finger 2 cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) were monitored to study cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). Rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature ([Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were also measured. Blood samples were collected at the end of the Control, at the lower and at the first maximal Tfi2 values during CWI and at Recovery. Tfi2, Tfi4 and CVC did not differ after TSD at Control, whereas they were reduced during CWI (-2.6 ± 0.7 C for Tfi2; -2 ± 0.8 C for Tfi4, -79 ± 25% for relative CVC, P < 0.05) as during Recovery (-4.9 ± 1.9 C for Tfi2, -2.6 ± 1.8 C for Tfi4, -70 ± 22% for relative CVC, P < 0.05). After TSD, the lower CVC values appeared earlier during CWI (-59 ± 19.6 s, P < 0.05). After TSD at Control and CWI, plasma endothelin levels were higher and negatively correlated with Tfi2, Tfi4 and CVC. However, no effect of TSD was found on the number and amplitude of CIVD and in Tre, HR, BP and catecholamines, for all periods. We concluded that TSD induced thermal and vascular changes in the hand which impair the local cold tolerance, suggesting that TSD increases the risk of local cold injuries. 5
Effects of working in cold environments General conclusions: Cold exposure produces biphasic effects on cognitive function. Manual dexterity may be more affected by cold exposure at night. Sleep deprivation seems to reduce cold tolerance. Inadequate knowledge to draw conclusions on: Temperature and duration of cold exposure for cognitive functions to be reduced Cold tolerance during long work periods Cold tolerance during night work Cold tolerance during shift work Work in the arctic offshore petroleum industry CLIMATE DISTANCE Cold Wind Polar lows Fog Time window: seasons Transport Logistics SAR Icing Ice in sea Icebergs Job demands Work ability Health-problems Job factors Qualitative demands Time pressure Work hours Worry 6
Statfjord-undersøkelsen 1985 Work in the arctic offshore petroleum industry CLIMATE DISTANCE LIGHT- DARKNESS POLAR SEASONS Cold Wind Polar lows Fog Time window: seasons Transport Logistics SAR Icing Ice in sea Icebergs Job demands Work ability Health-problems Job factors Qualitative demands Time pressure Work hours Worry Sleep depriv Depressed-irritable SAD Polar T3 syndr 7