v/;k; 12% leiw.kz lalkj

Transkript

1 v/;k; 12% leiw.kz lalkj

2 300 mudk thou Hk; ls ckgj gs] elhgh yksx xqir esa ijes'oj ds opu dks lqurs] i<+rs vkjs iz'kalk ds xhr xkrs FksA fiz; fe=kks] gekjs izhkq us nq[k mbk;k rkfd og gekj s ikiksa dks mbk ys tk ldsa blesa dksbz vk'p;z ugh fd gesa Hkh mlds fy, nq[k mbkuk gsa vr;kpkj ls gjs ku er gks gesa izr;{k Kku gks jgk gsa ;h'kq us dgk gs] Þ;fn dksbz euq"; esjs ihns vkuk pkgs] rks og viuk Øwl mbkdj esjs ihns gks ysaß ftldk vfkz gs gesa gekjs dzwlksa dks mbkdj lwyh ds igkm+ rd tkuk gs ;fn gesa ;gh djus ds fy, cqyk;k x;k gsa vc Hktu lafgrk 22 gels dgrk gs ijes'oj gekjh enn dja ;g ogh gr;kjk] 'kkåy gsa tgk gks ogh jgk!s fons'kh /kez ykxw ugh gksxka rqe gekjs iwoztks] vkjs gekjs tkfr ds fuund gksa rqe eq[kz gk!s ;k rks rqe viuk eu ifjoruz djksxs ;k rks ejksxs muds ljnkjksa dks idm+ksa ge mls mnkgj.k cukdj is'k djsaxsa gekjs ikl lhkh elhgk gs ge izfrjks/k dj ldrs gsa rqe D;ks ejs g,q c<+bz dk vjk/kuk djrs gks\ gekjk izhkq ;h'kq thfor gs vkjs og l`f"v dk fuekzrk gsa ugh! esjh iruh ugh! /kee! rqe dqn vkjs fo'okl djus dk fu.kz; djksxs tc ge rqegkjh ifru dks cunhx`g esa MkysaxsA errh 16%24( ejdql 8%34( izsfjrks ds dke 9%1&2

3 301 rqegkjs ;h'kq ds izsfe;ksa esa ls,d ;gk gsa tc ge elhgh cus Fks ge tkurs Fks fd ;s lc gksxk] ;g ogh Qjhlh gs ftldk uke 'kkåy gsa og uqjr vkjs dlkbz dk 'okl NksM+rk gsa gk ] ge vo'; mlds fy;s izkfkuz k djrs gsa ml ijes'oj ls izkfkuz k djks fd og mlds eu dks dksey dj ns vkjs mls lr; ekxz fn[kk;saa 'kkåy iwjh rjg?k`.kk ls Hkjk gqvk gsa ;kn djks] igys ge esa ls dqn yksx ukflrd FksA Bhd gs] 'kkåy] eas lksprk gw fd ;:'kyse esa ;h'kq ds lhkh lkffk;ks dks rqe idm+ pqds gksa ugh] vhkh ge vkjs yksx dks ekjasxs vkjs cunhx`g esa Mkysaxs] mudh la[;k cgqr T;knk c<+ xbz gs( os nwljs uxjks eas Hkh QyS x;s gsa lhfj;k dk vjk/kuky; mu ykxks ls Hkj x;k gsa es rq>s muds fxj rkjh dk vuqefr nq xk] vkjs rqe lhfj;k tk ldrs gksa vpkud ogk 'kkåy ds lkeus lw;z ls Hkh rst T;ksfr pedha ea S lgh ekxz ij tkå xka 'kkåy lksprk Fkk fd vius /kez vkjs tkfr dks nwljs /keksz ds fo:) cpkuk mldk dùkzo; FkkA ysfdu mldks ;g ckr lrkrh Fkh fd elhfg;ks ds ikl 'kkfur vkjs fo'okl dk vf/kdkj Fkk ftlds ckjs es og dhkh ugh tkurk FkkA gs izhkq] vki dkus gs] ftls es lrk jgk gw \ gs 'kkåy] gs 'kkåy] rqe eq>s D;ksa lrkrs gks \ 'kkåy dk?kksm+k cgqr T;knk Hk;Hkhr gksdj mls lm+d esa Qasd fn;k vkjs Hkkx x;ka ea S ;h'kq g wa] ftls rwe lrkrs gks tc rw esjs lkffk;ks dks n.m nsrs gksa mbksa uxj es tkvksa] vkjs tks rq>s djuk gs og rq>ls dgk tk,xka gs izhkq] vki crk;s fd eq>s D;k djuk gksxk \ izfjrksa 9%3&6

