ll; fokku ds fl)kur Principles of Agronomy

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3 ll; fokku ds fl)kur Principles of Agronomy

4 Other Related Books Fundamentals of Agriculture Indira's Objective Agricultural Biochemistry R.L. Arya R.L. Arya Indira's Objective Agricultural Extension R.L. Arya Indira's Objective Agronomy (2nd Ed.) R.L. Arya Objective Food Science and Technology (2nd Ed.) Mudgil, D. Objective Forestry: All Competitive Examination (2nd Ed.) Objective Home Science at a Glance Objective Life Science: MCQ's for Life Science Examination, 2nd Ed. Objective Plant Pathology Objective Plant Physiology (2nd Ed.) Objective Plant Science at a Glance Objective Seed Science and Technology Question Bank: Seed Science and Technology x`g fokku Parthiban, K.T. S. Balda K. Choudhary S. Banik P. Dwivedi Deepak Verma K. Vanagamudi K. Vanagamudi vkj-,y- vk;kz for More details visit:

5 ll; fokku ds fl)kur Principles of Agronomy MkW- vkj-,y- vk;z iwoz ofj"b oskkfud ¼lL; fokku½ dsunzh; reckdw vuqla/kku lalfkku] jktequnjh ¼vkU/kzçns'k½,oa MkW- vkj-,l- dqjhy dqyifr MkW- ch-vkj- vecsmdj lkekftd fokku fo'ofo ky;] eå] banksj ¼e-ç-½

6 Published by SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA) Jodhpur 5 A, New Pali Road P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur INDIA 2017, Scientific Publishers (India) All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, optical, digital, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Any breach will attract legal action and prosecution without further notice. Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold and marketed on the understanding and presumption that neither the editors (or authors) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner whatsoever, to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publisher, for rectifying it in future editions, if published. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the editors and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The editors and publisher have attempted to trace and acknowledge the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission and acknowledgement to publish in this form have not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so that we may rectify it. Trademark Notice: Publications or corporate names may be trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation in bonafide intent without intent to infringe. ISBN: eisbn: Visit the Scientific Publishers (India) website at Printed in India

7 izkddfku Hkkjr,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gs tgk dh yxhkx 70 izfr'kr tula[;k d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds ckotwn Hkh d`f"k dh n'kk 'kkspuh; gsa LorU=rk izkfir ds i'pkr~ lu~ 1951 esa ns'k esa dqy [kk kuu dk mriknu 51 fefy;u Vu Fkk ftlds dkj.k gesa fons'kksa ls [kk kuu e xkuk im+rk FkkA orzeku le; esa ns'k esa 257 fefy;u Vu ls Hkh vf/kd [kk kuu dk mriknu dj ge vkrefuhkzj gks x;s gsa ijurq Hkfo"; esa ns'k dh c<+rh tula[;k ds fy, [kk kuu dh vkiwfrz,d pquksrh cuh gqbz gs D;ksafd bl le; gekjh dbz Qlyksa dh mrikndrk esa Bgjko vk x;k gs ;fn mrikndrk ds bl Bgjko dks tynh gh lekir u fd;k x;k rks ns'k esa igys tslh flfkfr iqu% vk tk;sxha Qlyksa dh mrikndrk esa o`f) muur'khy] tyok;q lfg".kq] dhv@chekjh vojks/kh rfkk vf/kd mit nsus okyh Qlyksa dh iztkfr;ksa dks fodflr djuk] [kknksa,oa mozjdksa dk larqfyr ek=k esa iz;ksx] flapkbz ds lk/kuksa dk fodkl] iks/k j{kk jlk;uksa dh miyc/krk] vuktksa dk lgh Hk.Mkj.k vkfn }kjk gh lehko gsa muur'khy ll; i)fr;k u dsoy [kk kuu mriknu c<+kus esa lgk;d gsa cfyd mrikndrk ds Bgjko dks Hkh lekir djus esa mi;ksxh gsaa blds lkfk&lkfk dqn {ks=ksa tsls 'kq"d] ckjkuh] catj] ÅcM+&[kkcM+ vkfn dh mrikndrk cgqr de gs mu {ks=ksa dks fodflr dj rfkk muur'khy d`f"k i)fr;ksa }kjk dqy mriknu esa o`f) dh tk ldrh gsa ns'k esa 'kgjhdj.k rfkk vks ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k d`f"k mriknu ij izfrdwy izhkko im+ jgk gs],slh flfkfr esa muur ll; fø;kvksa }kjk gh [kk kuu mriknu esa o`f) dh tk ldrh gsa d`f"k esa mrikndrk c<+kus ds fy, fofo/khdj.k,d fodyi gs lkfk gh QlypØ esa nyguh Qlyksa dk lekos'k] iks/k j{kk jlk;uksa dk ç;ksx] lurqfyr ek=k esa [kknksa,oa mozjdksa dk iz;ksx] Qlyksa dh muur'khy iztkfr;k ] flapkbz ds lk/kuksa dk fodkl vkfn dk Hkh egro gsa d`f"k esa LFkkf;Ro iznku djus rfkk d`f"k dh lel;kvksa ds fujkdj.k djus ds fy, ;g iqlrd ^^ll; fokku ds fl)kur** fy[kh xbz gsa bl

