TAM TINH MOT LANG VIET:

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1 Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd TAM TINH MOT LANG VIET: DIEN GIAI Dl/OfI NHIEU CHIEU CANH ' ' NGUYEN CONG THAO 1. Dat van de Ram chech ve phia Ddng Bac ciia huyen Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi, vdi ten Ndm la Doe, Due Ndi la mot trong nhirng lang ed dien tich va dan sd Idn khdng chi trong pham vi dja phuong ma ea d viing ddng bang sdng Hdng'. Theo sd lieu thdng ke, tinh den thang 12 nam 2008, dan sd ciia lang Doe la ngudi, chiem 61% dan sd toan xa^. La mot lang thuan ndng, canh quan sinh thai trude day eiia lang Doe mang nhieu dang net dac trung ciia mot lang que Bac bd truyen thdng. Lang nam dge theo xu: ddng, bao quanh la luy tre xanh vdi he thdng cdng lang chfnh. Lang cd 2 dinh: Dinh Trung va Dinh Doai; va 2 chiia: Chiia khu Ddng va Chiia khu Trung-'. Vdi phan Idn ngudi dan d cac xa thude mien Ddng huyen, lang Dge khdng phai la cai ten xa la. Dieu nay xuat phat tir mot dac tinh duge cho la ndi bat ciia ngudi dan trong lang - tinh "dau gau". Day la khai niem ma ngudi dan d eac viing lan can ' Tinh den nhiing nam 1930, so lang c6 tren dan a viing dong bang va trung du Bac bg chi la 58 (Gouro. 1936). Theo Ngo Vi Lien (1999). dan so ciia lang Doc la nguai. Xa Viet Hiing c6 4 thon (lang): Due Ngi, Gia Lgc, Luang Quan va Lo Giao. ' Hien tugng mot lang c6 hai dinh la mot hien tugng ly thii dang duge quan tam khi nghien ciru vg lang Viet. Chung toi se tim hieu van de nay trong mot nghien cuu khaethudng diing de md ta khi ndi ve ngudi dan lang Dge. Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi tiep can khai niem "dau gau" tir 3 each dien giai: (I) Ciia nhirng ngudi lang lan can ve dan lang Dge; (2) Ciia ehinh ngudi dan lang Dge; va (3) Dudi gdc do Nhan hge sinh thai. Them vao dd, chiing tdi ciing xem xet qua trinh hinh thanh va bien ddi theo thdi gian ciia khai niem nay trong ehieu canh thdi gian qua viec phdng van ddi tugng d cac Idp tudi khae nhau. Khai niem "dau gau" ehung tdi de trong ngoae kep, xin khdng hieu theo each tieu cue thdng thudng. Chiing tdi tam sir dung khai niem nay, vi day la each ggi cua nhirng ngudi dan lang xung quanh khi ndi ve dan lang Dge. Cach diing khai niem nay bao ham nhieu y nghta, dudi mdi ehieu dien giai, mau sac y nghta eiia no kha khae nhau. each tiep can trong bai viet nay khdng di theo cac hudng vdn tirng phd bien trong viec phan loai lang Viet: lang nghe, lang khoa bang, lang budn, lang chai, lang thuan ndng... Theo quan diem ca nhan ciia ngudi viet, trong xu the phat trien hien nay, khd ed mot tieu chi don le nao ed the duge sir dung nhu mot can cir de phan loai mot hinh thirc td chirc da ehieu, da dang va linh hoat nhu lang Viet. Hon nira, bai viet nay tiep can lang Viet dudi gdc do "tam tinh cdng ddng", ndi nhu GS. Dao Duy Anh do la "thdi lang"

2 40 Nguyin Cong Thdo (Dao Du\ Anh. 2005). Tam tinh, thdi lang hav tinh each cua mot lang. mot trong nhirng thanh td tao nen dac tinh eua eu dan lang ky, c6 nhien ciing duge hinh thanh bdi nhieu ylu tl, va la san pham qua nhieu thdi ky Ijch su khae nhau. Chfnh vi the, mot "thdi lang" CO the mang tfnh tieu cue trong hoan canh nay, nhung Iai mang y nghta tfch cue trong hoan canh khae. Bai viet ben canh md ta mot "thdi lang" cu the. se ed gang ly giai ngudn gdc eiia no dudi nhieu gdc do, trong dd cd gdc do Nhan hgc sinh thai, tire la xem xet qua trinh hinh thanh tam tinh na> nhu la ket qua cua qua trinh ung phd. thfeh nghi vdi dieu kien tu nhien. xa hdi. Cd nhien. bai viet khong he phii nhan vai trd eiia eac yeu td khae nhu: kinh te. nhan khau. chfnh