Rashtriy Bhasha Hindi Ka Vikaas Aur Alpsankhyak Vargon Par Uska Prabhav

Transkript

1 Page50 Rashtriy Bhasha Hindi Ka Vikaas Aur Alpsankhyak Vargon Par Uska Prabhav ABSTRACT: Dr. Razia, Ph.D, Department of Political Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Language is essential to every aspect and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to inform the people around us of what we feel, what we desire, and question/understand the world around us. We communicate effectively with our words, gestures, and tone of voice in a multitude of situation. Language is a constituent element of civilization. It raised man from a savage state to the plane which he was capable of reaching. Man could not become man except by language. An essential point in which man differs from animals is that man alone is the sole possessor of language. No doubt animals also exhibit certain degree of power of communication but that is not only inferior in degree to human language, but also radically diverse in kind from it. Language is one of the most marked, conspicuous, as well as fundamentally characteristic of the faculties of man. The importance of language for man and society cannot be minimized. As a personal thing, language is not only a mode of communication between individuals but is also a way for the expression of their personality. There are many languages spoken by the different people living in different places. But Hindi is one of the beautiful and easiest language. The importance of Hindi language is the second most spoken language in the world after Mandarin Chinese. It s estimated that nearly half a billion people worldwide speak this wonderful language. The importance of Hindi is one of the many languages in India that is considered to be the national and official language of the northern parts of India. But at the present time Because of the growing dominance of English in place of Hindi, Hindi language is declining. Due to this reason the poor and downtrodden class residents of our jk"vªh;&hkk"kk fganh dk fodkl vksj vyila[;d oxksza ij mldk izhkko izlrkouk fganh Hkkjrh; x.kjkt dh jktdh; vksj e/; Hkkjrh;& vk;z Hkk"kk gsa lu~ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] yxhkx djksm+ Hkkjrh; fganh dk mi;ksx ekr`hkk"kk ds :i esa djrs gsa] tcfd yxhkx djksm+ yksx bldh 50 ls vf/kd cksfy;ksa esa ls,d blrseky djrs gsaa lu~ 1998 ls igys ekr`hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k dh f"v ls fo'o esa lcls vf/kd cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa fgunh dk rhljk LFkku FkkA lu~ 1997 esa Hkkjr dh tux.kuk vksj ;wusldks }kjk fd, x, v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij lu~ 1998 esa Hksth xbz ;wusldks fjiksvz ds vk/kkj ij vc fo'o Lrj ij ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gs fd ekr`hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k dh f"v ls lalkj dh Hkk"kkvksa esa phuh Hkk"kk ds ckn fgunh dk nwljk LFkku gsa phuh Hkk"kk ds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k fgunh Hkk"kk ls vf/kd gs fdurq phuh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx {ks= fgunh dh vis{kk lhfer gsa v xzsth Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx {ks= fgunh dh vis{kk vf/kd gs fdurq ekr`hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k v xszth Hkkf"k;ksa ls vf/kd gsa bldh dqn cksfy;k ] esffkyh vksj jktlfkkuh vyx Hkk"kk gksus dk nkok djrh gsaa fganh dh çeq[k cksfy;ksa esa vo/kh] Hkkstiqjh] czthkk"kk] NÙkhlx<+h] x<+okyh] gfj;k.koh] dqekaåuh] ekx/kh vksj ekjokm+h Hkk"kk 'kkfey gsaa

