Oversikt over prosjekt høstgjødsling Seminar: Winter stress management of turf grass Oslo airport, 9. november 2017

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1 Oversikt over prosjekt høstgjødsling Seminar: Winter stress management of turf grass Oslo airport, 9. november 2017 Agnar Kvalbein Pensjonert forsker & rådgiver Norsk Institutt for Bioøkonomi (NIBIO)

2 De nordiske land A.Kvalbein: Høstgjødsling og overlevelse av gress 2

3 Island Norge Finland Sverige Danmark Gjennomsnittlig lengde av vekstsesongen (Døgnmiddeltemperatur over 5 C) A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 3

4 Gjennomsnittlig lengde av vintersesognen (Døgnmiddeltemperatur under 0 C) A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 4

5 Nordiske greenkeepere er eksperter på overvintring A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 5

6 NIBIO Turfgrass Research Group er eksperter på feltforsøk som også omfatter overvintringsforsøk A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 6

7 Skjøtsel Genetisk materiale Miljø Tilførsler Drenering Beskyttelse Arter Økotyper Jord Klima Sykdommer Overlevelse av gress Beskyttelse mot mikroorganismer Frostbeskyttelsesmidler Organiske reserver Molekylære endringer Herding Lav temperatur om høsten

8 Tilførsel av ulike produkter om høsten for å bedre overvintringa: Kjemiske soppmidler. Effektive, men Bio-stimulanter. Ingen vitenskapelige bevis for bedre overvintring Plantenæringsstoffer Mange påstander, men er signifikant virkning dokumentert? Unntak: NITROGEN! A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 8

9 Nitrogen-konsentrasjonen i planten har stor virkning på tilveksten: 1. Økt produksjon av tørrstoff 2. Rot/skudd-forholdet avtar Nitrogen er viktig for vekst. Dette bildet viser hvordan nitrogeninnholdet i bladene virket på skuddveksten hos uklipte, 40 dager gamle krypkveinplanter i klimakammer. Foto: Tom Ericsson A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 9

10 Virkning av N-konsentrasjonen i bladene på rot/skudd - forholdet Karbohydrater til skudd og røtter Skudd Rot N-konsentrasjon i gressbladene

11 Nitrogen og rotarkitektur Mye N Lite N A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 11

12 Oversikt over prosjektet Prosjekteier: Norsk Golfforbund (NGF) Finansiert av STERF, NGF, Norges forskingsråd og ulike aktører i norsk golf Euro i sum for Innovsjonsprosjekt. Fokus på resultatformidling. Vitenskapelige (småskala) forsøk gjennom to sesonger ( ) Storskala demo-forsøk på nordiske golfbaner i en sesong ( ) A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 12

13 Oversikt over HØSTGJØDSLINGs-prosjektet WP 1-2 ( ) WP 3-4 ( ) WP6 ( ) Forsøksfaktorer testet på begge steder Gressart N-nivå S-nivå Apelsvoll Landvik Feltforsøk Sol / skygge Feltforsøk I lysimeteranlegg N-utlekking samples samples Laboratorietester 1.Toleranse for M.nivale 2. Frysetoleranse 3. Tolerance for anerobe forhold Fullskala demonstrasjons forsøk på golfbaner basert på resultater fra de vitenskapelige forsøka Tapiola GCC, Finland Hauger GC, Norge Kgl. Drottningholm GC, Sverige Roskilde GC, Danmark Keillir GK, Island

14 Mange tidligere forsøk har fokusert på gjødslingstidspunkt eller gjødseltype Vi brukte en blanding av ammonium- og nitrat -nitrogen (omtrent 60:40). Our theoretic goal is that the nitrogen flow in the soil should be relatively constant, and adapted to the diminishing growth conditions (light, temperature) in the autumn. Vår mål var at nitrogentilgangen til plantene skulle avta i takt med fra jorda skal være The experiment period was defined by climatic data (30 year normal ) 12 C 10 Sept 1 C 1 Dec A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 14

15 The start rate was defined as a compromise between the two grass species; creeping bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera) and annual meadow-grass (Poa annua) Normal weekly summer application rate is 0.08 kg/100 m 3 (=8 kg /ha) 0,14 Autumn fertilization P.annua & A.stolonifera 150% Normal l 50% Kg N/100 m2 per week 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0, A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 15

16 It was important for us to keep nitrogen as the growth limiting nutrient in the fertilizer. Even in the high nitrogen mixture (4), all nutrients were present according to the plant s need (optimal nutrient mixture). Optimal mix ratio: Table 1. Content of nutrients in the six different fertilizers (g/l). Treatment N P K Mg Ca S Fe Mn Zn Cu Mo 1. No N * Low N Med N High N No S High S * No ammonium sulphate in this fertilizer A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 16

