136 S. Ct (2016). Article What does the Correct Standard of Strict Scrutiny mean for Affirmative Action in Higher Education?

Transkript

1 19 Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct (2016). Article What does the Correct Standard of Strict Scrutiny mean for Affirmative Action in Higher Education? Jun SAIJO 1. 1) ( ) (most searching examination) (skepticism) 2) (consistency) 3) 4) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin 5) Center for the Advancement of Higher Education, Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University

2 20 西條潤 2. Fisher Fisher Texas 14 ( ) Texas 6) 2013 ( Fisher ) 7) Texas ( Fisher ) 8) 2.1. Texas Texas 1996 Hopwood v. Texas 9) Hopwood Texas 2 SAT(Scholastic Assessment Test) ACT(American College Test) (Academic Index)( AI ) Hopwood 5 Texas 14 (compelling interest) 10) Texas Texas AI (Personal Achievement Index)( PAI ) PAI 2 (student s leadership) (awards)

3 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 21 (extracurricular activities) (community service) (special circumstances) (significant family responsibilities) (socioeconomic condition) SAT ACT Texas Hopwood Texas (outreach program) Texas Hopwood (Top Ten Percent Law) 11) Texas 10 Texas 10 Texas 75 12) 10 Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas 10 AI PAI Hopwood % % Texas

4 22 西條潤 (Proposal to Consider Race and Ethnicity in Admissions)( 2004 ) Texas 2004 Texas Texas Texas PAI Grutter Fisher Texas Gratz v. Bollinger 13) Grutter v. Bollinger 14) Michigan 1 Michigan Texas Michigan Texas Grutter Texas Grutter Grutter 15)

5 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 23 Grutter Grutter ( ) 16) Grutter Texas Grutter Grutter (narrowly tailored to further compelling governmental interests) 17) Michigan Michigan 18) 1 19) 2 20) 3 21) 4 22) Michigan 23) Michigan Michigan (a showing to the contrary) Michigan (good faith)

6 24 西條潤 (presumed) 24) Michigan 25) 26) 27) (minority viewpoint) 28) (meaningful numbers) (meaningful representation) 29) 30) Michigan 31) Michigan GPA LSAT 32) Michigan Michigan (ethnic origin) (outright racial balancing) (patently unconstitutional) 33) (race-conscious admissions program) (quota system) (available seats)

7 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 25 (plus) (particular qualifications) (place them on the same footing for consideration) 34) Powell Bakke (truly individualized consideration) [ ] 35) (Narrow tailoring) (reputation for excellence) (commitment) [ ] (serious, good faith consideration) 36) [ ] (Enshrining a permanent justification for racial preferences) (must have a logical end point) 37) Michigan

8 26 西條潤 38) Michigan (hallmarks) 39) Fisher 5 Grutter Texas 40) Fisher 41) 42) 43) Texas (in good faith) 44) 45) Texas 46) (receives no deference) 47) 1 (necessary) 48) (serious, good faith consideration of workable race-neutral alternatives) (nonracial approach) (about as well and at tolerable administrative expense) (substantial interest) 49) 2 (works in practice) 50)

9 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 27 (race-conscious admissions) 51) Texas 52) 53) 5 Grutter Texas 54) Grutter Fisher Fisher Texas Grutter 55) Grutter Grutter 1 Fisher Ginsburg Grutter Texas 56) Grutter Ginsburg Grutter 2 5 Grutter 57) Texas 58) Grutter (unprecedented in its deference) 59) Grutter Michigan 60)

10 28 西條潤 3 Fisher Kennedy Grutter 61) Kennedy Michigan (assurances) 62) Michigan 63) Kennedy (predominant factor) 64) Kennedy Michigan 65) Kennedy (race-based admissions schemes) (searching standard) 66) Kennedy Grutter Kennedy Fisher Kennedy Grutter Fisher Kennedy Grutter Grutter 5 Grutter Grutter 67) Fisher