2 Page51 fgunh laos/kkfud :i ls Hkkjr dh çfke jkthkk"kk vksj Hkkjr dh lcls vf/kd cksyh vksj le>h tkus okyh Hkk"kk gsa fgunh vksj bldh cksfy;k mùkj,oa e/; Hkkjr ds fofo/k jkt;ksa esa cksyh tkrh gsaa Hkkjr vksj vu; ns'kksa esa 60 dh vf/kdrj vksj usiky dh dqn turk fgunh cksyrh gsa fgunh jk"vªhkk"kk] jkthkk"kk] leidz Hkk"kk] tuhkk"kk ds lksikuksa dks ikj djds fo'ohkk"kk cuus dh vksj vxzlj gsa Hkk"kk fodkl {ks= ls tqm+s oskkfudksa ds vuqlkj fgunh Hkk"kkbZ;ksa sa ds fy, cm+h lurks"ktud ckr gs fd vkus okys le; esa fo'olrj ij vurjkz"vªh; egùo dh tks pun Hkk"kk, gksaxh] muesa fgunh Hkh çeq[k gksxha fgunh 'kcn dk lecu/k lal r 'kcn flu/kq ls ekuk tkrk gsa **flu/kq** flu/k unh dks dgrs Fks vksj mlh vk/kkj ij mlds vkl&ikl dh Hkwfe dks flu/kq dgus yxsa ;g flu/kq 'kcn bzjkuh esa tkdj ^fgunw*] fgunh vksj fqj ^fgun* gks x;ka ckn esa bzjkuh /khjs&/khjs Hkkjr ds vf/kd Hkkxksa ls ifjfpr gksrs x, vksj bl 'kcn ds vfkz esa folrkj gksrk x;k rfkk fgun 'kcn iwjs Hkkjr dk okpd cu x;ka blh esa bzjkuh dk bzd çr;; yxus ls ¼fgUn bzd½ ^fgunhd* cuk ftldk vfkz gs ^fgun dk*a ;wukuh 'kcn ^bfundk* ;k vaxzsth 'kcn ^bf.m;k* vkfn bl ^fgunhd* ds gh fodflr :i gsaa fgunh Hkk"kk ds fy, bl 'kcn dk çkphure ds fy, ;g vko';d gs fd mldh xq.koùkk] {kerk] f'kyi&dks'ky vksj lksan;z dk lgh&lgh vkdyu fd;k tk,a ;fn,slk fd;k tk lds rks lgt gh lc dh le> esa ;g vk tk,xk fd& &lalkj dh muur Hkk"kkvksa esa fganh lcls vf/kd O;ofLFkr Hkk"kk gsa &og lcls vf/kd ljy vksj yphyh Hkk"kk gsa &og,d ek=,slh Hkk"kk gs] ftlds vf/kdrj fu;e vioknfoghu gsa &og lpps vfkksaz esa fo'o Hkk"kk cuus dh iw.kz vf/kdkjh gsa &fgunh fy[kus ds fy;s ç;qä nsoukxjh fyfi vr;ur oskkfud gsa &fgunh dks lal r 'kcn laink,oa uohu 'kcn&jpuk&lkefkz~; fojklr esa feyh gsa og ns'kh Hkk"kkvksa,oa viuh cksfy;ksa vkfn ls 'kcn ysus esa ladksp ugha djrha vaxzsth ds ewy 'kcn yxhkx 10]000 gsa] tcfd fgunh ds ewy 'kcnksa dh la[;k <kbz yk[k ls Hkh vf/kd gsa &fgunh cksyus,oa le>us okyh turk ipkl djksm+ ls Hkh vf/kd gsa &fgunh dk lkfgr; lhkh f"v;ksa ls le`) gsa &fgunh vke turk ls tqm+h Hkk"kk gs rfkk vke turk fgunh ls tqm+h gqbz gsa fgunh dhkh jktkj; dh eksgrkt ugha jgha &;g Hkkjr dh leidz vksj jkthkk"kk Hkk"kk gsa fgunh Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds izeq[k dkj.k &fgunh i=dkfjrk dk vkjehk Hkkjr ds mu {ks=ksa ls gqvk tks fgunh&hkk"kh ugha Fks ¼dksydkrk] ykgksj vkfna

3 Page52 &fgunh dks jk"vªhkk"kk cukus dk vkunksyu vfgunh Hkkf"k;ksa ¼egkRek xka/kh] n;kuun ljlorh vkfn½ us vkjehk fd;ka &fgunh i=dkfjrk dh dgkuh Hkkjrh; jk"vªh;rk dh dgkuh gsa &fgunh ds fodkl esa jktkj; dk dksbz LFkku ugha gsa blds foijhr] fgunh dk lcls rst fodkl ml nksj esa gqvk] tc fgunh vaxzsth&'kklu dk eq[; fojks/k dj jgh FkhA tc&tc fgunh ij ncko im+k] og vf/kd 'kfä'kkyh gksdj mhkjh gsa &tc caxky] mm+hlk] xqtjkr rfkk egkjk"vª esa mudh viuh Hkk"kk, jktdkt rfkk U;k;ky;ksa dh Hkk"kk cu pqdh Fkh rks ml le; Hkh la;qä çkur ¼orZeku mùkj çns'k½ dh Hkk"kk fgunqlrkuh Fkh ¼vkSj mnwz dks gh fgunqlrkuh ekuk tkrk Fkk tks Qkjlh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh