efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 133

Transkript

1 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 133 dk vur% lksun;z gh [krjs esa im+ tk;sxka lqhkkf"kr opu] lwdrkoyh rks vius lkfgr; ds ewy df; rfkk HkkokfHkO;fDr dks lkj :i esa dgus ds fy,,d l[+r Mhokbl dk dke djrs gsaa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr dh lwfdr Hkkjrh; ds milfkkiu ds lkfk&lkfk lelkef;d ljksdkjksa rfkk fczrkuh gqd+wer ds f[kyki+q Hkh cm+s ekjd vksj eu dks cks[kyk nsus okyh lqhkkf"kr ylrdka s dk l`tu gsa blls lqhkkf"kr opu dh ifjhkk"kk Hkh lelkfe;drk ds lkfk cnyrh ut+j vkrh gsa blls rlnhd gksrk gs fd vkt dh lalñr viuh Hkk"kk rfkk lkfgr; esa lelkef;drk dk iqv Mkydj viuh thoarrk ds usur;z dks egiwqt cuk;s j[kus esa lozfkk l{ke gsa fo'o ds izfke fyf[kr lkfgr; ds :i esa osnksa dh rks lozeku;rk gs gh vksj ;g Hkh lppkbz gs fd fdlh Hkh lkeku; lalñr ikbd dks bldk,glkl t+:j gksxk fd osn] jkek;.k] egkhkkjr ftruk vrhr esa eafku ds fo"k; jgs gsa vkt Hkh mruk gh xos"kdksa ds fy, fparu ds fo"k; cus gq, gsaa ;gk ;g Hkh lki+q dj nsuk Bhd gh gksxk fd lalñr ds dfo@ys[kd fujurj Hkkjrh; mitho;] izfrfufèk dko;ksa] egkdko;ksa esa lelkef;drk ds Hkko&lapkj ds lkfk fujurj viuh ltzuk ds nksj esa lozfkk layxu gsaa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr us Hkh tgk vius jk"vªh;] iksjkf.kd rfkk nk'kzfud ukvdksa esa bu mitho;ksa dks viuk fcec cuk;k gs ogha vaxzst+h gqd+wer ls tw>rs Hkkjrh; tuekul dh eukso;fkk] vk'kk fujk'kk vksj lq[k nq%[k&vuqhkwfr dk cm+k gh thoar vadu izlrqr fd;k gsa Hkkjrfot; rfkk xkafèkfot; ukvdksa esa lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds cnyrs rsoj vksj muesa mrdv jk"vªh; Hkkoukvksa dks cm+s lkdkj :i esa i<+k tk ldrk gsa Hkkjrekrk vaxzst+ksa dks ;ejkt ds ;gk Hkstus dh psrkouh nsrh gqbz dgrh gsaµ vidkjl; drkzjeqidkjfoykside~a Roka pisvkizgkjs.k ;eky;ega u;sa (l-v-] i`- û )A mlh izdkj yksdeku; fryd ds dfku esa mudh mxzoknh ekufldrk dh >yd Li"Vr% ns[kh tk ldrh gs D;ksafd muds fglkc ls tks FkIiM+ ekjs] mldk izrhdkj MaMs ls djuk pkfg, µ pisv;ksigu;k LrL; n.ms% izfrfø;ka (Hkkjrfouk] "k-v-] i`- ûþö)a bl mxz jk"vªoknh Loj esa ry[+kh jk"vªh; lqhkkf"kr opu ds u;s vankt dk rsoj i<+k tk ldrk gsa fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh lqhkkf"kr ;k lwfdr&opu vius lkfgr; ds laldkjksa rfkk viuh Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa ds fopkjksa dks le>us&le>kus ds fy, cm+k gh Bksl dk var%lk{; gks ldrk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd tks lalñr Hkk"kk esa xzffkr lkekftd] jktusfrd] èkkfezd rfkk lelkef;d vk;keksa dks [kkstuk pkgrs gsa

2 134 lalñr&foe'kz% mugsa lalñr dh lqhkkf"krkoyh ij è;ku nsuk gh gksxka bl izlax esa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vkbju fglvªh ds tuenkrk fo[;kr xf.krk Mh-Mh- dks'kkech dk lalñr&lqhkkf"krksa ds izfr vkd"kz.k dh ckr ugha Hkwyuh pkfg,] ftldk ftø lqhkkf"krjruhk.mkxkj ds ifjp; esa,u-ds- vkpk;z us fd;k gsa x+ksjryc+ gs fd Hkk"kk&oSKkfud vè;;u dh n`f"v ls Hkh bu lwfdropuksa] dgkorksa] eqgkojksa dk ewy;kadu dki+qh ek;us j[k ldrk gsa ;fn lalñr dh bldh Hkfxuh&Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfk rqyukred vè;;u fd;k tk; rks blls u dsoy lalñr Hkk"kk ds mùkjksùkj lkalñfrd@hkkf"kd ljksdkjksa dk vuos"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gs] cfyd blds ledkyhu Hkk"kkvksa rfkk lkfgr;ksa ds Hkh van:uh rkj [kksts tk ldrs gsaa ;gk ;g Hkh lki+q djuk t+:jh gs fd yksxksa ds chp lkeku;r% ;gh voèkkj.kk cu x;h gs fd dbz ns'kh rfkk fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ij lalñr dk gh izhkko gsa ysfdu ;g Hkh cm+k gd+hd+rhkjk rf; gs fd chaloha 'krkcnh esa Hkkjrh; lkfgr; ds vusd 'kcnksa dks Hkh lalñr Hkk"kk esa ipk;k x;k gs tks ;FkkFkZ Hkkf"kd esy&tksy ds lkfk&lkfk bl ckr dh Hkh iqf"v djrk gs fd lalñr Hkk"kk viuh laizs"k.kh;rk dh [kq'kcw esa fgunqlrkuh vncksa ds 'kcn&xqpn ds xw Fkus esa dgha dksbz dksrkgh ugha djuh pkgrh gsa 'kcn&laink dh ;g ysu&nsu dh lalñfr fuf'pr :i ls lalñr Hkk"kk dks lelkef;d rfkk rjksrktk cukrh ut+j vkrh gsa bl flyflys esa eqgkojksa] lwfdr;ksa dh ifjikvh Hkh bldh rktxh esa vksj bt+ki+qk gh djrh gs rks ;g loky dgk ls mbrk gs fd lelkef;d lalñr vksj bldh Hkk"kk rfkk lkfgr; dh ÅtZfLork vkt èkwfey gs\ bl ekeys esa nsfud v[+kckj VkbEl vkiq bafm;k (lalñr fleiyhiqkbz bvlsyiq] panu 'kekz] fnyyh üû vxlr üúúú) dh [+kcj Hkh i<+h tk ldrh gs ftlesa esaus Hkh lalñr dh thoarrk dks ysdj dqn i{kksa dks mbkus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k gsa Jh,u-vkj- vkpk;z us Hkh lwfdr&opuksa dks egùo fn;k gsa û lkeku;r% lalñr Hkk"kk ds Dykfldy xazfkksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh ;gh voèkkj.kk gs fd blesa gh lqhkkf"kr opuksa ;k 'yksdksa dh FkkFkh lfuufgr gsa,sls fopkjksa dks D;ksa u eku;rk feys] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk fparu vksj vke tuthou ij lalñr Hkk"kk ds Dykfldy rsoj vkfn dk bruk xgjk vksj O;kid izhkko O;kIr gs fd muds vkd"kz.k rfkk vuqfparu ds ukwlvkwfyt;k ls ckgj ge fudy gh ugha ikrs gsaa è;kro; gs fd fgunw èkez ek=k èkez gh ugha vfirq thou 'ksyh dk mùkjksùkj xq.kkred fodkl Hkh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd bl lalñfr esa ftruk vkflrd n'kzu dks egùo fn;k x;k gs mruk gh pkokzd tsls ukflrd erksa dks Hkh rjthg nh x;h gsa fopkjksa dk ;gh lefuor eafku vksj