trj. 2. Phuong phap tiep can Nhan hge hien dai ludn de cao viec kit hop hai each tilp can: (1) Tir each tilp can ben trong. My cai nhin cua ddi tugng nghien ciru lam chuan, lam eo sd eho mgi sir diln giai (emic); (2) Tilp can tir ben ngoai, lay cai nhin eua nha nghien ciru lam chuan (etic) (Xem them: Grant Evan. 2001). Cd nhien. moi each tiep can diu ed diim manh. han che va chi phii hgp vdi nhirng bdi eanh nhat djnh. Trong mot sd trudng hgp, hai each tilp can nay dan din su dien giai khae nhau vl ciing mot hien tugng van hda (chang han nhu viec thieng hda Bd qua nghien ciru kinh dien eiia Marvin Harris d An Do; eanh tac nuong ray ciia Geertz d Indonesia). Tham ehf, ed nhirng trudng hgp, su khae biet dan den nhii-ng luan giai trai ngugc nhau. Diln hinh la quan niem vl v^n dl canh tac nuong ra>, cac van dl xac dinh toe danh, dac trun^ van hda ciia mot sd tdc ngudi d viing mien niii Ddng nam A (Keyes, 2002; Oscar Salemink, 2002). Vayda (1983) dl xuat hai phuong phap phan tich trong nghien cihi nhan hge: boi eanh hda dien tien va phan tfch tinh hudng (progressive contextualization and contextual analysis). Viec djeh hai khai niem nay nhu tren c6 thi chua thda dang ve mat ngon ngir nhung tiru ehung Iai: (1) Cach phan tieh theo hudng bii canh hda dien tien (progressive contextualization) xem xet mdi quan he tuong tac van hda theo 2 ehieu canh khong gian va thdi gian; (2) Trong khi each phan tfch tinh hudng (contextual analysis) nhin nhan cae mdi tuong tac van hda bang sir ket hgp quan diem ciia ca ddi tugng nghien ciru lan ciia nha nghien ciru. De dam bao tinh chinh xac, khach quan, viec ket hgp hai each tiep can tren la can thiet, nhat la trong xu the toan cau hoa nhu hien nay. Trong mot vai nghien ciru trude day, ed hgc gia cho rang "thdi lang" hay dae trung van hda ciia mot cdng dong thudng la mot sd dac tinh duge hinh thanh trong mot qua trinh Ijch sir nhat djnh, bj chi phdi bdi cae dieu kien kinh te, ehinh trj, xa hdi va thudng it thay ddi (Dao Duy Anh. 2005; Diep Dinh Hoa, 1990; Phan Dai Doan, 1992; Nguyen Quang Ngge, 1990). Tuy nhien, eac tac gia nay thudng nhin nhan cac dac tinh nay qua viec quan sat, ghi chep vdi tu each la nhirng hgc gia, tire la each tilp can tir ben ngoai (etic). Sir dien giai vi thi, dau cd nhieu no lire, it nhilu mang tinh chii quan ciia tac gia. Hon nija, eau hdi dat ra la lieu cd phai tat ea cac cdng ddng lang gilng ed ciing

3 Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd ehung chia se quan niem tren ve cai ggi la thoi lang" dd? Va lieu tat ca cac edng ddng lang gieng ay ciing chia se ehung mot nhan djnh? Tham chi, ban than trong cdng ddng ay ed hay khdng sir ddng thuan trong cam nhan ve chinh ban than hg? De giai dap van de nay, chiing tdi tien hanh phdng van ngudi dan d hai do tudi khae nhau, d hai lang khae nhau. Hai do tudi duge lira chgn la tren 50 va dudi 20. Viec lira chgn hai nhdm tudi nay xuat phat tir gia djnh hai nhdm tudi nay trai nghiem nhu-ng bien ddi kinh te, xa hdi (mot trai qua thdi bao cap, mot duge sinh ra sau thdi ky Ddi Mdi) va mdi trudng tu nhien khae nhau (mot sdng trong eanh quan sinh thai lang que dien hinh eiia lang Viet viing dong bang Bac Bd; mot trai nghiem qua trinh dd thj hda dang dien ra kha nhanh, da va dang pha vd canh quan sinh thai truyen thdng). Hai lang lang gieng duge lua chgn la lang Ld Khe, thude xa Lien Ha, nam d phia Ddng Bac va lang Td, thude xa Uy Nd, nam d phia Tay lang Ddc. Nghien ciru nay khdng cd dieu kien trien khai tren mot pham vi rdng, vdi mau phong van dii Idn d 3 lang (lang Ddc va 2 lang lang gieng). 