Special Issue On Trends And Innovations In Gandhian Thought-II ISSN No with Impact Factor UGC Approved Journal Sr. No

Transkript

1 Index Paper Title Author Page No. No. 1 मह म ग ध च म ण वक सवषयक तव न ड. अनल न. प टल मह म ग ध ज क तव न और भ रत क "वत #त आ द लन 3 मह म ग ध च मवक स च स क*पन व '.ड. ज.ए. श भरकर 4-6 '. ड. स जय ग र टक न 4 म ण वक स आ.ण ग ध व द वच रध र '. ड. न द ज स तप त ग ध वच र - एक प0र' 1य '. र ज श एस. ड2गर वण3, ज त व अ"प 5यत नम 3लण : मह म '. ड. 7ह.7ह. ल ड ग ध ज च भ 6मक 7 मह म ग ध च 6श9ण वषयक वच र ड. प. ब. पग र मह म ग ध : स म जक >य य क? अवध रण न म च द प लव ल असहक र आ द लन :एक र -A7य प चळवळ ड.भ षण र.ब ड ग ध व द आ.ण स Fयव द : व5ल षण आ.ण अGय स 11 म ण वक स म मह म ग ध क वच र : एक अHययन '. र ज प ड र गज 6लपट ड.अनल म.तरकर Page 1

2 egkrek xka/khps xzkeh.k fodklfo kd rrokku MkW- vfuy uk- ikvhy xzkeh.k fodkl fohkkx izeq[k xks[kys,t;qds ku lkslk;vhps dyk] okf.kt; o fokku egkfo ky; togkj ft- iky?kj eks xks kokjk ns kkyk Lokar«; fegwu 70 iq.kz >kys- ns k fodklklkbh iapokf kzd ;kstukap;k ek/;ekrwu xzkeh.k fodkl fo k;d vusd iz;ru >kys- lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstusiklwu fmthvy bafm;k i;zarp;k vusd ;kstuk dk;zuo;hr vky;k vls vlrkauk nkfjnz;] ok<rh yksdla[;k] fuj{kjrk] vusfrdrk] lkekftd m/oiru] ok<rk Hkz Vkpkj] folerk lkekftd o vkffkzd la?k kz] ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;k] lkoztfud vlopnrk] vfgalk] vukjksx;] dqiks k.k v kk lel;k xzkeh.k Hkkxkr dk;e vkgsrfodklkp;k ukok[kkyh tkxfrdhdj.kkpk Lohdkj dsyk xsyk- ;krwu uo;k iz ukauh tue?ksryk- ;kps eq[; dkj.k fodkl izfdz;sr euq ; gk dsanzlfkkuh Bsoys xsys ukgh- xka/khthap;k fopkjkr rgkxjgkrhy yksdkadms y{k iqjfoys vkgs- egkrek xka/khthauh O;Drh Lokar«;kyk egro fnys- fodkl izfdz;sr euq ; gk dsanz LFkkuh vlkok vlk xka/khathapk usgeh vkxzg gksrk- xko Lo;aiq.kZr lanhkkzr xka/khpk fopkj egrokpk vkgs- Þgh i`foh ijes ojkph vkgs- bfks jkg.kkjs loz ekuo,d vkgsr- izr;sd xko Lo;Zaiq.kZ vkf.k lekursus lq[kh Ogkos gs ekö;k LoIukrhy jkejkt;!ß Lokra«;k uarj vk/kqfudrsp;k ukok[kkyh xka/khp;k fopkjkpk folj imy;keqgsp lel;kps Lo#i vf/kd mxz gksr vkgs- izlrqr kks/k izc/kkr egkrek xka/khps xzkeh.k fodkl fo k;d RkRoKku ekam.;kpk iz;ru dsyk vkgsegrokp;k ladyiuk & Lons k] xzkeh.k] fodkl] izse] lr;] vfgalk] vfkzo;olfkkizlrkouk & fodkl izfdz;sr xzkeh.k fodklkyk egkrek xka/khuh usgehp vxzdze fnyk vkgs- [ksm;kpk fodkl >ky;k f kok; ns kkpk fodkl gks.ks kd; ukgh- [ksm;kpk Úgkl VkGk;pk vlsy rj rgkckgkrhy yksdkdms y{k iqjfo.ks xjtsps vkgs- lkekftd muurh O;Drhxr muurhe/;s nmysyh vlrs ;klkbh fodkl izfdz;sr euq ; dsanzlfkkuh vlkok- ekulkekulkrhy izse] lsokhkko] furh] Jekps egro] vknjhkko] vfgalk] lekurk b- eqy;kauk xka/kh fopkjkr egrokps LFkku vkgs- [ksm;kaps kks k.k gk la?kfvr