3 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 135 l`tu fgunw èkez dh dkytf;rk dks ges'kk izk.koku cuk;s j[krk gsa ;gk ukscy iqjldkj fotsrk vksj fo[;kr vfkz'kkl=kh ver;z lsu dk fopkj Hkh dksbz de egùo dk ugha gs ftlesa mudk ekuuk gs fd fgunw&eqflye,drk dh ckr dksbz vkdfled?kvuk ugha Fkh cfyd ;g Hkkjrh; lalñfr dks,dhdj.k dh,d LFkk;h :>ku okyh FkhA ü mlh izdkj fy'kosfk fyvªi (Lisbeth Littrup) dk Hkh ekuuk gs fd vkt ds lkfgr; esa lkaiznkf;d ln~hkko vksj foosd Hkko dks mfpr LFkku fn;k x;k gsa ý blesa dksbz 'kd ugha fd bl xq.kkred :>ku ds ihns ;wjksi ds iqutkzxj.k dk Hkh rrdkyhu izhkko jgk gksa vr% lalñr ds Dykfldy xzafkksa eaas lafuufgr lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds vè;;u ds vykok bldh lelkef;d jpukvksa eas xzffkr lwfdr;ksa dks Hkh mtkx`r djus dh cm+h vko';drk gsa blfy, Hkh fd blls lalñr Hkk"kk dh lwfdr;ksa ds fofoèk n`f"v;ksa ls xos"k.kk ds lekykspukred ut+fj, esa u;kiu Hkh vk,xka lkfk gh lkfk lalñr Hkk"kk ds vkèkqfud dky [kam ls tqm+s lalñr Hkk"kk ds e`rizk;% gksus dh tks eku;rk dh?kqm+nksm+ bl Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; dh igpku dks gh jksanus ds fiqjkd esa yxh gs] mls bl u;h igy ls de ls de bldk rks,glkl gksxk gh fd lalñr Hkk"kk viuh izkphu rfkk eè;dkyhu lelkef;drk ds iqylisq dks vius 'kcnksa esa xw Fkrh gqbz vkt Hkh cm+s thoar lqhkkf"krksa ds :i esa iqf"ir,oa iziqqfyyr gsa vr% lalñr Hkk"kk ds lkekftd] jktusfrd ;k èkkfezd ljksdkjksa dh vfxu dq.m esa tks ik'pkr; (dqn Hkkjrh; fo}ku~ Hkh) fparuksa dh jk[+k dk <sj tek fd;k tk jgk gs mldh Hkh FkksM+h liqkbz dh tk ldsa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds :idksa ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds vkdyu ls Hkku gksrk gs fd budh lwfdr;k izkphu ijaijk rfkk vkèkqfud lanhkks± dk cm+k gh yfyr] ljy rfkk euksgkjh lefuor Hkkoukvksa dk izfrfufèk djrh gsa ftuesa tgk osn] iqjk.k] èkez'kkl=kh; ewy;ksa ds lgdkjh Hkko dk lekos'k gs] ogha lelkef;d laldkjksa] eku;rkvksa] jhfr&jhoktksa] vr;qrdv jk"vªh;rk rfkk lùkk izfrjksèkh ekjd Lojksa ds lkfk&lkfk dbz ledkyhu ToyUr lel;kvksa dh Hkh cm+s ry[+kh rsojksa dh xw t foliqkfjr gsa bu vuwbs lqhkkf"kr okd;ksa esa Hkko dh vfrjaftr e;kznk ds iym+s ds Hkkjhiu dh txg ;FkkFkZ vksj dvq lr; ds gh Hkkj dk vfèkd ncko gsa blesa lalñr Hkk"kk ij yxs njckjh lalñfr ds vkjksi dh txg blds tuekul ls tqm+h izk.koùkk dh Hkh flf¼ gksrh gsa

4 136 lalñr&foe'kz% lkfgr; lalñfr dk var%lk{; gksrk gs vksj tkfgj lh ckr gs fd nhf{kr th ds lwfdr lqèkk dy'k esa Hkh lekt ds rrdkyhu rkus&ckus ds ukuk fcecksa dk izfrfcecu fn[krk gsa vr% bugksaus viuh lqhkkf"krkoyh ds ekè;e ls lalñr Hkk"kk dh lelkef;drk rfkk ÅtZfLork dks lozfkk izliqqfvr fd;k gsa vr% lalñr Hkk"kk ds vkèkqfud lkfgr; esa Hkh lqhkkf"kr opuksa dh vdwr laifùk fufgr gs vksj nhf{kr th ds lqhkkf"krksa dks i<+us ls Li"V gksrk gs fd muds Hkkoksa esa tgk izkphu rfkk eè;dkyhu lqhkkf"kr opuksa] Hkkjrh; èkez'kkl=kksa rfkk jhfr fjoktksa dk leuo; gs ogha vkèkqfud ;qxhu fparuksa ds tks rùo ;k Kku ehekalh; ifjizs{; gsa mu ljksdkjksa dk Hkh buesa cm+k gh thoar fp=k.k gsa blls Hkh Li"V gksrk gs fd lalñr Hkk"kk dk vkèkqfud lkfgr; Hkh viuh mùkjksùkj Hkkf"kd izokg rfkk rjksrktk fcecksa ds lkfk fujurj Å er gsa ysfdu ;gk ;g Hkh Li"V dj nsuk mfpr gh gksxk fd lalñr Hkk"kk esa fufgr lqhkkf"kr opuksa dks ysdj tks ewyhkwr xzafkksa esa budk ladyu izlrqr fd;k x;k gs mudk vkwiqlsv laldj.k ds vykok vksj vfèkd dqn ugha fn[krk gsa lahkor% okeu f'kojke vkivs ds ckn lalñr 'kcn dks"kksa ds lkfk Hkh deksc+s'k ;gh gqvk gsa ; fi fiqygky ds o"kks± esa Nis fganh] ejkbh] vkaxy rfkk lalñr esa cgqhkkf"kd mi;ksxh 'kcndks"k O;ogkjdks"k% (,l-,u- dqyd.khz] jkf"vª; lalñr lalfkku] fnyyh] üúúÿ bz-),d vh;gz.kh; iz;kl ekuk tkuk pkfg,a bu lc dkj.kksa ls lki+q gs fd ge lalñr Hkk"kk ds mùkjksùkj lkfgr; ds fceckred rfkk blds lelkef;d ljksdkjksa ls vius vkidks vks>y gh djrs jgs gsaa ;gh dkj.k gs fd vkèkqfud lalñr lkfgr; esa lfuufgr lwfdr&opuksa dk vfhkuo laxzgiw.kz izdk'ku ds uke ij dgha dksbz ;Fkksfpr lkexzh i<+us dks ugha feyrh gsa ;g ckr vyx gs fd unh".k fo}ku~ vkpk;z lr;ozr 'kkl=kh ds jpuk lalkj esa l`ftr euhkkou vksj yfyr lqhkkf"kr opuksa dk fgunh vuqokn ds lkfk vpnk izdk'ku (lwfdr lqèkk] izoh.k izy;ä~dj] eqtýiqjiqj üúúý bz-) izdk'k esa vk;k gsa blds vfrfjdr vkpk;z lr;ozr 'kkl=kh us lqhkkf"krlkgïh (jkf"vª; lalñr lalfkku] fnyyh üúúÿ bz-)] vkpk;z dfiy f}osnh vksj jketh mikè;k; us Hkh Øe'k% finys ladfyr lalñr lqhkkf"kr opuksa ls dqn gvdj lalñr lkfgr; esa fufgr vu; lwfdr;ksa dks ikbd rd ijkslus dk vpnk iz;kl fd;k gsa MkW- 'kf'k frokjh us Hkh izdk'ku fohkkx ls,d vpnh lqhkkf"kr iqflrdk dk laxzg izlrqr fd;k gsa mlh izdkj lqhkkf"kr rjfäõ.kh (eqydjkts 'kekz] fo kfufèk izdk'ku] fnyyh] üúúû bz-) rfkk fo'o lalñr lwfdr dks'k (egkegksikè;k; yfyrizhk lkxj] jktlfkkuh xzufkkxkj] tksèkiqj üúúû bz-) Hkh ibuh; gks ldrs

5 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 137 gsaa fo'o lwfdr dks'k (Jh 'kj.k] vk;z cqd fmiks] ûùùû bz-] fnyyh) esa Hkh ns'kh&fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dh lwfdr;ksa ds vykok lalñr ds Dykfldy fo}ku~ dfo;ksa dh ok.kh dks Hkh leqfpr LFkku fn;k x;k gsa l % izdkf'kr ik p lks lalñr dfo;ksa ds jfpr rjkuksa dk lnqfdrd.kkze`r (Jhèkj nkl] ûüoha lnh) lqdfo rfkk iz[kj leh{kd vkpk;z jkèkkoyyhk f=kikbh }kjk ewy ds lkfk bldk igyh ckj fganh vuqokn (lkfgr; vdknseh] fnyyh] üúú bz-) ds lkfk Niuk blhfy, Hkh ek;us j[krk gs fd blesa ikbd lekt ewy lalñr ds lkfk lkfk ewy fganh dforkvksa dh ljlrk ds lkfk iw.kz vkuan dh vuqhkwfr dj ldrk gs D;ksafd blds dqy ik p lks dfo;ksa ds rsbzl lks vllh i ksa okys fganh rtzqek esa rrle Hkjs 'kcnksa dk dkfbu; FkksM+k Hkh ugha >ydrk gs vksj buesa,sls rn~hko rfkk ns'kt 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gs tks vke vkneh ds blrseky ds vkl&ikl ds gh yxrs gsaa vr% bl eqdrd Nan okys yfyr vuqokn dks,d eksfyd rfkk rjksrktk laldj.k ekuk tk ldrk gsa bl izdkj bls lalñr ds Dykfldy vfhktkr;h;rk ds c èku dks fganh Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls rksm+rs gq, lalñr rfkk fganh Hkk"kk dh,d vpnh vkilh lw>cw> ekuk tkuk pkfg,a dfojru MkW- Ñ".k yky ds laikndro esa fo}kuksa us lalñr ukvô (MkW- izos'k ldlsuk)] x (MkW- gfjnùk 'kekz) rfkk 'kkl=k (MkW- jkeizrki frokjh) ls tqm+s lqhkkf"krksa dk fganh vaxzst+h vuqokn ds lkfk lkfk vkèkqfud lalñr ukvôksfyyf[kr (MkW- xaxkèkj i.mk) lwfdr;ksa dk Hkh fganh vaxzst+h vuqokn (fnyyh lalñr vdkneh] fnyyh) ds lkfk vpnk izdk'ku fd;k gsa è;kro; gs fd dohuæ opu leqpp; (X;kjgoha 'krh) lcls iqjkuk lqhkkf"kr laxzg ekuk tkrk gs vksj blds ckn rsjgoha ls l=kgoha 'krh ds chp Hkh lwfdr d.kkze`r (Jhèkj nkl)] lwfdr eqdrkoyh (tygu)] 'kkäzõèkj i¼fr ('kkäzõèkj)] i koyh (:ixkslokeh)] i os.kh (os.kh nùk)] lwfdr jrugkj (lw;z dfyax jk;)] lqhkkf"krkoyh (oyyhk nso)] i jpuk (y{e.k nùk vadksydj)] lqhkkf"kr gkjkofy (gfj dfo) rfkk iáke`r rajfx.kh (gfj HkkLdj) tsls lwfdr Lrcdksa ds ladyuksa dk izdk'ku gksrk jgk gsa mlh izdkj fiqygky ds vèkzn'kd esa Hkh bl fn'kk esa vpns lap;u izdk'k esa vk;s gsaa buesa jk"vª&e tw"kk (osn izdk'k 'kkl=kh rfkk MkW- iwju pan VaMu] uhrk izdk'ku] fnyyh] üúúþ) Hkh vpnk blhfy, Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gs fd blesa jk"vª rfkk blds fofoèk vk;keksa vksj vaxksa rfkk mikaxksa dks ysdj tks lqhkkf"kr opu lalñr lkfgr; esa fufgr gsa mudks fo"k;xr lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gs vksj blds ifjf'k"v esa buds fo"k;ijd 'yksdksa dh la[;k Hkh Nih gsa blls ikbdksa dh