11 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 29 Grutter Texas Grutter Fisher Fisher 5 68) Patrick E. Higginbotham Grutter Kennedy Texas Texas (exacting scrutiny) 69) Emilio M. Garza Texas Texas Fisher 70) Texas (no deference) Texas 71) Texas Texas 72) Kennedy Ginsburg Breyer Sotomayor Thomas Alito Roberts Thomas Kagan 73) Texas

12 30 西條潤 (overly deferential good-faith standard) 5 74) FisherI 3 (controlling principles) 75) - 1 (relevant basis for disparate treatment) (substantial) (with clarity) 76) - 2 FisherI (fixed quota) (reasoned, principled explanation) 77) - 3 FisherI Texas FisherI

13 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 31 (available) (workable) 78) (preponderance of the evidence) Texas 79) Texas (positive feature) (holistic-review calculus) (underrepresented minorities) (mechanical plus factor) 80) 2004 Texas 81) 82) Texas 2008 Texas

14 32 西條潤 83) Texas Texas (ongoing obligation) 84) Thomas Alito (pernicious assumptions) 85) (racial registers) 86) Alito Texas 87) (last resort) (searching examination) 88) Texas (racial preferences) (narrow tailoring inquiry) Texas 89) - Grutter (generic interest)

15 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 33 Texas 90) - Texas 91) - Texas (race-blind, holistic review) Texas 10 92) 3. Kennedy Alito Fisher Kennedy Alito Texas Texas 93) Texas 94) Texas 95) Fisher Roberts Texas

16 34 西條潤 96) Texas Roberts 97) Roberts Grutter 98) Fisher 99) Fisher Texas (elusory or amorphous) Texas (measurable) 100) 101) Fisher Texas 102) Fisher Texas ) Alito Garza

17 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 35 Texas Texas Texas Texas 104) Alito 105) Alito Texas Texas (limiting principle) 106) (nebulous goals) Texas (will be completely insulated from judicial review) 107) (inherently suspect) 5 Texas Fisher 108) Alito Texas

18 36 西條潤 Texas 109) Alito Texas 110) 111) Texas 112) Texas 113) Texas Grutter 114) Grutter (principles of equal protection) Grutter (revisit that aspect of Grutter s holding) 115) Grutter 116) Grutter 117)

19 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Grutter 119) Grutter 3.2. Texas ) Texas ) Texas 10% (race-neutral holistic review) ) Texas (evidentiary basis) 123) Texas Texas 124) Texas (retreats, interviews, [and] review of data)

20 38 西條潤 125) Texas 1 Texas ) (underrepresented perspectives) Texas (gauge) 127) 2 Hopwood Texas Texas 128) ) Texas Alito Alito Texas 130) Alito Texas Texas ) Alito Texas

21 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Alito Texas Alito Texas 133) 134) Alito Texas 135) 136) Alito Texas (intangible) (qualities) (Considerable deference) 137)

22 40 西條潤 138) Texas 139) Texas 140) 141) Sotomayor Fisher (bottom line) 142) Grutter (Some attention to numbers) 143) 144) 3.3. (minimal impact) Texas (minimal impact) 145) minimal effect Parents Involved Roberts 1 146) Parents Involved Roberts 147) (necessity)

23 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Minimal effect Texas 149) 150) Texas ) Alito (a highly suspect tool) (last resort) 152) Kennedy Parents Involved minimal effect (express racial classifications) Part III-C 153) Parents Involved Kennedy Fisher minimal effect Fisher Kennedy 2003 (holistic review) Texas Texas Texas

24 42 西條潤 154) 155) Kennedy 2 minimal effect Alito Kennedy 156) Minimal effect 157) Alito 1 minimal effect Roberts Parents Involved Grutter Grutter Michigan 4% ) Grutter 3 2 Kennedy Parents Involved 159) minimal effect Kennedy minimal effect Kennedy Fisher (meaningful, if still limited, effect) 160) Parents Involved 161) minimal effect 3.4. Texas

25 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Texas 163) Texas 164) 10 Texas 165) Texas Texas 3 (scholarship programs) (regional admissions centers) (recruitment budget) (recruitment events) Hopwood Texas 7 Texas 166) 2 1 Texas 167) 2 168) 1 (As an initial matter) 10 (increase minority enrollment) 169) 10

