The language situation in Norway - and in your countries. Cultural journey Karianne Skovholt

Transkript

1 The language situation in Norway - and in your countries Cultural journey Karianne Skovholt

2 Overview 1. What is the language situation in Norway today? 2. What is the historic background of two different norms of written language 3. Discussion: What is the language situation in your country?

3 Language and landscape

4

5 The language situation in Norway Many dialects Three official languages: Norwegian, Sami, Kvensk (+ sign language and Braille writing/blindeskrift) Two official written norms nynorsk and bokmål Sami (Lappish): administration language in the North Kvensk: administration language in a few local municipalities (kommuner) Traditional minority languages in Norway: Sami, kvensk, romani (, romanes New minority languages: Swedish, Panjabi/Urdu, English, Danish, Vietnamese, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish, Arabic

6 The minorities in Norway Sámi people One nation in four countries Tersamisk Kildinsamisk Lulesamisk Skoltesamisk Enaresamisk Pitesamisk Nordsamisk (finnarksamisk, sjøsamisk, tornesamisk Umesamisk Sørsamisk

7 The multi lingual North

8

9 Four main groups of Norwegian dialects Nordnorsk North-Norwegian Trøndersk Vestlandsk West-Norwegian Østlandsk East-Norwegian

10 The language situation in Norway

11

12 Liv og dikting I dag kjende eg at eg hadde laga eit godt dikt. Fuglane kvitra i hagen då eg kom ut, og soli stod blid yver Bergahaugane. Liv og diktning I dag kjente jeg at jeg hadde laget et godt dikt. Fuglene kvitret i haven da jeg kom ut, Og solen stod blid over Bergahaugane (Olav H. Hauge Dropar i austavind, 1966)

13 Main differences Bokmål Lexicon: erfaring, veileder (experience, tutor) Grammar: biler, penere, kommer (cars, more beatuyful, comes) Prefixes and suffixes: kjærlighet, anmerkning, behandle (love, remark, treat) Phonetic system and orthography: hvorfor, ikke (why, not) Nynorsk Røynsle, rettleiar Bilar, penare, kjem Kjærleik, merknad, handsame Kvifor, ikkje

14 Bokmål and nynorsk in school Equal official status Children choose main language at school More than 10: extra class Primary school: BM/NN through texts Lower secondary school: BM/NN grammar, working language Focus on similarities Exams: demonstrat competence in both written languages Upper secondary school: BM/NN

15 Pupils with nynorsk as main language

16 The official Norway Bokmål and nynorsk outside school Mållova the language law Use and choice of language (BM/NN) in public services (state and regional administration, state health care, educational institutions, the police) NN/BM equal status The right for the local government to receive written texts from the state administration on BM/NN The right for private persons to receive all official documents; letters, exams, diploma for university tax forms etc. in BM/NN The obligation of the state to provide documents and forms in both languages The ministry of culture administrates the law, inspects and follows up complaints

17 The language law - Mållova In official documents, announcements, information: None of the two written languages shall be represented with less than 25%

18

19 The Norwegian Language Council Språkrådet Monitors the language law Follows up institutions Provides practical advice about language strategy for each official institution Provides information about the law

20 Nynorsk and bokmål in Norwegian broad casting (NRK) The official languages in NRK are Norwegian and Sami. NRK is responsible of strengthening and developing these languages. At least 25 per cent of the verbal articles in radio and television broadcast have to be performed in nynorsk. Films and subtitles 75% in bokmål 25% in nynorsk

21 Rules in NRK 1.1 In news and information about programs the TV- and radio host and advertisers must use official bokmål or nynorsk. The editors may make exceptions if they do not brake the rules below. 1.2 In other broadcastings and in news (reports, news stories, comments, interviews etc.) dialects may be used, even in national broad casts, if it does not brake the rules below. 1.3 In the district broadcasts the local dialect shall have much space. 1.4 Names of persons and places, numbers and symbols shall be written and pronounced in accordance with rules and advices accepted by Språkrådet (The Language Council of Norway). 1.5 NRK is supposed to follow the official norms of orthography. The editors may make exceptions if specific genres makes it relevant. Translated from:

