Human-in- (or out-of) -the-loop

Human-in- (or out-of) -the-loop Thomas Porathe Professor interaksjonsdesign Institutt for design NTNU Trondheim

Ship on autopilot Not looking out the window Not looking on the radar Not looking on the ECS/AIS-track

Today: Some automation but not enough automation?

Monitoring Navigator Navigating Automation

Monitoring Navigator Navigating Automation Challenge: Keeping the navigator in the loop

Monitoring Automation Navigating Navigator ( The English butler )

The Yerkes Dodson law High Performance Low Low Levels of Arousal High Wickens, Lee, Liu, & Gordon-Becker. (201). An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering (2nd Edition). Pearsons. p. 311

Workload Management (Adaptive Automation)

High Levels of Arousal Low Time

High Levels of Arousal Increase workload Decrease workload Low Time

Take manual bearings x Utsira degrees Trebåen degrees Tangarhaugen degrees

Contextual Control Model (COCOM), Erik Hollnagel, 2005 High Scrambled Control mode Opportunistic Control mode Tactical Control mode Levels of Arousal Open Sea Coastal Confined waters Berthing Strategic Control mode Low Time Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Raja Parasuraman, & Simon Banbury. (2012). Engineering Psychology & Human Performance (4th Edition). Pearsons. p. 348

Contextual Control Model (COCOM), Erik Hollnagel, 2005 Control mode Number of goals Subjectively available time Evaluation of outcome Selection of action Strategic Several Abundant Elaborate Based on modes/predictions Tactical Several (limited) Adequate Detailed Based on plans/experience Opportunistic One or two (competing) Just adequate Concrete Based on habits/association Scrambled One Inadequate Rudimentary Random Hollnagel, E & Woods, D.D. (2005). Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering. CRC Press

Forsikringsselskapene merker at det i sommer har vært mange grunnstøtinger rundt Hitra og Frøya. Og i dag tidlig skrev hitra-frøya.no om redningsmannskapene på skøyta "Horn Flyer" i Fillan, som har satt stasjonsrekord i antall nautiske rednings-mil i sommer. Og midt på dagen i dag (lørdag) kom meldinga om nok en grunnstøting, denne gang utenfor Kjerringvåg. En båt sto da på skjæret med to-tre personer ombord, ifølge lokalavisas tipser. Politiet har ikke meldt om personskader iforbindelse med grunnstøtinga. - Av skademeldingene vi får inn, ser vi at det er mange grunnstøtinger rundt Hitra og Frøya. Også Hellandsjøen og ned mot Aure er gjengangere, fortalte kommunikasjonssjef Pål Rune Eklo i Gjensidige til lokalavisa tidliger i sommer. - Vi vet at flere av de mer alvorlige ulykkene med fritidsbåt skjer på grunn av høy fart, lite kjennskap til området de ferdes i, eller at båtfører er påvirket av alkohol i verste fall en kombinasjon av alt dette, sier Pål Rune Eklo. Med dårlig kart- og navigeringskunnskap, påpeker han at risikoen øker betraktelig for at noe skal skje. En ny undersøkelsen fra Gjensidige viser at 4 av 10 trøndere ikke kan lese sjøkart. http://www.hitra-froya.no/nyheter/2016/07/30/ny-grunnst%c3%b8ting-i-dag-13110445.ece

Sikker kurs Geomatics Norway AS

May 2017: The vessel Yara Birkeland will be the world s first fully electric and autonomous container ship, with zero emissions. With this vessel, Yara will reduce diesel-powered truck haulage by 40,000 journeys a year. Operation is planned to start in the latter half of 2018 (manned), 2019 (remote control) and 2020 (autonomous) http://yara.com/media/stories/yara_birkeland_vessel_zero_emission.aspx

The Japanese government is supporting efforts to develop fully automated commercial ships and has set a target of 250 domestically built ships being equipped with autonomous operation technology by 2025. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/25/japanese-shipping-linelaunch-unmanned-container-ships/

Manned Non- SOLAS vessels Humans in the unmanned ship system Manned SOLAS vessels Ship owner Flag state Mooring VHF Pilot Radio Control (RC) RC Shore Control Center RC Tugs Kystvakt/Navy Autonomous Unmanned ship VHF VTS

MANUAL CONTROL Manual on-board AUTONOMOUS Autonomous execution Radio control Autonomous control Drifting Anchored Top flag (green, yellow, red) Direct control FAIL-TO-SAFE Heave-to Situation handling REMOTE CONTROL MUNIN Complete HMI for a Shore Control Centre for autonomous ships

Manned Non- SOLAS vessels Humans in the unmanned ship system Manned SOLAS vessels Ship owner Flag state Mooring VHF Pilot Radio Control (RC) RC Shore Control Center RC Tugs Kystvakt/Navy Autonomous Unmanned ship VHF VTS

How do I know that the autonopus ship has seen me? If not, how can I report to the autonomous ship? How can I know the intentions of the autonomous ship? Can the autonomous ship advice me?

068 Query

068 Automat Express has seen you Call CPA: 5.8 nm TCPA: 8.5 min. Recommended action: Keep course & speed Query

068 COLLLISION WARNING Automat Express is approaching your position Call CPA: 0.2 nm TCPA: 8.5 min. Recommended action: Turn to course 115