Work on storage diseases on apple by Bioforsk. Jorunn Børve

Work on storage diseases on apple by Bioforsk Jorunn Børve

Apple storage in Norway Short time storage (until December 1 or February for juice) Ordinary cold storage MA and CA? Aroma main cultivar, new ones coming?

Apple growing in Norway

Storage decay on Norwegian apples most important diseases: Bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) Neofabraea rot (Neofabraea spp) less importat, but present: Nectria- rot (Nectria galligena) Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) Brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) Fusarium rot (Fusarium spp)

TABLE 2. Incidence (%) of fruit decay in organically grown apples of cv. Aroma, harvested weekly over a five week period (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and assessed after 4 months at 4 C followed by 2 weeks at 20 C in 2004-2006. Year Harvest date Total fruit rot Bitter rot a Ripe spot a Grey mould a Physiological damage Others a : Brown=brown unidentified rot spots, Mon=brown rot, Pen=blue mould, Fus=Fusarium rot 2004 Brown Fus September 14 20.0 d b 3.3 c 3.3 0 1.2 b 13.9 0 September 21 35.0 b 20.0 bc 10.0 0 2.5 b 9.9 0 September 28 57.5 b 39.2 ab 8.3 0 5.0 b 8.3 0 October 5 86.7 a 64.2 a 6.7 0 7.5 b 8.3 0 October 12 90.0 a 48.3 a 14.2 0.8 19.2 a 13.9 1.7 P-value 0.0001 0.0006 0.24 0.46 0.04 0.7 0.46 2005 Brown Fus September 20 17.5 1.7 6.7 0 10.0 9.2 0 September 27 33.3 6.7 8.3 0 6.7 17.5 0.8 October 4 50.0 20.0 12.5 0 14.2 10.8 5.0 October 11 46.7 12.5 15.8 0 26.7 15.0 2.5 October 18 51.7 9.2 29.2 1.7 10.8 10.8 0.8 P-value 0.11 0.17 0.15 0.46 0.3 0.77 0.19 2006 Mon Pen September 12 25.8 b 13.3 2.5 0.8 5.8 0 0 b September 19 36.7 b 14.7 7.5 0.8 4.2 0 0.8 b September 26 58.3 ab 40.8 2.5 1.7 6.7 0 0.8 b October 3 63.3 ab 28.3 5.0 11.7 5.8 0 4.2 b October 10 75.8 a 42.5 3.3 2.5 8.3 1.7 15.8 a P-value 0.02 0.17 0.5 0.11 0.7 0.46 0.02 a) Bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, ripe spot caused by Neofabraea spp., grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea, brown rot caused by Monilinia fructigena, blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. and Fusarium rot caused by Fusarium spp. b) Mean of 3 40 apples per harvest date. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05. Incidences were arcsin square root transformed prior to analysis, presented values are nontransformed means.

Tabell 5. Ròte (%) på eple frå ulike felt i Hardanger (1-5) og Telemark (6-8) i 2006-2008. 2006 Felt Ròte Bitt Kjøle- Lager- Sopp Gråsk Fus Frukttrekreft Byrjande ròte Monilia Mucor 1 9.6 3.0 0.4 2.2 0.4 0 1.7 0 0 2 32.2 17.2 0 3.9 0.6 0 4.5 0 0 3 39.5 27.2 0 0 0 0 3.8 0 3.8 4 27.2 12.2 0 1.7 0 0 5.8 0 0 5 - - - - - - - - - 6 9.7 1.0 0.3 2.7 0 0 5 0.3 0 7 28.0 3.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 0 18 2.7 0 8 - - - - - - - - - 2007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 13 13 0.7 0 0 9 0 0 3 6 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 32 12 0.7 1.3 4.7 1.3 12 0 0 5 15 7.5 3.3 1.7 2.5 0 0 0 0 6 9.2 2.3 1.5 0 2.3 0 3.1 0 0 7 19.4 6.0 0.8 0 0.8 0.2 6.9 4.6 0 8 28.8 4.2 0.4 0 2.9 0.4 19.6 0 0 2008 1 3.3 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.9 0 0 2 9.3 1.5 0 1.1 0.4 0 6.3 0 0 3 12.2 4.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 0 4.1 0 0.4 4 7.0 1.1 0 0 0 0 5.2 0 0.7 5 15.2 6.0 0 0.4 0.4 0 8.1 0 0 6 12.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 10.0 0.5 0 7 23.2 5.5 1.8 0.5 0 0 14.6 0.9 0 8 10.9 4.5 0 0 0.9 0 4.8 0.3 0