Fkh½A &18oha 'krkcnh rd mùkj çns'k dh jkthkk"kk ds :i esa fgunh dk dksbz LFkku ugha Fkk] ijurq 20oha lnh ds e/;dky rd og Hkkjr dh jk"vªhkk"kk cu xbza &fgunh ds fodkl esa igys lk/kq&lar,oa /kkfezd usrkvksa dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku jgka mlds ckn fgunh i=dkfjrk,oa Lora=rk laxzke ls cgqr lgk;rk feyh] fqj eqecbz fqyeksa ls lgk;rk feyh vksj vc fganh,d jk"vªhkk"kk ds :i esa& &jk"vªhkk"kk dk 'kkfcnd vfkz gs& lelr jk"vª esa ç;qä Hkk"kk vfkkzr~ vke turk dh Hkk"kk ¼tuHkk"kk½A tks Hkk"kk lelr jk"vª esa tu&tu ds fopkj&fofue; dk ek/;e gks] og jk"vªhkk"kk dgykrh gsa &jk"vªhkk"kk jk"vªh;,drk,oa varjkz"vªh; okn&fookn,oa leidz dh vko';drk gksrh gsa osls rks lhkh Hkk"kk, jk"vªhkk"kk, gksrh gsa] fdurq jk"vª dh turk tc LFkkuh;,oa rrdkfyd fgrksa o iwokzxzgksa ls Åij mbdj vius jk"vª dh dbz Hkk"kkvksa esa ls fdlh,d Hkk"kk dks pqudj mls jk"vªh; vflerk dk,d vko';d lk/ku le>us yxrh gs rks ogh jk"vªhkk"kk gsa &Lora=rk laxzke ds nksjku jk"vªhkk"kk dh vko';drk gksrh gsa Hkkjr ds lunhkz esa bl vko';drk dh iwfrz fganh us dha ;gh dkj.k gs fd fganh Lora=rk laxzke ds nksjku,d jk"vªhkk"kk ds :i esa mhkjha &jk"vªhkk"kk 'kcn dksbz laos/kkfud 'kcn ugha gs] cfyd ;g ç;ksxkred] O;kogkfjd,oa turk }kjk eku;rk çkir 'kcn gsa &jk"vªhkk"kk lkekftd vksj lkal frd Lrj ij ns'k dks tksm+us dk dke djrh gs vfkkzr~ jk"vªhkk"kk dh çkfkfed 'krz ns'k esa fofhkuu leqnk;ksa ds chp HkkoukRed,drk LFkkfir djuk gsa &jk"vªhkk"kk ds lkfk turk dk HkkoukRed yxko gksrk gs vksj mldk Lo:i yphyk gksrk gs rfkk bls turk ds vuq:i fdlh :i esa <kyk tk ldrk gsa jk"vªhkk"kk dk egro jk"vªhkk"kk lkjs ns'k dh leidz Hkk"kk gksrh gsa fganh nh?kzdky ls lkjs ns'k esa tu&tu ds ikjlifjd leidz dh Hkk"kk jgh gsa ;g dsoy mùkjh Hkkjr dh ugha] cfyd nf{k.k Hkkjr ds vkpk;ksaz] oyyhkkpk;z] jkekuqt] jkekuan vkfn us Hkh blh Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls vius erksa dk çpkj fd;k FkkA vfganh Hkk"kh jkt;ksa

4 Page53 ds Hkä&lar dfo;ksa ¼tSls&vle ds 'kadjnso] egkjk"vª ds Kkus'oj o ukenso] xqtjkr ds ujlh esgrk] caxky ds pksru; vkfn½ us blh Hkk"kk dks vius /kez vksj lkfgr; dk ek/;e cuk;k FkkA D;ksafd turk vksj ljdkj ds chp laokn LFkkiuk ds Øe esa Qkjlh ;k vaxzsth ds ek/;e ls fofhkuu lel;k,sa mriuu gqbza ftldh otg ls fckzfvbzlv vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fganh fl[kkus dh O;oLFkk dh] ftlls fganh i<+s gq, vf/kdkfj;ksa us fhkuu&fhkuu {ks=ksa esa mldk çr;{k ykhk nsdj Lora= :i ls fganh dks ljkgk gsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fgunh Hkk"kk dk LFkku lafo/kku dh vkboha vuqlwph esa eku;rk çkir 22 çknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa dk myys[k gsa bl vuqlwph esa vkjehk esa 14 Hkk"kk, ¼vlfe;k] ckaxyk] xqtjkrh] fganh] duum+] d'ehjh] ey;kye] ejkbh] mfm;k] iatkch] lal r] rfey] rsyqxq] mnwz½ FkhaA ckn esa fla/kh dks rri'pkr~ dksad.kh] ef.kiqjh] usikyh dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k] ftlls bldh la[;k 18 gks xbza rnqijkur cksmks] Mksxjh] esffkyh] lafkkyh dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k vksj bl çdkj bl vuqlwph esa 22 Hkk"kk, gks xbzaa Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk;h flfkfr vksj mlesa fganh ds LFkku dks ns[kus ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gs fd fganh vkt Hkkjrh; turk ds chp jk"vªh; laidz dh Hkk"kk gsa