Snapshots of AI methods and applications

Transkript

1 Snapshots of AI methods and applications Agnar Aamodt and Keith Downing Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap Seksjon for Intelligente Systemer NTNU

2 Hva er Kunstig Intelligens 1 AI = Things that make you go WOW! eller?? Software: Pro-aktive beslutnignsstøtte- systemer Lærende systemer, f.eks.: Anbefalingssystemer AI i spill Ansiktsgjenkjenning Naturlig språk Robotnavigering, syn, planlegging Adapterende GUI... Embedded systems Intelligente komponenter i totalsystemer Annen hardware: Autonome roboter Online bildefortolking Samarbeid Planleggingssystemer Hjernesimulering Selvorganiserende systemer Evolusjonære metoder

3 Hva er Kunstig Intelligens 2 INFORMATIKK STUDIE AV INTELLIGENTE SYSTEMER RELATERT TIL KOMPUTASJONELLE PROSESSER er delfelt av REALISERE DATASYSTEMER SOM KAN SIES Å OPPVISE INTELLIGENT ADFERD - DVS. ' SMARTERE ' SYSTEMER har vitenskapelig perspektiv er koblet via empirisk vitenskapelig metode KUNSTIG INTELLIGENS (AI) har teknologisk perspektiv MATEMATIKK bygger bl.a. på har har metoder metoder FILOSOFI KOGNITIV PSYKOLOGI BIOLOGI KUNNSKAPSBASERTE METODER SUBSYMBOLSKE METODER

4 KUNNSKAPSBASERTE METODER - UTVIKLINGSTRENDER Heuristiske regler Regelbaserte systemer (f.eks.: MYCIN)

5 KUNNSKAPSBASERTE METODER - UTVIKLINGSTRENDER Kontroll-kunnskap Heuristiske regler Eksplisitt kontrollkunnskap (f.eks. NEOMYCIN) - kunnskap om typer regler for typer tilstander

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7 KUNNSKAPSBASERTE METODER - UTVIKLINGSTRENDER Kontroll-kunnskap Heuristiske regler Spesifikke case Dyp kunnskap Fra generell kunnskap til situasjons-spesifikke case (f.eks. CYRUS, PROTOS) - case-basert resonnering

8 KUNNSKAPSBASERTE METODER - UTVIKLINGSTRENDER Kontroll-kunnskap Heuristiske regler Spesifikke case Dyp kunnskap Integrerte systemer (f.eks. SOAR, CREEK, META-AQUA) - totalarkitekturer for intelligent problemløsning

9 The Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) Cycle (Aamodt&Plaza 1994)

10 Subsymbolic / Bio-inspired AI Methods

11 Emergence The signal feature of life is not the carbon-based substrate...(but)...that the local dynamics of a set of interacting entities (e.g. molecules, cells, etc.) supports an emergent set of global dynamical structures which stabilize themselves by setting the boundary conditions within which the local dynamics operates (Charles Taylor, biologist, UCLA)

12 Swarm Intelligence e = mc z = x + y Follow Trail Find Food Make Trail

13 Termite Arch-Building (Stigmergy) Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds (Resnick, 1994) pheremone

14 Columns to Arches Positive Feedback: Pheromone Concentration in middle gets higher and higher as more dirt balls are added.

15 Ubiquity of Emergence

16 Emergence & Intelligence Emergence Spectrum How does intelligent behavior arise from the interactions of 100 billion neurons, without central control? How has the brain evolved?

17 Evolutionary Progressions along the Intelligence Spectrum Living organisms Computers Sense & Act: 10,000,000+ years. 15+ years Reason: 100,000+ years. 30+ years Calculate: 1,000+ years 50+ years Evolution of reasoning was tightly constrained and influenced by sensorimotor capabilities. Else extinction! GOFAI systems are often in their own little worlds, making unreasonable assumptions about independent sensorimotor apparatus. To achieve AI s scientific goal of understanding human intelligence, the road from sense-and-act to reasoning via simulated evolution may be the only way.

18 Cognitive Incrementalism Tacit assumption of SEAI research. Cognition (and hence common sense) is an extension of sensorimotor behavior. This is the idea that you do indeed get full-blown, human cognition by gradually adding bells and whistles to basic (embodied, embedded) strategies of relating to the present at hand Mindware, pg. 135 (Andy Clark, 2001). I am, therefore I think. Brooks, Steels, Pfeifer, Scheier, Beer, Thelens, Nolfi, Floreano

19 Evolutionary Computation

20 Artificial Neural Networks

21 World Model Behav Gen Body GOFAI World Brain Connectionism World Model Behav Gen Body World SEAI The world is its own best model Rodney Brooks World Model Brain Behav Gen Body World

22 GOFAI -vs- SEAI Brittle Nerds -vs- Well-Rounded Insects Knowledge Selection Pressure GOFAI SEAI Knowledge Cramming -vs- Adaptive Systems

23 MSc thesis in AI at IDI a few examples

24 Eksempler på MSc-oppgaver (1) Improved game AI through case-based and statistical reasoning

25 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (2)

26 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (3)

27 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (4) Bilde- og/eller Video-analyse (Her: Segmentere bilder av karbonfiberarmert epoxy)

28 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (5)

29 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (6) Robots (pictured) that interact with either a real or simulated other robot. Within our PUCKER system, researchers and students can easily test their AI control strategies on this type of robot (e-pucks).

30 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (7) Computer Assisted Assessment and Treatment of Pain Probabilistic networks, Rules, CBR, meta-level reasoning

31 Eksempler på MSc oppgaver (8) Improved decision support through experience capture and reuse pa5ern analysis case based reasoning

32 Drilling challenge Unwanted down=me One day of unwanted downtime on this rig means increased cost of 1,6 MNOK for the ongoing drilling operation. Providing the relevant experience and getting the right information precisely when needed will reduce unwanted operational downtime. The result is a more reliable drilling process, reduced drilling costs, and increased productivity.

33 Business Confidential (Project Internal)

34 .. done in cooperation with:

35 DIS har deltatt i etablering av tre spin-off selskaper: - LingIT AS - naturlig språk tolkning og dialogsystemer - Trollhetta AS - bildeanalyse og beslutningsstøtte - Verdande Technology AS - erfarings-lagring og aktiv gjenbruk, primært innen oljeboring

36 AI - covers a lot of methods and application areas - is interesting, useful, and fun So, learn your - basic AI formalisms, such as - logics - representations - state-space search methods Link to videos shown (and more!): A useful link to all of AI: