Ozonkonsentrasjon som funksjon av høyde og breddegrad (jfr. Fig 10.1 i boka) Størst produksjon i øvre stratosfære i tropene Høyest konsentrasjon lavere ned ved polene Fordeling skyldes Brewer-Dobson sirkulasjon i stratosfæren
One DU is 2.69 10 16 ozone molecules per square centimetre Eller 0.01 mm ren ozon ved STP
Kilde: ftp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/omi/images/global/fullday_glob.png
Ozonproduksjon i stratosfæren, λ < 242nm
Vertikalfordeling av ozonmolekyler og atomært oksygen
CHAPMAN MECHANISM vs. OBSERVATION shape determined by k 1 n O2-3 Chapman mechanism reproduces shape, but is too high by factor 2-3 e missing sink!
Hvor høyt er blandingsforholdet av vanndamp i troposfæren?
Endringer i vanndamp i stratosfæren http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2010/chapters/chapter4.pdf
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100128_watervapor.html
Time height plot of monthly-mean, zonalmean equatorial zonal wind (u) in m/s between about 20 and 35 km (22 mi) altitude above sea level over a ten-year period. Positive values denote westerly winds and the contour line is at 0 m/s. QBO: quasi-biennial oscillation is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 to 29 months.
NITROUS OXIDE IN THE STRATOSPHERE from CLAES satellite instrument
Nitrogen oxide (NO x )radicals (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) Initiation N 2 O + O( 1 D) 2NO Propagation NO + O 3 NO 2 + O 2 NO + O 3 NO 2 + O 2 NO 2 + h NO + O NO 2 + O NO + O 2 O + O 2 + M O 3 + M O 3 loss rate: Null cycle Net O 3 + O 2O 2 d[o 3] 2 k[no 2][O] dt Termination Recycling NO 2 + OH + M HNO 3 + M HNO 3 + h NO 2 + OH NO 2 + O 3 NO 3 + O 2 HNO 3 + OH NO 3 + H 2 O NO 3 + NO 2 + M N 2 O 5 + M NO 3 + h NO 2 + O N 2 O 5 + H 2 O 2HNO 3 N 2 O 5 + h NO 2 + NO 3
ATMOSPHERIC CYCLING OF NOx AND NOy
Recent changes in CO 2,N 2 O, CFCs and CH 4 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/
N 2 O utslipp i USA http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghge missions/gases/n2o.html
Ozone loss catalyzed by chlorine (ClO x = Cl + ClO) radicals Initiation: Cl radical generation from non-radical precursors (e.g., CFC-12) CF 2 Cl 2 + h g CF 2 Cl + Cl λ<346 nm Propagation: Cl + O 3 g ClO + O 2 ClO + O g Cl + O 2 Net: O 3 + O g 2O 2 O 3 loss rate: d[o 3] 2 k[clo][o] dt Termination: Recycling (gas-phase): Cl + CH 4 g HCl + CH 3 HCl + OH gcl + H 2 O ClO + NO 2 + M g ClNO 3 + M ClNO 3 + h gcl + NO 3
Tilsvarende katalystisk ozonnebrytning med brom (Br og BrO)
Halogener
Pyle, J. A., S. Solomon, D. Wuebbles, and S. Zvenigorodsky. 1992. Ozone depletion and chlorine loading potentials. Chapter 6 in Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1991. World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project--Report no. 25. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE BUDGET FOR MIDLATITUDES CONSTRAINED FROM 1980s SPACE SHUTTLE OBSERVATIONS Gas-phase chemistry only
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozon e/2014/chapters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf
Målingene gitt i blandingsforhold (VMR) og konsentrasjon (nd) er fra to ulike satellittinstrumenter http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/ch apters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf
Bidrag fra utslipp av gasser som bryter ned ozon og fra klimaendringer (kaldere i stratosfæren)
Trend i ozonkolonnen 60S-60N http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf
ATMOSPHERIC CYCLING OF ClOx AND Cly
CHLORINE PARTITIONING IN STRATOSPHERE
Ozonhullet nå (30. oktober 2015) http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Kilde: NASA ozonewatch
Perlemorskyer en form for polare stratosfæriske skyer. Ikke uvanlig over Oslo om vinteren.
https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wmoantarcticozonebulletins2015.html
NASA AURA satellitten : Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) MLS makes measurements of atmospheric composition, temperature, humidity and cloud ice that are needed to (1) track stability of the stratospheric ozone layer, (2) help improve predictions of climate change and variability, and (3) help improve understanding of global air quality. MLS observes thermal microwave emission from Earth's 'limb' (the edge of the atmosphere) viewing forward along the Aura spacecraft flight direction, scanning its view from the ground to ~90 km every ~25 seconds. Aura is in a near-polar 705 km altitude orbit. As Earth rotates underneath it, the Aura orbit stays fixed relative to the sun; to give daily global coverage with ~13 orbits per day. Aura is part of NASA's A-train group of Earth observing satellites. These satellites fly in formation with the different satellites making measurements within a short time of each other. The MLS measurements are made globally day and night. A feature of the MLS technique is that its measurements can be obtained in the presence of ice clouds and aerosol that prevent measurements by shorterwavelength infrared, visible and ultraviolet techniques.
https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wmoantarcticozonebulletins2015.html
Temperaturer i stratosfæren over Antarktis
PSC-er i Antarktis 2015
Ozon i Arktis Også polar virvel i Arktis, lave temperaturer, PSC dannelse og ozonnedbrytning Men, større dynamisk aktivitet: Blander inn luft med høyere temperatur og mer ozon
Sammenlikning Antarktis med Arktis i mars 2011 Grå områder er gjennomsnitt. Mørk grå: Antarktis Lys grå: Arktis Manney et al., Nature, 2012
Hva har skjedd og hva skjer videre med utslippene? Løsningen av ozonproblemet Økt utslipp av HFC viktige drivhusgasser GWP 100 HFC-134a:1400 GWP 100 HFC-152: 124
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014ozoneassessment.pdf