fgalspk izdkj vkgs- vfgalkf/k Vhr LojkT; LFkkiuslkBh [ksm;kuk ;ksx; LFkku n;kos ykxsy v kh egrek xka/khph /kkj.k gksrhla kks/kukph mfì Vs & 1½ xzkeh.k fodkl fo k;d egkrek xka/khp;k rrokkukps v/;;u dj.ks- 2½ lokzxha.k fodkl izfdz;sr xka/kh fopkjkps egro vh;kl.ks- 3½ l/;flfkrh vkf.k xka/kh fopkj ;kapk lglac/k vh;kl.ksegkrek xka/khps xzkeh.k fodkl fo k;d rrokku %& 21 O;k krdkr ns kkph izxrh?kksmnksm vfhkekukus ekamrkuk xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nqjkolrk nqyzf{kr djrk ;s.kkj ukgh- xzkeh.k Ik;kZoj.kh; i;kzoj.k iz ukaps Lo#i mxz cur vkgs- ksrhph nqjkoklfkk nkfjnz;kaps fonkjd fp=] [kkyoysy;k thou fo k;d ntkz] ik.;kph ftoz VapkbZ] vukjksx;] dqiks k.k v kk vusd lel;kaph mrrjs egkrek xka/khp;k rrokkukr lekoysyh vkgsrfkkfi Lokra«;k uarj vusd xka/khp;k vuq;k;kuh egkrek xka/kh O;Drh Eg.kwu Lohdkj dsyk vlyk rjh Þxka/kh gk,d fopkj vkgsß ;k fopkjkpk Lohdkj lkozf=d gks.;kph xjt gksrh- xka/khps fopkj lnklozdkg o dks.kr;kgh ekuokp;k dy;k.kkyk iks kd vlsp vkgsr- xzkeh.k fodklklanhkkzr xka/khps fopkj lqyhk] lgt vkf.k xfjckry;k&xfjc dqvwckapk fopkj dj.kkjs vkgsr- 1- Xkko Lo;aiq.kZrk%& egkrek xka/khuh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy izkfkfed xjtkauk egrokps LFkku fnys gksrs- v kk xjtk [ksm;krp iq.kz gks.ks visf{kr vkgs- xjtk iq.kz djrkuk brjkph enr gks.;kl gjdr ukgh- xkokp;k xjtsizek.ks /kku; mriknu vkf.k ol«kklkbh dkiwl mriknu] xqjkauk pj.;klkbh tkxk jk[kwu Bso.ks vko ;d vkgs- f k{k.k fi.;kp;k ik.;ka\ph O;oLFkk] lhkkx`g v kk loz xks Vh lqfo/kkcjkscjp xkokr tkrikr ikgyh tk.kkj ukgh v kh O;oLFkk fuekz.k gks.ks vko ;d vkgsegkrek xka/khpk xko Lo;aiq.kZrs lanhkkzrhy,d fopkj egrokpk vkgs- dh fg i`foh ijes ojkph vkgs- bfks jkg.kkjs loz ekuo,d vkgsr- izr;sd xko Lo;aiq.kZ vkf.k lekursus lq[kh Ogkos gs ek>s LoIukrhy LojkT;!ß izlrqr fopkjkr xzkeh.k fodkl izfdz;slkbh egkrek xka/kh fdrh LFkku fnys vkgs gs y{kkr ;srsxzkeks ksx vkf.k dqvhj m ksxkp;k fodklk f kok; xzkeh.k fodkl v kd; vkgs- ;klkbh xkorp jkstxkj fufezrhyk egkrek xka/khuh egrokps LFkku fnysxjhch nwj dj.;klkbh pj[;kyk egkrek xka/khuh egrokps LFkku fnys vkgs- pj[kk gs jk VªP;k le`/nhps vkf.k Lokar«;kps izfrd vkgsxko Lo;aiq.kZrslkBh gkrkus ng.ks] dkam.ks]ik[km.ks] lkc.k vkf.k dkxn b- fufezrh dkrmhdekous] rsy?kk.ks pkufo.ks] b- m ksxkph xjt vkgs- v kk olrqaph [kjsnh gk Hkkjrkrh;kuh /kez ekukok vlk ewyhkwr fopkj egkrek xka/khuh ekamyk- 2-Xkko O;oLFkk%& [ksm;kp;k vkjksx;nk;h jpus ckcr egkrek xka/kh vkxzgh gksrs- miyc/k uslfxd lk/kuk}kjs >ksim;k cka/ky;k tko;kr ;kr iqjs ks oklrqfotu vlkos?kjkps Hkksorh ijlckx vkf.k xqúgs cka/k.;klkbh tkxk vlkoh xkokr fi.;kp;k ik.;kp;k lqfo/kslkbh fofgjh vlko;kr R;k lokzuk [kqy;k vlko;kr xko O;oLFksr izkfkzukx`g] lhkkx`g] kkgk] xzkeiapk;r v kk O;oLFkk vlus vko ;d vkgs- Page 1