fganh dh Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd mls lh[kuk vksj O;ogkj esa ykuk vu; Hkk"kkvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd lqfo/kktud vksj vklku gsa fganh Hkk"kk esa,d fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh gs fd og yksd Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls laiuu gsa cm+s isekus ij vf'kf{kr ykspnkj Hkk"kk gs] ftlls og nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kcnksa] okd;&lajpuk vksj cksypky ds vkxzgksa dks Lohdkj djus esa lefkz gsa blds vykok fganh esa vkt fofhkuu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk lkfgr; lfeefyr gks pqdk gsa Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk ds chp fganh dh Hkk"kk;h igpku eq[;r: fganh gh gsa Hkkjr ds vks ksfxd çfr"bkuksa ds vk/kkj ij cus uxjksa vksj egkuxjksa esa Hkkjr dh jk"vªh;,drk vksj lkekftd lal fr dk Lo:i ns[kus dks feyrk gsa blh iazlx esa ;g,d egroiw.kz lr; gs fd ;fn fganh&{ks= ds jkt; vks ksfxd :i ls vksj vf/kd fodflr gksrs rks jk"vªh;,drk vksj Hkk"kk;h,drk dk vk/kkj vksj Hkh folr`r vksj etcwr gksrk] ijurq orzeku le; esa Hkkjr esa fganh dh tks jk"vªh; Hkwfedk gs] mlls Hkh fgunh ds varjjk"vªh; egro dk vkhkkl gksrk gsa vbkjgoha vksj muuhloha lnh esa lkezkt;okn ds dkj.k euq"; dk tks O;kikj fd;k x;k Fkk] mlds QyLo:i Hkkjr ls cm+h rknkn esa etnwj nwljs ns'kksa esa ys tk, x,a ekfj'kl] fqth] nf{k.k výhdk] ds vu; dbz ns'k] fczfv'k xk;uk] f=fumkm] lwjhuke] U;wthySaM vkfn ns'kksa esa tks cm+h la[;k esa Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksx gsa] os eq[;r: fganhhkk"kh gsa vksj fganh i<+rs&fy[krs gsaa usiky] ikfdlrku] ckaxykns'k] HkwVku vksj E;kaekj ¼oekZ½ esa rks fganh Hkk"kh turk dh la[;k cgqr cm+h gsa vk/kqfud ;qx esa ubz lapkj&o;olfkk] vkokxeu ds u, lk/kuksa dh miyc/krk vksj thou dh ubz vko ;drkvksa ds dkj.k baxysam] vesfjdk] dukmk] Ýkal] tezuh] bvyh] :l vksj ;wjksi ds vu; vusd ns'kksa esa Hkh cgqr&ls Hkkjrh; fganhhkk"kh yksx jg jgs gsa] tks ogkw Hkh fgunh cksyrs,oa fy[krs gsa] ftlds dkj.k fganhhkkf"k;ksa dks fganh cksyus okyksa dh ;g fo'kky la[;k fganh ds varjjk"vªh; laidz dk vkhkkl djkrh gsa fganh Hkk"kk ds lkfgr; us finyh,d lnh esa cm+h rsth ls fodkl fd;k gs] og dfork] dgkuh] miu;kl] vkykspuk rfkk fparuijd lkfgr; ds {ks=ksa esa bruh fodflr gqbz gs] bruh Åij mbh gs] fd vkt og fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ds Js"B lkfgr; dk eqdkcyk dj ldrh gs] ftlds dkj.k fganh ds ek/;e ls nqfu;k dh turk ls Hkkjr dh turk dk laonsukred laca/k LFkkfir gqvk gsa ;g laca/k jpukred vksj laosnukred rks gs gh lkfk esa lkal frd fofu;e dk,d :i Hkh çlrqr djrk gsa fganh ds ek/;e ls nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgr; dk ifjp; Hkh fo'o dk fganh&laçnk; çkir djrk gs] ftldh otg ls nqfu;khkj esa fgunh dk v/;;u vkt os yksx Hkh

5 Page54 dj jgs gsa] tks fganhhkk"kh ;k Hkkjrh; ewy ds ugha gsaa bl çdkj vkt dh ifjflfkfr esa fganh dk,d varjjk"vªh; leqnk; fodflr gks jgk gsa fganh gekjs fparu dh] gekjs liuksa dh] gekjs çfrjks/k dh Hkk"kk cudj gekjh lkal frd vksj jk"vªh; Lok;Ùkrk dh j{kk dh Hkk"kk cudj gesa rkdr nsrh gsa vkt HkweaMyh;dj.k ;kuh vesfjdhdj.k ds bl nksj esa fganh,d jk"vª Hkk"kk ds :i esa viuh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk djrh gs ftlds dkj.k leiw.kz ns'k,drk ds lw= esa ca/krk ut+j vkrk gsa Hkkjr esa lhkh