Quaternary geological mapping of Central Fennoscandia and Nordland: Deglaciation, deposition, stratigraphy and applications. Terje H.

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1 Quaternary geological mapping of Central Fennoscandia and Nordland: Deglaciation, deposition, stratigraphy and applications Terje H. Bargel May 2003 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering The Norwegian University of Science and technology Dissertation submitted of the requirements for the academic degree DOCTOR INGENIØR

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3 Growing older has the inherent possibility of spending more time doing what we want to do and not being so tied to what we need to do. (Common wisdom) 3

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5 Abstract Bargel, T.H. 2003: Quaternary geological mapping of Central Fennoscandia and Nordland: Deglaciation, deposition, stratigraphy and applications. Doktor Ingeniør Thesis. Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, NTNU, 324 pp., 9 enclosures. The thesis describes firstly the development of Quaternary geological mapping in Norway with special emphasis on different scales and the use of the maps for engineering purposes. Maps at small scales (1:50,000-1:1,000,000) have the disadvantages that they show general information and few details. However, these maps are not intended for showing details but to indicate where to find areas suited for production of minerogenic resources, ground water, cleaning of waste water, earth heating systems, buffering of acid rain, plant production, recreation, geo-hazards such as clay slides and construction. Most of these activities/uses are located to areas with thick surficial deposits. As less than 10 % of the area of Norway has such qualities, it is important to use the areas optimally, and the maps may be helpful in planning such use. Regional Quaternary geological maps at small scales from Central Fennoscandia (1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000) that show the distribution of the surficial deposits, glacial geomorphology, ice-flow indicators and stratigraphy onshore and on the shelf areas, and a map of the surficial deposits of the County of Nordland (1:250,000) are described. These enclosed maps are fundamental parts of this thesis, and they demonstrate clearly the importance of the Caledonian mountain chain for the distribution of the surficial deposits left by the Fennoscandian ice sheet. Most of the surficial deposits are located to the east of the mountain chain, which shows a conservational or even a depositional regime in this area, probably because of long periods where a cold-based ice situation prevailed. On the western side of the mountain chain the temperate glaciers ("warm-based" ice) had a tremendous erosive effect during several glaciations that have produced the dissected Norwegian coast and left sparse surficial deposits. As the glaciation centre was located east of the mountain chain during the Late Weichselian glaciation, the ice flow to the west was most intense where the lowest pass points were situated. Consequently, the ice flow in these areas was probably very sensitive to changes in the glacier volume as the ice was temperate and quite mobile. Surges and fast flowing ice streams could have been common phenomena. This can probably explain the rapid changes in the position of the glacier margin that are reported along the coast of Norway where, e.g. up to ten glacial stadials are recorded during Late- and Postglacial times. The ice flow probably also had its greatest endurance along these lowest areas. Another consequence of the concentrated ice flow was probably that the marginal zone of the glacier during the latest phases of the deglaciation had a substantially more lobe-like appearance than presented in earlier glacial models. Two areas of Northern Norway where pronounced ice lobes probably existed have been studied in this thesis, the Lofoten and the Bindal-Tosen areas. In Lofoten, ice lobes from the huge Vestfjorden glacier that was flowing towards southwest and the local glaciers in the Lofoten mountains coalesced and ice lobes were directed northwards through the north-south-trending sounds towards the shelf edge at the last glacial maximum. At the end of the deglaciation of this area, an ice readvance probably deposited a few end moraines in the sounds in the western part of Lofoten, the Lofoten event. This readvance is tentatively dated to c ka BP or may be younger, but is definitely older than 11 ka BP. In the Bindal-Tosen area three main glacier readvances are recorded, namely the Heilhornet event in two episodes that are older than 10.6 ka BP and c ka BP, respectively; the Breidvika event at c ka BP and the Vassås event at c. 9.8 ka BP. Based on moraine morphology and stratigraphic evidence, strong topographic deviations of the ice flow and a dynamic active ice margin are recorded. The ice supply to the area changed markedly from the northeast and east to the southeast as the ice flow across the high-altitude easterly pass points ceased. The latest ice flow was channeled through the lowermost part of the mountain chain, the Namsvatnet area, which is situated at only c m a.s.l. 5