6 138 lalñr&foe'kz% lqfoèkk vksj c<+k nh x;h gsa vr% bl lwfdr dks"k dh ladyu&dyk vius vkiesa FkksM+k u;kiu fy, Hkh yxrk gsa blh izdk'ku ls Jh osn izdk'k 'kkl=kh vksj MkW- 'kf'kdkur ik.ms; us Hkh feydj f'k{kkµe tw"kk (üúúü bz-) uked xzafk dk vpnk laiknu fd;k gsa bu nksuksa esa ewy ds lkfk budk fganh rfkk vaxzst+h vuqokn dj lalñr lqhkkf"kr opuksa dh ikbdh;rk esa vksj bt+kiqk fd;k gsa ysfdu vkpk;z fnokdj nùk 'kekz jfpr lqhkkf"kr opukoyh (egkiq#"kopuke`re~ (lalñr 'kksèk lalfkkue~] f'keyk ûùùø bz-) lalñr ds lkeku; lqhkkf"kr opuk&xqpn ls FkksM+k gvdj blhfy, Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gs fd fo}ku~ dfo us eg "k vjfoan] bzlk elhg] xq# ukud] Lokeh n;kuun ljlorh] vkpk;z fouksok Hkkos] egkohj] gtjr eqgeen] johuæukfk VSxksj] jkeñ".k ijegal] jkerhfkz] foosdkuun rfkk egkrek xkaèkh ds n'kzuksa dks lalñr i ksa esa :ikurfjr dj tgk lalñr Hkk"kk ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa dks fo'o n'kzu ds lgdkj lalñfr ds :i esa iqulfkkzfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gs ogha Hkk"kk dh n`f"v ls lalñr lkfgr; dks u;k vk;ke nsdj bldh Hkkf"kd fcecksa dks Hkh cgqjaxh cuk;k gsa blls lalñr Hkk"kk dh xzgu'khyrk rfkk lefuor laizs"k.kh;rk vksj eq[kfjr gksrk fn[krk gsa vkilh esy&tksy rfkk HkkbZpkjs ds Hkkoksa dks ysdj bzlk elhg dk fopkj vfhko;dr djrs dfo fy[krk gsµ cuèkqfhk% lg osjs.k fgald% df;rs uj%aaüaaa blh izdkj egkrek xkaèkh dh vi`';rk fojksèkh voèkkj.kk Hkh ibuh; gs µ vli`';rkdyäïks ;a Hkkjrs fpjdkyr%aaþaa ;qok 'kfdr Lokeh foosdkuan ds dezizèkku lalñfr vksj fo'ocuèkqro ds Hkko dk vkpk;z 'kekz us bu euksje 'kcnksa essa rkuk&ckuk xw Fkk gs µ vfrfjp; fø;k'kfdra frfr{kk izcyk;rs]?k`.kkcya fogk;kfk cya izse.kks frfjp;rsaaûaa ;gk ;g Hkh lki+q dj nsuk fcydqy tk;t+ gksxk fd ns'kh ;k ik'pkr; fo}kuksa us tks dqn Hkh ekuo rfkk blds fofoèk izlaxksa ds fo"k;ksa esa mnkùk Hkko dh LFkkiuk dh gs og lalñr okä~e; esa Hkh lafufgr gsa lewph nqfu;k vkpk;z vjfoan ds egkekuo ds voèkkj.kk dh n`f"v ls fcydqy lke; j[krh gs vksj lalkj dh lhkh ekuo&tkfr;k ewyr% djq.kk] vk'kk] fujk'kk] lq[k&nq%[k vksj thou ds fofoèk {ks=kksa ds izlaxksa ds iz'uksa ds Loj Hkh,d gh gsaa vr% ge ikrs gsa fd lalñr&lkfgr; dh Fkkrh us bu egkiq#"kksa ds fy, cksf¼d@pkfjf=kd lalkèkuksa dk dke fd;k gs vksj bu fopkjksa dh lke;rk dh dlksvh ij ;gha vkdj fo'oekuo fparu dh voèkkj.kk viuh lexzrk dk Hkko izdv djrk gsa x+ksjryc+ gs fd vkpk;z 'kekz us tgk bu rf;ksa dks vu; nk'kzfudksa ds erksa ds rtzqek ds tfj, lalñr Hkk"kk rfkk lkfgr; ds fy, vpnh lkexzh tqvk;h gs ogha efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds ukvdksa esas Hkh fo'ks"k

7 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 139 dj 'kadjfot;] ohjizrki] ohji`fohjkt rfkk Hkkjrfot; esa Hkh [+kkl rksj ij i<+k tk ldrk gs tks ikbdksa dks lhèkk lalñr Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls gh ijkslk x;k gs tks rf; lalñr Hkk"kk dh lehphurk dks Hkh bafxr djrk gsa nhf{kr th dh,slh dbz lwfdr;k lalñr Hkk"kk dks cm+h rjksrktk vksj izklafxd cukrh ut+j vkrh gsaa blls lalñr Hkk"kk ds vkèkqfud lkfgr; dh thoarrk vksj lelkef;drk Lor% gh izliqqfvr gksrh fn[krh gsa ysfdu ;g dguk dksbz x+yr ugha gksxk fd lqhkkf"krjruhkk.mkxkj (pksngoha 'krkcnh ds vklikl) gh vhkh rd lqhkkf"kr opuksa dh n`f"v ls ys[kdksa ds fy, ikoj gkml dk dke djrk ut+j vkrk gs vksj lqhkkf"kr opuksa dk ;g ekbvªksdkwfumª;k vius vkus okyh ih<+h dks bruk u jh>rk jgk gs fd ys[kdksa] leh{kdksa us blds ckn ds lalñr esa fyf[kr lqhkkf"kr opuksa dks tax iwqm ekudj lkfgr; ds vurkjk"vªh; ckt+kj ls lalñr Dykfldy ds uke ij lelkef;d ltzukvksa vksj muesa fyf[kr yfyr lwfdr;ksa dks dksbz rjthg gh ugha nha bu lc dkj.kksa ls Hkh lalñr Hkk"kk ds vkèkqfud lkfgr; ds fo"k; esa vkt ;g fefkd isqykus dh lkft+'k jph tk jgh gs fd blus viuh jpukèkfezrk gh [kks nh gsa vr% ;kn jgs fd fdlh Hkh lkfgr; ds dky[k.m dks ysdj fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dksrkgh djuk mlds bfrgkl vksj lalñfr ds lkfk gh vu;k; djuk gsa lkfk gh lkfk mldh lelkef;drk dks Hkh vksj vfèkd vrhr ds gkse fldusal esa èkdsy dj mldh lkaizfrd lkekftd] lkalñfrd psrukvksa ij dqbkjk?kkr djuk gsa ;gk egkhkkjr ds tkus ekus fo}ku~ bz- MCY;w- gkwifdal ds vkwvksfeflvd esfkm F;ksjh ds iqylisq dks ut+j vankt ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftl fl¼kar ds rgr mlds }kjk ;g fefkd isqykus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h fd egkhkkjr esa ikb uke dh dksbz olrq ugha gsa cfyd blesa le; le; ij èkq èkyh rfkk vlac¼ dyiukvksa dks tksm+us ds iz;klksa ls vfèkd vksj dqn ugha vfkkzr~ ;g uscqyl ekl vkwiq badkxzqabfvt+ gsa blh fo}ku~ dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gs fd Hkkjr ds ikl u bfrgkl dh voèkkj.kk gs vksj u gh blds ikl bls lqjf{kr j[kus dk dksbz izkoèkkua (jkek;.k] egkhkkjr fparu dh Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkr; ijaijk] MkWvt; dqekj fej] Hkk"kk] tuojhµiqjojh üúúø dsaæh; fganh funs'kky;] fnyyha)a ;gk gesa ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd th- okbdks (û üÿ bz-),oa gmzj (û þ bz-) dh lkfkzd igy ds ckn gh ik'pkr; nqfu;k esa,sfrgkfld psruk rfkk fparu dh 'kq:vkr gqbz tcfd lalñr okä~e; esa blls gtkjksa o"kz iwoz bfrgklekp{krs (fujqdr)] prqfkzfefrgkliqjk.ka iapea osnkuka osne~ (NkanksX; mifu"kn~ &ü)] bfrgkliqjk.kkh;ka osna leqic`ag;sr~ (û@üö ) rfkk lxz'p