26 44 西條潤 Texas ) 2 10 (percentage plan) (class rank) ) ) 173) 10% Texas (blunt instrument) 174) Texas 2008 Texas 175) Alito Alito Texas FisherI Texas

27 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 45 FisherI 176) Alito Texas Texas 177) Texas Texas Texas 178) Alito Texas Texas 10 Texas 10 Texas (holistic review) Texas

28 46 西條潤 179) Texas 180) Texas 181) Alito (searching examination) 182) 183) Alito 10 Texas 10 Texas (holistic review) 184) Texas 185) Fisher 186) Texas Texas 10 Hopwood Texas Texas 1998

29 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について Texas Texas Fisher 187) Texas Hopwood 10 Texas Texas (did not make good-faith efforts to comply with the law) 188) Texas 10 (holistic-review) 3 8 Texas 2008 Texas 3 189) 8 Texas 190) Alito 191) 1 Texas 10

30 48 西條潤 Texas Fisher 192) Alito Texas 193) 194) 10 Texas 10 Texas 10 Texas Texas 10 Texas 195) Alito Texas 10 Texas (holistic review) 196) Texas ) Texas

31 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 49 10% PAI PAI Texas ) Alito Fisher (governing law) Texas 199) 1 Adarand (playing field) 200) 2 Alito 2008 Texas (holistic-review) 3 201) 3 (3-year grace period) 202) Texas 203) Texas 3

32 50 西條潤 204) Texas Grutter 205) 3 Alito Texas (prospective guidance) (merits) 206) Fisher Alito Fisher 207) Fisher 208) Fisher 209) Alito Texas Alito Grutter 210) Texas 211) Michigan Grutter 212) Fisher

33 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 51 Texas Texas (ongoing obligation) 213) Texas (changing circumstances) Texas Texas 214) 215) 216) Texas Alito (licenses) 217) Texas 10% Texas Texas (majority-minority schools) 218) Texas 10% 219) Texas 220) Texas (privileged backgrounds)

34 52 西條潤 221) Texas (bridge) 10 Texas 222) 10 (segregated, racially-identifiable schools) Texas 223) Texas 10 SAT 224) Texas 10% 10 Texas 225) Texas SAT 226) Texas 10 (wrong kind) 227) Alito 10 Texas (baseless assumption) 228) (pernicious stereotype) 229) Alito Texas 10 (lower-performing, racially identifiable schools) (wrong) 230) Alito Texas 10% Texas (undesirably stereotypical)

35 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 53 Texas ) Alito Texas 232) 5 Fisher Texas Alito 5 (highly segregated, underfunded, and underperforming schools) 10 5 Texas 233) Alito Fisher 234) Alito 235) Alito 5 Fisher Texas 236) 237) Alito 1 (metric)

36 54 西條潤 Texas ) Texas (multi-dimensional diversity) 239) 240) ) Alito Texas Texas Texas Texas Alito Texas Alito 242)

37 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Alito Alito Texas 244) Texas 10 Texas 10 Texas 245) Alito Fisher 4.1. Fisher 246) Alito Fisher Fisher Texas 247) Fisher Fisher Texas 1 Fisher Texas 248)

38 56 西條潤 Texas 249) Texas Texas Alito 250) Texas Texas Texas 251) ) Grutter Fisher ( ) 253) Fisher Alito Michigan 254) Michigan Grutter 255) 2 Fisher

39 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Texas Fisher 257) (good faith consideration) 258) Fisher Texas Texas 5 Garza Garza Texas 2008 AI PAI ) AI AI Michigan (holistic evaluation) 7 1 PAI 260) Texas Texas Texas Texas

40 58 西條潤 (condition) 261) Garza Texas Texas 262) 263) Fisher 3 Texas Fisher 264) 265) Fisher 266) 267) Texas Texas 268) Alito Texas 269) Texas