22 No spoken standard language

23 English influence loss of domain Is Norwegian threatened by English? Everyday speech English technical words A) anglisism: printe, save, levle (english, but norwegian morphology) B) Norwegian words: memeory stick minnepinne, brainstorming idemyldring, key board tastatur Education Business, trade and industry

24 Listen to Norwegian dialects Nordavinden og sola Nordavinden og sola kjekla/kjeklet om kven/hvem av dei/dem som var den sterkaste/sterkeste. Da kom det en mann gåande/gående med en varm frakk på seg. Dei vart samde/de blei enige om at han/den som først kunne få mannen til å ta av seg frakken skulle gjelde for sterkare/sterkere enn den andre. Så blåste nordavinden av all si makt, men dess meir/mer han blåste, dess tettare/tettere trakk mannen frakken rundt seg, og til sist gav nordavinden opp. Da skein/skinte sola fram så godt og varmt, og straks tok mannen av seg frakken. Og så måtte nordavinden innrømme at sola var den sterkaste/sterkeste av dei/dem.

25 Nordavinden Sola 2. Finnmark vinj sola 3. Borre 1. Sør-Trøndelag 16. Bergen Nolavin Nolavinj NoRda.. Solen mannen maanj manj man 22. Stavanger solå 17. Telemark Fyresdal Sol Først R fyrst Hvem av dem Sterkeste av dem Kæm a dæm Sterkast ta dæm SteRkest e Kven av dei sterkaste Gående gåandes gangande Varm frakk Ta av frakken Ta tå frakken Varme frakk Varme frakk frakkjen blåste blos skinte skein sjinte skein

26 Why two different norms of written language bokmål and nynorsk? The historical background Viking age The plague (The black death) 1397: Union with Denmark (Kalmarunionen) Danish influence Guthenberg Reformation of the church 1814: union with Sweeden

27 The viking age King Contact with Europe Cultural influence Written language and Latin alphabet (1000 AD) Snorre Sturlason

28 The plague (The black death) Priests died Literacy disappeared Economic depression 1397: Kalmarunionen

29 1397: Union with Denmark (Kalmarunionen) 1380: Håkon VI dies Margrete queen of Denmark and Norway 1397: Agreement between Sweden and Denmark-Norway 1523: Sweden left the union Denmark strenghten position

30 Danish influence All the important positions were held by Danes 1462: Johan Gutenbergs printing press Mass-distribution of books in Danish Reformation of the church: Latin abandoned in the services Bible translated into Danish 1736: Confirmation: reading and writing skills Danish became the written language in Norway

31 1814: union with Sweeden 1814: The constitution at Eidsvoll Dreams of freedom Romantiscism Nationalism

32 Two strategies 1. Danish-Norwegian: Henrik Wergeland ( ), Knud Knudsen ( ), Peder Christian Asbjørnsen( ), Jørgen Moe ( ) 1. A new written languages based on dialects: Ivar Aasen ( ), P.A.Munch ( )

33 Nynorsk and bokmål 1885: The parliament decides: Nynorsk and bokmål became official written languages in Norway

34 The Sami law 1992: Sámi language equal with Norwegian The Sami language rights School: language in school In court and public/official services Karasjok, Kautokeino, Nesseby, Porsanger Not the same rigthts outside Samiland

35 History Sami people indigeneous people, Fishing, hunting, rain deers (Finnmark, Oslo) 1950s: suppressed by Norwegian Language in schools Religion Fairytales Songs Norwegian majority controlled the land Illiteracy

36 The Sami parliament 267&MId1=3376&back=1 Established 1989 Issues related to Samis

37 In groups 1. Describe the language situation in your country. Official written languages? Dialects? Rules for standard spoken language? Minority languages? 2. Are there any similarities with the language situation in Norway? 3. Are there significant differences? Prepare minutes presentation for next lecture (23.10) with Karianne.