8 140 lalñr&foe'kz% izfrlxz'p oa'kks euoarjkf.ka vkfn vusd,sfrgkfld psrukvksa dk iddk lk{; Hkkjrh; lkfgfr;d nlrkost+ksa esa lqjf{kr gsa fons'kh fo}kuksa us rks bfrgkl ds fy, fglvªh 'kcn dk iz;ksx fd;k gsa tks badok;jh ds vfkz esa lahkkoukewyd gh gsa Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke ds Lo.kZ t;arh ds miy{; esa vesfjdk ls Nius okyh fo'o dh tkuh ekuh lkfgfr;d if=kdk U;w;kZdj rfkk xzkavk us tks fgunqlrku dh vkt+knh dh ym+kbz ls tqm+s vius Lo.kZ t;arh fo'ks"kkad esa ;g gokyk fn;k gs fd Hkkjr dh vkt+knh ds ckn tks Hkh Hkkjrh; lkfgr; esa l`tu gq, gsa] ;fn muesa lvknr eavks ljhds,d nks ys[kdksa dk uke gvk fn;k tk; rks ge ikrs gsa fd buesa jk"vªoknh ljksdkjksa dh jpukvksa dk lozfkk vhkko gh gsa ysfdu blds ihns fons'kh cqf¼thfo;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; vnc ij tks lkalñfrd vkøe.k dh lkft+'k jph x;h gs og Hkh x+ksjryc+ gs D;ksafd vksifuosf'kd xqykeh ls futkn feyus ds ckn vc lkfgfr;d xqykeh ds tky esa gesa iqk lus dh rs;kjh py jgh gsa blhfy, Hkh fd fdlh Hkh eqyd ds lkfgr; ds lkfk NsM+&NkM+ djuk mldh lalñfr dks rksm+us&ejksm+us dk iz;kl gsa lsvsfud olszt (lyeku j'nh) ;k yttk (rlyhek uljhu) ij izfrcaèk yxrs gh lkfgfr;d ckt+kjksa ds [kseksa esa xqvckth dk ekgksy jkrksa&jkr xez gks tkrk gsa tcfd efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds Hkkjrfot; ukvd dks blhfy, t+cr dj fy;k tkrk gs fd mugksaus viuh mrdv jk"vªoknh psruk ds uoksues"k'kkfyuh vksj jktuhfr dh ekjd dko; izfrhkk dh 'kfdr vksj lw>cw> ds dkj.k vkt+knh ds nl lky iwoz gh (ûùý bz-) bl ukvd esa Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd vaxzst+ fgunqlrku dks egkrek xk èkh ds usr`ro esa lksai dj Lons'k pys tk, xs vksj varr% nl lky ckn ;gh gqvk HkhA iqyr% ik.mqfyfi dh volfkk esa gh bls vaxzst+h ljdkj }kjk t+cr dj fy;k x;ka þ gkyk fd dsuæh; lkfgr; vdkneh ls izdkf'kr iqlrd esa izks- ds-,e- tktz dk ;g fopkj dqn vizekf.kdrk dh [kjksap fy, Hkh fn[krk gs D;ksafd Hkkjrfot; ukvd ds r`rh; laldj.k (üúúù osøekcn) ls irk pyrk gs fd rrdkyhu f'k{kkea=kh Jh laiw.kkzuun th us tc ûùþö bz- esa ;g ukvd ns[kus ds fy, e xok;k rks bls muds ikl blhfy, ugha Hkstk tk ldk] D;ksafd ml le; bldh,dek=k ik.mqfyfi gh miycèk FkhA vr% efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr Lo;a bls ûùþ bz- esa f'k{kk ea=kh ds ikl ys tk ldsa izks- tktz }kjk bl ukvd ds ys[kd ds :i esa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr dh txg efkqjkukfk nhf{kr fy[kk tkuk Hkh pwd gh gsa ÿ lkfk gh lkfk bldk izdk'ku o"kz (tcfd vkt+knh ds czãosyk esa bldk

9 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 141 izdk'ku gqvk gs) dks ysdj Hkh izks- tktz dh dfku Hkzkedrk dh flfkfr mriuu djrh gsa ö nhf{kr th dks lksyu (f'keyk) ujs'k Jh nqxkz flag dk jkt;kj; izkir Fkk vksj ogk ds jktk us ns'k dh rkrdkfyd gkykr vksj xksjh gqd+wer ds [kksi+q dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjrfot; ukvd dh ik.mqfyfi dks Lo;a vius gh ikl j[k fy;k vksj varr% vkt+knh ds ckn gh bldk Niuk lahko gks ldka izlrqr ukvd dks ysdj bl izdkj dh vkèkh&vèkwjh lwpuk Hkh lkfgr; ds bfrgkl vksj vkèkqfud lalñr lkfgr; ds chp ym+[km+krs fj'rksa dks Li"V djrk gsa tcfd bl?kvuk ls rrdkyhu lalñr Hkk"kk dh thovrk vksj thoarrk rfkk jtokm+s ds chp d'ked+'k dh [khapkrkuh ds rukoksa dks lgt gh,glkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl ek;us esa ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd u dsoy lalñr&lkfgr; vfirq dekscs+'k lhkh Hkkjrh; lkfgr; us vius eqyd dh jktusfrd Lora=krk ds cgqr igys gh viuh lexz cksf¼d Lora=krk dk [kqydj,yku dj fn;k FkkA (Lora=krk laxzke vksj lalñr if=kdk, ] vt; dqekj fej] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgr;] lkfgr; vdknseh] fnyyh] flracj vdrwcj ûùùø)a bl gd+hd+r dks ut+j vankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr dks Hkh vu; fuhkhzd jpukdkjksa dh rjg gh jkt; vksj lkfgr; ds ewy;ksa esa ewyhkwr Hksnksa dh vurn`zf"v FkhA jkt; dk ewyr% ewy; fuèkkzj.k bldh 'kfdr vksj laizhkqrk rfkk lkozhkksfedrk ds vkèkkj ij gh vu; jkt;ksa] eqydksa rfkk xqvksa ls fj'rk d+k;e gksrk gsa vksj bldk Hkh è;ku jgs fd o?kkv ujs'k (lksyu] f'keyk) Jh nqxkz flag us blh iqylisq ds rgr gh rrdkyhu vksifuosf'kd gqd+wer ds [kksi+q dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjrfot; ukvd dh ik.mqfyfi dks vius ikl j[kdj t+cr dj fy;ka tc fdlh jpukdkj dh Lora=krk@vfHkO;fDr ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk vadq'k yxk;k tkrk gs rks lùkk viuh bugha gjdrksa dks xksjokfuor djus ds fy, vius fokkiuksa@rkdrksa ds lalkèkuksa dks mlesa >ksad nsrh gsa bl izdkj varr% bldk izfriqy U;wVu dk rhljk fu;e lkeku; fø;k ds izfrdwy izfrfø;k gksrh gs tslh gksus yxrh gs vksj lùkk viuk eq g fy, jg tkrh gsa ysfdu ;g cm+s nqhkkzx; dh ckr gs fd efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr tks yksdeku; fryd dh if=kdk fryd ls izhkkfor gksdj,fplu dkwyst ykgksj ds X;kjg o"kks± ds vius izkpk;z ds in dks ykr ekjrs gq, fgunqlrku dh Lora=kksUeq[kh cksf¼d vksj jktusfrd ym+kbz esa dwnus ds fy, tqv x;s muds O;fDrRo rfkk jpukvksa ds fo"k; esa bfrgkl ds ikl dksbz leqfpr tkudkjh ugha gsa nhf{kr th dk ;g jk"vªh; rfkk ltzukred jq>ku lalñr Hkk"kk ds

10 142 lalñr&foe'kz% ekjd rsoj ds lkfk&lkfk bl Hkk"kk ij yxs njckjh pkvqdkfjrk ds fefkd dk Hkh ifj'kksèku djrk gs] D;ksafd jpuk esa ys[kd }kjk vius euksokafnr fo"k;olrq dks pquus dh Lora=krk rfkk mleas osfoè; dk vuwbkiu gh jpukèkfezrk dh dkytf;rk dks thoar cuk;s j[krk gsa ik'pkr; fo}ku~ gksjsl dwyl us Hkh olrq&osfoè;] ehfm;e vksj fopkj ds fof'k"v iz;ksx dks gh lksun;z ekuk gs ftlesa vfhko;fdr ds fcecksa dk mùkjksùkj lefuor fodkl mldh LokrU=; dh Hkkouk ds lkfk vfuok;z :i ls vko';d gksrk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd nhf{kr th ds lqhkkf"kr opu tgk lalñr ds Dykfldy lqhkkf"krkoyh dh ijaijk dk fuokzg djrh gs ogha jk"vªoknh rfkk lùkk izfrjksèkh Hkkoukvksa ls vksrizksr lwfdr;ksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh lwfdr&lqèkk ds lksun;z'kkl=k dh ifjhkk"kk esa Hkh rcnhyh djrk gs ftlls lkfgr; dks Hkk"kk oskkfud rfkk blds nk'kzfud rf;ksa dks u;k vankt feyk gsa dfo dh blh lelkef;d lksun;z psruk us vkèkqfud lalñr Hkk"kk rfkk blds lkfgr; dks vfhkuo vksj thoar cuk fn;k gs] D;ksafd mpp ewy;ksa ds leqilfkkiu ds fcuk eksfyd ewy; thou blds fofoèk izlaxksa dks vius vkiesa gte djus esa dnkfi lefkz ugha gks ldrk gsa è;ku jgs mpp eku;rkvksa dk vewy;u vksj jpukdkj dh Lora=krk ds guu ds ckn gh lkfgr;dkj vksj mldh jpuk dks lùkk] jktuhfr vksj blds ukuk miknkuksa ds lefkzuksa] fliqkfj'kksa rfkk fokkiuksa dk gffk;kj cuk;k tkrk gsa lùkkiks"kh lkfgr; dk 'kksjxqy gj ;qx esa lùkk izfrjksèkh mrdv Hkkoukvksa dh ljxe dks ges'kk nckrk gh jgk gs vksj ml [+kkl ;qx ds volku ds lkfk gh iqu% ml ljxe dk gh fjn~e fu"i{k rfkk cqf¼thoh ikbd lekt ds ân;&izkax.k esa iqu% ffkjdus yxrk gsa ;gh Lianu nhf{kr th ds ukvdksa dh lwfdr;ksa esa Hkh lozfkk lquk tk ldrk gsa vkt fo'o&'kkafr dks ykykf;r iwjh nqfu;k ds nhf{kr th dh lqhkkf"kr okd; D;ksa u vpns yxsaxs µ ;q¼s izkf.koèk% f{krks fodyrk yksds"kq fohkzkurrk@ckyl=khlfkfojs"kq èkhrjyrk nhukyls"okùkzrka (Hkkjrfouk] i-v-] izûýù)a mlh izdkj buds vu; ukvdksa esa Hkh ;q¼ dh vizklafxdrk rfkk rk.mo dk n`'; Hkh ibuh; gs µ lfr ;q¼s izkf.kfgalk] 'kkfurhkäõ% iztk{k;%a vk;uk'kh] O;;kfèkD; uklekn~ ;q¼a lefkz;sa (Hkkjrfouk] f}-v-] i`- þö)a ;gk nwljh iafdr eas dfo dh lelkef;d lksp ukxklkdh rfkk fgjksf'kek dh [kksi+qukd ;knksas dks rktk dj tkrh gsa vkt dkcqy Hkh rks iqufuzekz.k dh nksj ls gh xqtj jgk gsa ukvddkj }kjk Lora=krk tslh bgyksfdd jktusfrd Hkkouk dks ikjyksfdd nsoh dk Lo:i ekuk tkuk Hkh x+ksjryc+ gs µ,rrlokru=;nsoiwtkfk± HkoRikns fuèkh;srs (ohjizrkiuk] "k-v-] i`- û ú)a mlh izdkj Hkkjrfot; ukvd esa Hkh fljktqíksyk