ljdkjh dke dkt Hkh blh jk"vª Hkk"kk esa fd;s tkrs gsa rkfd Hkkjr dh vke turk lhkh ljdkjh Ldheksa ls ifjfpr jgsa tks Hkkjrh; turk ds fodkl esa,d egroiw.kz ç;kl gs D;ksafd Hkkjr dh vf/kdrj tula[;k dke i<+h fy[kh,oa fuj{kj tks vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks le>us esa vlefkz jgrh gsa ;gk rd fd cgqr ls c<s fy[ks yksx tks ljdkjh Ldwyksa ls viuh f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gsa] os Hkh vaxzsth o vu; Hkk"kkvksa dks iw.kz :i ls le>us esa vlelz~fk jgrs gsaa blfy, fganh Hkk"kk,d cgqr gh vklku,oa egroiw.kz Hkk"kk gsa ; fi Hkkjr ljdkj esa gkoh uksdj'kkgh Hkkjr dks vksj fganh Hkk"kk dks viuh okftc Hkwfedk vnk djus ls jksdrh gs vksj mldh Hkwfedk dks dqafbr djrh gs] ijurq blds ckotwn Hkh turk dk vksj jk"vªh; vko ;drkvksa ds vkxzgksa dk ncko uksdj'kkgh dks fu;af=r djrk gs vksj fganh dh varzjk"vªh; Hkwfedk dks mtkxj djrk gsa bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd fdlh jk"vª dh Hkk"kk ml jk"vª dh lcls cm+h igpku gksrh gsa jk"vª esa Hkwfetu vksj tu&lal fr dh fofhkuu bdkbz;k lfuufgr gksrh gs] rfkk lal fr esa Hkk"kk dk lekos'k jgrk gsa vr: ftu ewyhkwr rroksa ds dkj.k dksbz ns'k jk"vª dh lakk ikrk gs] muesa jk"vª Hkk"kk çeq[k gsa jk"vªhkk"kk,slh Hkk"kk gs] tks jk"vª esa ;kstd lw= dk dk;z djrh gsa og jk"vªh; lafo/kku jk"vª/ot] jk"vªxhr vkfn ds leku jk"vªh; vlferk dh igpku gksrh gsa jk"vªhkk"kk ds leku jkthkk"kk Hkh egroiw.kz gksrh gsa Hkkjr fofo/k Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh ns'k gs vksj ;gk ds Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh viuh Hkk"kk dks dsoy vfhko;fdr dk lk/ku ugha ekurs vfirq mls lùkk vksj lal fr dk vax Hkh ekurs gsaa lelr Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds ifjisz{; esa ns[kk tk; rks fgunh gh,dek=,slh Hkk"kk gs] ftlesa jk"vªh;,drk dk çcy lw= gsa Hkkjrh; vyila[;dksa ij fgunh dk izhkko jkthkk"kk dks jkt; dh Hkk"kk dgk tk ldrk gsa jkt&dkt pykus ds fy;s fdlh u fdlh Hkk"kk dh vko';drk im+rh gsa blfy, ftl Hkk"kk esa jkt; dk 'kklu pyrk gs] mlh dks jkthkk"kk dgk tkrk gsa çkphu dky esa Hkh ftl Hkk"kk ls jkt; dk 'kklu pyrk Fkk mlh dks jkthkk"kk dk ntkz fn;k x;ka mngkj.k ds fy, lezkv v'kksd dk jkt&dkt ikfy esa pyrk FkkA vr% v'kksd ds le; dh jkthkk"kk ikfy dgh tk ldrh gsa v'kksd dh jktkkk] ml dky dh ikfy esa izkir gqbz gsa bl dky esa iwoz esa lald`r dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk jgka eqlkyeku ckn'kkgksa ds 'kklu dky eas pkj&ik p 'krkfcn;ksa rd 'kklu&dk;z dk ek/;e fgunh jgha e/;dkyhu 'kklu O;oLFkk ds izfl} tkudkj Cyk[keSy us fy[kk gs] fd ml le; tkxhjksa dk izca/k vksj ekyxqt+kjh olwyus dk dk;z fgunqvksa ds gkfk esa gh Fkk vksj blhfy, futh rfkk tu&lk/kkj.k ds fglkc&fdrkc lc fgunh esa j[ks tkrs FksA vdcj ds 'kklu ds e/; rd jkt&dk;z dh Hkk"kk ds :Ik esa fgunh fodflr gksrh jgha jktk VksMjey dh vuq'kalk ds ckn ls vdcjh&njckj esa Qkjlh dk izpyu] jkthkk"kk ds :Ik esa gksus yxk FkkA 'kklu ds lkjs dke&dkt Qkjlh esa gksus ds dkj.k ljdkjh uksdjksa vksj uksdjh ikus ds bpnqd yksxksa dks Qkjlh lh[kuh im+ha bl le; Qkjlh lh[ks gq, yksxksa ds,sls oxz rs;kj gksrs jgs] ftugksaus rhu 'kkrkcnh rd ljdkj vksj Qkjlh dh lsok dh vksj blh dkj.k bzlv&bfm;k daiuh us Hkh etcwjh esa lu~ 1833 bz- rd Qkjlh dks 'kklu dk;z dk ek/;e cuk, j[kka esdkys us vaxzsth dks jkt&dkt dh Hkk"kk ds :Ik esa izfrf"br djus dh,d