8 vi ll; fokku ds fl)kur iqlrd esa [kk kuu mriknu c<+kus gsrq fofhkuu d`"; fof/k;ksa dks lek;ksftr dj eksfyd tkudkjh nh xbz gsa bl iqlrd esa d`f"k,oa ll; fokku] d`f"k eksle fokku] Qlysa,oa mudk oxhzdj.k] cht,oa cqvkbz] Qly i)fr;k ] Hkwifj"dj.k] ikni iks"k.k] [kkn,oa mozjd] e`nk,a] flapkbz izcu/k] [kjirokj izcu/k] d`f"k okfudh] 'kq"d d`f"k,oa fvdkå [ksrh v/;k;ksa dks lfeefyr fd;k gsa ;g iqlrd mùkj Hkkjr esa fgunh Hkk"kh {ks=ksa ds jkt; d`f"k fo'ofo ky;] d`f"k fo ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr Lukrd,oa LukrdksÙkj Nk=ksa dks ll; fokku fo"k; esa muds ikb~;øe ds vuqlkj rs;kj dh xbz gsa ;g iqlrd u dsoy ll; fokku esa v/;;ujr d`f"k ds Lukrd rfkk ijklukrd Nk=ksa ds fy, gh ugha cfyd izlkj dk;zdùkkzvksa] uhfr fu/kkzjd] d`f"k esa v/;;ujr f'k{kdksa,oa d`"kdksa ds fy, Hkh mi;ksxh fl) gksxha bl iqlrd ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa dks ll; fokku dh vk/kqfudre tkudkjh iznku djus dh iwjh ps"vk dh xbz gsa d`f"k fokku ds ll; fokku fo"k; esa fofhkuu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa tsls la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] jkt; yksd lsok vk;ksx esa fofhkuu inksa ds fy,] csadksa esa d`f"k vf/kdkjh] d`f"k oskkfud HkrhZ cksmz esa d`f"k oskkfudksa ds fy,] jkt; ds d`f"k fohkkx esa fofhkuu inksa ds fy,] vkbz-lh-,-vkj- esa usv vkfn ds p;u ds fy, Hkh fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh gsa eq>s vk'kk gs fd ;g iqlrd vki lhkh ds fy, mi;ksxh lkfcr gksxha bl iqlrd dks rs;kj djus esa ftu iqlrdksa] i=&if=dkvksa] esxthu] lekpkj&i=ksa vkfn dk lg;ksx fy;k gs ys[kdx.k mudk vkhkkj O;Dr djrs gsaa ys[kdx.k es- lkbzafvfqd ifcy'klz ¼bafM;k½] tks/kiqj ds Hkh vkhkkjh gsa ftuds lg;ksx,oa vfkd ifjje ls bl iqlrd dks rs;kj djds fofhkuu Ldwyksa rfkk fo'ofo ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr Nk=ksa dks miyc/k djk;k gsa ys[kd mu lhkh dk Hkh vkhkkj O;Dr djrs gsa ftugksaus bl iqlrd dks rs;kj djus esa izr;{k vfkok ijks{k :i ls lg;ksx iznku fd;k gsa bl iqlrd dks rs;kj djus esa ;fn dksbz =qfv gks vfkok bldks vksj vf/kd mi;ksxh cukus ds fy, dksbz lq>ko gks rks ys[kdksa dks voxr djkus dk d"v djsa ftlls vkxkeh laldj.k esa budks lfeefyr dj bls vksj vf/kd mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldsa MkW- vkj-,y- vk;z MkW- vkj-,l- dqjhy

9 vuqøef.kdk 1- d`f"k,oa ll; fokku ¼Agriculture and Agronomy½ 1-30 d`f"k dk fodkl,oa bfrgkl ¼Development and History of Agriculture½] iwoz,sfrgkfld d`f"k ¼Pre-historic Agriculture½] oskkfud [ksrh dk fodkl ¼Development of Scientific Agriculture½] ll; fokku ¼Agronomy½] ll; fokku dh ifjhkk"kk ¼Definition of Agronomy½] ll; fokku dk bfrgkl ¼History of Agronomy½] ll; fokku ds fl)kur ¼Principles of Agronomy½] ll; fokku dk {ks= ¼Scope of Agronomy½] vk/kqfud d`f"k ¼Modern Agriculture½] ll; fokku dk Hkfo"; ¼Agronomy in Future½] ll; fokku dk vu; fokkuksa ls lecu/k ¼Relationship of agronomy with other sciences½] ll; oskkfud ds dùkzo; ¼Role of Agronomist½] d`f"k f'k{kk dk bfrgkl ¼History of Agriculture Education½] d`f"k fodkl ¼Agricultural Development½ 2- d`f"k eksle fokku ¼Agricultural Meteorology½ eksle ¼Weather½] d`f"k eksle fokku ¼Agricultural Meteorology½] d`f"k eksle fokku dk {ks= ¼Scope of Agrometeorology½] tyok;q ¼Climate½] tyok;q fokku ¼Climatology½] tyok;q fokku dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of climatology½] tyok;q dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting climate½] tyok;q dk d`f"k ij izhkko ¼Effect of climate on agriculture½] izfrdwy eksle,oa cpko ¼Abnormal weather and their mitigation½] ok;qe.my ¼Atmosphere½] ok;qe.my dk la?kvu ¼Composition of atmosphere½] ok;qe.my dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of atmosphere½] ok;qe.my dk forj.k ¼Distribution of atmospheric pressure½] ok;qnkc isfv;k ¼Pressure belt½] lenkc js[kk ekufp= ¼Isobar Maps½] ok;qnkc ds ifjorzu ls eksle dk iwokzhkkl ¼Forecastings according to changes in atmospheric pressure½] ok;qnkc dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting atmospheric pressure½] _rq,a ¼Seasons½] eksle iwokzuqeku ¼Weather forecasting½] eksle iwokzuqeku dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of weather forecasting½] eksleh iwokzuqeku ds izdkj ¼Type of forecasting½] d`"kdksa ds fy, eksle dh lehkkouk,a rs;kj djuk

