Agder Energi-konferansen 2016 Energilagring og batterier hva ligger bak horisonten? Magnus Thomassen Seniorforsker SINTEF Technology for a better society 1
Oversikt Batterier og energilagring i dag Distribuert energilagring og batterier Hvor fort går batteri utviklingen egentlig? Oppsummering Technology for a better society 2
Batterier og energilagring i dag Deployed Demonstration Early stage technologies Pumped hydro & CAES NaS batteries Li-ion Batteries Pb-Acid batteries Flywheels Flow Batteries Electrochemical Capacitors Superconducting Magnetic energy storage Hydrogen Synthetic NG Liquid metal batteries Metal Air batteries Technology for a better society 3
NaS batteries High energy density Long discharge cycles Fast response Long lifetime Low materials costs High operation temperature (250-300 C) Containment issues (Liquid electrodes, glass seals) Technology for a better society 4
NaS batteries Rokkasho Village Wind Farm, Japan, commissioned 2008. "Smart Grid" wind farm. Batteries are used for energy time shift (night/day) 34 MW 238 MWh Technology for a better society 5
Pb acid batteries Mature battery technology Low cost Good battery life Limited depth of discharge Low energy density High maintenance Technology for a better society 6
Pb acid batteries Duke Energy Notrees Wind Storage Demonstration Project, USA Installed at a 153 MW Wind farm for peak shaving, frequency regulation 36 MW 20 MWh Technology for a better society 7
Flow Batteries Vanadium, Zinc-Bromine, Iron-Chromium Large number of cycles Very long lifetime Higher design freedom (capacity and power decoupled) Lower efficiency Complicated design (pumps, valves) Technology for a better society 8
Flow Batteries Vanadium redox flow battery Gills Onions, located in Oxnard, California (Onion processing plant) Peak shaving, load shifting of electricity use 600 kw 3.6 MWh Technology for a better society 9
Supercapacitors Very long life (cycles) High efficiency (>95%) Very fast charge/discharge Very low energy density Variable voltage input/output High cost for energy storage Technology for a better society 10
Liquid metal batteries All liquid system, separated due to differences in density Original system developed at MIT used Mg and Sb with 700 C operating temperature New system using Li and Pb/Sb have reduced temperatures to 450 to 500 C. Potentially low cost and high efficiency. Technology for a better society 11
Lithium ion batteries High energy density Good cycle life High efficiency Benefits from use in electronics and transport Very sensitive to high temperature High material cost Technology for a better society 12
Lithium ion batteries AES Laurel Mountain, USA Coupled to a 98 MW wind power plant for flexible power generation/frequency regulation 32 MW 8 MWh Technology for a better society 13
PHS CAES DLC SMES BEV FES Li-ion RFB NaS H2 SNG DLC Double layer capacitor SMES Superconductive Magnetic ES FES Flywheel energy storage BEV Battery electric vehicle PHS Pumped hydro RFB Redox flow battery CAES Compressed Air ES SNG Synthetic Natural Gas 14 Technology for a better society 14
Electrochemical energy storage in the world -some numbers from DOE energy storage database Technology for a better society 15
Annual installed capacity 25 MW/year Technology for a better society 16
CAPEX $/kw Technology for a better society 17
CAPEX $/kwh Technology for a better society 18
Typical life cycle costs P Hydro CAES P Hydro CAES Redox flow Redox flow Pb-acid Pb-acid NaS Lithium Ion NaS Lithium Ion 0 500 1000 1500 2000 LCOE $/MWh 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Levelized $/kw year DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA Sandia National labs July 2013 Technology for a better society 19
Distribuert energilagring og batterier Technology for a better society 20
Second life gjenbruk av EV-batterier Technology for a better society 21
Hvor fort går utviklingen egentlig? 6 % 5 % 2 % 13 % Technology for a better society 22
"Nissan makes zero margin on the replacement program,". "In fact, we subvent every exchange." - Jeff Kuhlman, vice president of global communications. Nissan Technology for a better society 23
Technology for a better society 24
26 NATURE VOL 507 6 MARCH 2014 Technology for a better society 25
26 NATURE VOL 507 6 MARCH 2014 Technology for a better society 26
Materialutvikling tar tid (spesielt når de lavthengende fruktene er plukket) J. Goodenough Katodemateriale A. Yoshino Grafittanoder SONY lanserer Li-ion batteriet 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Si som anode publisert Si brukes som tilsats i grafittanoder Svovel nevnt som katodemateriale 1. generasjon LiS på markedet Technology for a better society 27
Oppsummering Batterier for energilagring Veksten i bruk av batterier i transportsektoren Vi vil sannsynligvis se en økt bruk av batterier for distribuert energilagring/dynamiske laster Li-batterier vil fortsette å bli billigere og bedre, men i et vesentlig lavere tempo enn vi har sett de siste 10 årene Kostnader på under $ 200/kWh i overskuelig framtid er usannsynlig. Technology for a better society 28
Takk for oppmerksomheten Technology for a better society 29 Teknologi for et bedre samfunn