KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS, HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES jk"vªh; lqj{kk,oa mldk lsu; egro eerk 'kekz 'kks/k Nk=k, lsu; fokku thokth fo'o fo ky; Xokfy;j ¼e-iz-½ vius ns'k ds fy;s fdlh gn rd viuk lc dqn cfynku djus dh tks yyd ekuo tkfr esa fo eku gs ogha fdlh jk"vª dh lqj{kk dh oklrfod ÅtkZ gksrh gsa bl lunhkz esa fgvyj us tks dqn dgk Fkk mls dhkh fole`r ugha fd;k tk ldsxk& ^^jk"vª dh lqj{kk igyk drzo;] ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk nwljk drzo; vksj Lo;a dh lqj{kk vfure drzo; gksuk pkfg;sa** 1 jk"vªh; lqj{kk dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k rc rd v/kwjh ekuh tk;sxh tc rd fd jk"vªh; fgrksa dh O;k[;k u dh tk;sa jk"vªh; lqj{kk dk vkilh fj'rk Bhd oslk gh gs tslk lh;rk vksj lald`fr dka /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd jk"vªh; fgrksa ds iks"k.k ds fy;s gh lqj{kk ds fofhkuu vk;ke vksj izfreku viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokzg djrs gsaa ;g lozeku; rf; gs fd fdlh jk"vª dh uhfr;ka rfkk dk;z lnso jk"vªh; fgrksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gsaa fullansg jk"vªh; fgr dh /kkj.kk jktuhfr dk lkj gsa bfrgkl ds le; fo'ks"k esa og fgr tks jktuhfrd dk;ksaz dk fu/kkzj.k djrk gs mldk vk/kkj jktuhfrd rfkk 34
lald`fr ds os izlax gsa ftuls fons'k uhfr dk fuekz.k gksrk gs rfkk jk"vªh; lqj{kk dks dk;e j[kk tkrk gsa ;gk ;g Hkh Li"V dj nsuk vko';d gs fd jk"vªh; fgr,d vli"v,oa dbz vfkksaz okyk 'kcn gsa ftl lunhkz esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gs mlh ds vuqlkj bldk vfkz fudkyk tkrk gsa jktuhfrkksa rfkk lsokuk;dksa us lnso bldk iz;ksx viuh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj rfkkj vius dk;ksaz dks U;k;laxr Bgjkus ds mn~ns'; ls fd;k gsa** 2 fgvyj us viuh folrkjoknh uhfr;ksa dks tezuh ds jk"vªh; fgr ekudj U;k;ksfpr Bgjk;kA vesfjdh jk"vªifr;ksa us lnso uohu,oa fo/oaldkjh 'kl=ks ds fodkl dks vesfjdk ds jk"vªh; fgr ds uke ij n[kyunkth djrk jgk gsa phu :l rfkk Hkkjr ds lkfk lhek lecu/kh fookn dks phu ds jk"vªh; fgr ds uke ij U;k; laxr Bgjkrk gsa ;s lhkh mnkgj.k jk"vªh; fgrska ds nks vfkz gksus dk izek.k izlrqr djrs gsaa OkkLro esa izr;sd jk"vª dk viuk jk"vªh; leeku gksrk gs vksj blh ls tqm+s blds vius jk"vªh; fgr gksrs gsaa vius jk"vªh; fgrska dh j{kk ds fy;s og fo/oald 'kfdr ;gka rd fd ;q) dk ekxz Hkh viuk ldrk gsa fgarksa dks ysdj mbus okys fookn gh jk"vªksa ds e/; vf/kdka'kr% E;ku ls ryokj fudkyus ;k ryokj [km+[km+kus dk dkj.k curs gsaa ;q) dk ekxz viumkus ls jk"vªksa dks dksbz jksd Hkh ugha lsrk D;ksafd os leizhkqrk leiuu dksbz Hkh fu.kz; ysus ds fy;s LorU= gksrs gsaa fofhkuu fo)kuksa us jk"vªh; fgr dh ifjhkk"kk fueu izdkj nh gs& 35
jk"vªh; fgr lk/kkj.k] nh?kzdkyhu rfkk fujurj cuk jgus okyk mn~ns'; gs ftls jkt;] jk"vª rfkk ljdkj lhkh iwjk djus esa yxs jgrs gsaa** 3 jk"vªh; fgr og fgr gs ftls,d jk"vª vius jk"vª dh lqj{kk rfkk dq'kyrk ds fy;s vko';d le>rk gsa jk"vªh; fgr lk/kkj.k rfkk fujurj cus jgus okys mn~ns';ksa dks izfrfcfecr djrk gs ftlds fy;s dksbz jk"vª dk;z djrk gsa jkt; ftls ikjlifjd lecu/kksa esa izkir djuk rfkk lqjf{kr j[kuk pkgrs gsa bldk vfkz gs izhkqrk leiuu jkt;ksa dh bpnk;saa mijksdr ifjhkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gsa fd jk"vªh; fgr