Power production in Norway

Transkript

1 EP45/40 ermodynamikk Kap 9: Gas Power Systems Del Olav Power production in Norway National grid: 99.5% ydropower 7000 MW - 0 W/a Per capita: 6 kw kw/a Offsore oil/gas: mecanical power and local grids 3000 MW gas turbine power - 0 W/a Future: Wind power: W/a More ydropower: potential YES acceptance NO Natural gas power: potential YES problem is CO CO is a ot issue!! Dependence on import of coal & nuclear power?

2 Kraftproduksjon og forbruk i Norge W/år Produksjon i normalår med produksjonsapparat som i År Variasjonsområde for produksjon Prod Forbruk Forb.-kjeler Normalår 3 Gas urbines Fig. 9.8, page 389 Assumptions for te basic gas turbine cycle: Air, as an ideal gas, is te working fluid trougout t Combustion is replaced wit eat transfer from an external source 4

3 Gas urbine Applications Aero Engines (jet, turbofan, turboprop) Gas Pipelines (compressor driver) Power plants (generator driver) Combined Heat and Power (generator, utilisation of exaust eat) Sip Propulsion Oil/Gas-Platforms (generator & compressor driver) Oters (emergency backup, desalination) 000: Production value of aero engines larger tan for gas turbines for power generation and mecanical drive 00 : Production value of gas turbines for power generation and mecanical drive larger tan for aero engines Annual production value of gas turbines/aero engines: 50 bill. US$ 5 General Electric LM5000 Laget med utgangspunkt i flymotor 6

4 Cutaway diagram of a Westingouse 50D5A gas turbine 7 Siemens V94. ca. 50 MW, første gassturbin med lav-no X NO X = (NO/NO ) = nitrogenoksider 8

5 urbin i gassturbin 4-trinns, ti Siemens. trinns løpeskovler. trinns ledeskovler Ringbrennkammer (brennerne kan ikke sees, bak til øyre) 9 Work closed/open systems 0 First law for an open system (steady-state): First law for a closed system: du QW U U Q W m m 0 dt Relating eat to entropy: Relating eat to entropy: Q ds ds du PdV Q ds du pdv U U pdv W U U W pdv Q ds du pdv ds du PdV and ds dh Vdp and H U pv du dh pdv Vdp Q dh V dp Q m d V dp m ( ) Vdp W m ( ) 0 W V dp

6 e Brayton Cycle Cycle Analysis: W m Q 3 3 m W m Fig. 9.9, page 389 Q 4 4 m Ideal Brayton Cycle Fig. 9.0, page 39 Using Constant Specific Heats, te cycle termal efficiency is: p p k k Fig. 9., page 394

7 Ideal Brayton Cycle, different pressure ratios Fig. 9., page Irreversibilities in a gas turbine cycle Fig. 9.3, page 397 4

8 Regenerative/recuperative Gas urbines 5 Største gassturbin med rekuperator er Rolls Royce WR (0 MW) Rekuperator benyttes typisk på små G, kw. reg x 4 Fig. 9.4, page 400 Reeat and Intercooling Fig. 9.6, page 404 Alstom G6/G4 (77/9 MW, 3000/3600 rpm) er de eneste gassturbiner som benytter reeat. Alstom bruker begrepet sequential combustion. on 6 Reeat, regeneration, and intercooling are most effective Fig. 9.8, page 407 wen used in combination wit one anoter. However, weigt limitations (e.g. aircraft applications) often limit it teir usage.

9 Aircraft Applications Fig. 9.0, page 44 urbo Jet Applications, wit and witout afterburner Fig. 9., page 45 7 urbo jet wit afterburner 8

10 Aircraft Applications < 000 km/t < 600 km/t a) urboprop, b) urbofan, and c) Ramjet applications 9 urbofan 0 GE90 B ER

11 Rakettmotor Romferge; i brun tank: oksygen ydrogen Compressible Flows: e Basics -D Steady Flow Momentum Equation: Fm V V Velocity of Sound, isentropic wave, ideal gas: c kr Mac Number: M V c Stagnation Entalpy: 0 V

12 Combined Cycle 3 Fig. 9.3, page 49 CARNO Hvorfor ar en kombinert prosess øy virkningsgrad? l Gassturbin prosess 4 l 3 s Carnotvirkningsgrad; en kvalitativ beskrivelse av virkningsgrad for en kraftprosess l er temperatur for varmeavgivelse fra prosessen er temperatur for varmetilførsel for prosessen 3 s s 3 l 4 s s 4 Dampturbin prosess l 3 lav - s s 3 3 l 4 lav s s 4 l 4 øy øy Kombinert prosess 3 s s 3 3 l 4 s s 4 s 4 øy lav 4 s

13 Utvikling av virkningsgrad for gassturbin-anlegg Virkningsg grad [%] Kombinerte gassturbin-/dampturbinanlegg 70 Flyderiverte" gassturbiner 65 Store industri-gassturbiner Kombinerte gassturbin-/dampturbinanlegg "Flyderiverte" gassturbiner Store industri-gassturbiner Varmegjenvinning fra en eksosgass ved dampproduksjon 700 empera atur [C] empe rature Eksosgasskurve, stigningstall /(m*cp) pinc, minste d i kjel, begrensende for dampproduksjon Eksos/ Exaust Vann/Damp Water/steam fordamper, 00 fordamping ved Overeter, konstant temperatur stigningstall /(m*cp) 00 economiser, stigningstall /(m*cp) Overført varme [MW] Heat transfer 6

14 Components of a Vapor Power Plant Steam Power Plant 7 Rankine Cycle urbine: Wt m Pump: Wp 4 3 m Overall Performance: Boiler: Condenser ( side): Wt/ mwp/ m 4 3 Q in m 4 Q out m 3 / Qin m 4 8

15 Combined Cycle Power Plant 9 Gasskraftverk Kårstø - 40 MW 30

16 Fuel caracteristics for CO -emission Fossil fuels consists of te combustible components Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) M etane: C H 4 e ratio between carbon and ydrogen gives te amount of CO C H m n n O m CO H O m n 4 m m m n n n coal oil natural gas coal oil natural gas 3 Emissio on of gr ram CO per kw e Emission of CO from fossil fuels 300 Metane (H/C=4) 00 Distillate oil (H/C=) 00 Lignite (brown coal) 000 Bituminous coal 900 Antrasit Efficiency [%] 3

17 s, Biomass s Coal, Oil, Natural Ga CO -fri gasskraft? Mest kjente teknologiprinsipper Power plant Gasification Reforming Air Post-combustion CO/H₂ Sift CO/H₂ N₂/O₂ CO₂₂ separation CO₂ H₂ CO₂ H₂ CO₂ separation Pre-combustion Power plant O₂ Air separation N₂ CO₂ Power plant CO₂ Oxy-combustion N₂/O₂ CO₂ compression & conditioning 33 Navn/begreper for de tre metodene: : Post-combustion ti : Pre-combustion 3: Oxy-combustion (eller oxy-fuel)