41 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) 271) Texas (no deference is owed) 272) 273) 274) 275) Fisher Fisher Grutter 276) Fisher 277) (laboratories for experimentation) 278) 279) Fisher Grutter Fisher Fisher Texas Texas Texas (ongoing

42 60 西條潤 obligation) 280) Fisher Texas Texas Texas 281) ) Roberts Thomas Alito Roberts Parents Involved (The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race) 283) (anti-classification principle) 284) (overtly or surreptitiously) 285)

43 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) 287) 288) 289) 290) 291) 292) 293) Adarand 294) (detailed examination) 295) 4 Ginsburg Breyer Sotomayor Kagan Sotomayor (departed) 296) 297) Sotomayor 298)

44 62 西條潤 (race matters) 299) 300) 301) (anti-subordination principle) 302) 303) 304) (no automatic proscription is in order) 305) Parents Involved Breyer (fatal in fact) 306) Kennedy Fisher Kennedy 307) 308) Ginsburg Kennedy Breyer 3 2 Obama Scalia

45 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 63 Merrick Garland 4 Scalia 3 Scalia Kennedy 6 Kennedy Ginsburg Breyer 4.3. Fisher Fisher

46 64 西條潤 Alito 10 Fisher 10 Texas 309) ) ) 10 Texas 10 Texas 312) ) Texas ) 10 Ginsburg Ginsburg Fisher 10 (ostrich) (race unconscious) 315) Fisher Ginsburg 316) Kennedy Ginsburg Texas Hopwood 317) (disproportionately) 318) Fisher

47 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Texas (boost minority enrollment) 320) Ginsburg 321) Ginsburg Kennedy Ginsburg Kennedy Fisher Texas 322) Ginsburg 323) Kennedy Ginsburg Fisher Kennedy Fisher 324) Ginsburg (lingering effects) (government actors) 325) Ginsburg 10 (the disadvantage of deliberate obfuscation) 326) Kennedy Ginsburg

48 66 西條潤 327) ) 10 Ginsburg ) Washington v. Davis 330) 331) ) ) Alito Alito Fisher Texas Texas 334)

49 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Alito Texas 336) Alito 337) Kennedy 10 Texas (categorically ineligible for more than three-fourths of the slots in the incoming freshman class) Grutter Texas (race-conscious holistic review) Texas Texas (outsized effect on petitioner s chances of admission) 10 (somewhat artificially, as a given premise) 338) Kennedy 10 Parents Involved Kennedy 339) 340)

50 68 西條潤 (systematic, individual typing by race) 341) 342) (different treatment based on a classification) 343) Kennedy 344) Kennedy 345) 10 Kennedy 10 Texas 346) Texas ) 10 Texas Kennedy Texas 5 5 Higginbotham 10 Texas Texas

51 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) (Facially neutral) (talismanic ring in the law) 349) 10 Texas 350) Kennedy 10% 10 Texas 351) 10 Fisher Kennedy Fisher Alito 5.

52 70 西條潤 Fisher 1) See Erwin Chemerinsky, Making Sense of the Affirmative Action Debate, 22 Ohio N.U.L. Rev. 1159, 1159 (1996). 2) Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 223 (1995). 3) at ) See Kermit Roosevelt III & Patricia Stottlemyer, The Fight for Equal Protection: Reconstruction-Redemption Redux, 83 U. Chi. L. Rev. Online 36, (2016). 5) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct (2016). 6) See id. at ) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S. Ct (2013) (2015 ) Affirmative Action (2015 ) 129 ( 2015 ) (2013 ) 8) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ( ) (2016 ) Affirmative Action (2016 ) 9) Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996). 10) at ) Tex. Educ. Code Ann (West 2009). 12) Tex. Educ. Code Ann (a-1) (West 2015). 13) Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003). Michigan (underrepresented minority) 5 1

53 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について at ) Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003). Grutter Gratz (2004 ) 3 ( 2014 ) (2004 ) (2004 ) (2003 ) 15) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 645 F. Supp. 2d 587, 612 (2009). 16) Fisher Fisher Bert W. Rein Grutter Transcript of Oral Argument at 8, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S. Ct (2013) (No ). 17) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) at ) at ) 21) 22) at ) at ) at ) at 318. Michigan (daily reports) Michigan See id. at ) at ) at ) at