10 viii ll; fokku ds fl)kur ¼Preparation for farmers' weather outlook½] Hkkjr esa eksle dk iwokzuqeku ¼Weather forecasting in India½] d`f"k eksle os/k'kkyk ¼Agro-meteorological observatory½] eksle os/k'kkykvksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of observatories½] os/k'kkyk esa LFkkfir gksus okys midj.k ¼Instrument/Equipment in observatory½] os/k'kkykvksa ds fy, LFkku dk pquko ¼Selection of appropriate place for observatories½] os/k'kkyk dk fou;kl ¼Layout of observatory½] izs"k.k dk le; ¼Time of Observation½] Hkkjr esa d`f"k tyok;q {ks= ¼Age-climatic zones in India½] Hkkjrh; o"kkz ¼Indian Rainfall½] o"kkz ds fl)kur ¼Principles of Rainfall½] o"kkz dk Lo:i ¼Forms of Rainfall½] Hkkjrh; o"kkz dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristics of Indian Rainfall½] Hkkjrh; o"kkz dk forj.k ¼Distribution of Indian Rainfall½] es?k rfkk mudk fuekz.k ¼Clouds and their formation½] es?kksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of Clouds½] iou ¼Winds½] iouksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of Winds½] d`f"k ij ok;q dk izhkko ¼Effects of wind on agriculture½] ok;qe.myh; rkieku ¼Atmospheric temperature½] Å"ek LFkkukUrj.k dh izfø;k ¼Process of heat transfer½] ok;qe.myh; rkieku dk forj.k ¼Distribution of atmospheric temperature½] lerki js[kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij rkieku dk {ksfrth; forj.k ¼Horizontal distribution of temperature based on Isotherm½] rkikurj ¼Range of temperature½] rkieku dk d`f"k ij izhkko ¼Effect of temperature on agriculture½] e`nk rki ¼Soil temperature½] e`nk ds rki dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting soil temperature½] Hkwfe dks Å"ek feyus,oa mlds u"v gksus ds lzksr ¼Heat - sources for soil and ways of temperature loss½] cht mxus rfkk iks/kksa dh c<+okj dk Å"ek ls lecu/k ¼Relation of heat for germination and growth of plants½] ok;qe.myh; vknzzrk ¼Atmospheric humidity½] vknzzrk ds izdkj ¼Types of humidity½] vknzzrk ds ekiu rfkk Qlyksa ij izhkko ¼Measurement of humidity and its effect on crops½] tyok"i dk la?kuu ¼Condensation of water vapour½] la?kuu ds :i ¼Forms of condensation½] dksgjk dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of fog½] Qlyksa ds fy, tyok;q dh flfkfr;k ¼Climatic conditions for crops½ 3- Qlysa rfkk mudk oxhzdj.k ¼Crops and their classification½ Qlyksa dk oxhzdj.k (Classification of crops)] thou pø ds vk/kkj ij (Based on life cycle)] _rqvksa ds vk/kkj ij (Based on seasons)] mrifùk ds vk/kkj ij (Based on origin)] vkffkzd vk/kkj ij (Based on economic importance)] okulifrd dqy ds vk/kkj ij (Based on botany or texonomy or family)] tm+ksa dh xgjkbz ds vk/kkj ij (Based on depth of roots)] Qlyksa ds fo'ks"k mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij (Based on special use of crops)] d`f"k esa egro ds vk/kkj ij (Based on agricultural importance)] Qlyksa dh iztkfr;k (Varieties/