6 mdi lang chiing tdi phong van ngau nhien 10 ngudi, trong dd 5 ngudi thude nhdm trung nien, 5 ngudi thude nhdm thanh nien. Ket qua nghien cuu vi the cd the chua dai dien het cho quan niem eua ngudi dan 3 lang. Tuy nhien, Igi the ciia ngudi nghien ciiu la sinh ra va Idn len d lang Ddc, cdng vdi mdi quan he xa hdi kha rdng vdi mot bd phan ngudi dan 2 lang nay. Vi thi, cam nhan hdi cd ciia tac gia se viia mang tinh chu the, vira mang tinh khach the. 3. Lang "dau gau", cai nhin tir hai ehieu canh 3.1. Tinh "ddu gau" cua ngudi lang Doc qua con mat ngudi ddn Idng Lo Khe Ld Khe la mot lang duge biet den tir lau vdi truyen thdng hat Ca trii, mot loai hinh nghe thuat hat ddc dao ciia ngudi Viet d ddng bang sdng Hdng. Lang nam each lang Dge khoang 2 km ve phia Ddng Bac. Dai bd phan ngudi duge phdng van d lang Ld Khe deu khang djnh dan lang Doc rat "dau gau" va hg dua ra nhirng dac tfnh ndi bat sau de md ta tfnh 'dau gau" ay: (i) Nghjeh nggm, hay danh nhau, ed tam ly tu tap theo dam ddng, bat nat nhung ngudi thien ha: thudng la cae nam thanh thieu nien; (ii) Ghe gdm, mieng ludi sac sao: danh cho nq- gidi; (iii) Budn ban thao vat, linh hoat: danh cho nhung ngudi phu nir chay chg: (iv) Hgc gidi nhq-ng mdn tu nhien nhung hieu ddng, tinh ranh: danh eho hge sinh phd thdng; (v) Thanh dat trong con dudng thi cir: ham y ti le thi dd dai hge cao. Trong nhan djnh ciia nhung ngudi duge phdng van, viec tranh va cham, xung dot, mau thuan vdi dan lang Ddc la "tranh voi chang xau mat nao". Ly giai eho nhung dac tfnh tren ciia dan lang Ddc, nhirng ly do duoc dua ra bao gdm: (i) Lang Ddc la mot lang Idn, ed dien tfch va dan sd gan nhu gap ddi, gap ba cac lang lang gieng; (ii) Lang Ddc nam d cira ngd giao thdng ndi cae xa mien Ddng eiia huyen Ddng Anh vdi trung tam hanh chi'nh, van hda, thuo-ng mai huyen. Ngudi dan cae xa nay phai thudng xuyen di qua lang Dge va vi the phai ne, sg dan lang Dge; (iii) Lang Ddc nam d vj tri gan trung

4 42 Nguyin Cong Thdo tam huyen nen budn ban thuan Igi, kinh te phat triln diu hon so vdi cae xa mien Ddng, vl thi cd dilu kien dau tu hgc hanh eho eon cai hon; (iv) Thanh nien lang Ddc thudng tu tap chai bdi theo nhdm ddng, hay bat nat thanh nien lang khae khi den lang Ddc choi, cung nhu sang lang khae gay su. Vi the, cac lang khae ngai va cham vdi hg Tinh "ddu gdu" cua ngudi lang Doc qua con mat ngudi dan lang Td Nhirng ngudi duge phdng van d lang To, ben eanh chia se quan diem vdi dan lang Ld Khe, ed nhijng cam nhan khae nhau ve ngudi dan lang Dge. Tfnh "dau gau" eiia dan lang Dge theo hg the hien d nhung diem sau: (i) Nam thanh nien lang Ddc thudng lieu ITnh va hay gay gd, bat nat ngudi la. ngudi yeu the hon (ve sd lugng va siic khde. do li Igm. lieu ITnh...); (ii) Phu nu lang Doc tinh ranh, budn mot ban mudi; (iii) Hoc sinh lang Ddc thdng minh, hge theo kieu lang tu. nghjeh nhung hge kha gioi (khae vdi hgc sinh Thuy Lam, ndi tilng hge gidi nhd su can eii, cham chi, 'hge gao": hay so vdi hge sinh d thj tran huyen hgc gioi nhd duge dau tu, hgc them, cd dilu kien hgc chuyen tii- sd-m''). Ciing theo nhdm duge phdng van nay, nhung dae tfnh tren eua dan lang Ddc duge hinh thanh xuat phat tii- nhirng dilu kien sau: (a) Dong hg d lang Ddc thudng Idn, hg doan ket va benh vuc. bao ve nhau; (b) Tinh be phai. tu tap thanh nhdm cua ngudi lang Dge cao. khi di budn ban. ra ngoai lang thudng Cach hieu nay kha pho bisn. nhat la khi ap dune \ai doi tugng la hgc sinh a truang Pho thong truna hoc Lien Ha. truang dau tien trong huyen dat chudn Quoc gia. CO kit theo nhdm tao nen uu the vdi cac cdng ddng khae; (c) Dan lang Ddc eo ban la thuan ndng, vi thi (gidng nhu dan xa Thuy Lam) con dudng hge la con dudng duy nhat de