Registrering av eple hausta 23.09.09 (tal eple av 100) Handsaming Epleskurv Kjølelagersopp Monilia Andre Totalt Usprøyta 2,3 24,0 0 0 26,3 Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 0,7 6,0 0,3 0 7,0 Maccani ½ dose 1 4,7 1 0,3 7,0 Maccani full dose 0,7 4,3 0,7 0,3 6 AEC 948 full dose 0,3 1,3 0 0 1,7 P-verdi Ikkje 0,03 Ikkje Ikkje 0,007 signifikant signifikant signifikant LSD 5% - 13,5 - - 11,2 Registrering 13.01.09 av eple hausta i september 2008 og lagra til januar 2009 (tal eple av 100) Handsaming Kjølelagersopp Bitterrote Monilia Gråskimmel Totalt Usprøyta 25,3 2,7 0,3 0,0 29,0 Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 4,3 1,0 0,3 1,3 7,7 Maccani ½ dose 6,0 0,7 2,0 1,0 10,3 Maccani full dose 5,0 0,7 1,7 0,0 8,0 AEC 948 full dose 0,3 0,0 0,3 0,3 1,0 P-verdi 0,003 0,008 Ikkje Ikkje 0,007 signifikant signifikant LSD 5% 10,2 1,19 - - 12,37

2011 season Forsøksledd/fungicid Registrering ved hausting Blad Frukter med med skurv skurv Kjølelagersopp Registrering av frukter etter lagring Epleskurv Andre soppsjukdomar Indre samanbrot 1. usprøyta 186,3 42,0 31,7 9,3 0,7 5,3 2. ditianon 11,7 2,3 9,7 0,0 3,0 8,0 3. fluopyram + 10,3 1,3 8,3 1,3 0,3 9,0 trifloksystrobin 4. fluopyram 6,0 0 4,0 0,3 0,3 4,0 5. fluopyram 21,3 1,7 12,7 1,0 1,0 8,3 6. fluopyram + 2,3 0,3 8,0 1,0 0,0 7,3 fosetyl-al LSD 5% 21,9 7,3 8,0 8,7 i.s. (3,6) i.s. (6,3)

Bitter rot at harvest

Bitter rot after storage

Diversity of appearence bitter rot

Possible inoculum sources Buds Leaves Weeds Other hosts And?

Possible inoculum sources Flower buds 0-13% bitter rot on flower buds No findings on leaf buds

Possible inoculum sources Leaves

Orchard with low incidence

Orchard with high incidence

Bitter rot: Rare at harvest Increasing with stoarge time More on late harvested apples Scab spraying can influence Spraying prior to harvest reduces Differs between years and orchards Main storage disease

Season differences in incidence

Growing area West East

Fig. 2. Incidence of bitter rot (%) on apples stored at different temperatures. Mean of three years and three oxygen levels in storage air. Mean of 3 replicated samples each of 20 apples at each treatment in each year. Bars denoted with different letters are significantly different at each assessment according to Student Newman Keuls method at P=0.05.

Neofabraea in Norway

KD8 N. perennans eller N. malicorticis: B17 N. perennans eller N. malicorticis:

CA 9-4 N.alba: G71 N.alba:

Neofabraea perennans, malicorticis and alba Isolates from 2007 season; 69% N. perennans or malicorticis and 31% N. alba

Brown rot

Grey mould

Autumn 2012

On storage now?

Fusarium-rot

Tabell 2. Funn av soppane som er årsak til bitterròte, gråskimmel og Fusarium-ròte på knoppar, blad og eple (%) i 8 felt, 2006-2008. Colletotrichum (%) Botrytis (%) Fusarium (%) Felt 1, år Knoppar blad Eple Knoppar blad eple Knoppar blad eple 1, 2006 0 0 3 0 0 2.2 Funn 0 0.4 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 22.2 0 0 2, 2006 0 3.2 17.2 0 0 3.9 0 0 0.6 2007 0 7.4 13 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 2008 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.0 0 0 0.5 3, 2006 0 1.6 27.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2007 4 66.7 2 0 0 2 0 4 2008 0 25.9 4.5 0 0 0.7 21.2 0 0.7 4, 2006 0 3.2 12.2 0 0 1.7 0 0 0 2007 0 3.7 12 0 0 1.3 1.1 0 4.7 2008 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 5.3 0 0 5, 2007 0 14.8 7.3 0 0 3.2 funn 0 2.6 2008 0 11.1 5.5 1.4 0 0.3 18.1 0 0.3 6, 2006 0 0 1.0 0 0 2.7 0 0 0 2007 0 0 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 2008 0 0 1.8 0 0 0 7.7 0 0 7, 2006 0 0 3.7 0 0 1.0 Funn 0 2.0 2007 0 5.6 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 2008 0 0 5.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 8, 2007 0 0 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 2008 0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 1. Felt 1-5 er i Hardanger, medan felt 6-8 er i Telemark.

Neonectria

Mucor rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Soft scald

Senescent breakdown

Harvest time FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4 C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05. FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4 C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20 C. Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method

Harvest time FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4 C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05. FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4 C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20 C. Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.

Fig. 22. Alderssamanbrot og ròte ved uttak frå kjølelager og etter 2 veker ved 20 C på eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 4 veker i Hardanger, 2007.

Fig. 23. Fysiologiske skadar og ròte ved uttak frå kjølelager på eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 3 veker i Hardanger, 2008.

Sprøyting, 2007