11 vuqøef.kdk ix Cultivars of crops)] Qlyksa dh iztkfr;ksa dk p;u (Selection of crop varieties) 4- cht,oa cqvkbz ¼Seed and Sowing½ cht dh ifjhkk"kk ¼Definitions of seed½] cht ds izdkj ¼Types of seed½] vpns cht dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristics of a good seed½] cht rfkk nkuk esa vurj ¼Difference between seed and grain½] chtksa dh fdlesa ¼Kinds of seed½] cht mipkj ¼Seed treatment½] chtksipkj ls ykhk ¼Advantage of seed treatment½] chtksipkj dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of seed treatment½] thok.kq dypj dh iz;ksx fof/k ¼Methods of application of bacterial culture½] thok.kq dypj ds ykhk ¼Advantages of bacterial culture½] thok.kq dypj ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;k ¼Precautions in application of bacterial culture½] chtksa dk Hk.Mkj.k ¼Seed storage½] chtksa ds Hk.Mkj.k dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting storage of seed½] cht Hk.Mkj.k dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of seed storage½] Hk.Mkj.k ds ykhk ¼Advantages of storage½] chtksa dh cqvkbz ¼Sowing of seed½] cksus dk le; ¼Time of sowing½] cksus dh xgjkbz ¼Depth of sowing½] chtksa dh ek=k rfkk vurj.k ¼Seed rate and spacing½] cqvkbz dh fof/k;k ¼Method of sowing½] cqvkbz dh fof/k;ksa dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting methods of sowing½] cqvkbz dh fof/k;ksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of the methods of sowing½] iafdr;ksa esa cqvkbz ls ykhk ¼Advantages of line sowing½ 5- Qly i)fr;k ¼Cropping Systems½ ll; Øe ¼Cropping pattern½] Qly pø ¼Crop rotation½] Qly pø dk pquko ¼Selection of crop rotations½] Qly pø ls ykhk ¼Advantages of crop rotations½] mùkj izns'k ds izeq[k Qly pø ¼Crop rotation of U.P.½] Qly pø dh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk ¼Modern concept of crop rotation½] fefjr Qly i)fr ¼Mixed cropping½] fefjr Qlyksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of mixed crops½] fefjr Qlyksa ds fl)kur ¼Principles of mixed cropping½] fefjr Qly i)fr ls ykhk ¼Advantages of mixed cropping½] fefjr Qly i)fr ls gkfu;k ¼Disadvantages of mixed cropping½] fefjr Qlyksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of mixed cropping½] fefjr [ksrh dh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk ¼Modern concept of mixed cropping½] fefjr Qly i)fr esa Qlyksa ds pquko dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting the selection of crops for mixed cropping½] vur% Qly i)fr ¼Intercropping system½] vur% Qly i)fr ds fl)kur ¼Principles of Intercropping½] vur% Qly i)fr ds ykhk ¼Advantages of intercropping½] vur% Qly i)fr ls gkfu;k ¼Disadvantages of intercropping½] izeq[k vur% Qly i)fr;k ¼Important intercrops½]

12 x ll; fokku ds fl)kur l?ku Qly i)fr ¼Intensive cropping½] cgq Qlyh [ksrh ¼Multiple cropping½] cgqqlyh lwpdkad ¼Multiple cropping index½] cgqqlyh [ksrh dh vk/kkjhkwr vko';drk,a ¼Pre-requisites of multiple cropping½] cgqqlyh i)fr ls ykhk ¼Advantages of multiple cropping½] cgqqlyh i)fr ls gkfu;k ¼Disadvantages of multiple cropping½] lrr ;k vfojke i)fr ¼Relay cropping½] vksojysfiax Qly i)fr ¼Overlapping cropping½] pøh; Qly i)fr ¼Rotational cropping½] Øfed Qly i)fr ¼Sequential cropping½] nyguh vk/kkfjr Qly i)fr;k ¼Cropping system based on legume-crops½] mrsjk Qly i)fr ¼Simultaneous cropping system½] l?ku QlykuqØe i)fr;k ¼Relay cropping½] nygu vk/kkfjr Qly i)fr;ksa ls ykhk ¼Advantages of legume-based cropping pattern½] ll; Øe ;kstuk ¼Cropping scheme½] ll; ;kstuk ds mís'; ¼Objectives of cropping scheme½] vkn'kz ll; ;kstuk dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristics of an ideal cropping scheme½] ll; Øe ;kstuk cukrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksx; ckrsa ¼Some important precaution while preparing cropping plan or scheme½] ll; Øe ;kstuk rs;kj djus ds fl)kur (Principles of preparing cropping scheme)] ll; Øe ;kstuk rs;kj djuk ¼Preparation of cropping scheme½] cgqeaftyk [ksrh ¼Multistorey farming½] cgqeaftyk [ksrh dk vk/kkj ¼Fundamentals of multistorey farming½] cgqeaftyk [ksrh ds mís'; ¼Objectives of multistorey farming½] ifj'kq) [ksrh ¼Precision farming½] ifj'kq) [ksrh ds mís'; ¼Objectives of Precision farming½] ifj'kq) [ksrh ds vo;o ¼Components of precision farming½] ifj'kq) [ksrh dk mi;ksx ¼Utilization of precision farming½] ifj'kq) [ksrh dh lhek,a ¼Limitation of precision farming½] ll; fø;kvksa dk ewy;kadu ¼Assessment of agronomic interactions½] Qly lerqy; mit ¼Crop Equivalent Yield½] Qly lerqy; vuqikr ¼Crop Equivalent Ratio½] lkis{k HkhM+ xq.kkad ¼Relative Crowding Coefficient½] vkøkedrk ¼Aggressivity½] izfr;ksfxrk lwpdkad] vuqikr,oa xq.kkad ¼Competetitive Index, Ratio and Quotient½] eqnzk ykhk ¼Monetary Advantage½] cgqll; lwpdkad ¼Multiple Cropping Index½] ll;u xgurk xq.kkad ¼Crop-ping Intensity Index½] ll;u xgurk ¼Cropping Intensity/Intensity of Cropping½] fof'k"v ll;u xgurk lwpdkad ¼Specific Cropping Intensity Index½] cgqizdkfjdh lwpdkad ¼Diversity Index½] pøh; xgurk ¼Rotational Intensity½] lkis{k mit lwpdkad ¼Relative Yield Index½] ll; fokkuh n{krk ¼Agronomic efficiency½] ikni nsfgdh x.kuk ¼Physiological parameters½] Qly iz.kkyh esa fofo/krk (Diversification in farming systems)] d`f"k i)fr;ksa esa fofo/khdj.k dk mís'; rfkk ijs'kkfu;k ¼Objectives & obstacles of diversification in cropping patterns½] {ks= fo'ks"k ij vk/kkfjr Qly dh lehkkouk,a ¼Opportunities in region based diversification/cropping system½