54 72 西條潤 29) at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) 36) at ) at ) at ) at ) 10 Texas Michigan Grutter Texas Fisher, 645 F. Supp. 2d, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 631 F.3d 213, (5th Cir. 2011). 41) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher Kennedy Roberts Scalia Thomas Breyer Alito Sotomayor Scalia Thomas Ginsburg Kagan 43) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 631 F.3d at ) at 232. Grutter (educational mission) Fisher, 645 F. Supp. 2d at ) See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) at ) 49)

55 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 73 50) at ) at ) at ) 54) at ) 56) at 2434 n.4. 57) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Fisher, 631 F.3d n ) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) See Ozan O. Varol, Strict in Theory, But Accommodating in Fact?, 75 Mo. L. Rev. 1243, (2010). Sonu Bedi, Beyond Race, Sex, and Sexual Orientation 129 (Cambridge University Press 2013) (2009 ) Affirmative Action GEMCjournal3 158 (2010) 61) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 393. Kennedy (perfunctory) at ) at ) at ) See id. at 393. Kennedy Michigan See id. at 389. Rehnquist See id. at ) at ) 67) Petition for Writ of Certiorari at 35, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S. Ct (2013) (No ). 5 at ) Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 758 F.3d 633 (5th Cir. 2014). 69) at 642.

56 74 西條潤 70) at ) 72) Fisher, 136 S. Ct ) Fisher Scalia Fisher 7 74) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) 78) 79) at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) 86) 87) at ) at ) at ) at ) 92) 93) at ) 95) 96) Transcript of Oral Argument, supra note 16, at ) See id. Roberts Texas Texas Texas Texas 98) at 47.

57 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 75 99) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) 102) 103) 104) Fisher, 758 F.3d at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) ; See also Fisher, 758 F.3d at , Garza Texas (crux) Texas at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) Grutter Grutter ( ) Grutter, 539 U.S. at Grutter (goal)......

58 76 西條潤 at ) Fisher Sotomayor See Transcript of Oral Argument, supra note 16, at Grutter Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) See Michael C. Dorf, The Recent Supreme Court Affirmative Action Oral Argument Zeroes in on the Concept of "Critical Mass", JUSTIA.COM VERDICT (Oct. 17, 2012), 114) Garza 5 Grutter See Fisher, 631 F.3d at 255. See also Fisher, 758 F.3d at 664 n ) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at Fisher Grutter (as given) at ) See Brief for Respondents at 27-29, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct (2016) (No ). 117) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Brief for Petitioner at 46, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct (2016) (No ). 121) at 46 n ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) Brief for Petitioner, supra note 120, at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) 126) at ) 128) 129) 130) at 2236.

59 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) 132) at ) at ) See id. at , (classroom diversity) Alito (7) ) See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at , Alito Texas Texas 2004 Texas (racial census) at Alito See Kenneth L. Marcus, Diversity and Race-Neutraity, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 163, (2008). Post-racialism 635 ( 2015 ) 136) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at Alito Parents Involved Roberts (proportional representation of various races) (appropriate mixture of racial

60 78 西條潤 views) (that mixture) Fisher ; See also Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 730. Roberts Parents Involved at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at Alito Texas Alito Texas (Trust us) Texas at Texas Alito

61 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について (2014 ) (2015 ) 138) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) (8)60 142) Transcript of Oral Argument, supra note 16, at ) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Grutter 1 at 332. Grutter (public life) (outsider) (second-class status) (relegated) (national leadership) Grutter See Reva B. Siegel, Equality Talk: Antisubordination and Anticlassification Values in Constitutional Struggles over Brown, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 1470, (2004). (8)62-63 Grutter 4.2

62 80 西條潤 145) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) (14) ( ) ( ) 2 69 (2007 ) (2008 ) (7) ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) at ) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) 1 See Kimberly A. Pacelli, CASE NOTE: Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin: Navigating the Narrows between Grutter and Parents Involved, 63 Me. L. Rev. 569 (2011). Garza 5 minimal effect Texas See Fisher, 631 F.3d at ) Brief for Petitioner, supra note 120, at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) ) See id. at ) (135) ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) See Brief of Legal Scholars Deffending Diversity in Higher Education as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents at 22, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 136 S. Ct (2016) (No ).