thoat ngheo. Dieu dd khien hg ed dong lire hgc tap. Cd the nhan thay. ddi tugng duge phdng van d hai lang tren ciing chia se mot vai nhan djnh ve dan lang Ddc. Dien hinh la viec hg ciing eho rang dan lang Ddc hay danh Ign, bat nat ngudi khae lang nhung kha thdng minh trong hge hanh. Hg deu c6 tam ly e de ngai va cham vdi dan lang Ddc. Dieu nay mot phan the hien d thue te la: (i) Dan lang Lo Khe ludn phai di qua lang Doc de len trung tam huyen, di budn ban, ra Ha Noi; (ii) Con em dan lang Td ludn phai di hgc qua lang Dge (trude kia, phan Idn hgc sinh a lang Td khi di hge cap III deu hgc d truo-ng Lien Ha). Tuy nhien, ben canh diem tuong dong tren, cung ed su khae biet. Su khdng triing hgp trong viec dua ra nhan djnh va ly giai ve "tam tinh" dan lang Ddc ciia ngudi lang Lo Khe va lang Td phan anh su khae biet ve mdi quan he, vj the xa hdi giira ban than hg va dan lang Ddc. Cu the la xuat phat tir nhung diem sau: (i) Lang Td, xet ve dien tfch va dan sd khdng he thua kem lang Doc, chfnh vi the. khae vdi ngudi Lo Khe, ho khdng thira nhan yeu td nay la eo sd tao dung nen tfnh 'dau gau" ciia dan lang Doc; (ii) Xet ve vj trf dja ly, lang Td nam gan trung tam huyen hon, chg huyen Iai md sat dia ban lang nen hg khdng phai chju canh "tranh voi chang xau mat nao" nhu ngudi Lo Khe. Dan lang Ddc phai di qua lang To nhieu hon so vdi dan lang Td phai di qua

5 Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd5 ~ dan lang Ddc\ Vi the, dan lang Td khdng 'sg" dan lang Ddc nhu dan lang Ld Khe, dan lang Dge ciing it dau gau" vdi dan lang Td hon: (iii) Xet ve kinh te. vj trf nam gan trung tam hanh chinh. chfnh trj. kinh te ciia huyen phan nao giup eho dan lang Td khdng he thua kem dan lang Dge. neu khdng ndi la cd phan ndi trdi hon^. Cd le vi the hg khdng bien giai dieu kien kinh te nhu la yeu td giiip hgc sinh lang Ddc hgc gidi. De lam rd hon nhan djnh ve dan lang Ddc, chiing tdi tiep tuc so sanh theo nhdm tudi cua ngudi duge phdng van d hai lang Tinh "ddu gdu" cda ngudi lang Doc qua su dien gidi cua tdng l&p trung nien a hai lang Diem tuong ddng giira hai nhdm trung nien o- hai lang khi nhan djnh ve dan lang Dge bao gdm: (i) Dan lang Ddc hay be phai, bat nat nhirng ngudi lang khae; (ii) Dan lang Ddc thao vat trong lam an, budn ban. Su tuong ddng nay ciing duge ly giai bdi cac yeu td vj tri dja ly, dan sd nhu da trinh bay d tren. Tuy nhien, hg cung ddng thdi dua ra nhung nhan djnh rieng: (i) Nhdm d lang Ld Khe eho rang phu nu lang Ddc ghe gdm, sac sao trong khi nhung ngudi ddng nien vdi hg d lang Td thi quan niem phu riu lang Doe thao vat, dam dang. Su khae biet nay khdng Co the noi trong cac lang lang gieng cua lang Doc. lang To la lang duge eoi la lang duy nhat sanh ngang \ai lang Doc ve do "dau gau"". Dau nhcrng nam 1990, giija hai lang da xav ra mot.\6 xat Ion xuat phat tir su xich mich giiia hai gia dinh a hai lang. Dinh diem eiia mau thuan nay la ca mot dong hg a lang Dge nira dem bat ngo tap kich lang To. dot chay nha ciia gia dinh CO mau thuan. Su kien nay dan den moi quan he cang thang giii-a hai lang trong mot thai gian dai. ' Dieu nay c6 th6 cam nhan duge qua quan sat so sanh eanh quan. dien mao nha cira ciia hai lang. chi don thuan d mat tir ngu. ma bieu hien eu the qua the irng xir. Cho den tan ngay nay, cd rat it thanh nien lang Ld Khe ket hdn vdi con gai lang Dge trong khi xu the nay cang trd nen phd bien d lang Td. (ii) Trong khi nhdm d lang Ld Khe eho rang khd cd the quan he than thiet, binh dang vdi ngudi lang Ddc thi nhdm d lang Td van cho rang day khdng phai la mot trd ngai. Cd the thay tam ly e ngai dan lang Ddc d ngudi Ld Khe rd rang hon so vdi d