11 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 143 }kjk Hkkjrekrk dh ewfrz ds lkeus viuk flj >qdk;k tkuk Hkh lkaiznkf;d ln~hkko dks gh bafxr djrk gs D;ksafd blyke èkez esa ewfrz&iwtk rks lozfkk fuf"k¼ gh gsa ysfdu lahkor% fljktqíksyk dks Hkh bldk,glkl gs fd jk"vª vksj Lora=krk rfkk mldh vflerk fdlh Hkh èkez ls Å pk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd dfo nhf{kr us vius lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds ekè;e ls Li"V fd;k gs fd fgunqlrku esa fgunw&eqflye dk dksbz HksnHkko ugha gksrk gs cfyd tks ftl yk;d gksrk gs mls mlh ds fglkc ls og in Hkh fn;k tkrk gsµ;fleu~ izkurs ;,o ;ksx;% l,o eu=kh HkofrA uk=k fgunw;ou;kshkszn%a (Hkkjrfouk] l-v- i`û ü)a ;gh dkj.k gs fd ;gk ij cq¼ rfkk v'kksd vkfn us Hkh 'kklu fd;k gs µ jkt;fu;es HksnHkkoLrq u HkofrA cks¼sj'kksdizhk`frfhkèkkfezdhkko fogk; jkt;edkfja ukvddkj us blh dkseh,drk dh ckr vius xk fèkfot; esa mbkrs gq, vaxzst+ dh iwqv Mkyks vksj 'kklu djks dh dquhfr dh Hkh?kksj HkRlZuk dh gsµfohksnuivqfhkjsfhk% ik'pkr;s% fduu dkjf;rqa 'kd;rsa (xkafèkfot;uk] iz- v- ] i`- þ) vksj Hkkjrfot; ukvd esa Hkh vaxzstksa dh bu gjd+rksa dks ysdj dkiq+h fpark trk;h x;h gs µ ija divivwukeqrdkspnkusu fohksndkukes"kka ek;ktkykueqfdrjfrnq"djka (Hkkjrfo-uk-] f}- v-] i`- þ )A blh izdkj pk nh ds twrs dh O;oLFkk dks ysdj Hkh nhf{kr th us viqlksl trk;k gs µ i';] HkwfelEekulEiÙ;kfnnkusu izluuhfø;urs ns'kæksfg.k%a (Hkkjrfouk] i-v-] i`ûýø)a vkt vkradokn dk uaxk ukp vksj muds }kjk fugrfks rfkk funksz"kksa dks Hkwus tkus dh ckr dh vusfrdrk dks mbkrs gq, tkfy;kokyk ckx dkam ds izlax esa dfo fy[krk gs µ vk% izlqirkuka ekj.ka furkureuqfpre~a (Hkkjrfouk] r`-v-] i`- øþ)a mùkj vkèkqfudrkoknh ukjhokn ls tqm+h vgeh;r dks Hkh dfo us,yku djrs gq, Li"V fd;k gs fd vksjr fdlh Hkh lekt] jkt; ;k ns'k ds fy, èkjksgj gh gksrh gs µ,oa foèkk,o fl=k;s ee jkt;fj;% lfura (ohjizrkiuk] p-v-] i`- øþ)a ;gh dkj.k gs fd mugksaus vksjr dh prqjkbz dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk Hkh dh gs µ fda uke L=kh.kka pkrq;sz"kq odro;e~a (Hkkjrfouk] f}-v-] i`- ýþ)a blh izdkj èkekzr~ lokz vk;zfl=k;ks es ekrj% ij Hkh x+ksj iqjek;k tkuk pkfg,a (ohjizrkiuk] p-v-] i`- ûöú)a dfo fy[krk gs µ Hkwnsok% ljgl;osnfuiq.kk% 'kkl=kkl=kfuekzidk%] jktkuks fi u;kfuork% lqñfruks uhr;k iztkikyd%a fo}kalks fi foerljk'p of.ktks nùkk'p xksj{kdk%] Hkw;klq lqf[ku% dyklq dq'kyk% 'kwæk% iquhkkzjrsa ('kjäïfouk] "k-v-] i`- ÿü)a ;gk ukvddkj ds fparu esa cm+s gh lelkef;d] lkoztuhu] lkozhkksfed rfkk thou] lekt vksj jk"vª ds fofoèk okrk;uksa ds vk;keksa dk cm+k gh izklafxd

12 144 lalñr&foe'kz% vksj lehphu lanhkks± dks mbk;k x;k gs ftlls lalñr Hkk"kk dh tuksueq[kh lapsruk cm+k gh laofyr gks mbh gsa ysfdu bu okd;ksa esa xksj{kdk% rfkk 'kwæk% 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx dqn [+kkl ledkfyd ekuk tk ldrk gsa lalñr Hkk"kk ij lkeku;r% Cyw CyM dk fgek;rh vksj vfhktkr;h; ekufldrk ds iks"kd gksus dk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gsa ysfdu Hkkjro"kZ ds iqufuzekz.k esa nhf{kr th fiqj ls jk"vª ds prqfnzd~ mrfkku esa nfyr lekt ds ;ksxnkuksa dh dkeuk djrs gsaa Bhd mlh izdkj ½Xosn dk iq#"klwdr czkã.k (eq[k)] {kf=k; (Hkqtk)] os'; (ta?kk) rfkk 'kwæ (isj) ds Øexr mùkjksùkj vfèkdkfèkd izklafxd ekudj lekt ds izr;sd oxz dks mi;ksxh crkrs gq, lkoztfud jkst+xkj eqgs;k djokus dh fliqkfj'k djrh gsa blh izdkj xksj{kdk% 'kcn&laèkku djrs od+r fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dksrkgh ls fcydqy cpus dh t+:jr gs D;ksafd bl 'kcn dk lkeku;r% lhèkk rkj vk;z lekt ls tqm+s xksj{kk vkunksyu ls gh tksm+us dh x+yrh dh tkrh gsa ysfdu ;gk ;g Hkh è;ku jgs fd eqa'kh izsepan dh dgkuh nks csyksa dh dfkk tsls vusd i'kqèkuksa ij csgrk'kk HkkSfrd muufr ds VSªDVj us fdl dnj dgj <k;k gs vksj esgurd+'k et+nwj oxz dk vius gh xk esa [kksrh mudh izklafxdrk vksj blls mriuu iyk;u dh lel;k vksj mudk vleatl Hkjk ladviw.kz vflrro Hkh dksbz de fpark dk fo"k; ugha gsa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr us vius nk'kzfud ukvd esa tgk turk èkez dh ppkz dj µ iquj'ks"khkkjro"ks Z;SdèkeZeoyksD; fdf prlq[keuqhkw; ijyksda xfe";fla ('käïjfouk] iz- v-] i`- ÿ) èkez ds lafoèkku esa lkeku;hdj.k ds ekxz dks iz'klr fd;k gs ogha i'kqèku ds fouk'k ls nwèk rfkk?kh vkfn dh lel;kvksa dks Hkh mbk;k gs µ [kknurq ekalfefr fu:i; yksdk;frddksfykfnds%] izr;qriuucqf¼fhk% lokz vfi xkoks efg";ks fi [kk UrsA?k`r{khjkf.k nqyzhkkfu Hkfo";fUrA ('käïjfouk] iz- v-] i`- ü&ý)a nhf{kr th us tkfr O;oLFkk ij Hkh ekd+wy iz'u mbkrs fy[kk gs µ tkfr% lkfr'k;k dfka\ dfkegks nsgsu lk laxrk\ gk Li`';kfi dfka HkosnfHkerk\ lk tueuk tk;rsa ('käïjfouk] r`-v-] i`- üû)a dfo dh ut+j esa Hkh fj'or[kksjh dk èkaèkk cm+k gh uhpk dke gs µ mrdkspa uso df'pn~ oztrq ÑfrfoèkkS lozjkt;s lq[ka L;kr~A (HkDrlquk] "k-v-] i`- ùû)a blh izdkj olqèkk ds fofoèk lainkvksa ls Hkjs iwjs] 'kkafr laiuu rfkk ds }kjk ekuo lekt ls tqm+s ukuk lalkèkuksueq[kh vuos"k.kksa dk lkfkzd iz;kl vksj fgunqlrku ds tu tu esa f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj dh dkeuk okys lqhkkf"kr Lrcd Hkh lalñr Hkk"kk dks lelkekf;d rfkk thoar cukrs gq, bl Hkk"kk dh lwdrkoyh ds vankt esa gh pkj pk n yxk fn;k gsa

