Welcome to GEF2210. Course content

Transkript

1 Welcome to GEF2210 Course content The chemical composition of the atmosphere, and changes in composition due to emissions of pollution: Process studies and modeling of atmospheric changes. Simple mathematical models are used to illustrate interactions between different processes. Physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere Sources of chemical compounds Global biogeochemical cycles Tropospheric chemistry: Global and regional pollution, acid rain, global scale changes Stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion Greenhouse gases and climate changes

2 Hvem er vi? Terje Berntsen UiO/CICERO Phone: / t.k.berntsen@geo.uio.no Tore Flatlandsmo Berglen NILU Phone: tfb@nilu.no Denne presentasjonen kan lastes ned fra:

3 Services provided by the atmosphere Cleaning mechanism for pollutants emitted to the atmosphere Photochemistry Filter for harmful UV-radiation from the Sun Ozone layer in the stratosphere Regulation of the global energy balance Current climate distribution and variation Distribution of water resources ++ Determined by trace gas and particle content of the atmosphere, NOT by N 2 and O 2 content

4 Stephens et al., Nature, 2012 Total energibalanse for Jorda

5 IPCC, 2007

6 IPCC, 2013

7 Climate change: Arctic sea ice

8 Klimaendringer? Smelting på Grønland juli

9 ppmv: 10-6 ppbv: 10-9 pptv: m: Million b: Billion (am. for milliard) t: trillion (am. for billion)

10 Tools in atmospheric chemistry Models needed to interpret observations and to predict effects of future changes (e.g. changes in emissions by pollution control.

11 Colette et al., ACP, 2011

12 Colette et al., ACP, 2011

13 Ozon ved bakken er en giftig gass. Skader planter, dyr, mennesker og materialer. Beregninger fra EMEP (met.no)

14 Svoveldioksid (SO2) og sulfat (SO4) bidrar til forsuring.

15 CO concentrations (ppbv) at the surface Sakte tap om vinteren kan transporteres langt

16 NOx concentrations (pptv) at the surface

17 Observed NOx in the troposphere

18 Ozonmålinger fra satelitt

19 Total ozonkolonne

20 Norwegian emissions

21 Mange utslipp i Europa går ned. Kilde:

22 Store forskjeller mellom ulike land. Kilde: 11/status_report_1_2011.pdf

23 Ozone (O 3 ): A very important trace gas in the atmosphere

24 UV-B is radiation with wave lengths nanometer

25 Ozone (O 3 ) concentrations (ppbv) at the surface

26 Seasonal variation in surface ozone

27 Observed tropospheric ozone columns

28 Surface ozone in Norway

29 Impact of road traffic emissions on surface ozone concentrations Ozone increase July mean (ppbv)

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31 Total ozone change,

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33 Ozonlaget over Antarktis 17. august

34 Koblinger mellom ozonlaget og klimaendringer.

35 Ozone hole over Norway, March, 2011

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38 Assessment_Panels/S AP/Scientific_Assess ment_2010/sap FAQsupdate.pdf

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40 Concentrations and effects of emissions of chlorine and bromine containing substances

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42 Climate Change

43 Changes in greenhouse gases and particles (aerosols) IPCC(2013)

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45 Recent changes in CO 2,N 2 O, CFCs and CH 4

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47 Particles (aerosols) are also important Scatter solar radiation cooling Absorb solar radiation warming Change clouds warming/cooling?

48 Fra: Peter Adams.

49 Fra: Peter Adams.

50 IPCC, 2013

51 Climate impact of aerosols stor forskjell mellom ulike estimater! ULAQ SPRINT UIO_GCM GISS MPI_HAM LSCE LOA UIO_CTM UMI GISS (Koch, 2001) 1 GISS (Hansen et al., 2005) GATORG (Jacobson, 2001) UIO-GCM (Kirkevåg and Iversen, 2002) SPRINT (Takemura et al., 2005) LOA (Reddy and Boucher, 2004) GISS (Liao and Seinfeld, 2005) GISS (Liao and Seinfeld, 2005) Yu et al. (2005) Chung et al. (2005) Bellouin et al. (2005)

52 Observerte endringer i bakketemperaturen.

53 Hva skjer med varmeinnholdet i havet? Levitus et al., GRL, 2009 Balmasheda et al., 2013

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55 IPCC, 2007

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59 Changes in elevation of ice caps

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61 Change in Sea level

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64 Future temperature change

65 Stationary GHG Emissions in Norway, (Mt/yr, CO 2 equivalents)

66 Acid deposition in Norway Våtavsetning av sulfat og sum nitrogen (nitrat + ammonium) for syv målestasjoner i Sør-Norge: Birkenes, Lista, Skreådalen, Vatnedalen, Treungen, Gulsvik/Brekkebygda og Løken.

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68 Transport of air pollutants to the Arctic. Pollution episode at Svalbard May 2006.

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70 Aftenposten, 12. march, 2013.

71 Selecting an Arctic route Alternative routes for the NSR. Route 3 used in this study. Hatched area: The Exclusive Economic Zone of the Russian Federation Estimated speed for a 6500 TEU container ship

72 NO 2 in the atmosphere (μg/m 2 ) 2050 O 3 in the atmosphere (mdu) DU= 2.68x10 16 molecules cm -2 at STP (0 o degs C, hpa).

73 Radiative forcing of SLCF from shipping in 2030/2050 PRELIMINARY!!

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