63 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 81 See Vinay Harpalani, Diversity Within Racial Groups and the Constitutionality of Race-Conscious Admissions, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 463, 532 n.311 (2012). (classroom diversity) 162) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) 166) 167) 168) 169) 170) 171) Gratz Ginsburg GPA at ; See also Gratz, 539 U.S. 244 at 303 n ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at Grutter Grutter 10 (individualized assessments) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 340. Michael Dorf See Michael Dorf, Fisher and the Future of Affirmative Action, Dorf on Law (Aug. 22, 2012), Michael Dorf 10

64 82 西條潤 10 Texas 10 Texas Michael Dorf (undergraduate institutions) 10 Grutter 173) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at Alito Alito Texas See id. at Texas ( ) 1 (merits and essential qualities) (ancestry) [ ] Texas

65 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 83 [ ] [ ] Texas Brief for Respondent, supra note 116, at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) 176) at ) at ) 179) at ) at ) at Alito Parents Involved Kennedy Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ; See also Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at Alito Texas 10 at ) at 2209.

66 84 西條潤 185) 186) at ) at ) 189) 190) 191) at ) at ) Brief for Respondent, supra note 116, at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) 198) at Alito Texas Texas Texas at ) 200) 201) at ) at ) at ; See also Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) at ) 206) at ) at ) at ) 5 Higginbotham Grutter Kennedy Texas Fisher, 758 F.3d at 642. Garza

67 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 85 Fisher (decisive shift in the law) at 665 n ) See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2210, ) See id. at ) Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) Kennedy Grutter Michigan Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Alito (135) ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) 220) 221) 222) 223) 224) at ) 226) 227) at ) at ) 230) at ) 232) at ) at 2231.

68 86 西條潤 234) at ) at ) at ) Alito Alito at Alito Richard Kahlenberg Fisher Texas See Richard Kahlenberg, Symposium: A win for wealthy students, SCOTUSblog (Jun. 23, 2016, 9:10 PM), 238) at ) Fisher, 758 F.3d at ) 241) 242) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) 248) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) 253) Compare Fisher, 133 S Ct at 2420, with Grutter, 539 U.S. at 339. ; See Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Rethinking Proxies for Disadvantage in Higher Education: A First Generation Students' Project, 2014 U. Chi. Legal F. 433, (2014). 254) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 343.

69 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Grutter 10 Michigan See George La Noue & Kenneth L. Marcus, "Serious Consideration" of Race-neutral Alternatives in Higher Eduaction, 57 Cath. U.L. Rev. 991, (2008). Grutter Grutter, 539 U.S. at ) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) See Fisher, 631 F.3d at ) at ) 262) See Gruter, 539 U.S. at Kennedy Grutter Michigan 263) See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) 265) See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at Alito 266) See id. at ; See also Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) at ) at 2223.

70 88 西條潤 274) at ; See also Fisher, 758 F.3d at , (8)20 275) Grutter Kennedy (antithetical) Grutter, 539 U.S. at 388, ) See Roosevelt & Stottlemyer, supra note 4, at 41. ; See also Peter N. Kirsanow, Race Discrimination Rationalized Again, Cato Supreme Court Review 59, 65-66, 77 (2016). 277) See Erwin Chemerinsky, The year the law did not change, ABA JOURNAL (Jun 30, 2016), change Erwin Chemerinsky Fisher (existing law) Kennedy 278) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) See Erwin Chemerinsky, The 2016 Election, the Supreme Court, and Racial Justice, 83 U. Chi. L. Rev. Online 49, 54 (2016). Erwin Chemerinsky Kennedy Kennedy 280) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) at ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) See Scott Grinsell, The Prejudice of Caste The Misreading of Justice Harlan and the Ascendency of Anticlassification, 15 Mich. J. Race & L. 317, 318 (2010). 285) Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel, The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?, 58 U. Miami L. Rev. 9, 10 (2003). (surreptitiously)