13 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 145 fons'kh fo}ku~ gksjsl dwyu ds lksun;z'kkl=k ds vfkz&fcecksa dk osfoè; ftuesa lefuor vfhko;fdr dk usùk;z dk lkeatl; loznk cuk jgs og cgqjaxh Nfo nhf{kr th ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa esa Hkh lozfkk tktoy;eku gs vksj budh Hkk"kk dh blh ped us vkt dh lalñr Hkk"kk dks vksj iz[kj cuk fn;k gsa vr% lalñr ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa dk u dsoy fofoèk Hkk"kkvksa esas vuqokn ek=k dh vko';drk gs cfyd lkekftd] èkkfezd] jktusfrd] fefkdh; (nso'kkl=k) ;k euksoskkfud n`f"v;ksa ls Hkh budh lexz leh{kk dh l[+r t+:jr tku im+rh gsa bl lkfkzd iz;kl ls u dsoy efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ln`'k vusd dfo;ksa ds lkfgfr;d okrk;uksa ds fofoèk vk;keksa dk muehyu gksxk ftlls ge lalñr ds lelkef;d lkfgr; ds fofoèk foèkkvksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh dqn fuf'pr rksj ij dg ldus esa lefkz gks ldrs gsaa nhf{kr th ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa dk xqpn ekuo thou vksj muds jgu&lgu] vklfkkvksa] eku;rkvksa rfkk buds euksfokkuksa ls lhèkk fj'rk j[krk gs vksj bu buæèkuq"kh thoar lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds vkdyu ls lalñr Hkk"kk dh ledkyhu izk.koùkk Hkh Lor% rlnhd gks tkrh gsa vkpk;z Jhèkj of'k"b dk Hkh ekuuk gs fd dksbz Hkh lkfgr;dkj tc lkfgr;&jpuk djus yxrk gs rks mlds ihns Hkk"kk dh yech ijaijk gksrh gsa og vius ikfjokfjd,oa lkekftd ifjos'k] lkfgfr;d vksj lkalñfrd ijaijk rfkk uouoksues"k'kkfyuh cqf¼ }kjk lkfgr; dh jpuk djrk gs vksj bl nksjku,slh ckrsa dg tkrk gs tks ikbd rfkk mlds ifjos'k ds Åij fpjlfkk;h izhkko NksM+ tkrh gsaa lalñr Hkk"kk dks,d lokzfèkd yech ijaijk izkir gksus dk xksjo feyk gs ftlesa gekjs iwozt ½f"k;ksa rfkk ØkUrn'khZ ^dfo;ksa*,oa ys[kdksa ds fpuru dk izfriqy fuc¼ gsa vr% lalñr Hkk"kk esa dfork djus okyk dfo lalñr Hkk"kk dh lkalñfrd èkjksgj dks Lor% izkir dj ysrk gsa (lwfdr lqèkk] izkddfku i`- i)a vkpk;z lr;ozr 'kkl=kh dk rks ekuuk gs fd lalñr dko;ksa esa lwfdr;k vfèkdka'kr;k fo'ks"k :i ls lkeku; vksj lkeku; ls fo'ks"k ds lefkzu :i vfkkzurju;kl ds ekè;e ls izliqqfvr gqbz gsaa (dkfynkl lwfdrlqèkk] izkddfku i`- ûú] lqhkk"k fo kyadkj] laldkj izdk'ku fnyyh] üúúý bz-)a vkpk;z 'kkl=kh th dk ;g er lalñr&lkfgr; fo'ks"k dj Dykfldy ds lkfk lozfkk ykxw gksrk gsa ysfdu efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr dh rjg dbz,sls vksj vkèkqfud lalñr&jpukdkj gsa] ftugksaus vyadkj ds bl unh".k ifjikvh ds lkfk&lkfk fcydqy vfhkèkk esa Hkh vius Hkkoksa dks lesvk gsa bldk eryc ;g dnkfi ugha fd lalñr Hkk"kk dh lwfdr;ksa us viuk dko;&'kkl=kh; lksun;z dks [kks;k gsa nhf{kr th dh lwfdr lqèkk dh vfhkèkk 'ksyh mrdv jk"vªh; Hkkouk rfkk

14 146 lalñr&foe'kz% rrdkyhu ljksdkjksa rfkk vrhr xksjoksa dks fcuk dksbz ykx yisv ds lkfk vfhko;dr dj tkrh gs tks Hkk"kk rfkk Hkko ds lgt fcecksa dks izfrfcfecr djrh gsa vu;fkk laisz"k.kh;rk esa 'kkl=kh; Hkko dk cks> gh c<+ ldrk gsa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa dk l`tu Hkh izkphurk vksj vkèkqfudrk ds chp dk izlfkku fcunq gksus ds dkj.k lalñr Hkk"kk ds vusd egkdfo;ksa dh rjg gh vuwbkiu fy, yxrk gsa dqn fo}kuksa dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gs fd eqgkojksa esa lkeku;r% eq[;kfkz vfkok dks'kkfkz dk cksèk gksrk gs] ftldk laèkku y{;kfkz ds fy, gh fd;k tkrk gs vksj ftlds dkj.k ml y{;kfkz esa gh eqgkojk Hkk"kk [+kkl vfkz esa :<+ gks tkrk gsa viuh&viuh Hkk"kk dh vfhko;fdr dk [+kkl vankt gksrk gs vksj ml :<+ vankt ds rgksa esa tkdj Hkkoksa ds ml ryli'khz ewy èofu rd tkuk dksbz vklku dke ugha gksrk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd eqgkojksa dk,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa rtzqek djuk izk;% Vs<+h [khj gh gksrk gs] D;ksafd eqgkojksa ds ewy vfkz dks le>us ds fy, ml Hkk"kk dh lalñfr ds rgksa esa tkuk izfker;k t+:jh gks tkrk gsa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"kr opu vksj muds ypnsnkj iz;ksx ls Hkku gksrk gs fd mudks ftruk lalñr Hkk"kk ij vfèkdkj Fkk rd+jhc+u mruk gh os fganh Hkk"kk ds lkfk Hkh?kqys&feys FksA ;gh dkj.k gs fd mudh lwfdr;ksa dh Hkk"kk ij lkaizfrd n'kzuksa] fparuksa rfkk ukuk ljksdkjksa dk Hkh izhkko gs ftlls lalñr Hkk"kk dh lajpukvksa rfkk fcecksa esa dki+qh xq.kkred mhkkj dk vuqhko gksrk gs rhkh rks µ eqdrok {kf=k;dq tjku~ cfyhkqtks galha xys c¼oku~a (HkDrlquk] i- v-] i`- û) rfkk odks fi galxfre`pnfr (ohjizrkiuk] p-v- ] i`- ù ) tsls okd;ksa dk lekos'k buds ukvdksa esa i<+us dks feyrk gsa dfo dh bl Hkk"kk ij fganh Hkk"kk ds cksypky dk Hkh izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa ;Fkk µ vflr f}nys fdf ppn~ ee~a HkDrlquk] p-v-] i`- öö (nky esa dqn dkyk gsa)] vgefi rs"kka p{kqf"k izrk;z 'kfdrflageuqizpfyr%a ohjizrkiuk] iz-v-] i`þý (esa Hkh mu lcls vk [k cpkdj 'kfdr flag ds ihns py im+ka)] dnkfpnfi ok#.;ka fnf'k uksn;rs jfo%a Hkkjrfouk] f}-v-] i`- þø (if'pe dh vksj lw;z dhkh ugha mxrk gsa)] d.vdks lks ewyr% 'kksèkuh;%a Hkkjrfouk] p- v-] i`- øø (bl dk Vs dks tm+ ls [kre dj nsuk pkfg,a)] u fg ewf"kdkl=ks.kkfi ektkzjks cè;rsa xkafèkfouk] f}-v-] i`- üû (ewls ds gffk;kj ls fcyko dks ekjuk pkgrk gsa)] ukge~ vdez.;ks flea xkafèkfouk] iz-v-] i`- ûý (esa dkepksj ugha gw A)] u tkus dqrks es ân;a osirsa HkDrlquk] iz-v-] i`- ù (u tkus D;ksa esjk ân; dk i jgk gs\)] ;fn v;a Lohdq;kZr~ r g ^Lo.ksZ lqxuèk%* br;ga eu;sa