13 vuqøef.kdk xi 6- Hkw&ifj"dj.k ¼Tillage½ ifjhkk"kk ¼Definition½] Hkwifj"dj.k ds izdkj ¼Types of tillage½] izkfkfed Hkwifj"dj.k ds mís'; ¼Objectives of primary tillage½] f}rh;d Hkwifj"dj.k ds mís'; ¼Objectives of secondary tillage½] Hkwifj"dj.k dk izhkko ¼Effects of tillage½] Hkwifj"dj.k ls gkfu;k ¼Disadvantages of tillage½] Hkwifj"dj.k dh fø;kvksa ds izdkj ¼Types of tillage operations½] vpnh tqrkbz ds fy, vko';d 'krsza ¼Essentials for good ploughing½] vpnh tqrkbz ds xq.k ¼Quality of good ploughing½] vpnh cht 'ks ;k dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristic of good seed bed½] iks/k'kkyk ds fy, [ksr rs;kj djuk ¼Preparation of field for raising nursery½] iks/k'kkyk rs;kj djus dh vko';d 'krsza ¼Prerequisite for raising nursery½] iks/k'kkyk ls ykhk ¼Advantages of raising nursery½] ue Hkwfe;ksa esa [ksr dh rs;kjh ¼Tillage for wet land soil½] ikmfyax ls ykhk,oa lhek,a ¼Advantages and limitation of Puddling½] vurjkd"kz.k fø;k;sa ¼Inter-tillage operation½] eksle ds mijkur dh d`"; fø;k,a ¼Off-season tillage operations½] fof'k"v Hkwifj"dj.k fø;k,a ¼Special tillage operations½] U;wure Hkwifj"dj.k ¼Minimum tillage½] U;wure Hkwifj"dj.k ds izdkj ¼Types of minimum tillage½] U;wure Hkwifj"dj.k ls ykhk ¼Advantage of minimum tillage½] U;wure Hkwifj"dj.k ls gkfu;k ¼Disadvantage of minimum tillage½] Hkkjrh; n'kkvksa esa U;wure Hkwifj"dj.k ¼Minimum tillage under Indian conditions½] [ksr dh rs;kjh dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting preparatory tillage½] Hkwifj"dj.k dh fø;kvksa esa d`f"k ;a=ksa dk iz;ksx ¼Uses of Agricultural equipments in tillage½] Hkwifj"dj.k dh vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk ¼Modern concept of tillage½ 7- ikni iks"k.k ¼Plant Nutrition½ ikni iks"k.k rroksa dh vfuok;zrk dh 'krsza ¼Criteria for essentiality of plant nutrients½] iks/ks ds fy, vko';d iks"kd rro ¼Essential plant nutrients½] vko';d iks"kd rroksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of plant nutrients½] iks/kksa }kjk la;qdr rroksa dk :i ¼Forms of elements used by plants½] iks"kd rroksa dk bfrgkl ¼History of plant nutrients½] iks/kksa ds fodkl esa vko';d iks"kd rroksa dk ;ksxnku ¼Role of essential plant nutrients in plant growth½] dkczu ¼Carbon½] gkbmªkstu ¼Hydrogen½] vkwdlhtu ¼Oxygen½] u=tu ¼Nitrogen½] QklQksjl ¼Phosphorus½] iksvsf'k;e ¼Potassium½] dsfy'k;e ¼Calcium½] esxuhf'k;e ¼Magnesium½] lyqj ¼Sulphur½] vk;ju ¼Iron½] esxuht ¼Manganese½] ftad ¼Zinc½] cksjksu ¼Boron½] ekwfyfcmue ¼Molybdenum½] Dyksjhu ¼Chlorine½] dksckyv ¼Cobalt½] osusfm;e ¼Vanadium½] flfydkwu ¼Silicon½] Hkwfe ls iks"kd rroksa dh izkfir ds