71 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について 89 (invidious purpose) See id. Washington v. Davis See Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 240 (1976). 286) Pamela S. Karlan, What Can Brown Do For You?: Neutral Principles and the Struggle over the Equal Protection Clause, 58 Duke L.J. 1049, 1061 (2009). 287) Missouri v. Jenkins 515 U.S. 70, (1995). 288) See Pamela S. Karlan, Constitutional Law as Trademark, 43 UC Davis L. Rev. 385, 402 (2009). 289) Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, 134 S. Ct. 1623, 1644 (2014). 290) 291) 292) Karlan, supra note 286, at ; Siegel, supra note 144, at Reva B. Siegel (benign) 293) See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at Fisher Thomas See id. at ; See also Fisher, 136 U.S. at ) Adarand, 515 U.S. at ) at ) Schuette, 134 S. Ct. at ) at ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) Schuette, 134 S. Ct. at ) 301) Karlan, supra note 286, at ) See Jack M. Balkin, What Brown v. Board of Education Should Have Said 56 (New York University Press). ; Siegel, supra note 144, at Reva B Siegel (enforce the inferior social status) 303) See Balkin, supra note 302, at 56. ; Helen Norton, The Supreme Court s

72 90 西條潤 Post-Racial Turn Towards a Zero-sum Understanding of Equality, 52 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 197, 206 (2010). ; Karlan, supra note 286, at Helen Norton (traditional patterns of hierarchy) Pamel S. Karlan (full civic participation) (perpetuate) 304) Gratz, 539 U.S. at ) 306) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 833. Breyer (a more lenient standard) See id. at Breyer Roberts Breyer Breyer (state-mandated racial label) (worthy goal) (less exacting scrutiny) at ) Kennedy Kennedy Ellen D. Katz, Grutter s Denouement: Three Templates from the Roberts Court, 107 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 140 (2012). 308) See generally Chemerinsky, supra note 279, at

73 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) 311) 10 Fisher, 645 F. Supp. 2d at 592. Fisher 10 See Ilya Somin, Fisher, The Texas Ten Percent Plan, and Race-Neutral Alternatives to Affirmative Action, VOLOKH CONSPIRACY (June 24, 2013, 12:41PM), utral-alternatives-to-affirmative-action. ; John A. Powell and Stephen Menendia, Fisher v. Texas: The Limits of Exhaustion and the Future of Race-conscious University Admissions, 47 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 899, (2014). 312) See Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) (7)34 Fisher Top Ten Percent Law 315) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) See Richard Primus, Affirmative Action in College Admissions, Here to Stay, The New York Times (JUNE 23, 2016), ions-here-to-stay.html?_r=0 317) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 645 F. Supp. 2d ) See Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) 321) 322) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) See Vikram David Amar, Justice Kennedy s Majority Opinion in the Fisher Affirmative Action Ruling Muddles Even as It Illuminates, VERDICT (Jul. 1, 2016), irmative-action-ruling-muddles-even-illuminates

74 92 西條潤 325) Fisher, 133 S. Ct. at ) at 2433.Ginsburg Gratz See Gratz, 539 U.S. at Gratz Souter See id. at ) Kennedy (135) ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) See Brian T. Fitzpatrick, The Hidden Question in Fisher, 10 NYU J.L. & Liberty 168 (2016). 330) See Davis, 426 U.S. at ) Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979). 332) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) See Michelle Adams, Isn't it Ironic? The Central Paradox at the Heart of "Percentage Plans", 62 Ohio St. L.J. 1729, 1764 (2001). 334) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2227 n ) 336) Alito Texas (laws of mathematics) 337) Alito 10% ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) at ) at ) at ) 344) Kennedy Kennedy (135)635

75 論説 : 州立大学が入学者選抜において実施するアファーマティヴ アクションの合憲性について ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at ) at ) Fisher, 631 F.3d at ) at ) Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at ) Fisher, 136 S. Ct. at 2213.