15 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 147 ohjizrkiuk] iz-v-] i`- ûüú (;fn ;g Lohdkj djs rks lksus ij lqgkxk le>ks)] vkirurhukekinka uso iknks leqri srsa Hkkjrfouk] r`- v-] i`- øø (vkrh gqbz vkifùk;ksa ds isj ugha gksrsa)a vkt vkaxy lkfgr; esa xqmlsf;ax dh tks voèkkj.kk gs mldk mrl olrqr% osfnd lkfgr; gh gsa vaxzst+h lkfgr; rks rfey Hkk"kk ls Hkh dbz lky bèkj dk vnc gsa blh izdkj iksjkf.kd eku;rkvksa dh Hkh budh Hkk"kk ij izr;{k Nki fn[krh gs tks lalñr Hkk"kk dh viuh fo'ks"krk gsa ;Fkk µ vya jktèkekzf}#¼su lqrkekr`rqy;kfhk% ijl=khfhk% lg O;fHkpkjs.kA ohjizrkiuk] i-v-] i`- ûÿö (csvh rfkk ek ds leku leekuuh;k nwljs dh vksjr ds lkfk nqo;zogkj jktèkez ds fo#¼ gsa)] beks 'kj.kkxrks lozfkk e;k j{k.kh;ksa ohjizrkiuk] iz-v-] i`- üü ('kj.k esa vk;s bu nksuksa dh esjs }kjk j{kk dh tkuh pkfg,a)] ½f"kfHk% lg bzn`xkpj.ka nksjkre;esoa HkwHkkjksuk] iz-v-] i`- ö (½f"k;ksa ds lkfk bl rjg ls is'k vkuk lozfkk ) rfkk fdfena uke 'kks;± ;Ue`rs"kq 'kl=kikr%a Hkkjrfouk] "kv-] i`- ûöÿ (D;k ejs gq, ij 'kl=k pykuk ohjrk gs\)a ;gk ;g Hkh lki+q dj nsuk tk;t+ gh gksxk fd lalñr Hkk"kk esa eqgkojksa ds fy, dksbz lozeku; 'kcn dk iz;ksx lahkor% ugha gqvk gsa ;g ckr vyx gs fd okxjhfr] okxèkkjk] okxo`fùk rfkk Hkk"kk laiznk; tsls 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx ikrs gsaa vr% vius uke ds :i esa budh igpku [kkstk tkuk ykfteh gh j[krk gs vksj buds fy, mi;zqdr 'kcnksa dks x<+k tkuk blh flyflys dk ifj.kke ekywe im+rk gsa ;gk ;g Hkh cyiwozd dgk tkuk pkfg, fd bu eqgkojksa dh vis{kk lalñr Hkk"kk }kjk vius vkn'kkszueq[kh laldkj ds vkfèkd; ds dkj.k viuh lkalñfrd lapsruk dks ewy vksj mls izhkkoh :i esa dgus ds fy, Mhokbl dh rjg lqhkkf"kr ;k lwfdr opu tsls 'kcnksa dks gh vfèkd rjthg nh x;h gsa ysfdu bldk Hkh [;ky jgs fd dksbz Hkh Hkk"kk rhkh rd rktk&rjhu ;k thoar jgrh gs tc rd mlesa eezhksnh pqhku ds fy, eqgkojk :ih rh[+kh uksad dh xqatkb'k Hkh cuh jgsa lkfk gh lkfk mldh Hkk"kk rfkk lkfgr; ij Hkk"kk&foKku ds vfkz&ladksp dh txg vfkz&foliqkj.k dk gh vfèkd egùo gksa ysfdu eqgkojksa ds iz;ksx esa muds 'kcnksa ds tjk&lk Hkh jíkscny dh txg muds gqcgw iz;ksx dh gbèkfezrk lozfkk vuqdwy ugha ekuh tk ldrh gsa ;gk bldk vfkz ;g Hkh dnkfi ugha yxkuk pkfg, fd mùkj vkèkqfudrk ls tqm+s 'kcnkfkz laèkku ds vkjfcvªh ehfuax dks ysdj tks vjktdrk isqyh gs mlls cpus dh dksf'k'k u dh tk;a

16 148 lalñr&foe'kz% ;g ekuuk Hkkjh Hkwy gksxh fd lalñr Hkk"kk esa eqgkojksa dk blrseky cm+k gh de fd;k x;k gsa ;fn,slh ckr gksrh rks bl Hkk"kk rfkk lkfgr; dks lokzfèkd lefkz :i ls laizs"k.kh;rk 'kfdr dk rkt vkt ugha iguk;k tkrka gk ] ;g ckr vyx gs fd lkeku;r% blds ypnsnkj okd;ksa ds eqgkojksa ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa dh fluxèkrk rfkk el`.krk Hkh ik;h tkrh gs tks y{k.k bl Hkk"kk dh viuh laldkjxr dh n`f"v ls vifjgk;z vksj LokHkkfod Hkh gsa nhf{kr th ds ukvdksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh bl ped ls cgqr gn rd perñr gsa cgqr gn rd lalñr ds eqgkojsa ;Fkk µ iqf"irke~ okpe~ (fn[kkå ckr)] eèkqftà (eèkqjhkk"kh) rfkk fnuhkw"kfr (fnuksa dh 'kkshkk c<+kuk) vkfn æ"vo; gsaa buds vykok dqahkhe~ i;kznèkkfr (nwljksa dh gfm+;k ij vk'kk yxkuk)] [ka eqf"vukfi ftèk`{kfur (eqv~bh esa vkleku cun djuk) rfkk e`r;q&eq[kkrizeqp;rs (eksr ds eq g ls NqVuk) tsls eqgkojs Hkh x+ksjryc+ gsaa lalñr Hkk"kk ds bu eqgkojksa dh Nfo vkt ds fganh eqgkojksa esa lgt gh ns[kh tk ldrh gsa è;kro; gs fd jhfrdky (fganh) ds dfo cjdrqyyk us voèkh&hkkstiqjh ds,d eqgkojk lkrw ckug ds ihns im+o dk {ks=kh; yksdksfdr lk p dks vk p D;k\ esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gsa,sls gh Hkko dks viukrs gq, rd+jhc+u blh yksdksfdr ds tfj, foizyahk Ük`axkj ls?kokfgy,d ukf;dk ds fo"k; esa o.kzu djrs ;g dfo fy[krk gs µ ns[kks] tsb fuytt dks ijks gsa lrqos ck èka nhf{kr th us Hkh fganh ds eqgkojs dk lk{kkr~ lalñr Hkk"kk esa vuwfnr dj fn;k gs ;Fkk µ Lo.ksZ lqxuèk% (HkDrlquk] iz- v-] i`- ûü)a mlh izdkj u nsu;a u iyk;ue~ (ohji`fohjktuk] i- v-] i`ýø) dk iz;ksx fganh dk lkeku; ikbd Hkh djrk gsa ;gk tgk fganh Hkk"kk rfkk lalñr Hkk"kk ds iuirs vpns fj'rksa dk ladsr feyrk gs ogha lalñr lkfgr; ds vkèkqfud Hkk"kk dh 'kcnkfkz xzg.k'khyrk vksj mldh izhkkoh vfhko;fdr dh Fkkrh dh Hkh iqf"v gksrh gsa lalñr Hkk"kk ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds fo"k; esa lkeku;r% ;gh voèkkj.kk gs fd ;g usfrdksueq[kh@vkn'kzijd@euhkkou okd; fou;kl tks d.kzfiz; gh ugha vfirq ekul@ân; rarqvksa ds ØhM+k izkax.k esa Lor% vksj lgt vfkz foliqkj.k djrs gq, xkxj esa lkxj Hkjus dk lkfkzd iz;kl djs rks ;g yfyr@lqdqekj lexz thounkf;uh okd; lwfdr opu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gsa 'kkäõzèkj us Hkh lalñr ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa ij yv~vw gksrs fy[kk gs µ ra lttuk% lqdfo'kkf[k&dforoiq"ik.;kn;a laèkkj;urq dqlqeksttoygkj:ia d.bs lqhkkf"kreiklrlelrnks"ke~aa bldk dkj.k lki+q gs fd lalñr Hkk"kk dk Hkko lkeku;r% vkn'kzokfnrk ds lsykc esa gh rsjrk jgk gsa ysfdu x+ksjryc+ gs fd

17 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 149 blds vykok ukjh dks Hkh lalñr ds lwfdr ijd lkfgr; esa ipk;k x;k gsa ysfdu gesa ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd gekjs mitho; egkdko; jkek;.k rfkk egkhkkjr vksj buls vuqizkf.kr jpukvksa esa cm+s ltho vksj vke ljksdkjksa esa vkc¼ lqhkkf"kr opuksa dh Hkh Hkjekj gsa blls thou vkn'kz blds ewy; vksj osf'od fparu ds lcc ls Hkh lalñr Hkk"kk rfkk lkfgr; furkur dkyt;h vksj loztfuu gsa HkkSfrd fokku ds eezk vksj Hkkjrh;rk ds muuk;d vkpk;z eqjyh euksgj tks'kh dk Hkh ekuuk gs fd lalñr lkfgr; lelr mùke fopkjkas,oa lkozhkkse fl¼karksa dk vej dks"k gsa osn] osnkax] mifu"kn~] xhrk] jkek;.k] egkhkkjr rfkk iqjk.k vkfn vk"kzxzafkksa,oa dkfynkl] Hkkl] Hkkjfo vksj HkoHkwfr vkfn egku dfo;ksa ds dko;ksa esa,slh lwfdr;k fufgr gsa tks fd oxz tkfr o laiznk; ls Åij mbdj 'kk'or lr;,oa rf;ksa dk mn~?kkvu djrs gq, ekuo ek=k ds fy, thou dh leqfpr fn'kk iznku djrh gsa (f'k{kk&e tw"kk] vkeq[k] uhrk izdk'ku] fnyyh] üúúü)a ysfdu lalñr Hkk"kk ds vkèkqfud jpukdkjksa ;Fkk efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ln`'k dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa esa,d [+kkl ckr ;g mhkjdj lkeus vkrh gs fd buds lqhkkf"kr opuksa ij tgk viuh ijaijk dk vfev izhkko gs ogha lelkef;d fgunqlrkuh Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgr; dk fo'ks"kdj fganh dk :>ku Li"Vr% vfèkd fn[krk gs tks lalñr Hkk"kk ds Dykfldy xqv ds fnxxtksa dks lahkor% jkl u vk;sa ;gk ;g Hkh è;ku jgs fd fganh Hkk"kk us Hkh lalñr ds dbz eqgkojksa ds Hkko dks Hkh vius lkfgr; esa lesv dj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh lka>h thoarrk dh Jho`f¼ dh gsa lalñr Hkk"kk esa fgunqlrku dh vu; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfk tks esy tksy dh lalñfr iu jgh gs og rf; lalñr Hkk"kk dh Hkkf"kd lkeqnkf;drk ds lkfk lkfk blds izk.koùkk ds usr;z vksj Dykfldy xk B ds yphykiu dks Hkh n'kkzrk gsa ;g yksp le; dh ek x Hkh gsa lkfk gh lkfk bl lanhkz esa yqafl;u xksymeku dk lkfgfr;d lek'kkl=k dh fo'oèkfezrk ds rùoksa dks Hkh [kksts tk ldrs gsa D;ksafd gôweu fmldkslz dh n`f"v ls ekuoksfpr fparu blds lq[k nq%[k rfkk vk'kk fujk'kk vkfn dh lekurk lgt gh fo'o lkfgr; esa fuc¼ gsa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"kr opuksa esa u;kiu blhfy, Hkh yxrk gs fd mugksausd fczrkuh ljdkj ds lanhkz esa tks ry[+kh rfkk mrdv jk"vªoknh vksj ;nk dnk fgalkred izo`fùk okys okd;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gs os jk"vªh;rk ds lanhkz esa ekjd jk"vªoknh lqhkkf"kr opu gh ekus tk ldrs gsaa ysfdu ljljh rksj ij Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh n`f"v ls bugsa lozfkk vuqdwy ugha ekuk tk ldrk gsa ysfdu vkpk;z f=kikbh th us lwfdr;ksa ds y{k.kksa esa Lora=k eqdrd ds :i