4 302 D;k rqeus vkokt lquk\ gk ] ysfdu ea S ugh le> ldk fd D;k dgk x;ka eas ns[k ugh ldrka esjh enn djksa ea S ns[k ugh ldrka eq>s uxj ys pyksa uk rks ea S le> ldka rqqkuks dh lh vkokt FkhA ;g ijes'oj dk ok.kh FkkA esjk uke guu;kg gsa ;h'kq us lius es eq>ls cksyk vkjs eq>ls dgk fd rqegkjs ikl vkå og rqegkjk n`f"v fqj ls yk nsxka izhkq ;h'kq elhg ds uke ls] viuk n`f"v xzg.k djksa ea S oklro esa vu/kk gw A ea S ns[k ldrk gw A rqe dgrs gks ;h'kq us fd;k ga\s ;h'kq ds ckjs es eq>s vkjs crkvksa bl rjg guu;kg us ifo=k'kkl=k [kksyk vkjs 'kkåy dks ;h'kq dh Hkfo";okf.k;ka fn[kk;ka gk ] es fdruk eq[kz gw A ifo=k'kkl=k esa lc dqn gj le; FkkA ea S vius /kkfezd mrlkg ds }kjk va/kk gks x;k Fkk] es cifrlek ysuk pkgrkk gw vkjs ;h'kq ds ihns gksuk pkgrk gw A ijes'oj us 'kkåy dk uke ikys ql es cny fn;ka izfjrksa ds dke 9%7&19

5 303 'kkåy] vc ikys ql] u;s lans'k ds lkfk u;k euq"; FkkA og vc vkjs elhfg;ks dks ekjuk ugh pkgrk FkkA og nwljksa dks ;h'kq elhg ij fo'okl esa ykuk pkgrk FkkA ijes'oj xjs &;gwfn;ksa ds lkfk Hkh dke djrk FkkA ogk,d jkseh flikgh Fkk tks vius izkfkuz k esa ijes'oj dks [kkst jgk FkkA ea S rqegkjs lans'k dks le> ldrk gw A ea S Hkh fo'okl ugh djrk Fkk] ysdu ea S rqegs crkrk gw ] uktjr dk ;h'kq gekjs elhgk ds fo"k; dh lhkh ckrsa izkphu Hkfo";ok.kh;ksa esa Hkjk gaas fdl idz kj ds rqe eq[kz gks\ elhg vius 'k=qkvksa }kjk vius vki dks ekjus dks vuqefr dls s ns ldrk ga S \ dkus \ D;k\ dkus gks rqe\ rqe dgk ls vk;s gksa \ og ijes'oj dk eseuk] gekjs ikiksa dks mbk ys tkus vk;k FkkA ysfdu lcls cm+k lcwr ;g gs fd ijes'oj us mls ejs gqvksa es ls ftyk;k FkkA gs ijes'oj es tkurk gw vki,d gh] tks lhkh euq";ksa ds fuekzrk gsa esjs yksxks dk /kez Hkz"V gks x;k ga S vkjs ;s 'kkfur Hkh ugh nsrka eq>s viuk ekxz fn[kkbz;s vkjs eas mlh ij pyq xka gs irjl] gekjk ekfyd cgqr /kkfezd euq";] vpnk vkneh ga]s ysfdu mls cgqr lh ijs'kkfu;ka gsa og iwjk le; izkfkuz k djrk gs vkjs xjhcksa esa ils k nku djrk gs] ysfdu fqj Hkh ijes'oj dh vksj ls mls 'kkfur ugh gsa ijes'oj us vius ygw ds Øwl ds }kjk 'kkfur cuk;k gsa rqegkjk izkfkuz k lqu fy;k x;k gaas ea S ijes'oj }kjk Hkstk x;k gw A ;kqk esa pem+k cukus okys ds?kj euq"; Hkstdj 'kekys dks] irjl dgykrk gs cqyok yksa rq>s mldk?kj leqnz ds fdukjs fey tk;sxka og ;gk vk;sxk vkjs rqegs ijes'oj ds ckjs esa lp crk;sxka lcw snkj irjl ls }kj ij HksaV dh vkjs mlds ikaoks ij fxj dj iz.kke fd;ka bldk D;k eryc ga S \ vkt dk fnu fdruk egku gsa ijes'oj us irjl dks tks ;h'kq ds psyks esa ls,d gs] ges mlds ckjs esa crkus ds fy, Hkstk gaas bldk O;k[;k ea S rqegkjs lcw snkj dks crkå xka [km+s gks tkvksa eq>s HkfDr er fn[kkvksa rqegkjs leku ea S Hkh euq"; gw A lhkh dks,d lkfk cqykvks vkjs es rqegs 'kqhk lekpkj crkå xka izsfjrksa 9%20&22] 10%1&27] 38&41 gk ] ea S ;h'kq ds lkfk lk<+s rhu o"kz rd pyka eus s mls Øwl ij p<+rs ns[kk] vkjs esus mls ejs gqvks esa ls th mbus ds ckn ns[kka ogka mlds iquthzou ds ckn gels 500 yksx,d lkfk,d LFkku ij mldk izopu lquus ds fy, bdv~bk g,q FksA mlus gekjs lkfk [kk;k vkjs ge mls Li'kZ fd;sa mlus ges fl[kk;k fd vius 'k=kqvksa ls izse djks vkjs tks ge ij vr;kpkj djrs gs muds fy, izkfkuz k djksa mlus viuk vkrek Hkstk ga S