6 Page55 fo'kky ;kstuk rs;kj dh vksj ml ;kstuk ds varxzr Qkjlh dks gvk dj mppk Lrj ij vaxzsth vksj fueu Lrj ij ns'kh Hkk"kkvksa dks iz;qdr fd;k x;ka fgunh izns'k esa dqn rks vaxzstksa dh dwvuhfr ds dkj.k vksj dqn Qkjlh esa fuiq.k eaqf'k;ksa dh ijeaijk ds dkj.k mnwz dh izfr"bk gqbza bl le; jktlfkku] e/;izns'k vksj mùkj Hkkjr dh lelr fj;klrksa esa lkjk dk;z&o;ogkj fgunh esa gh pyrk jgka jk"vªhkk"kk fgunh,d fo'kky m ku ds leku gsa jk"vªhkk"kk lkekftd&lkald`frd eku;rkvksa vksj ijeijkvksa ds }kjk lkekftd vksj lkald`frd Lrj ij ns'k dks tksm++us dk dke djrh gsa ^^fgunh Hkk"kk og Hkk"kk gs] ftldks mùkj esa fganw o eqlyeku cksyrs gsaa eqlyeku Hkkjr esa,d vyila[;d leqnk; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gs] tks leiw.kz vyila[;d leqnk;ksa esa lcls cm+k leqnk; gsa vyila[;d dh vo/kkj.kk vr;ar izkphu gs] tks izr;sd {ks=] lekt o ns k esa ekstwn gsa vyila[;d dh bl vo/kkj.kk ds dkj.k gh fdlh Hkh {ks=] lekt o ns k esa fofhkuu ck/kk,as mriuu gksrh gsa] ftlls ml {ks=] lekt o ns k dk fodkl Hkh vo:) gks tkrk gsa vyila[;d,sls lewg dks dgrs gas] tks fdlh Hkh jkt; esa fuokl djus okys vu; lewg ls la[;kred vk/kkj ij de gksrs gsaa ;s vyila[;d oxz vyx&vyx tkfr] /kez] Hkk"kk] lald`fr o jax ds vk/kkj ij,d&nwljs ls fhkuu le>s tkrs gsaa fo o ds lhkh ns kksa,oa lektksa esa fhkuu&fhkuu leqnk; viuh vyx&vyx igpku ds vk/kkj ij fuokl djrs gsaa bu lektkas dks tc la[;kred vk/kkj ij cakwvk tkrk gs] rks rhkh cgqla[;d vksj vyila[;d leqnk;kas dk fuekz.k gksrk gsa lk/kkj.k vfkksza esa *vyila[;d^ kcn dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh jkt; esa jgus okys yksxksa ds,d NksVs ls lewg ds fy, fd;k tkrk gs] tks ml jkt; esa fuokl djus okys fdlh nwljs lewg ls vkdkj o la[;k eas NksVk gksrk gsa fo o ds vf/kdrj ns kksa esa vyila[;d leqnk;ksa ds fy, dqn jktuhfrd izfrca/k Hkh fuf pr fd, x, gas rfkk vyila[;daksa dks /kkfezd] tkrh;,oa Hkk"kk;h vk/kkj ij fohkkftr fd;k x;k gsa,slk Urq fdlh Hkh lafo/kku esa ml lewg dks eku;rk nh xbz gs] tks fdlh jkt; esa fuokl djus okyh tula[;k dk la[;kred vk/kkj ij 50 izfr kr ls Hkh de Hkkx gsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqpnsn 30¼1½ dks] tks vyila[;d leqnk; ls leckfu/kr gs] leiw.kz ns k esa ykxw fd;k x;k gs] ijurq ;s vuqpnsn fdlh fo ks"k {ks= esa ykxw u djds] lhkh vyila[;d leqnk;kas ds fy, ykxw fd;k x;k gs] rkfd os bl vuqpnsn esa iznku fd, x, vf/kdkj o Lor=ark ds }kjk viuh lqj{kk rfkk cpko dj ldsa] ftlls ns k esa mudk mfpr fodkl lehko gks ldsa Hkkjrh; laf gs] ijurq ;s vuqpnsn dsoy fdlh,d Hkk"kk ;k /kez ds fy, gh ugha] cfyd lhkh Hkk"kk;h rfkk mu lhkh /kkfezd vyila[;dksa ds fy, gs] ftugsa lafo/kku esa vyila[;d dk ntkz iznku fd;k x;k gsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa lhkh vyila[;dksa dks viuh Hkk"kk] fyfi] f'k{kk,oa lal fr dk iw.kz vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gs] ftlds ek/;e ls ns'k dk ;s finm+k oxz viuh lal fr,oa Hkk"kk dks laj{k.k çnku djrk gsa Hkkjr esa fuokl djus okys vf/kdrj vyila[;d fganh Hkk"kh jkt;ksa esa fuokl djrs gsa] tgk os vius lhkh dke&dkt ds fy, fganh Hkk"kk dk gh ç;ksx djrs gsaa fganh Hkk"kk bu finm+s vyila[;dksa ds fy,,d ojnku ds :i esa mhkj dj lkeus vkbz gsa fo'ks"k :i ls eqlkyeku vyila[;dksa ds fy,] D;ksafd eqlkyeku vyila[;d oxz gh,dek=,slk oxz gs] tks vu; lhkh vyila[;dksa dh vis{kk lkekftd] vkffkzd,oa 'ksf{kd