14 xii ll; fokku ds fl)kur lzksr ¼Sources of plant nutrients in soil½] iks/ks }kjk e`nk ls iks"kd rroksa dk vo'kks"k.k,oa iks"kd rroksa dk Hkwfe esa âkl ¼Abso-rption of nutrients by plants and losses of plant-nutrients in soil½ 8- [kkn,oa mozjd izcu/k ¼Manures and Fertilizers Management½ [kkn nsus ds fl)kur ¼Principles of manuring½] [kkn,oa mozjd iz;ksx dh fof/k ¼Methods of application of manures and fertilizers½] [kkn,oa mozjd ds iz;ksx dk le; ¼Time of fertilizer application½] mozjd ds iz;ksx ds le; dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting time of fertilizers application½] [kkn,oa mozjdksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of manures and fertilizers½] dkczfud [kknsa ¼Organic manure½] xkscj dh [kkn ¼Farm Yard Manure½] deikslv ¼Compost½] deikslv rs;kj djus dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of composting½] QklQks deikslv ¼Phospho compost½] dspq,a dh oehzdeikslv] ukmsi deikslv ¼Vermicompost/Nadep Compost½] izfrofyr deikslv ¼Re-inforced compost½] Qly vo'ks"kksa dh deikslv ¼Crop residue compost½] ukbzv fefê;k ¼Night soil½] lhost,oa Lyt ¼Sewage and sludge½] gjh [kkn ¼Green Manure½] gjh [kkn ds fy, Qly dh fo'k"krk, ¼Characteristics of green manure crops½] gjh [kkn ls ykhk ¼Advantages of green manuring½] gjh [kkn ls gkfu;k ¼Disadvantages of green manuring½] gjh [kkn iz;ksx dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of green manuring½] lkfunzr dkczfud [kknsa ¼Concentrated organic manures½] u=tuh; mozjd ¼Nitroge-neous fertilizers½] QklQksjl mozjd ¼Phosphatic fertilizers½] iksvkl;qdr mozjd ¼Potassic fertilizers½] tfvy mozjd ¼Complex Fertilizers½] fefjr mozjd ¼Mixed Fertilizers½] tso mozjd ¼Biofer-tilizers½] tso mozjd dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of biofertilizers½] tso mozjdksa dk fofhkuu Qlyksa esa iz;ksx ¼Use of biofertilizers in various crops½] iks/k o`f) fu;ked lw{e thok.kq ¼Plant Growth Pro-moting Microorganism-PGPR½] oslhdqyj] vkjcldqyj ekbdksjkbztk ¼Vascicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae-VAM½] tso mozjdksa ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;k ¼Precautions during use of biofer-tilizers½] tso mozjdksa ls ykhk ¼Advantages of biofertilizers½ e`nk,a ¼Soils½ Hkkjrh; e`nkvksa dk lkrosa lfuudv ds vk/kkj ij lerqy; e`nk oxz] e`nk ds izdkj (Types of soils)] tyks<+ e`nk, ¼Alluvial soils½] dkyh e`nk, ¼Black soils½] yky e`nk, ¼Red soils½] ysvjkbv,oa ysvjkbfvd e`nk,a ¼Laterite and lateritic soils½] 'kq"d jsfxlrkuh e`nk,a ¼Arid and desert soils½] ou,oa iozrh; e`nk, ¼Forest and hill soils½] yo.kh;,oa {kkjh; e`nk,a ¼Saline-alkali soils½] ihv,oa vu; dkczfud e`nk,a

15 vuqøef.kdk ¼Peat and Other organic soils½] iksmtksy e`nk,a ¼Podzol soils½] v/kdpjh e`nk,a ¼Skeletal soils½] fgeun,oa 'kk'or fge e`nk,a ¼Glacial soils½ xiii 10- flapkbz izcu/k ¼Irrigation Management½ e`nk ty lzksr ¼Sources of soil water½] e`nk&iks/k&ty lecu/k ¼Soilplant-water relationship½] e`nk&ty lecu/k ¼Soil-Water relationship½] iks/k&ty lecu/k ¼Plant-Water relationship½] e`nk ty ¼Soil water½] e`nk ty ds :i ¼Forms of soil water½] ty dk vo'kks"k.k ¼Absorption of water½] ueh 'kks"k.k dh fof/k ¼Moisture extraction pattern½] e`nk ty 'kks"k.k dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting water absorption½] Qly dh ty ek x ¼Water requirement of crops½] ty ek x dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting water requirement½] ikuh dk mihkksfed mi;ksx ¼Consumptive use of water½] flapkbz vko';drk ¼Irrigation requirement½] izhkkoh o"kkz ¼Effective rainfall½] izhkkoh o"kkz dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting effective rainfall½] izhkkoh o"kkz dks Kkr djuk ¼Measurement of effective rainfall½] e`nk ty dh gkfu;k ¼Losses of soil water½] vur%l;unu rfkk vur%lzo.k ¼Infiltration and Percolation½] vur%l;unu dh eki ¼Measurement of infiltration½] vur% L;Unu dh nj dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting infiltration rate½] ok"iksrltzu ¼Evaporation½] ok"iksrltzu dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factor affecting evaporation½] ok"ihdj.k dh eki ¼Measurement of evaporation½] mrlosnu ¼Transpiration½] mrlosnu dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting transpiration½] viokg ;k vi/kkou ¼Runoff½] flapkbz ¼Irrigation½] flapkbz ds ewy fl)kur ¼Basic principles of irrigation½] flapkbz dk fu/kkzj.k ¼Scheduling of irrigation½] e`nk ueh dk ekiu ¼Measurement of soil moisture½] e`nk ueh flfkjkad ¼Soil moisture constant½] flapkbz n{krk ¼Irrigation efficiency½] ty mi;ksx n{krk dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting water use efficiency½] flapkbz ty dh eki ¼Measurement of irrigation water½] flapkbz ty ekius dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of measurement of irrigation water½] flapkbz dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of irrigation½] flapkbz dh fof/k;ksa dk pquko ¼Selection of methods of irrigation½] cksnkjh flapkbz ¼Sprinkler irrigation½] cksnkjh flapkbz ds izdkj ¼Types of sprinkler irrigation½] fnm+dko ;a= ds Hkkx ¼Types of sprinkler irrigation½] cksnkjh flapkbz ls ykhk,oa gkfu;k ¼Advantages and Disadvantages of Sprinkler irrigation½] Vidnkj ;k cw n&cw n flapkbz ¼Drip or trikle irrigation½] cw n&cw n flapkbz i)fr ds vax ¼Components of drip irrigation system½] cw n& cw n flapkbz i)fr ds izdkj ¼Types of drip irrigation system½] fmªi flapkbz dk vfhku;kl ¼Layout of drip irrigation½] fmªi flapkbz ds ykhk