ngudi lang Td. Nen biet rang trong Ijch sir va ea hien tai, hau nhu chua cd xung dot nao dang ke giira lang Ld Khe vdi lang Dge trong khi giua lang Dge vdi lang Td Iai thudng xuyen ed xung dot, tranh chap (khdng chi don thuan la danh Idn giira tang Idp thanh nien). Day la diem kha thii vj, can nhung nghien ciiu sau ho'n trong tuong Iai Tinh "ddu gdu" cua ngudi lang Doc qua su dien gidi cua tdng Idp thanh nien ff hai Idng Trong khi nhdm trung nien duge phdng van d hai lang dua ra 2 nhan djnh tuong ddng, thi nhdm thanh nien chia se 3 mdi tuong ddng: (i) Dan lang Ddc hay be phai, bat nat nhung ngudi lang khae; (ii) Dan lang Ddc nghjeh nhung thdng minh, hgc theo kieu "lang tir", thien ve cac mdn tu nhien; (iii) Dan lang Dge "ehju choi" va "thoang": khai niem chju choi, thoang d day bao ham y chi tieu rdng rai, dau tu cho an mac, xe eg, an udng, quan he xa hdi. Cung gidng nhu da trinh bay d tren, cae yeu td dan sd, vj trf dja ly, gan ket xa hdi duge nhdm nay ciing dua ra de ly giai cho 3 nhan djnh nay. Diem khae biet duy nhat giua

6 44 Nguyen Cong Thdo hai nhom nay dua ra. kha thii vi, cung triing lap vdi su khae biet ma nhdm trung nien dua ra: (i) Thanh nien lang Lo Khe e ngai thanh nien lang Ddc va cam thay khd ket than, lam ban binh dang. Hg nhu cd cam giac ""yeu the hon" va se bj thua thiet hoac bj anh hudng xau neu choi vdi thanh nien lang Ddc; (ii) Thanh nien lang Td khdng cd cam giac nay. tham chi hg cdn cho rang eon duge hinh thanh tir kha sdm, tii- thdi An Duong Vuong dung thanh Cd Loa. Theo sii sach, ten ggi cd xua cua lang la Cd Van Trang. Lang duge hinh thanh tren eo sd la trai linh, ddng d phia Tay Bac thanh Co Loa. Vi the tinh than thugng vd eiia dan lang Dge 6ugc hun diic tii- kha sdm; (ii) Tinh than thugng vd tiep tuc duge phat huy theo ehieu dai Ijch sir. Dien hinh la vao thdi gai lang Ddc la hinh mau de lay lam vg. Su khang giac Minh, tudng Ngd De tren dudng hien dien cua hai ehieu canh tam ly nay ve tu quan vdi dai quan ciia Le Lgi da dimg duoc giai thfeh nhu sau: (i) Thanh nien lang chan tuyen binh tai lang va sau nay lap Ld Khe cho rang thanh nien lang Ddc ludn cdng Idn. Hien nay dng van duge ngudi dan ke ca. coi minh la be tren va gidi hon so vdi lang thd phung; (iii) Ngudi dan lang Doc c6 hg: (ii) Thanh nien lang Td thi eho rang tinh than hieu hgc, va thue te la hge luc kha thanh nien lang Dge dii cd nhung diim ndi trdi so vdi cae lang xung quanh. Ti le khong tdt nhung ""choi duge". hgc sinh d cae Idp chuyen ciia trudng t r^.,,,^i x,,.,, huyen, thi hoc sinh gidi, dd dai hoc trone 4. Tinh "dau gau" cua nguoi lang ". T n- J--.,.,... lang ludn cao va dn dinh; (iv) Ngoai nghe Doc qua su dien giai cua nguoi dan. ' v / & & i< y^- ndng, ngudi dan lang Dge ket hgp lam nhieu nghe khae. Budn ban la mot vi du. Dieu dang chii y ma ehiing tdi nhan chg Td la chg trung tam huyen, lang Doc thay khi phdng van ngudi dan lang Ddc la cd khdng phai la lang nam gan chg nhat nhung su- khae biet Idn giq-a hai nhdm ddi tugng sg ngudi budn ban d chg Td da sd la ngudi dug-c phdng van khi djnh nghta va diln giai i^ng Ogc. Vi thi, thue luc kinh tl ciia lang ve tfnh "dau gau" ma hg duge eac eu dan cung manh va diu hon so vdi nhq-ng ngudi lang gieng gan cho.,^ng gilng; (v) Lang Dge tir sdm da c Su diin gidi cua tdng lop "h'^u ngudi "thoat li" lam nha nude, d Ha trung nien Ndi, cac thanh phd Idn, di nude ngoai. Kha thu vj la tat ea ddi tugng thuoc ^am ly le tren duge dua ra de bien nhom nay diu tir choi cai ggi la tinh "dau "^'"h vi sao ngudi dan lang Dge duge cac gau". Theo hg, ngudi dan cae lang lan can cue doan hda" hay cd tinh ndi tham xung tinh each cua ngudi dan lang Ddc. Phu nhan thuoc tfnh nay, hg cho rang dae tfnh ndi trdi cua hg thue chat la "dam dang", 'hilu hge" va thugng vd". Bien minh cho lap luan nay, ho dua ra nhung ly le sau: (i) Lang Ddc '^"g khae "vj nl", tham chi dd kj dl roi gan gh^p ^ho cai dae tinh ma khdng ngudi dan 'ang Viet nao mudn nhan. Khdng thi phii nhan nhirng lap luan tren hoan toan mang tfnh chii quan va tham dam mau sac tu dl cao minh. Tuy nhien, kr\ chira dang sau nhirng ly le ky la tinh logic nhat djnh va no