6 304 lcw snkj dqjusfy;ql vkjs mldk lkjk ifjokj ;h'kq elhg ds lqlekpkj ij fo'okl fd;k vkjs mlh fnu lhkh us cifrlek fy;ka ijes'oj us dgk gs fd og nkån dk oa'k bl=kk,y dk m)kjdrkz dks mij mbk ysxk] vkjs ;:'kyse ds ljnkj mlds e`r;q dk fuunk djsaxs Hktu lafgrk nwljs esa ;g fy[kk x;k gs] rw esjk iq=k gs] vkt rw eq> ls mriuu gqvka ikys ql ds vkjk/kuk;y esa vkjs lcr ds fnu ;gwfn;ks dks izopu fn;ka rqe eq>s tkurs gksa ea S elhfg;ks ij vr;kpkj djrk rfkk mudks ekjrk Fkk] ysfdu esjs lkeus ;h'kq T;ksfr idz k'k es idz V gqvk vkjs rwqkuksa dh lh vkokt esa eq>ls cksyk fd mlds 'kcn dk izpkj d: A eus s elhgk ds fo"k; dk ifo=k'kkl=k [kkstk vkjs ik;k fd iwjh Hkfo";okf.k;ksa esa ;h'kq Hkjk gqvk gaas nwljk Hktu lafgrk] ;g dgrk gs fd ijes'oj vius ifo=k tu dks lm+us u nsxk vkjs ugh mlds izk.k dks v/kksyksd es NksM+sxkA ;g Hkfo";ok.kh og gs fd] gkykafd og ejsxk] mldk 'ko lm+sxk ugha ;g tku yks dh ;h'kq rqegs ikiks ls iwjk {kek ns ldrk gs]] tks dqn ewlk ugh ns ldka ijes'oj ;h'kq dks xjs ;gwfn;ks dk T;ksfr idz k'k] iwjs tkfr;ksa dk m)kjdrkz cukdj Hkstk gaas rw b'kkfuund! ;h'kw os/k iw=k ugh gsa,slk lwpuk feyk gs fd mldh ek 'kknh ls cgqr igys gh cpps ds lkfk FkhA xjs &;gwnh! xjs ;gwnh vifo=k gsa os ;gwfn;ks ds fo'okl dk lgh mrrjkf/kdkjh ugh gks ldrsa rqe vius fo/kehz dks irfkj ls ekj ldrs gksa D;ksfd rqeus vuur thou ds 'kqhk lekpkjks dks vlohdkj dj fn;k gs] ge viuk lans'k xjs &;gwfn;ks ds ikl ys tk;saxs] tls k Hkfo";oDrkvksa us?kksf"kr fd;k gsa Hktu lafgrk 2%7] 16%10( izfjrksa 2%27] 10%4] 13%35

7 305 ikys ql dks tc ;g Li"V gks x;k fd ;gwfn;ks dk tkfr ;h'kq elhg dks yxkrkj vlohdkj djrk jgsxk] rks og viuk iz;kl xjs &;gwfn;ks] bl=kk,y ds vu; tkfr;ksa ij yxk;ka ijes'oj vkjs mlds iq=k dh t; gksa xjs &;gwfn;ksa dk eks{k vk x;k gsa 'kkåy] eq>ss cifrlek nksa ;h'kq ds fo"k; dh vkjs Hkfo";okf.k;k crkvksa cgqr ls xjs &;gqfn;ksa us lqlekpkj ij fo'okl fd;k vkjs ijes'oj dk d`ikn`f"v yxkrkj cuk jgka ;gwfn dzksf/kr Fks vkjs ikys ql vkjs cjuokl dks uxj ds ckgj ys x;s] mugs /kedkrs g,q fd ;fn os okil yksvdj vk;s rks ekjs tk;saxsa blfy, ikys ql vkjs cjuokl,f'k;k pys x;s vkjs vius lhkh feyusokyks dks 'kqhk lekpkj nsrs FksA cjuokl] ;fn ea S fucyz gks x;k] rks pyrs jguk :duk era yql=kk esa] ;gwfn;ks us ikys ql ij ifkjko djds ekjk Mkyk vkjs mlds 'ko dks uxj ls ckgj Qasd fn;ka ijes'oj mugs {kek djsa mugksus ikys ql dks ekj fn;ka izfjrksa 14%18%19

8 306 ysfdu ijes oj us perdkj fn[kk;k vkjs ikys ql dks th mbk;ka ikys ql] eus s lkspk rqe ej x;s gksa vhkh rd ugha ijes oj us eq>s cgqr dqn fn[kk;k gs fd eq>s mlds uke ij cgqr d"v mbkuk im+sxk] vkjs vhkh rks geus flqz k:q vkr dh gsa pyks okil uxj esa tk;saa izhkq] vki egku gs] vkidh efgek vkjs iz kalk gks fqfyiih ds efdnqfu;k es] ikys ql vkjs lhykl us murkyhl dksm+s [kk, vkjs fqj cunhx`g es Mky fn, x,a muds nq[k Hkksxus ds ckotqn] mudk eu [kq kh ls Hkjk Fkk] vkjs vk/khjkr ds yxhkx os ijes oj dk Hktu xkrs FksA vgggga ;h kq izhkq gsa okmia bu chrs g,q o"kksz es ikys ql rhu vyx&vyx le; es MaMs ls ekj [kk;ka fqj Hkh og ;h kq dk izopu tkjh j[kka izfjrksa 14%20] 16%23&25( 2dqfjfUFk;ksa 11%24&25( idz kf krokd; 4%11