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7 Acknowledgements The present work has been carried out in the Quaternary Geological Section, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) where I have been fully employed since The thesis is based on four Quaternary geological maps, the compilation of which was financed by NGU, the Geological Surveys of Finland (GTK) and Sweden (SGU) and Nordland County. I have financed the detailed fieldwork reported in this thesis myself. As a doctoral student at the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), I have benefited from the Department's resources, a support that is greatly acknowledged. This thesis would hardly have been realized without the inspiration and belief imparted by Professor Kåre Rokoengen at the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering at the NTNU, to whom I address my sincere thanks. I also want to express my thanks to all my co-operative partners during the Mid-Norden Project, namely Kalevi Mäkinen and Keijo Nenonen and their co-workers at the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), and Robert Lagerbäck and his co-workers at the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) who performed most of the geological work in the Finnish and Swedish areas, respectively, of the Maps of Central Fennoscandia and to the Norwegian leader of the Mid-Norden Project, Ron Boyd, who also corrected the English language in most of the thesis. David Roberts kindly improved the English language in parts of the thesis. Thanks also to the staff of the GIS Section at NGU for digitising the Norwegian material and to Per Larsson, SGU who compiled the Central Fennoscandian maps and made them printable. Thoughts are also sent to the "father" of the Mid-Norden Project, the late Gunnar Kautsky who unfortunately died last October. The compilation of the Quaternary Geological map of the County of Nordland was possible thanks to the former director of the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) Knut S. Heier. The GIS Section at NGU also performed all the digitising of this map. Thanks also to colleagues in the Quaternary Geology Section at NGU for inspiration and support. After fourteen years in an administrative career path, I was allowed to concentrate fully on the thesis without interference. Special thanks are addressed to Louise Hansen for introducing me to the magic world of Adobe Illustrator and to Lars Olsen for co-operation in the Mid-Norden Project and for unfailing encouragement when discussing problems and commenting on drafts as an external adviser. Finally, special thanks to Helen for love and patience, to Renée and Kari for understanding and belief and to Monica, Joakim, Malin and Kristian who have shown me the real meaning of life. Trondheim, May

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15 ENCLOSURES 1. Maps of Quaternary geology in Central Fennoscandia, sheet 1: Quaternary Deposits, scale 1:1,000,000 (small-scale reproduction). 2. Maps of Quaternary geology in Central Fennoscandia, sheet 2: Glacial Geomorphology and Palaeohydrography, scale 1:1,000,000 (small-scale reproduction). 3. Maps of Quaternary geology in Central Fennoscandia, sheet 3: Ice-flow Indicators, scale 1:1,000,000, and Quaternary stratigraphy, scale 1: 2,000,000 (small-scale reproduction). 4. Quaternary geology in the County of Nordland, scale 1:400,000 (small-scale reproduction). 5. End moraines etc. in the Norwegian part of the Central Fennoscandia and Nordland. 6. Correlation chart for the Weichselian in Central Norway. 7. Map of geographical names (the Norwegian part of the Central Fennoscandia and Nordland). 8. CD-ROM with printable PDF-files of maps Map of geographical names (Central Fennoscandia). 323

16 COMMENTS ON THE ENCLOSURES Enclosure 1-4 are reproductions of the Quaternary geological maps, here shown in reduced scales of approximately 1:3.7 million (Central Fennoscandian Quaternary deposits, Geomorphology and palaeohydrography and Ice flow indicators maps), 1:7.5 million (Central Fennoscandian Stratigraphy map) and c. 1:1.35 million (Nordland map). Enclosure 5 is compiled based on material published by: Andersen 1968 (Troms) Andersen 1975 (N. Nordland) Rokoengen 1979 (The shelf) Sollid & Sørbel 1979, 1981 (Møre and Trøndelag) Rokoengen et al (The shelf) Andersen et al (Nordland) Follestad 1984, 1986 (Møre) Rasmussen 1984 (Vesterålen) King et al (The shelf) Bergstrøm 1995 (C. Nordland) Rokoengen et al (The shelf) Bargel & Olsen 1996 (C. Nordland) Fjalstad 1997 (Andøya) Sveian 1997 (N. Trøndelag) Reite et al (S. Trøndelag) Rokoengen & Frengstad 1999 (The shelf) Bergstrøm et al (N. Nordland) Bergstrøm et al (S. Troms) Rø et al (S. Trøndelag) Olsen 2002 (N. Nordland) Olsen et. al. 2000a, b Vorren & Plassen 2002 (Andøya and Andfjorden) Bargel 2003 (Lofoten and S. Nordland) (this thesis) Enclosure 8 (CD-ROM) contains the following files: MNjordkarta.pdf 25,591 kb Central Fennoscandia: Quaternary Deposits MNgeomorfkarta.pdf 29,194 kb Central Fennoscandia: Glacial Geomorphology and Palaeohydrography MNisraffkarta.pdf 6,519 kb Central Fennoscandia: Ice-flow Indicators and Quaternary stratigraphy Nordland.pdf 96,725 kb Quaternary geology in the County of Nordland Nordland.tif 50,315 kb Quaternary geology in the County of Nordland Nordland.jpg 2,908 kb Quaternary geology in the County of Nordland 324