7 Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd duge bieu hien qua su thira nhan eiia chfnh nhung cu dan lang gieng Sii' dien gidi cua nhung chu nhdn tifffng Iai Idng Doc Khae vdi tang Idp cha chii. ddi tugng thanh nien khi duge hdi khdng he dj irng vdi cai ggi la tinh dau gau" ma hg duge gan cho. Tuy nhien, hg ciing khdng hoan toan dong y vdi nhung nhan djnh dd. Bien dan rang khdng phai bat cu ai vao lang Ddc cung bj bat nat, hg eho rang chi nhitmg ngudi ngdng nghenh", va khdng tdn trgng tap quan ciia lang Ddc mdi bj 'hdi tham". Theo nhom nay, ' dau gau" phai hieu theo cae nghta sau: (i) Khdng nhiit nhat, sg- ke manh; (ii) Khdng xu njnh, sdng thang than, khdng can kheo leo gia tao. Khdng ngac nhien trude tam ly e ngai tir phia nhung ngudi lang gieng, nhdm thanh nien duge phdng van eho rang dieu nay xuat phat tir thue te sau: (i) Ngudi lang Ddc doan ket. benh virc. bao ve nhau trong mgi tinh huong; (ii) Ngudi lang Ddc sdng 'quan tir". ro rang: (iii) Thanh nien lang Ddc hgc ra hgc ma choi ra choi. 5. Su dien giai nhin tir gdc do Nhan hoc sinh thai Cae each dien giai tren, rd rang dii nhin d ehieu canh nao cung khd ed the thda man va mang tfnh khach quan tuyet ddi. Nhung nhan dinh, ly le neu dung trong bdi canh nay thi ed the Iai bj hoai nghi khi dat trong mdi quan he, ddi tugng, bdi canh khae. Ngoai nhirng yeu td Ijch sir, vj tri dja ly, dan sd, kinh te, theo ehung tdi can xem xet den yeu td mdi trudng sinh thai. Nguyen Tir Chi (1996) dua ra nhung phan tich rat bien chiing ve su anh hudng cua mdi trudng song trong viec tao dung tfnh each khae nhau giua ngudi Viet d mien Bac va ngudi Viet d mien Nam. Ciing nhq-ng yeu td van hda, Ijch six, chfnh trj, dng eho rang chfnh dieu kien thien nhien uu dai, tai nguyen da dang va ddi dao viing ddng bang Sdng Cuu Long da hun diic nen tinh phdng khoang, rdng rai, hieu khach eiia ngudi Nam Bd. Tran Quoc Vugng (2005) eung cho rang dieu kien thien nhien khae nghiet o' mien trung da tao khien ngudi dan d day sdng khae khd, ha tien, va hgc rat gioi nhu la ddng luc de thoat ngheo^. Rambo (1973) cung cho rang su khan hiem tai nguyen dat va dieu kien tir nhien khae nghiet d ddng bang sdng Hdng da khien eho su gan ket xa hoi eiia ngudi dan d khu vuc nay ben chat hon so vdi d ddng bang sdng Ciru Long (noi dat dai phi nhieu, dieu kien sdng thuan Igi hon). Hang loat nghien ciru ciia cae hgc gia thdi trung ed va can dai d chau Au va Nam A cung da xem xet mdi quan he giua cac dac diem sinh thai va tfnh each ciia nhung cdng ddng cu dan sinh sdng d dd. Tuu trung Iai, nhung nghien ciru dd eho rang, dieu kien sinh thai ed vai trd quan trgng trong viec tao dung nen cac dae diem tam ly, van hda xa hdi (Nguyen Cdng Thao, 2009). Cd the thay, diem ndi trdi trong dac tinh "dau gau" eiia dan lang Ddc la su vj ne, e ngai tir phi'a nhung ngudi lang gieng. Tfnh each eiia hg, tuu trung Iai theo danh gia ciia nhung ngudi lang khae la manh me, hilu chien, thao vat va thdng minh. Cau hdi dat ra la ed hay khdng su anh hudng ciia cac yeu td sinh thai trong qua trinh hinh thanh nen Ve dieiii nay. dan gian van luu truven cau chuyen ca go o viing Thanh - Nghe xua.