9 307 ikys ql mins'k nsus ds fy, txg&txg ;k=kk djrk Fkk] rhu ckj tgkt ftles og ;k=kk dj jgk Fkk Mqc x;k FkkA ikys ql vdlj Mkdqvksa ds }kjk idm+k tkrk FkkA,d ckj og leqnz dh /kkjk esa jkr vkjs fnu rd cgrk jgk tgkt dks mlds ikl igq pus ls igys gh idm+k x;ka ysfdu og mins'k nsus x;ka ikys ql fcekjh ls lnhz] Tokj] Hkq[k vkjs lhkh idz kj ds vlqfo/kk ls ihfm+r Fkk tc og ;h'kq ds ckjs es yksxks dks crkus ds fy, ;k=kk dj jgk FkkA gs izhkq] bl 'kjhj dks Bhd dj nhft, rkfd es mins'k nsus nwljs 'kgj tk ldawa ikys ql eqfriz wtk ds fo:) psrkouh nsus vkjs ;h'kq elhg dk 'kqhk lekpkj crkus uxj&uxj x;ka rqe vius eqfriz qtk ls okil eqm+ pqds gks] vkjs ijes'oj us rqegs fo'okl }kjk fcuk fdlh ;ksxnku ds fu;ekuqlkj vksfpr; Bgjk;k gsa rqe mlds nsg dk fgllk gks] vkjs rqe ijes'oj ds?kjkus ls lacfu/kr gksa ijes'oj dh t;a ;g lkeku eq>s dhkh Hkh 'kkfur ugh fn;ka tc yksx ijes'oj dh vksj eqm+s] os viuk eqfrz vkjs vkd"k.z k NksM+ fn;sa os lc dqn Qsad fn;s tks mugs vius /kez ds fy, ;k vius ikiks dks vfxu esa Mkyus ds fy, djuk FkkA 20 o"kksz ds chp] yxhkx iwjk Kku lalkj ds fo'oklh ;h'kq elhg ds }kjk ijes'oj dk vkjk/kuk djrs FksA 1dqfjfUFk;ksa 10%14] 12%12&13] 18( 2 dqfjfufk;ksa 11%25( xyfr;ksa 2%6( bfqfl;ksa 2%19

10 308 ;h'kq us vius psyks dks psrkouh fn;k Fkk fd **rc os Dys'k nsus ds fy, rqegsa idm+ok,axs] vkjs rqegs ekj Mkysaxs] vkjs esjs uke ds dkj.k lc tkfr;ksa ds yksx rqe ls cjs j[ksaxsa rc cgqr ls Bksdj [kk;saxs] vkjs,d nwljs dks idm+ok,axs] vkjs,d nwljs ls cjs j[ksaxsa vkjs cgqr ls >wbs Hkfo";oDrk mb [km+s gksxs] vkjs cgqrks dks Hkjek, xsa gs izhkq ;h'kq] esjk vkrek ys yksa tc os yksx tks ;h'kq elhg dks ns[k pqds Fks mugs crk;k x;k Fkk] vkjs dyhfl;k iwjs jkseu lkezkt; ij QyS x;k Fkk] jkseul elhfg;ks dks [kkstus yxs] vkjs vr;kpkj dj mugs ekj nsrsa ;fn fo'oklh ;h'kq elhg dks vlohdkj ugh djsaxs rks os yksx mudks jaxhkwfe esa j[ksaxs] vkjs yksx mugs phrk vkjs 'ksj ds lkeus VqdM+ks esa QkM+us ds fy, fugkjsaxsa gs firk] os tks gekjs lkfk dj jgs gs mlds fy, mugs n.m er nsuka xjjzjzjza dhkh&dhkh jkseh ;ks)kvksa }kjk elhgh tku ls ekj fn;s tkrs FksA yksxks dks vk'p;z gksrk Fkk fd /kkehz yksx vius fo'okl djus ds vknr dks D;ks ugh NksM+ nsrs gaas os ;h'kq ds fy, ejus dks rs;kj FksA tls u] ea S rqels LoxZ esa feyqaxka bzbbbbba ugha errh 24%9&11

11 309 vius e`r;q ls igys] ;h'kq us efunj dk Hkfo";ok.kh fd;k Fkk% D;k rqe ;g efunj ns[krs gks\ ea S rqels lp dgrk gw ;g u"v gks tk;sxk vkjs,d Hkh irfkj ij irfkj u NksM+sxkA 40 lky ckn] 70 bzloh lu es jkseul vk;s vkjs uxj vkjs efunj dks u"v dj fn;sa tc efunj ds Hkhrj ydm+h tyus yxk] rks efunj dk lksuk fi?ky x;k vkjs njkjks ds chp Q'kZ ds irfkjks vkjs cqfu;kn es QyS x;ka tc jkseul lksuk dks iqu% izkir djuk pkgk] rks mugksus ik;k fd izr;sd irfkj dks gvkuk vko';d gs bl idz kj ;h'kq dk Hkfo";ok.kh iwjk gqvka ;:'kyse esa ;gwfn vkjs bl=kk,y ;q) ds ladv ls cpus ds fy, xjs &;gwfn;ks dh vksj ls Hkkx tkrs Fks tgk muds cgqr ls oa'kt vkt rd jgrs gsa os tgk &tgk tkrs] ogk elhgh igys ls gh muds Lokxr ds fy, gksrs gaas ges tkus ds fy, dksbz txg ugh gsa ge esjs HkkbZ ds?kj lhfj;k es tk;saxsa elhgh ;gwfn Hkh nwljs ns'kks es Hkkx x;s tgk os ;h'kq elhg ds lqlekpkj vkjs dyhfl;k dks QyS kus dk mins'k nsrs FksA geus ;:'kyse esa Hk;kog flfkfr;ksa ds ckjs es lwuk gsa vo'; gh rqe ;gk gekjs lkfk jg ldrs gksa errh 24%2( ydw k 19%43&44

