Kan Afrika bli en stor oppdrettsaktør og en konkurrent til Norge? Jeppe Kolding, Universitet i Bergen Morten Frost Høyum, Frost Innovation AS NFKKs høstsamling, 27.-28. oktober 2016
Svaret er NEI! 1. Akvakultur i Norge og Afrika kan ikke sammenlignes. 2. Akvakultur i Norge er primært for eksport, men i Afrika er det primært for mat. 3. Men selv om det mest er for mat, vil det likevel ta mange år før det blir rentabelt (om det noensinne blir det). 4. Spørsmålet blir da om Norge i det hele tatt skal bidra på dette felt?
Kan oppdrettsfisk bidra i kampen mot sult? Nei Det er en myte. Oppdrett av nesten alle fisker krever mer protein enn de produserer
Ubenyttet? Court
Fish is essential for nutrition
Holtgrieve and Allison (2014)
The role of aquaculture? Production of 1 kg of beef protein requires 61 kg of grain, production of 1 kg of pork protein requires 38 kg of grain, while fish only requires 13.5 kg (Hall et al. 2011)...in terms of efficiency, fish in aquaculture systems are very efficient converters of feed into protein in fact far more efficient than most terrestrial livestock system.
Feil fisk spiser ikke korn, Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea. Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat up the little ones. Shakespeare, Pericles, prince of Tyre fisk spiser fisk! Cartoon by Frits Ahlefelt
Major categories of feed ingredients in aquaculture feeds 72 % Protein and oil % = total combined protein and oil 47 % 80 % 67 % Ca 3 x hønse og grise fôr Tacon & Metian 2015 Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture
Feed, food and nutrition FCR = kg formula feed pr kg meat proportion protein + fat in feed Metabolizable energy ME (Kcal/g) Fats 8.5 Protein 4.5 Carbohydrates 1.2-3.2 kg meat pr kg protein + fat fed Edible Yield fraction Kg edible meat per kg P+F Relative cost per kg meat Salmon 1.15 0.80 1.09 0.683 0.74 7.6 Chicken 1.79 0.20 2.79 0.461 1.29 4.3 Pig 2.63 0.20 1.90 0.521 0.99 6.3 Source: Torrissen et al. 2013 Fish are very efficient metabolizers of protein because of low cost of nitrogen excretion, but they are very poor metabolizers of carbohydrates, the cheapest and most abundant energy source in Nature http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5738e/x5738e03.htm#chapter 2. nutritional bioenergetics in fish
Tacon & Metian 2015
Norsk Laksefôr
Kan vi kalle norsk laks for sjømat? Kan vi kalle norsk laks norsk? 70% av fôret er landbasert 90% av fôret er importert (fiskemel fra Peru og soya fra Brasil) Er det den kunnskap vi ønsker å bidra med i kampen mot sult?
Kan vi både bevare regnskogen og importere mere soya?
Akvakultur i Afrika = småskala
Akvakultur i Afrika = småskala Samlete produksjon (sør for Sahara) ½ mill. tonns Utgjør 0.001 0.715 av bruttonasjonal produktet 99 % er ferskvannsfisk (mest tilapia) > 70% er små dambruk
Ferskvannsfiskerier vokser fortsatt jevnt Totale innlandsfangster 1950-207, FAO
Malawi har mottatt millioner av $ i støtte til utvikling
Store problemer med vann, fôr og vekst Fôr = gjødsel ( grønnt vann ) = dårlig vannkvalitet = lavt oksygen innhold = dårlig vekst (eller død)
En liten håndfull av kommersielle aktører som sliter økonomisk Tilapia oppdrett (Trop Farm, Ghana) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxlko-0emz4 Importert tilapia fra Kina = USD 2/kg Villfanget fisk = 1 USD/Kg
What is the aquaculture reality in most of Sub-Sahara Africa? Beroligende løgner eller ubehagelige sannheter? NGOs and development aid organizations are involved in aquaculture without having the skills, knowledge or experience necessary to create a profitable self propelling fishfarming industry. Hence, it stops when the aid ends. Output is measured in number of ponds/cages and number of women participating rather than production, FCR, profit or real economic benefit. At the end of the day fish farmers must be profitable to continue their farming activities. Regardless of method farmers must reinvest/maintain their operations. In the following are some slides for thoughts based on observations more than solid data.
Africa s poor have largely benefited from donor financed small scale aquaculture projects There is a huge potential for aquaculture using Norwegian/industrial scale cage technology in African Lakes and along the cost Most of the funding has been used for cars and salaries to government employed extensionists and to NGOs Perhaps, but what fish species justify such investments? Local markets may only absorb small volumes (price sensitive). Infrastructure is weak. Cost levels are high does not justify export in the short term perspective.
Small scale or artisanal aquaculture contribute to food security, creating income and jobs in Africa All feed comes from local resources and produced locally Only local strains should be used in aquaculture Small scale or artisanal aquaculture is not profitable and farmers could probably benefit more from alternative activities Most major aquaculture nations import most of the raw materials. African raw material still more costly than traded world commodity prices. Aquaculture based on wild broodstock are probably not economically viable
Higher education programs have had a great impact on economic development in the agri- and aquaculture sectors Public institutions are important to create a platform for aquaculture development. Africans returning with aid sponsored higher education from abroad will benefit the private sector More than 90% of those who received aid sponsored higher education in fisheries from abroad are working in the public sector. Yes, to some extent. But public sector institutions are swelling and do not reflect the size of the private sector. No concept of providing service and facilitation. Too much red tape created. Most Africans returning with a degree do not want to carry out practical work. They are entitled to an office, have a car, a house and staff. Public sector or NGO are best places to be. Private sector cannot compete! There is a lot of cheap labour in Africa Yes, but mostly unskilled. Industrial fishfarming need few but skilled labour.
PhD/MSc Engineers and skilled technician s Skilled workers PhD/MSc 90% employed in the public sector Engineers and skilled technicians Skilled workers
Oppsummering Fiskeoppdrett vil ikke løse verdens sultproblemer (det meste kan sammenlignes med løveoppdrett) Den vestlige verden har forgjeves bidratt til utviklingen av fiskeoppdrett i Afrika i de siste 40 år det har ennå ikke lyktes tross utallige forsøk Norsk akvakultur og Afrikansk kan ikke sammenlignes det vil derfor ikke bli noen konkurranse
Mange takk for oppmerksomheten Photo by Modesta Medard