f"v ls vr;ar ihns gsa vksj bl leqnk; ds yksxksa esa xjhch,d,slk dkjd gs] ftldh otg ls bl leqnk; ds yksx vius cppksa dks vk/kqfud bafxy'k ek/;e ds Ldwyksa esa Hkstus esa vlefkz gksrs gsa rfkk os ;k rks enjlk tsls /kkfezd lalfkkuksa esa viuh f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gsa ;k fqj ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa viuh f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gsa vksj blh otg ls os orzeku esa HkweaMyhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa Hkh vaxzsth cksyus,oa le>us esa vlefkz gksrs gsa] tgk,d vksj rks leiw.kz fo'o,dtqv gks jgk gs vksj ogha nwljh vksj ;s leqnk; leiw.kz fo'o ls nwj gks jgk gsa fganh Hkk"kk eqlkyeku vfkok vu; vyila[;dksa

7 Page56 "kk,d jk"vªh; Hkk"kk gs] ijurq fqj Hkh ns le{k jkst+xkkj ds volj Hkh cgqr de gksrs gsa] tks fgunh Hkk"kk cksyus okys O;fDr ds fy,,d xehkhj lel;k gsa orzeku ;qx ubz&ubz rduhd,oa vius fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku dk ;qx gs] tgkw izr;sd O;fDr vius fopkjksa dks vu; yksxksa rd igqwpkuk pkgrk gs] ijurq tks yksx fgunh ek/;e ls gksrs gsa ;k fgunh cksyrs gsa] os bu rduhfd;ksa dk ykhk mbkus esa vlefkz gksrs gsaa gha tkurs gsa D;ksafd,d gekjk gh ns'k,slk gs] tgk rduhd dh igq p vke vkneh rd ugha gs vksj bls ¼Hkkjr esa vu; mpp f'k{kk dh rjg½ vaxzsth ds lkfk tksm+ fn;k x;k gsa mpp f'k{kk çkir nks çfr'kr Hkkjrh;ksa esa ls dqn gh yksx bldk fu;fer ç;ksx dj jgs gsaa cps gq, yksx dai;wvj dh f'k{kk dk ykhk blfy, ugha mbk ikrs gsa D;ksafd fganh ;k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa dke djus okys dai;wvj miyc/k ugha gsaa tcfd phu] dksfj;k] tkiku br;kfn ns'kksa esa dai;wvj viuh Hkk"kk esa dke djrs gsa] ftldh otg ls s lelr ns'kokfl;ksa dks leku :i ls ykhk igq prk gsa blds foijhr gekjs ns'k esa viuh Hkk"kk dks R;kx dj fons ftlds dkj.k ;gkw ds fuoklh ks"k :i ls vyila[;d oxz bu lqfo/kkvksa dk ykhk iw.kz :i ls mbkus esa vlefkz gksrs gsaa ;fn Hkkjr tsls igys vaxzsth lh[kus dh vko';drk im+rh gs vksj fqj mlds ckn fdlh ubz pht+ dks lh[kk tkrk gsa ;g,d cm+h fomacuk gs fd ;gkw gj ubz pht+ lh[kus ds fy, vaxzsth ij fuhkzj jguk im+rk gs] tcfd vaxzsth Hkk"kk,d egaxh Hkk"kk Hkh gs] ftls izr;sd O;fDr xzg.k ugha dj ikrka Lora=rk ds ckn gekjs uhfr fu.kkz;dksa] vfhktkr;,oa i<+s fy[ks oxz ds yksxksa us vaxzsth dks gj eq[; fohkkx dh dk;zdkjh Hkk"kk cuk fn;k] tks izr;sd vke vkneh rd igqwpus esa vlefkz gksrh gs] tcfd fganh T;knk Hkkjrh; yksxksa rd igq prh gs vksj le>h tkrh gsa ;fn gekjs ns'k ds vke vkneh dks dai;wvj esa mudh vko ;drk ds vuqlkj n{krk gkfly djuh gs rks lwpuk çks ksfxdh dk çlkj fganh vksj vu; Hkk"kkvksa esa gksuk vr;ar vko ;d gsa blls,d rks yksxksa dks vaxzsth esa n{k gksus dh vko';drk ugha im+sxh rfkk nwljs ;g Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgfr;d,oa jpukred fodkl esa Hkh lgk;d fl} gksxh vksj bldk oklrfod ykhk ;g gksxk fd dai;wvj dk Kku izr;sd O;fä ds fy, lqyhk gks tk,xk] izr;sd O;fä bavjusv ds ek/;e ls fofhkuu izdkj dh tkudkfj;k çkir dj ldsxk vksj og lelr fo'o ds lkfk tqm+ tk,xka lwpuk çks ksfxdh dk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa çlkj.k Hkkjrh; tuekul dks lk{kj,oa tkxzr cukus ds fy,,d cgqr vpnk lk/ku gks ldrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, cgqjk"vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk fganh esa