12 310 ;h'kq ds lans'kokgd ;h'kq ds iquthzou dk mins'k yxkrkj vius e`r;q rd nsrs jgsa,d ds ckn,d os ekj fn;s tkrs FksA os lhkh cgknqjh ds lkfk ejrs Fks] os ;g tkurs Fks fd blls vpnk?kj muds ikl LoxZ esa gsa vu;ksa dks thfor gh vkar fudky fy;k x;k vkjs Vdw M+ks esa dkv fn;k x;ka dqn jksfe;ks }kjk Øwl ij p<+k fn;s x;sa dqn dks irfkj ls ekj fn;k x;ka dqn dks taxyh tkuojks dks f[kyk fn;k x;ka dqn dk flj dkv fn;k x;ka irjl dks myvk lwyh ij p<+k fn;k x;ka dqn dks rsy es mckyk x;ka es blls vpns txg ij tk jgk gw A ijes'oj rqegs {kek djsa ea S vkids leku e`r;q ds ik=k ugh gw ] izhkqa os lhkh fo'okl ds lkfk ej x;s ;g lqfuf'pr djrs g,q fd mudk 'kjhj u;k gksxk vkjs,d csgrj?kj izrh{kk dj jgk gaas errh 14%10( ;wguuk 21%18

13 311 ;h'kq ds iquthzou ds 60 o"kz ckn] flqz ;wguuk gh lans'kokgd cpk FkkA og fuokzflr gksdj ireqlk uked pv~vkuh Vkiw esa FkkA vkrek us mls idm+dj LoxZ ij ys x;k tgk ijes oj us mls Hkfo"; fn[kk;ka ;gwuuk] ea S rq>s og ckrs fn[kkå xk tks Hkfo"; es?kfvr gksus tk jgk gsa tks dqn rqe ns[krs gks mls fy[k yks vkjs mls iqlrd es fy[kdj,f'k;k ds lkr dyhfl;kvksa esa Hkst nksa tc ;g ;qx [kre gksus okyk gksxk] ;h'kq okil vk;sxk vkjs mu lhkh dczks dks [kksy nsxk tks ml ij fo'okl djrs gaas os] lhkh thfor fo'oklh ;h'kq ls feyus ds fy, gok esa mbk fy;s tk,saxs vkjs bl jhfr ls lnk mlds lkfk jgsaxsa fnuks ds lekfir esa] ijes'oj Hk;kud foifrr;ksa ds lkfk i`foh ij vk;sxka vkx fxjsxk vkjs ogk vu; egkekfj;k tks i`foh ij jgus okys vf/kdka'k euq";ksa dks rckg dj nsxka,d euq"; vk;sxk tks elhgk gksus dk nkok djsxk] vkjs ogh cgqr ls yksxks dks /kks[kk nsxka og yksxks dks mudk fu"bk fn[kk,xk vkjs vius 'kklu }kjk muds ekfks ij ;k muds nkfgus gkfkks ds ihns Nki djk nsxka os tks Nki ugh ikrs gs flj /km+ ls vyx dj ekj fn;s tk;sxsaa ;g mu yksxks ds fy, cgqr cm+k d"v Hkksxus dk le; gksxk tks yksx i`foh ij cps g,q gsa 1 ffkllyquhfd;ksa 4%14 16&17 2 ffkllyquhfd;ksa 2%3&4 idz kf'krokd; 1%9] 11] 8%1%13] 9%18] 13%16] 20%4

14 312 tls k Hkfo";ok.kh gqvk Fkk] ;h'kq le; ds vur ds nkjs ku fqj okil vk;sxka og vius iwjh efgek vkjs lkef;z ds lkfk vk;sxk vkjs ej.k'khy ds leku ugha LoxZ [kqyk gksxk vkjs og uhps dh vksj],d 'osr?kksm+s ij lokj gksdj mrjsxka og l;w Z ds leku pedsxk vkjs og vius flj ij cgqr ls jkteqdqv iguk gksxka vius gkfkks es og lkr rkjksa dks idm+k gksxk vkjs mlds eqag ls pks[kh ryokj fudysxha og 'krs ku ds vkeus&lkeus gksxk vkjs mls vkx ds >hy es Mkysxk tgk og vuurdky rd rm+irk jgsxk vkjs fqj dhkh Hkh og euq"; dks ugh cgdk;sxka ;h'kq Hkh e`r;q vkjs vius vfure 'k=qk dks] vkx ds >hy es Mkysxk vkjs,d u;k lalkj cusxka ijes'oj mu lhkh dks,df=kr djsxk tks mlds iq=k ij fo'okl j[krk gs vkjs mugs u;s i`foh ij vuur thou nsxka ijes'oj mudh vka[kksa ls lc vkalw iksn Mkysxk vkjs ogk u dksbz e`r;q] u 'kksd] u foyki u ihm+k jgsxha ;h'kq jktk ds leku jkt; djsxk vkjs iki vkjs e`r;q ls vktkn dh nqfu;k esa og vius /kehz yksxks dk eqfdrnkrk gksxka ffkllyquhfd;ksa 4%16( idz kf krokd; 1%16] 19%11&21] 20%10&15] 21%1&4