8 46 Nguyin Cong Thdo nhung dac tinh nay? Theo quan sat ciia ngudi vilt, cau tra Idi la ed va dieu dd cd the ly giai bang nhung lap luan sau: Thir nhdt, mac dii the dat ciia lang Dge kha thap so vdi eac lang khac^ nhung the khu ddng Iai cao \a khdng bang phang. So vdi eac lang lang gieng. theo quan sat eua ngudi viet. he thdng thiiy lgi d khu ddng lang Dge khong phat trien. rat ft khu ddng cd he thong kenh muong theo md hinh xuo-ng ea. Viec tudi nude cho cay trdng chu yeu thong qua tat gdu giai - mot hinh thirc lay nude vat va, ddi hdi phai ed ft nhat 2 ngudi (4 ngudi hoac hon neu rugng d xa ngudn nude). Khi vao miia gieo trdng, cay lua trd dong. de dam bao cung cap nude kjp thdi eho viec lam dat hay sinh trudng ciia cay, cac hg dan lang Ddc thudng phai day tii- rat sdm de tat nude. He thdng kenh muong qua it khien nhieu thira rugng phai ehung mot chdi nude. va vi the nhieu hg gia dinh phai giir chdi nude tii- sdm. tham chi tir dem hdm trude. Viec siit ehd duoc danh giau bang each dat me non, khau tat nude len mieng choi. Thdng thudng ngudi dan tdn trgng tin hieu nay nhung trong mot sd trudng hgp nhung tranh cai vln xay ra (Vf du nhu khi me non, khau tat nude bj gid thdi bay; hd giu- choi nude tii- hdm trude nhung hdm sau ra tat nude qua mugn...). Khd ed thi tim thay mot lang nao d cac xa miln Ddng huyen Ddng Anh noi ma viec tat nude vlt va 'Doc. theo each giai thich cua nguoi dan. bat ngusn tu Doc - nghta la con lin. hoac cung c6 nahta la the dat thap. ' Da\ la khai niem dan lang Doc diing ds chi noi tat nuoc tir kenh. muang vao rugng. hoac^trirc uip. hoac thong qua ngoi nude nho dan nuoc tir choi nuac vao ruong. Trong nhieu truong hgp. nguai dan phai dan nuoc qua thua rugng lisn kk v ao ruong nha minh va chiem nhieu thdi gian nhu d lang Doc. 0 xa Due Tu, Lien Ha (noi cd lang Ld Khe), Uy No (noi cd lang Td) la mot vf du. Theo quan sat eiia ngudi viet, he thdng kenh muong d day rat phat trien, duge td chirc theo hinh xuong ca. Cac khu ddng Iai thsp va kha bang phang. Viec tudi tieu vi th^ thuan lgi hon so vdi d lang Ddc rat nhieu. Ket qua phdng van hdi cd ciing eho thsy ngudi dan d cae xa nay thira nhan hg thuan lgi hon dang ke so vdi dan lang Ddc trong viec tudi tieu cho miia vu tir xa xua. Xuat phat tir dac diem nay, nhu cau lien ket (sau dd la doan ket), hgp tac giq-a cac hd trong viec tudi tieu la rat quan trgng. Ben canh do. ca tinh manh (ma ndi nhu nhirng ngudi dan lang lang gieng la tfnh "dau gau") eung hinh thanh tii- viec tranh gianh quyen khai thae chdi nude (nhat la khi nude duge coi nhu yeu td quan trgng hang dau trong eanh tac lua d ngudi Viet). Thir hai. the dat eiia lang Ddc trai dai tren mot deo dat chirng 3 km vdi be rong khoang 1 km. Tir rat sdm ngudi dan d day tu eu kha mat tap, sdng lien ke nhau. He thdng giao thdng trong lang rat phire tap vdi nhieu ngd nhd thdng nhau. Cam giac ciia bat cir ngudi ngoai lang nao khi lan dau tien vao lang Dge ciing la sir lat leo dudng di loi Iai, rat de bj lac. Day duge coi la yeu td kha dae trung cua lang Dge trong con mat ciia nhung ngudi dan lang gilng (giao thdng noi lang d Lang Lo Khe, Td, Due Tu duge to chirc theo hinh xuong ca, rat dl djnh hudng va tim dudng di). Dac diem nay tao ra lgi the phdng thii cho ngudi dan lang Ddc, han che sir xam nhap ciia ngudi la va tao ra tinh lien kit giu:a cae hd gia dinh, giq-a cae khu trong lang vdi nhau.

9 Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd Thir ba, lang Dge cung cd dae diim sinh thai nhan van kha rieng biet. Moi ngd (dii to hay nhd, dai hay ngin) trong lang diu CO mot mieu thd (ddi tugng duge thd da dang: than dat, thd ma, thd chii dat dau ngd...). Sir tdn tai cua he thdng milu nay tao nen bau khdng khi linh thieng eiia lang. Theo Idi ke ciia nhong ngudi gia (ea d lang Dge va ngoai lang), vao budi tdi, neu di trong lang Ddc mot minh, ngudi yeu bdng via se ed cam giac ran rgn khi di qua hang loat mieu thd duge thap huong le Idi dudi nhung rang tre. Dac biet hon nu'a la sir tin tai eiia hang loat eac dja diem linh thieng, duge coi la ed ma d trong lang (Nguyen Cong Thao. 2008). Mau sac huyin bf duge to ve eho nhung khdng gian nay khien ehung tra nen linh thieng hang vai thap ky. Chinh su chia se niem tin linh thieng nay la mot trong nhirng yeu td quan trgng, la sgi chi dd gan ket eac thanh vien trong lang va tao ra mot