16 xiv ll; fokku ds fl)kur,oa gkfu;k ¼Advantages and Disadvantages of Drip irrigation½] cw n &cw n QOokjk flapkbz esa vurj ¼Difference between drip and sprinkler irrigation½] ty fudkl ¼Drainage½] tyexurk ds dkj.k ¼Causes of waterlogging½] tyexurk dk e`nk rfkk iks/kksa ij izhkko ¼Effect of waterlogging on plant and soil health½] tyfudkl ds izdkj ¼Types of drainage½] tyfudkl dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of drainage½] i`"bh; ty fudkl dh i)fr;k ¼System of surface drainage½] i`"bh; ty fudkl ds izdkj ¼Types of surface drainage½] tyfudkl ls ykhk ¼Advantages of drainage½] flapkbz iz.kkyh ds nks"k,oa lq/kkj ¼Faults and improvements in Irrigation system½] flapkbz ty dh xq.koùkk ¼Quality of irrigation water½] yo.kh; ty dk izhkko ¼Effect of saline water½] izeq[k Qlyksa esa ty izcu/k,oa ty ek x ¼Water management and water requirement of some important crops½ 11- [kjirokj izcu/k ¼Weed Management½ [kjriokjksa dh ifjhkk"kk ¼Definitions of weeds½] [kjirokjksa dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristics of weeds½] [kjirokjksa ls gkfu;k ¼Losses due to weeds½] [kjirokjksa ls ykhk ¼Advantages of weeds½] [kjirokjksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of weeds½] [kjirokjksa dk izdh.kzu ¼Dissemination of weeds½] [kjirokjksa dk iqutzuu ¼Regeneration of weeds½] Qly&[kjirokj izfr;ksfxrk ¼Crop-weed competition½] Qly&[kjirokj izfr;ksfxrk ds?kvd ¼Components of crop-weed competition½] Qly& [kjirokj izfr;ksfxrk dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting crop-weed competition½] [kjirokj fu;a=.k {kerk ¼Weed-controlling efficiency½] [kjirokj izcu/k ds fl)kur ¼Principles of weed management½] [kjirokj izcu/ku dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of weed management½] fujks/kkred mik; ¼Preventive measures½] [kjirokj muewyu ¼Weed eradication½] [kjirokj fu;a=.k ¼Control of weeds½] ;kaf=d fof/k;k ¼Mechanical methods½] d`";,oa ll;ksriknu fof/k;k ¼Cultural and Agro-techniques methods½] tsfod fof/k;k ¼Biological methods½] tso fu;a=.k dk LoHkko ¼Nature of bio control½] tsfod fof/k;ksa ls ykhk,oa gkfu ¼Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-control½] tso fu;a=.k dh lhek,a ¼Limitations of biocontrol½] jklk;fud fof/k;k ¼Chemical methods½] 'kkdukf'k;ksa ds iz;ksx ds mís'; ¼Objectives of herbicide use½] jklk;fud fof/k }kjk [kjirokj fu;a=.k ds ykhk ¼Benefits of chemical method of weed control½] 'kkduk'kh iz;ksx dh lhek,a ¼Limitations of herbicide use½] 'kkdukf'k;ksa ds iz;ksx dk {ks= ¼Area and scope of herbicide use½] 'kkduk'kh jlk;uksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of herbicides½] 'kkduk'kh jlk;uksa dk pquko ¼Selection of herbicides½] 'kkduk'kh ds iz;ksx dh fof/k;k ¼Methods