15 313 ;h'kq elhg ds lwlekpkj dk izopu 2000 o'kz rd jgka ;h'kq us Hkfo";ok.kh fd;k Fkk fd mlds jkt; dk lans'k pkjks rjq QyS sxk iwjs lalkj ds tkfr;ksa] vu;tkfr;ksa vkjs iwjk ifjokj leqg ;g 'kqhk lekpkj lqusxk ijes'oj flqz,d gh gs vkjs mldk flqz,d gh iq=k gsa flqz,d gh fo'okl vkjs,d gh ifo=k iqlrd gsa bl thou ds ckn LoxZ es izos'k dk flqz,d gh jklrk gaas tls k lhkh tkfr;ksa ds cgqr ls yksxks us ik;k gaas ;h'kq elhg dk lqlekpkj lalkj ds vu; lhkh /keksz ls vyx gs tks Mjk] /kedkdj ;k ckf/kr gksdj ugh QyS rka ;h'kq us vius psyks dks fl[kk;k gs fd vius 'k=kqvksa ls izse djks vkjs ges'kk [kqf'k;ksa ls Hkjs jgs vkjs xkrs jgksa vkt] izr;sd jk"vªh;rk ds yksxks dh vksj Hkk"kk g"kz es {kek vkjs vuur thou gsa fdlh Hkh rjg] yxhkx 2]000 o"kz ;h'kq dks e`r;q ls th mbs gks jgk gs] vkjs vhkh Hkh ;gk dqn yksx,sls gs ftugksus bl 'kqhk lekpkj ds ckjs es lquk ugh gsa fdlh dks mugs vo'; cukrk ;wguuk 3%16] 14%6

16 esa] dqn elhgh ftugksus /;ku fn;k fd dqn yksxks us dhkh Hkh 'kqhk lekpkj ugh lquk Fkk os,df=kr g,q vkjs fopkj&foe'kz fd;k fd dls s os 'kqhk lekpkj dks lalkj ds cgqr ls vyx&vyx Hkk'kkvksa es Hkst ldsa mugksus fuf'pr fd;k fd ikl igq pus dk lcls vpnk rjhdk fp=k iqlrd cuk;k tk;s tks ckbzfcy ds dgkfu;ksa dks dgsa tks lhkh le> ldsa bl iqlrd dks fy[kus] Mªk djus] vkjs mriknu djus es 7o"kZ ls vf/kd yxka ewy ikb fy[kus ds ckn] mugksus MuS h cqyfun] lalkj ds lcls izfl) dkfedl iqlrd dykdkj dks [kkst fudkyk] vkjs mls dkfedl fqdplz Mªk djus dk Bsdk fn;ka elhgh viuk ils k vkjs le; [kpz dj jgs gs bl iqlrd dks mugs nsus ds fy, ftugksus vhkh rd ;h'kq dk 'kqhk lekpkj ugh lquk gsa dls s gks rqe] esjs fe=k\ esjs ikl,d iqlrd gs es rq>s nsuk pkgrk gw A ;g iqlrd crkrk gs fd dls s rqe vius lelr ikiks ls {kek ik ldrs gksa vkjs tc rqe ejrs gks rks dls s LoxZ es tkrs gksa vc ;g vuqokn gks x;k gs vkjs lalkj ds pkjks rjq dbz Hkk"kkvksa esa ckavk x;k gs& ;g elhfg;ksa ds dksf'k"k }kjk gqvk gsa ea S bldk dher ugh ysrka ;g migkj gsa es bl iqlrd dk ils k pqdrk ugh dj ldrka rqe D;ksa eq>s dqn eq r es nsrs gks \ vxys fnua esjk /kez dhkh Hkh bl rjg dh dksbz Hkh ckrs ugh crkrka ;g izse vkjs {kek dk iqlrda D;ksfd ea S rqels izse djrk gw ] esjs HkkbZ] vkjs bl iqlrd es cgqr gh 'kqhk lekpkj gsa rc eas bls i<q xk vkjs ns[kq xk fd ;fn lalkj es vhkh Hkh dksbz 'kqhk lekpkj cpk gs A ea S tkurk gw ;g lr; gsa eus s ijes oj ds fo:) iki fd;k gs] ysfdu mlus vius,dykrs s iq=k dks esjs ikiks ds fy, ejus dks Hkst fn;ka fdruk vk'p;ztud vkjs perdkfjd gsa ;wguuk 3%16