dk vfkz gs mrrj thfork vfkkzr~ nwljs ns'kksa }kjk vfrøe.k ds fo:) viuh 'kkjhfjd] jktuhfrd rfkk lkald`frd fof'k"vrkvksa dks lqjf{kr j[kuka** 4 'kkjhfjd fof'k"vrk dks dk;e j[kus dk vfkz gs &jk"vª dh Hkwfe dks,d cuk;s j[kuka tcfd jktuhfrd fof'k"vrk dk vfkz gs /kkfezd] Hkk"kk;h rfkk,sfrgkfld ekun.mksa dks lqjf{kr j[kuka ;s gh dqn lkeku; mn~ns'; gsa tks jk"vªh; fgr dk dsunz fcunq gksrs gsa rfkk bugha ij dqn nwljs fgr vk/kkfjr gksrs gsa tks ewy :i ls bu fgrksa dks izkir djus dk lk/ku gksrs gsaa xgu v/;;u dk fu"d"kz gs fd jk"vªh; fgr ds rhu ewyhkwr rro gsa & 1- lqj{kk %& lqj{kk jkt; ds vurjkz"vªh; O;fDrRo ds cus jgus dh xkjuvh gksus ds lkfk lkfk iwoz 'krz Hkh gsa bldk vfkz gs fd jkt; dh,drk vksj v[k.mrk] leizhkwrk rfkk tuekur ds thou vksj leifrr dh j{kk fo'o jktuhfr esa lqj{kk dk vfkz eq[;r% ckg; lqj[kk ls fy;k tkrk gsa lsfud rs;kjh ij vk/kkfjr lqj{kk ges'kk /kks[kk fl) gksrh gsa 36
nh?kzdkfyd vksj LFkk;h lqj{kk ges'kk vkffkzd fodkl] jk"vª fuekz.k vksj v;q)dkjh fons'k uhfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gsa 2- jk"vªh; fodkl %& jk"vªh; fodkl vksj lqj{kk lgxkeh gs D;ksafd ;fn dksbz jk"vª iw.kzr;k lqjf{kr ugha gs rks og vhkh"v Lrj ij fodflr ugha gks ldrka blh izdkj ;fn fdlh jk"vª dk leqfpr Lrj rd fodkl ugha gqvk gks rks iw.kzr;k lqjf{kr ugha gks ldrka jk"vªh; fodkl dk vfkz gs jk"vª dh vkffkzd] lkekftd vksj jktuhfrd {kerk vksj lkef;z dk lexz fodkla ;FkkFkZ esa ;g jkt; dk vfuok;z nkf;ro gs vksj lqj{kk bldh iwoz 'krz gsa jk"vªh; fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh izr;sd jkt; dh vyx vyx gksrh gsa jk"vªh; fodkl dk lokzf/kd egroiw.kz?kvd vkffkzd fodkl gsa vesfjdk tsls /kuh jk"vª dk vkffkzd fgr bl rf; esa gs fd og ml vkffkzd O;oLFkk dks ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[ks ftlesa og Lo;a iui jgk gsa ijurq Hkkjr tsls fodkl'khy jk"vª ds fy;s vkffkzd fgr dk vfhkizk; gs fodkl ds fy;s lgk;rk eksfyd lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;s _.k rfkk rduhd vk;kr dh lqfo/kk vkfna** 5 3- fo'o O;oLFkk dk fodkl %& vc ;g ekuk tk jgk gs fd ijek.kq ;qx esa fo'o O;oLFkk dk fodkl gh jk"vªksa dh lqj{kk dh xkjuvh gsa vr,o fo'o O;oLFkk dk fodkl izr;sd jk"vª ds jk"vªh; fgr dk vfuok;z?kvd gsa ;g LokHkkfod gs fd cm+s jk"vª ;k Hkkjr tsls fodkl'khy vfkok e/;e Js.kh ds jk"vª bl rro dks Jhyadk ;k oekz dh rqyuk esa 37
dgha vf/kd lkfkzdrk ls vius jk"vªh; fgr dk?kvd ekusaxsa Karl Deutsch us,d LFkku ij fy[kk gs fd &^^tks jk"vª ftruk cm+k vksj ftruk 'kfdr'kkyh gs] vurjkz"vªh; txr esa mldh vkdka{kk;sa mruh gh vf/kd gksrh gsaa mruk gh vf/kd osa vius dks fo'o O;oLFkk dks Bhd cukus dk ;k cuk;s j[kus dk vf/kdkjh ekurs gsa,slh O;oLFkk tks mugsa Bhd yxsa** 6 launhkz lwph 1& MkW- prqhkzqt ekeksfj;k,oa MkW-,l-,e- tsu] ;wuhqkbm Hkwxksy] ch-,-& f}rh; o"kz] lkfgr; Hkou izdk'ku] vkxjk] laldj.k 1997] i`-&193 2& MkW- izfeyk dqekj] e-iz-,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u] e-iz- fgunh xzufk vdkneh Hkksiky] 2003] i`-1 3& MkW- lfounz flag] HkkSfrd Hkwxksy] olqu/kjk izdk'ku] xksj[kiqj&1998] i`-&82&83 4& MkW- prqhkzqt ekeksfj;k,oa MkW-,l-,e- tsu] ;wuhqkbm Hkwxksy] ch-,-& f}rh; o"kz] lkfgr; Hkou izdk'ku] vkxjk] laldj.k 1997] i`-&69&70 5& ogh- i`-&68&69 6& lkeku; v/;;u] e-iz- fgunh xzafk vdkneh Hkksiky& 2004] i`-&191 38