17 vuqøef.kdk of herbicide application½] 'kkdukf'k;ksa ds iz;ksx ls vpns ifj.kke ysus ds lq>ko ¼Suggestions for achieving good results from herbicides application½] 'kkdukf'k;ksa ds iz;kssx esa lko/kkfu;k ¼Precautions in herbicide application½] 'kkduk'kh ds vko';drk dh x.kuk ¼Calculations about requirement for herbicide½] 'kkduk'kh dk vo'kks"k.k ¼Absorption of herbicides½] 'kkdukf'k;ksa ds vo'kks"k.k dh dk;z fof/k ¼Mechanism of herbicide absorption½] 'kkdukf'k;ksa dh ifjlapj.k ¼Translocation of herbicides½] tyfiz; rfkk olkfiz; lurqyu ¼Hydrophilic and lipophilic balance½] Hkwfe esa 'kkduk'kh jlk;uksa dk vo'ks"k jguk ¼Persistance of herbicide in soil½] izeq[k 'kkdukf'k;ksa dk fooj.k ¼Description of important herbicides½] izeq[k [kjirokjksa dk fu;a=.k ¼Control measures of important weeds½ xv 12- d`f"k&okfudh ¼Agro-Forestry½ d`f"k&okfudh dk rkri;z ¼References to Agro-forestry½] d`f"k& okfudh dh ifjhkk"kk ¼Definitions of Agro-Forestry½] d`f"k&okfudh ds mís'; ¼Objectives of Agro-Forestry½] d`f"k&okfudh ls ykhk ¼Advantages of Agro-Forestry½] d`f"k&okfudh i)fr;ksa dk oxhzdj.k ¼Classification of Agro-forestry patterns½] d`f"k&okfudh ds fy, o`{kksa,oa Qlyksa dk pquko ¼Selection of crops and trees for agro-forestry system½] fofhkuu tyok;qoh; n'kkvksa esa mi;qdr?kklsa] ism+,oa >kfm+;k ¼Appropriate grasses, trees and bushes in varied climatic conditions½] d`f"k&okfudh i)fr;k ¼Agro-forestry Systems½ 13- 'kq"d d`f"k ¼Dryland Agriculture½ Hkkjr esa 'kq"d [ksrh dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl ¼Conceptual development of dryland agriculture in India½] 'kq"d [ksrh ¼Dry farming½] 'kq"d Hkwfe d`f"k ¼Dryland agriculture½] o"kkz/khu [ksrh ¼Rainfed agriculture½] ckjkuh [ksrh dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristic of dryland agriculture½] ckjkuh [ksrh dh lel;k,a ¼Constraints associated with dryland agriculture½] ckjkuh [ksrh ds fy, oskkfud lq>ko ¼Scientific recommendation for dryland agriculture½] lw[kk ¼Drought½] 'kq"d Hkwfe;ksa dh e`nk,a ¼Soils of dryland areas½] e`nk&ty&iks/k lecu/k ¼Soil-water-plant relationship½] 'kq"d Hkwfe;ksa dk izcu/ku ¼Management of dryland soils½] 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa Qly i)fr;k ¼Cropping systems under dryland conditions½] vlkeku; eksle esa vkdfled Qly ;kstuk ¼Contingent crop planning for abberant weather½] ty lehkj.k vfkok okg&{ks= izcu/k ¼Watershed management½] ty lehkj.k ds mís'; ¼Objectives of watershed management½] ty lap;u dh fof/k;k ¼Methods of watershed½] iz{ks= rkykc ¼Farm pond½] ty laxzg,oa iqupzø.k ¼Water harvesting and

18 xvi ll; fokku ds fl)kur recycling½] lesfdr oká {ks= izcu/k ¼Integrated watershed management½] ibkjksa ij e`nk,oa ueh laj{k.k ¼Conservation of soil and water on plateau area½] 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa ty ls [kk lqj{kk ¼Food safety through water-harvesting in drylands½ 14- fvdkå [ksrh ¼Sustainable Agriculture½ fvdkå [ksrh dh ifjhkk"kk ¼Definition of sustainable agriculture½] fvdkå [ksrh ds fl)kur ¼Principles of sustainable agriculture½] fvdkå [ksrh ds?kvd ¼Components of sustainable agriculture½] fvdkå [ksrh dh vko';drk ¼Need for sustainable agriculture½] folfkkiu d`f"k ¼Shifting cultivation½] vk/kqfud d`f"k ds gkfudkjd izhkko ls cpko ¼Mitigation from ill-effect of modern agriculture½] fvdkå [ksrh ds ewyhkwr vk/kkj ¼Components of sustainable agriculture½],dhd`r Hkwfe izcu/ku ¼Integrated land-management½],dhd`r iks"kd rro izcu/ku ¼Integrated nutrient-management½],dhd`r flapkbz izcu/ku ¼Integrated irrigation management½],dhd`r Qly i)fr izcu/ku ¼Integrated cropping pattern management½] nyguh Qlyksa dk ;ksxnku ¼Contribution of legume crops½] Qly fofo/khdj.k ¼Crop diversification½] fofo/khdj.k dh lehkkouk,a ¼Opportunities in diversification½] xuuk vk/kkfjr Qly fofo/khdj.k ¼Sugarcane based crop-diversification½] fofo/khdj.k ls nyguh Qlyksa ds {ks=qy esa o`f) ¼Increase in area of legume-crop through diversification½] vflafpr {ks=ksa esa Qly fofo/khdj.k ¼Crop diversification in rainfed or dryland area½] osdfyid Hkwfe mi;ksx }kjk fofo/khdj.k ¼Diversification through alternate land use½] fvdkå [ksrh esa ll; ekwmfyax ¼Agronomical modelling in sustainable agriculture½] ll; ekwmfyax dk egro ¼Importance of crop modelling½] ll; ekwmfyax ds iz;ksx ¼Uses of crop modelling½] fvdkå [ksrh dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd ¼Factors affecting sustainable agriculture½] d`f"k mriknu esa de ykxr okys dkjd ¼Factors encouraging minimum or less cost in crop or yield½] fvdkå [ksrh esa nyguh Qlyksa dk ;ksxnku ¼Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture½] fvdkå [ksrh dh Hkfo"; esa lehkkouk,a ¼Future scope of sustainable agriculture½