17 Some results following: Leakage of nitrogen Plant growth and colour Freezing tolerance A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 17

18 The experiment green at Landvik is buildt as a lysimeter. Drain water can be collected and analysed A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 18

19 N lost in drainage water Average of 2014 and 2015, 9 Sept 22 Dec No N Low N Medium N High N 5,5 8,4 4 2,8 Applied N g/m Leaked N -2-0,49-0,61-1, , A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 19

20 Precipitation at Landvik in the experiment periods mm Sep - 23 Sep 24 Oct - 7 Oct 8 Oct - 21 Oct 22 Oct Nov - 19 Nov Nov 20 Nov - 11 Dec 11 Sep - 22 Sep 23 Sep - 6 Oct 7 Oct - 20 Oct 21 Oct Nov - 24 Nov Nov 25 Nov - 11 Dec No N c c c c Low N c c c c Med N b b b b High N a a a a P-value ns ns <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 LSD (P<0.05) - - Nitrate-N concentration in drainage water (WHO guideline for drinking water: 50 mg nitrate /l. (equals 11 mg N/l) b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b ab a a a a a a mm rain on the day of fertilization, and more than 40 mm the two following days

21 Nitrogen leakage related to temperature and precipitation. Periods (1-6) were: 1: 11 Sep - 22 Sep 2: 23 Sep - 6 Oct 3: 7 Oct - 20 Oct 21 4: Oct - 4 Nov 5 5: Nov - 24 Nov 6: 25 Nov - 11 Dec A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 21

22 Conclusions leakage: High N rate gave unacceptable loss to the drain (49%) (How should this loss be discussed related to experiment results? ) The loss was higher by the end of the season, and seems to be considerable when day temperature was below 6 C. (data not shown) Late autumn fertilization cannot be recommended as a strategy because the environmental costs are too high A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 22

23 1,5 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 A. stolonifera 1,5 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 P.annua 1 1 0,5 0, ,5-0,5-1 no N low N med N high N -1 no N low N med N high N A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 23

24 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 A. stolonifera Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 P.annua 1,5 1, November 0,5 0, ,5-0,5-1 no N low N med N high N Air mean and min temperaures no N low N med N high N 26 Nov, 8 days after first freezing event Freezing: 17 Nov A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 24

25 Autumn fertilization improved spring growth of creeping bent, but not annual meadow-grass. The effects were not significant the second experimental year. Data from Landvik 1,00 P.annua growth 0,70 A. stolonifera growth 0,80 0,60 0,60 0,50 0,40 mm/day 0,40 0,20 mm/day 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00-0, fall 2015 spring 2015 fall 2016 spring 0,00-0,10-0, fall 2015 spring 2015 fall 2016 spring -0,40-0,30 No N Low N Med N High N No N Low N Med N High N A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 25

26 1,5 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 P.annua Chlorophyll inedex, Landvik autumn 2015 Poa annua 1 0,5 0-0, P.a No N P.a low N P.a norm N P.a high N -1 no N low N med N high N Poa had stopped growing 16 November. The chlorophyll index increased 17 November A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 26

27 Spring growth and spring colour was improved by the autumn nitrogen fertilization 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 Daily height growth, Landvik spring 2016 A.stolonifera no N low N med N high N 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0-0,05-0,1-0,15-0,2 Daily height growth, Landvik spring 2016 P.annua no N low N med N high N A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 27

28 Freezing test Is a well recognized way to determine the acclimation status of the grass plants. Results cannot be used to predict stress tolerance in the field. Results can be used to compare grass species or experimental treatments Our procedure: 1. Grass shoot bundles of 10 plants. 2. Put in moist sand in a freezer. 3. Temperature lowered 2 C per hour until test temperature. 4. Plants taken out of freezer, thawn for 24 hours 5. Planted for regrowth in 3 weeks 6. Survived plants counted and LT50 value calculated A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 28

29 The autumn application project collected samples form Landvik and Apelsvoll in Nov/Dec and Feb/March. All together 8 freezing tests. They gave the same answer about relation between nitrogen fertilization and freezing tolerance: There was no significant effects on Poa annua. For creeping bent there is a negative correlation between nitrogen rates and LT 50 values A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 29

30 Freezing tolerance (LT 50 ) and autumn application of nitrogen at Landvik 0 December 2015 March 2016 No-N Low-N Med-N High-N No-N Low-N Med-N High-N C a a a a ab ab a a b de cd bc -35 cd e P < A. stol P. annua A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 30

31 Agnar Kvalbein A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 31