17 315 fiz; ;h'kq] eq>ls izse djus ds fy, vkjs esjs cnys es ejus ds fy, /ku;okna es viuk iwjk thou vkidk vuqlj.k djuk pkgrk gw A ea S {keklr gw A ijes'oj vc eq>esa jgrk gsa gs iruh] lcls vk'p;ztud?kguk?kv pqdk gsa eus s bl iqlrd dks dhkh ugh ns[kk u ;g iqlrd eq>s dhkh fn;k x;ka ;g ijes'oj dk dgkuh crkrk gs fd dls s ijes'okj /kjrh ij,d euq"; ds leku vk;k vkjs gekjs ikiksa dks ekq dj fn;ka vczkge vkjs ewlk okyk Hkkx ge igys ls gh tkurs gsa ysfdu gekjs?kez dk fy[kkov bl rjg dk dhkh Hkh dksbz dgkuh ugh crk;ka ijes'oj us vius,dykrs s iq=k ;h'kq dks mldk jdr cgkus vkjs gekjs ikiksa dh HkjikbZ ds fy, HkstkA D;k rqe gekjs fy, bls i<+ksxs] eqgeen \ D;k es bls i<+ ldrk gw ikik\ D;k ea S i<+ ldrk gw A D;k L=kh Hkh {keklr gks ldrh gs vkjs i:q "kks ds leku ijes'oj ds?kjkus esa Lohdkj gks ldrh gsa gk A ;h'kq lcdk Lokxr djrk gsa vu;ksa us 'kkfur ns[kk tks jkgqy ds?kjkus ls vk;k Fkk vkjs bl egku lekpkj dks lquus ds fy, vk;sa oklro es ;g vk'p;ztud lekpkj gs es vius ifjokj dks Hkh bls lqukus ds fy, ykå xka 'kh?kz gh eqgeen us viuk fqdpj iqlrd vius lhkh xk o okyksa ds lkeus i<+ka ysfdu eqgeen blds ckjs esa vkjs T;knk tkuuk pkgrk FkkA jksfe;ks 3%23] 6%23] 10%9

18 316 gs eqgeen es ;g dgkuh igys gh lqu pqdk gw A ogka,d vkneh gs tks lirkg es,d ckj cktkj es vkrk gs vkjs bl ;h'kq ds ckjs es cksyrk gsa,d fnu tc ea S unh ds fdukjs Vgy jgk Fkk] eus s mls dqn yksxks dks unh es cifrlek nsrs g,q ns[kk] tls s bl iqlrd esa dgk x;k gsa ges ;gk rhu fnu gks jgs gs vkjs vhkh rd mls ugh ns[kka D;k ges okil?kj ugh tkuk pkfg,\ ea S mls vo'; [kkst fudkyw xka ea S vo'; tkå xk vkjs bl vkneh ls feyw xka eq>s ys pyks tgk rqeus mls ns[kk gsa ogk gs osa rqegs os iqlrds dgk ls feyh\ og vkneh dgk gs tks mugs bl iqlrd ds ckjs es lwpuk fn;ka og dy rd ;gk ugh vk;sxk] ysfdu vkt nksigj og unh ds uhps gksxka gekjs izhkq ;h'kq elhg ds uke ij es rq>s cifrlek nsrk gw ] esjh cgua eus s blds ckjs es iqlrd es i<+k gsa ;s ogh gs tks ;h'kq ij fo'okl djrs gs os mugs mudk iqjkuk chrk gqvk thou fn[kkrs gs vkjs vc mudk u;k thou ;h'kq esa gs vkjs ea S ;h'kq ds ihns vo'; pyq xka D;k dksbz vkjs Hkh gs tks vkt Hkh izhkq ;h'kq ij fo'okl djrk gksa vkjs D; rqe mlds fo'okfl;ksa ls cifrlek ysdj mldk vkkk ekurk ilun djksxs\ uhps ty es tkvksa idz kf krokd; 19%2&5( jksfe;ks 6%3&4

19 317 bl /kez ds ckjs es es cgqr FkksM+k tkurk gw A ysfdu es og iqlrd i<+rk gw tks rqeus eq>s fn;k gs] vkjs vkrek us esjs ân; dks Nqvk gsa es tkurk gw ;g lr; gsa ;h kq esjs ikiksa dks mbk ys x;ka D;k es Hkh cifrlek ys ldrk gw A ;fn rqe lkjs eu ls ;h'kq ij fo'okl djrs gks] rks rqe cifrlek ys ldrs gksa ea S rqegkjs fy, cgqr [kq'k gw A ijesoj cgqr gh vpnk gsa og iqlrd tks eus s rq>s iwjs fqdplz ds lkfk fn;k gs og flqz bl dgkuh dk,d NksVk lk Hkkx gsa ;g iqlrd tks eas rq>s nsrk gw bldk izr;sd 'kcn ijes'oj dk gas eqgeen viuk ckbcy izr;sd jkr i<+rk FkkA mles dgs x;s lhkh ckrks ij mls vk';pz gksrk FkkA vu; yksx mls ckbcy i<rs g,q lquus ds fy, vkrs FksA lpeqp dk ckbzcy\ bls yks vkjs izfrfnu bls i<+uka ;h'kq ds ckjs eas vkjs ijes'oj ds izse vkjs ojnku ds ckjs esa vkjs dqn lh[k ikvksxsa igyk v/;;u ;wguuk i<+ksa ijes'oj dk 'kcn dgrk gs fd fdlh nwljs ds }kjk m)kj ugh D;ksfd LoxZ ds uhps euq";ksa es vkjs dksbz nwljk uke ugh fn;k x;k ftlds }kjk ge m)kj ik ldsa gekjk /kez euq";ks }kjk cuk;k x;k ga S vkjs ges iki ls eqdr ugh dj ldrka eqgeen us mu lhkh dks tks fo'okl djrs Fks cifrlek fn;k] vkjs izfrfnu os,dlkfk gksdj ifo=k'kkl=k dks lquus ds fy, vkrs FksA ;g lhkh yksxks ds ckrks dk fo"k; FkkA izsfjrksa ds dke 8%37] 4%10&12( jksfe;ksa 10%9

