Norwegian X-ray Conference 2014 Hege Indresand (Teknova) Ann M. Dillner (IMPROVE)

Transkript

1 Norwegian X-ray Conference 2014 Hege Indresand (Teknova) Ann M. Dillner (IMPROVE)

2 Markets Your local technology and industry based contract-research institute in Agder Disciplines Modelling and Simulation Smart Instrumentation Energy and Environment

3 Si and Al are important soil components IMPROVE analyzes ~ PM samples by XRF per year Data advisory #10 - errors in Si when S/Si is high Data advisory #11 - Al above MDL reported as ND At rural sites, Fe, as well as Si and Al is Primarily from soil Si/Fe and Al/Fe constant for each soil type Sulfur anthropogenic (ammonium sulfate) S/Fe is ratio of sulfur to soil in the sample

4 Si/Fe IMPROVE 2008 Average crust Earth crust PM IMPROVE S/Fe *Same behavior in data from

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7 Al and Si can be difficult to measure Subject to spectral interference from S Here: non-gaussian imcomplete charge effect in S Signal, not corrected Attenuation by the PM matrix Plays a additional part here due to our chosen method! Low instrument response Here: low end of fluorescence output due to Cu source Change of Motive! Too many factors in XRF peak area calculations Define conditions of when S influences Si and Al measurements To what extent are measurements comprimised

8 Collect ambient samples with parallell IMPROVE PM2.5 samplers: UC Davis Ag fields - Low sulfur Si and Al concentrations vary over IMPROVE range Add pure, dry ammonium sulfate to produce S/Fe ratios observed in the network Analyze samples before and after addition of S IMPROVE/CNL XRF instrument Matrix corrected using IMPROVE methodology DRI s PANanalytical Epsilon 5 (about 60% of samples) Not matrix corrected **Each instrument has different deconvolution, calibration, blank subtraction, corrections etc.

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11 Ambient sample with ammonium sulfate layer Ambient sample Counts ½ CNL system Counts ½ Energy (kev) Ambient sample with ammonium sulfate layer Ambient sample Energy (kev) DRI system

12 [(Fe-Fe o )/Fe o ] % Treated Controls S/Fe

13 [(Si-Si o )/Si o ] % Treated Controls S/Fe

14 [(Al-Al o )/Al o ] % Treated Controls S/Fe

15 Al and Si measurements are misreported when S relative to soil (S/Fe) is high For 50% of IMPROVE samples S/Fe is below 8 and measurements are not impacted For S/Fe above 8, Si and Al show large uncertainties Si up to 300% Al has no pattern to predict under or over reporting

16 [(Fe-Fe o )/Fe o ] % Treated Controls S/Fe

17 [(Si-Si o )/Si o ] % Treated Controls S/Fe

18 [(Al-Al o )/Al o ] % Treated Controls S/Fe

19 Confirms Si attanuation by S layer Al was similar to CNL instrument

20 Si/Fe IMPROVE 2008 Sio Si S/Fe

21 Able to confirm the spectral interference suggested by statistical analysis by a laboratory study Gives a robust advisory to data users to exclude certain data in Modeling Valid for data Improve now oprates 3 PAN Eps 5 Continue to explore PM data mysteries!

22 Thank you for your attention!

23 IMPROVE Network

24 IMPROVE Network

25 IMPROVE Filter Sampling and Analysis 4 modules PM2.5 and PM10 Every third day Ca samples for XRF per year PM2.5 PM10 (mass) Teflon filters for mass, XRF, PESA and optical absorption analysis Nylon filters for IC analysis (ions; SO4, NO3) Quartz filters for carbon analysis

26 PARTICULATE MATTER Solid or liquid species suspended in air with a D a = to 100 µm D a is the aerodynamic diameter = the diameter of a sphere of unit density (1 g/cm 3 ) with the same terminal falling speed in air as the particle Fine PM2.5 and coarse PM10

27 Svevestøv Why Hvorfor do må we care vi bry about oss om dust disse in the partiklene atmosphere? i lufta? Teknova could, in the near future, become a host & partner for Agder s SFI for industrial diagnostics Svevestøv i lufta der folk bor er en versting i negative helseeffekter for mennesker! 18 til 40 % av beboere i europeiske byer er utsatt for konsentrasjoner over dagens PM10 (støv som kan oppholde seg i atmosfæren) grenseverdier PM2.5 (små partikler som kan pustes helt ned i lungene) kan trigge åreforkalkning, uønskede fødselsutfall, og luftveissykdommer hos barn. Tendenser til en link mellom partikler og nevrologisk utvikling, kognitiv funksjon og diabetes. Styrket bevisgrunnlag for årsakssammenheng mellom partikkelkonsentrasjon og økt dødelighet fra hjerte- og luftveissykdommer. Av Nordens 24 millioner innbyggere dør 9000 kronisk syke per år for tidlig på grunn av PM. For spesielt utsatte, som allerede har hjerte eller lunge problemer, kan det bety at denne person kan dø opptil 10 år for tidlig. EU mener at dagens grenseverdier burde innskjerpes! Kilder: WHO (REVIHAAP, 2013), EU (Air quality in Europe 2011 report), Nordisk Ministerråd (Renere luft i våre lunger, 2007)

28 Various particle types in urban PM sample (