18 150 lalñr&foe'kz% esa xs;rk rfkk 'kcnkfkz ds laèkku esa lexzrk ds vfrfjdr blds fo"k; olrq dh Lora=krk dks ysdj tks fopkj izlrqr fd;k gs og blds vu; lkeku; y{k.kksa ls FkksM+k vyx t+:j fn[krk gs vksj osfoè; dh ;gh Lora=krk lalñr Hkk"kk dh ijaijkxr vknz'kksueq[kh lqhkkf"kr opuksa dh txg lelkef;drk dh vksj Hkh ladsr nsrk gs (lnqfdrd.kkze`r] lkfgr; vdknseh] fnyyh] üúú bz-) vksj ;gh laizs"k.kh;rk ds ledkyhu ljksdkjksa dh vkokt+ nhf{kr th ds lwfdr&lrcdksa dks vksj lqjfhkr dj dki+qh thoar cuk nsrk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd lalñr Hkk"kk dh lwfdr;ksa dks rks vpns rfkk thou n'kzu ijd euhkkou fopkjksa dk eatqy leuo; ekuk tkrk gs ftlds rsoj esa lelkef;drk HkkLofjr gks mbh gsa blesa Nanksa] vyadkjksa] jlksa rfkk :idksa vkfn dh deuh;rk rfkk y;kredrk rks ins ins Lofjr gsa ysfdu lkfgr;&ltzu ds bu miknkuksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds fy, vke vkneh rfkk tuthou ds izlaxksa] fopkjksa dks Hkh i;kzir txg nh x;h gsa blls dfo nhf{kr ds euksoskkfud èkjkry dk Hkh [kqyklk gksrk gsa buesa ikjyksfdd eku;rkvksa dh vis{kk bgyksfdd ;FkkFkZ] tulkèkkj.k dh izñfr mlds fofoèk lkekftd] jktusfrd] vk Fkd vksj rrdkyhu ;FkkFkks± dks vfèkd egùo fn;k x;k g]s ftlls lalñr Hkk"kk dk laldkj vkn'kzokfnrk dh txg ;FkkFkZrk dks vfèkd vafdr djrk gsa vr% nhf{kr th dk ;g vuwbk lqhkkf"kr opu èkkfezd] nk'kzfud rfkk vkè;kfred iqylisq ds nlrkost+ksa dk Hkh cm+k gh Bksl vksj vh;gzj.kh; lkfgfr;d lkeqnkf;drk dk dysoj ikbd lekt rd ijkslrk gsa vksj bl izdkj lalñr Hkk"kk dk vkèkqfud lkfgr; Hkh vkt ds vu; Hkkjrh; lkfgr;ksa dh rjg gh cm+k lehphu] yksdksueq[kh rfkk ryli'khz gsa vr% lalñr Hkk"kk dh lkaizfrd lehphurk Hkh è;kro; gsa nhf{kr th ds :idksa ds lqhkkf"kr okd;ksa esa èkez'kkl=k] jktuhfr] rrdkyhu fparuksa vksj fparkvksa&osn'kkl=kksa (fefkdksa) ds leuo; ds lkfk&lkfk muesa lelkef;drk dh Hkh [+kkl ped gsa fdlh Hkh lh;rk,oa lalñfr ds lkfgr; esa ogk ds fo'okl] vkpj.k] usfrdrk rfkk fofoèk vewy; fufèk;ksa dh i`"bhkwfe minsf'kr jgrh gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr cgqr gh la'ysf"kr rfkk ykspuh; gs ftlds ekuo'kkl=k dk fl¼kur vkt Hkh vuqdj.kh; gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd lalñr vf[ky txr~ esa lcls iqjkru rfkk vfèkdkfèkd le`¼ gksus ds dkj.k blesa thou vkn'kz rfkk mldh 'ksyh ds foèkku loz=k Hkjs im+s gsaa blh ijaijk esa efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr us Hkh vius ukvdksa esa rrdkyhu lel;kvksa dks mtkx`r dj tgk,d vksj vrhr ds xksjoksa rfkk vkn'kks± dks leqilfkkfir dj ledkyhu lekt esa O;kIr

19 efkqjk izlkn nhf{kr ds lqhkkf"krksa esa ledkyhurk 151 dk;jrk rfkk ikiksa ls mueqdr gksus dk vkàku fd;k gs ogha vius dqn lqhkkf"kr opuksa ds ekè;e ls gh Hkkjrh; èkez'kkl=kksa rfkk fpuruksa dks grksrlkfgr jk"vª rfkk ekxzhkz"v lekt ds lkeus leqilfkkfir fd;k gsa nhf{kr th us vius ukvdksa esa fofhkuu ik=kksa dh pkfjf=kd ÅtZfLork ds ekè;e ls lexz Hkkjrh;rk dk lkalñfrd js[kkadu izlrqr fd;k gsa blesa tgk,d vksj jk"vªh; Hkkouksisr vkir opuksa rfkk HkfDr&Hkkouk&ewyd vkn'kz okd;ksa dk lek;kstu gs] ogha fefkdh; eku;rkvksa ij viuh vklfkk O;Dr dj Hkkjrh; nso'kkl=k dks lekt ds xq.kkred vk;keksa esa fuc¼ fd;k x;k gsa ukvddkj us vius ik=kksa ds ekè;e ls jk"vª dh v[k.mrk rfkk vkilh dyg ij iz'u mbkdj foyklksueq[kh rfkk yksyqih jktlùkk dh?kksj fuunk dh gs] ftldh izklafxdrk laizfr lexz fo'o&ekuo&leqnk; ds fy, gsa ysfdu blds lkfk mugksaus iq#"kkfkz&prq"v; ds egùo ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk gsa yxrk gs fd nhf{kr th fo'o ;q¼ dh fohkhf"kdk ls larir FksA ;gh dkj.k gs fd LorU=krk laxzke esa mxzny ls izhkkfor gksdj Hkh os fgalk ls mriuu jk"vªh; fodyrk ls vrho Hk;Hkhr FksA olrqr% mudk ;g fopkj Hkkjrh; lh;rk ds mrl lr;] vfgalk rfkk izse ewyd vukfn vksj vuqie Hkkoukvksa dks mtkx`r djrk gsa ysfdu mugksaus vaxzst+h gqd+wer dh HkRlZuk djrs gq, dgk fd lksus ds fiatjs esa jgus ls vpnk gs fd LorU=krk ds vkreleeku rfkk Lo'kklu esa gh jgsaa nhf{kr th us jktk dks ÑrK] èkezkkrk] uhfr&fuiq.k&leiuu] èks;z'kkyh rfkk izr;qriuuefr gksuk vfuok;z ekuk gsa tcfd vkt dh O;oLFkk esa,sls xq.kksa dk lozfkk vhkko gh gsa buds vykok mugksaus Hkkjro"kZ ds fy, mi;ksxh fgunw eqflye,drk rfkk HkkbZpkjs ij Hkh O;kid izdk'k Mkyk gsa is meant to give the reader some idea of the variety of secuar thought and emotion transmitted to us by our ancestors. Introduction, Subh Åita-ratna-bh nš g ra, N.K. Acharya. 2. However, the nationalist leadership could hardly deny the existence of different religions in India, or obliterate the battles that had occured earlier between the different communites (for example, between Hindus and Muslims, and within each of these broad groups). The argument was, rather, that despite this diversity, there was an essential unity and that this unity was not accident but some reflection of the unifying tendency in Indian culture - On Interpreting India's Past. Amartya Sen, Page 13, The Asiatic Society, Culcutta 1996.

20 152 lalñr&foe'kz% 3. Secularisation and rationalism now influence Asian elites and spread with modernisation, Identity in Asian Literature, Introduction page 6, Surrey Curzon press Ltd It is learnt that a powerful play Bharatvijayama by Mathuranath Dikshita was banned by the British Government when it was first published in Modern Indian Literature An Anthology Vo. I page 361 Sahitya Academy Delhi It is learnt that a powerful play Bharatvijayama by Mathuranath Dikshita was banned by the British Government when it was first published in Modern Indian Literature An Anthology Vo. I page 361 Sahitya Academy Delhi Abid