20 318 gekjs /kez ds fo:) cksyus okys rqe dkus gksrs gks\ rqe bl fons'kh /kez dk mins'k nsrs gksa ;g iw thifr;ksa dk /kez gs tks geij vr;kpkj djrs gsa gs izhkq] mugs lr; fn[kkus es enn djsa ;g fons'kh /kez pkjks rjq Qy S jgk gsa bls vo'; jksduk gksxka vkt jkr tc os xk jgs gksaxs ge tk;saxsa ea S laxhr ls?k`.kk djrk gw A ea S dhkh Hkh fdlh fons'kh ls ugh feyk] ysfdu ;h'kq,f'k;k dk Fkk tgk ds ge gsa ; fi og ijes'oj dk iq=k LoxZ ls uhps leiw.kz lalkj dks vuar thou nsus vkrk gsa errh dk iqlrd dgrk gs fd ;fn os Lokeh dks lrkrs gs rks os lhkh vius nklks }kjk lrk;s tk;saxsa ysfdu og dgrk gs fd ges vkuafnr vkjs exu gksuk pkfg, tc os ges lrkrs gs D;ksfd gekjs fy, LoxZ es cm+k Qy gs] bzdddd fdlh dks Hkh cpus er nsuka gs ijes'oj] gekjh enn djsa tynh fudyksa ;wguuk 15%20( errh 5%11&12

21 319 tl S s gh eqgeen okil tyrs g,q bekjr ds vunj nwljks dks cpkus ds fy, x;k--- ges vo'; tynh djuk pkfg,% bekjrs 'kh/kz gh geij fxjus okyk gsa rm+rm+a eqgeen us vius HkkbZ dks vkxs ls ckgj [khapka gk k og gekjs /kez dk lsok djus es ej x;ka blds fy, ge elhfg;ksa dks n.m nsxsa bekjr mu nksuks ij fxj im+ka eqgeen us vius fe=kksa ds fy, viuk izk.k ns fn;ka blls cm+k dksbz vkjs izse ugh gks ldrka os nq[k vkjs Hk; ds lkfk iqtkjh dks nquk fn;s] D;ksfd vc os vuafnr thou dk vk'kk ugh djrs FksA ek ] nq[kh er gksa firkth ;h'kq ds lkfk vhkh Hkh gsa ;wguuk 15%13

22 320 LoxZnwr vk;k vkjs eqgeen dks LoxZ mbk ys x;ka rqeus yksxks ls >wb cksyka rqe eq>s dhkh ugh tkurs FksA rqeus vius im+kslh ls dhkh Hkh izse ugh fd;k vkjs ukgh vius 'k=kqvksa ij n;k fn[kk;ka rqe ykyph vksj vkylh jgs gksa rqaegkjk ân;?ke.m ls Hkjk FkkA rqegkjk thou rqegkjs vius?k`.kk }kjk [kre gks x;ka rqe eq>s dgk ys tk jgs gks\ ea S ej x;k gw A euss vanktk yxk;k Fkk fd nwljs thou ls gksdj eas okil vkå xka rqe vuar thou ds ;ksx; ugh gksa bls mbkdj ckgj va/ksjk es Mky nksa ugh] vkjs vkx ugha vorkj ysuk >wbk gsa vc rqe vius vfure U;k; ds fy, tk jgs gksa 'kkckl] esjs vpns vkjs fo'oklh nkla vc rqe esjs [kq'kh es izos'k dj ldrs gksa euss rqegkjs fy,?kj rs;kj fd;k gsa ysfdu izhkq] esjs ifjokj dk D;k \ le; vkus ij os Hkh rqegkjs lkfk gksaxs esjs ikl mugs djus ds fy, vkjs Hkh dke gsa esjs Lons'koklh;ksa dk D;k ftugksus dqn ugh lwuk \ mugs crkus ds fy, vhkh Hkh ogk elhgh yksx gsa ;fn os fo'okl djsaxs] os Hkh m)kj ik ldsaxsa vu;fkk ugh errh 7%21&27] 25%21] 30( 1 dqfjfufk;ksa 6%9&11] tsel 4%11&17