fokkiu çlkfjr djuk gsa cgqjk"vªh; daifu;ksa dk mn~ns ; blds ihns fganh dk çse ugha] cfyd dk bruk O;kikj blfy, gs D;ksafd ogk fganh fqyesa curh gsa vaxzsth ugha] tks ns k ds izr;sd oxz dks ljyrk ls le> vk tkrh gsaa lwpuk çks ksfxdh ds çlkj.k ds fy, Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa mfpr lk/kuksa ;d gs] rkfd os Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lqpk# :i ls dk;z dj ldsaa Hkkjrh ns k&fons k dh vu; tkudkjh miyc/k djk ldrs gsaa fdlh Hkh ns k dh igpku ogkw dh Hkk"kkvksa ds ek/;e ls gksrh gsa Hkkjrh;ksa o Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk ;g drzo; gs fd ge Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks c<+kok nsa o muds fodkl esa ;FkklaHko ç;ru djsaa Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh flfkfr cm+h n;uh; gsa vf/kdrj mpp f'kf{kr /kuh vfhktkr; oxz o egkuxjksa esa jgus okys Hkkjrh; vaxzsth esa gh ckr djuk o dke djuk mfpr le>rs gsaa vaxzsth 'kcnksa dk vuko';d ç;ksx,d

8 Page57 vke pyu gks x;k gs vksj ;fn dksbz ;g u djuk pkgs rks yksx ml O;fä dks finm+k o vui<+ le>rs gsaa Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk iru fujarj gksrk tk jgk gs] ftlls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd Hkkjr dh nks"kiw.kz f'k{kk&i)fr,oa xqyke o ijk/khu lksp ds dkj.k gh bu Hkk"kkvksa dk iru gqvk gsa gekjh Hkk"kk, tks gekjs vke O;fä ds fy, mldh vfhko;fä dk lk/ku gksuh pkfg,] vkt os muds fodkl ds ekxz esa ck/kk mriuu djrh gsa vksj bldk izeq[k dkj.k Hkkjrh;ksa dh vaxzsth ds Åij t+:jr ls T;knk fuhkzj gksus dh izo`fr,oa ljdkjh o xsj&ljdkjh e'khujh dk vaxzsth esa pyuk gsa ns k,oa ns k ds izr;sd oxz dk mfpr fodkl djus rfkk mugsa ns k dh eq[; /kkjk esa ykus ds fy, fgunh Hkk"kk dks vksj vf/kd izhkko kkyh,oa egroiw.kz cukuk gksxka rhkh gekjk ns k fodkl ds ekxz esa l{ke fl} gks ldsxka lunhkz xzafk i. Ramaga, Philip Vuciri, Relativity of the Minority Concept, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol., 14, No.1, Feb., 1992, pp., ii gqlsu] eqt+ Qj] [krjs vyila[;dokn ds] fnyyh] çdk'k ifcyds'ku] 2005, i`"b] ii. iii. iv. Maclean, Donald A., The Problem of Racial and Religious Minorities, American journal of sociology, vol., 3, No., 3, April, 1944, pp., 'kqdyk] vuqt] **vyila[;dksa ij c<+s miegk}hi esa gey**s] 2 uoecj 2012] [Online: Web], URL: on 12 Dec., Chandra, Mala and Chandra, Satish, Religious Minorities Educational Institutions, New- Delhi, Aditya Books, 1993, pp., 4-5. v. Ibid, p., 5 vi. MkW& dugs;k flag] **fgunh Hkk"kk lkfgr; vksj ukxfjdrk**] i`b vii MkW& vack'kadj ukxj] **jk"vªhkk"kk fgunh vksj xka/kh th**] i`b 05 3 o 69- vii. viii. ix. Thomas, Benedikter, Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the. Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India, Published by Lit Verlag, Berlin, Germany, V. Pandharipande, Rajeshwari, Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India, Published by University of Illinois Department of Linguistics Urbana-Champaign, Illinois USA, International Journal of Multicultural Societies, Vol- 4, No. 2, Jaiswal, Vijay, Rights of Minorities in Indian Constitution in Indian Constitution, August 29, x. Mallikarjun, Globalization and Indian Languages, Language in India, Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow, M. S. Thirumalai (ed.,), Volume 3 : 2 February 2003.