siic manh vd hinh ddi vdi nhu'ng ngudi dan ngoai lang. 6. Ket luan Mdi lang Viet d viing ddng bang sdng Hong, nhu nhieu hge gia da tiing nhan djnh, ben canh nhung net van hda ehung thudng mang nhung dac tfnh rieng. Dieu nay viia tao nen biic tranh van hda da dang eua van hda lang Viet, vira duy tri nhqng gia trj ehung eiia mot tdc ngudi chiem sd lugng da sd d Viet Nam. Nhung dac tfnh rieng duge hinh thanh bdi nhieu yeu td khae nhau: cd the la dieu kien sinh thai (lang chai, lang tren sdng, lang trung du); CO the la hoat ddng kinh te (lang budn, lang nghe); truyen thdng van hda (lang khoabang, lang ca trii)... Tuy nhien, net dac trung ve mat tam tinh nhu d lang Ddc la mot hien tugng ddc dao, dau rang nd cd the khdng phai la duy nhat. Trong sd nhq-ng lang lang gieng ciia lang Ddc, cqng ed the tim thay dac tinh noi trdi ciia mdi lang: lang Thuy Lam ndi tilng vdi tinh than hieu hgc; lang Lo Khe ndi tieng vdi tai budn ban; lang Quay ndi tilng vdi su kheo leo lam nghe thii edng; lang Gia Lgc, Due Tu ndi tieng vdi due tfnh hien lanh, cham chi... Dieu ly thii d day la, nlu nhu phan Idn eac lang nay duge biet den vdi nhung tinh each mang mau sac tfch cue thuan tiiy thi ngudi lang Ddc tir lau duge biet den vdi tfnh each mang nhieu y nghta. Nd cd the tfch cue (xet ve khfa canh hgc hanh, lam an), nhung cung Iai ed the mang y nghta tieu cue (xet trong pham vi hay sti' dung bao luc). Sir da dien ve y nghta nay ddi hdi each tiep can, dien giai lien nganh. Mdi mot each ly giai tren deu ed tinh thuyet phue va deu cd the bj hoai nghi ve tfnh khach quan. Khdng mot each giai thich don le nao ed the dien giai duge trgn ven eho su tdn tai eua cai ggi la "tinh dau gau" eiia dan lang Ddc. Su hinh thanh dac tfnh nay, theo quan diem eiia ngudi viet, la ket qua eiia nhieu yeu td khae nhau va can phai duge nhin nhan dudi nhieu ehieu eanh. Bai viet nay chi tam thdi dua ra mot vai su dien giai va ehae chan chua the trgn ven. De ed cai nhin toan dien, mang tfnh Ijch su ve dae tfnh "dae biet nay", can phai tiep tue ed nhung nghien ciru sau va lien ket giua nhieu nganh khoa hgc khae nhau.

10 48 Nguyin Cong Thdo Tai lieu tham khao 1. Dao Duy Anh (2005), Dat nude Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb Van hda thdng tin. Ha Ndi. 2. Nguyin Tii Chi (1984), Co cdu td chiec cua Idng Viet cd truyen o Bdc Bd, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi. 3. Nguyen Tii' Chi (1996), Gdp phdn nghien ciru vdn hoa vd tdc ngudi, Nxb Van hda thdng tin, Ha Ngi. 4. Phan Dai Doan (1992), Lang Viet Nam, mot.sd vdn de kinh te xd hdi, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ndi; Nxb Mui Ca Mau. 5. Phan Dai Doan (2004), May vdn di ve vdn hda Idng xd Viet Nam trong lich sir, Nxb Chfnh trj qude gia. Ha Ndi. 6. Grant Evan (2001). Birc kham vdn hoa chdu A. tiep can Nhdn hoc. Nxb Van hda dan tdc. Ha Ndi (ban djeh). 7. Charles Keyes (2002), "The Peoples of Asia': Science and Polities in Ethnic Classification in Thailand, China and Vietnam", Journal of Asian Studies 61(4): Diep Dinh Hoa (2000), Ngudi Viet d dong bdng Bdc Bd, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ndi. 9. Ngd Vi Lien (1999), Ten lang xd vd dia du cdc tmh Bdc Ky, Ban djeh, Nxb Van hda thdng tin. 10. Nguyen Quang Ngge (ddng tac gia) (1990), Tim hieu lang Viet, Nxb Khoa hge xa hdi. 11. Terry Rambo (1973), A comparison of peasant social systems of Northern and Southern Viet-Nam, a study of ecological adaptation, social succession, and cultural evolution. Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. 12. Oscar Salemink (chii bien) (2002), Tinh da dgng ciia Vdn hda Viet Nam: Nhimg tiep can ve sir bdo tdn, UNESCO/Trung tam Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van Qude gia. 13. Nguyen Cdng Thao (2008), "Sir bien mat ciia nhu'ng bdng ma, tiep can dudi gdc do Nhan hgc Sinh thai", trong: Sir biin ddi tdn giao tin nguong d Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb The gidi. 14. Nguyen Cdng Thao (2009), "Nghien ciru ve mdi quan he giu'a con ngudi va mdi trudng, mot chang dudng nhin Iai", Tgp chi Nghien ciru phdt trien ben vimg, Sd Andrew P. Vayda (1983), "Progressive contextualization: Methods for research in human ecology". Human ecology. Volume 11, Number Tran Qude Vugng (2005), Moi trudng, con ngudi vd vdn hda, Nxb Van hoa thdng tin, Vien Van hda. Ha Ndi.