3 3- xkokph vkjksx; O;oLFkk & xkokrhy loz yksdkauk vkjksx;nk;h ftou ykhkkos ;klkbh egkreh xka/kh vkxzgh gksrs- vktkjkuarj mipkjkis{kk] vktkjk vkxksnjp;k dkgthyk egrokps LFkku fnys vkgs- LoPNrk] LoPN vkf.k kq/n vuu [kk.;kp;k lo;h] vkjksx;nk;kh lq;ksx; ftoudze yksdkauk f kdfo.;kckcr egkrek xka/kh vkxzgh gksrs- ns kkrhy MkWDVj vkf.k kkl=kkuh Hkkjrkrhy [ksm;kdms y{k iqjokos vkf.k iksokzr; i/nrhus xzkfe.kkaph ijhp;kz dj.;kph xjt R;kauh ekamyh- 4- lkoztfud LoPNrk & lkeqnkf;d LoPNrk vkf.k lkoztfud vkjksx;kyk egkrek xka/khuh egrokps LFkku fnys- ;k fo k;kyk kkl=kph tkms ns.;kpk iz;ru dsyk- LoPNrs cnn~yps izse O;Dr djrkauk R;kauh xjhc] Jhear v kk loz= yksdkauh ;k dkek ;ks.;kph xjt O;Dr dsyh- LoPNrslkBh ijkoyacu R;kauk eku; uogrs- kkspky;]?kj] ifjlj] Lork% LoPN dj.;kpk d`rhikb R;kauh lektkyk fnyk- kkspky;kp;k i/nrh vkf.k esy;kps O;oLFkki.k ;koj R;kauh lkrr;kus fparu dsys- 5- egkrek xka/khps f k{k.k fo k;d fopkj & xka/khp;k f k{k.k O;oLFksr esanw cjkscj gkrkyk dke ns.;kph egrro iq.kz ladyiuk gksrh- f k{k.k Eg.kts cq/nh] ân; vkf.k vkrek ;kapk laxe gks;- ifjjek cnn~y frjldkj ns.kkjs f k{k.k egkrek xka/khuk eku; uogra- Hkkjrkyk kdrhp;k vkf.k eksqr f k{k.kkph xjt R;kauh ekamyhf k{k.kkrqu eqykap;k kkfjfjd ] ekufld vkf.k v/;krehd lqjr kdrhpkk fodkl visf{kr vkgs- iapkkusfnz;kap;k mi;ksxkps f k{k.k nsmqu R;kn~okjs cq/nh fodklkyk pky.kk ns.ks egrokps vkgs- egkrek xka/khuh vkiy;k f k{kd ;kstusr v{kj vksg[kh iqohz votkjkpa f k{k.k egrokps ekuys- f k{k.kkr vfkzo;lfksps egro ekamrkauk R;kauh cktkjkr fod.;k ;ksx; olrq r;kj dj.;kph vkxzgh Hqfedk ekamyh- xka/khp;k cqf.k;knh f k{k.k i)rhr gkrkyk dke] LFkkfud Hkk ksrhy f k{k.k] loz dks ky; vkf.k Kku ;kaps la?kvu vkf.k,desdkr cka/kysys vlkosr ;kl egrpkps LFkku gksrs- L=hf k{k.k ckcr egkrek xka/khuh iq# kkp;k lqfo/ks,o<sp egro fl=f k{k.kkl fnys gksrs- L=h;kauk xjt okvsy rsfks fo ks k loyrh fny;k ikfgtsr- L=h;kauk lksmqu fodkl Eg.kts ns kkp;k 50 VDds fodklkpk fopkj vls xka/kh ekur vlr- 6- O;lu eqdrh & egkrek xka/kh nk#canhps iqjldjrs gksrs- esjs liuksdk Hkkjr ;k iqlrdkr R;kauh vkiys fopkj O;Dr dsys vkgsr- ;k lanhkkze rs vls Eg.krkr rs vls Eg.rkr- eyk dsog,dk rklkdfjrk Hkkjrkpj gqdqe kgk cufoys rj lozizfke eh nk#ph loz nqdkus] R;kaP;k ekydkauk dks.krhgh uqdlku HkjikbZ u nsrk can dj.;kl ykosu rlsp dkj[kku;kap;k ekydkaojgh dj loyrhus etqjkap;k fuokzgklkbh] ek.klkyk kkshksy v kh ifjflfkrh mnkgj.kkfkz] mrlkg vkf.k vkjksx; o/kzd [kk inkfkz vkf.k is;s fegw kdrhy v kh migkj x`gs] euksjatu x`gs vkfnph fufezrh djoqu nsbzu- Uk kkcanh tcjnlrhus dj.;kr ;smq u;s] nk# fimq bpnhukjkauk R;kph eqhkk fegko;kl goh- ;k ijokaxh rdz kq/n okv.kk&;k fopkjlj.khp;k Hkqyko.khyk vkegh cgh imq u;s ;kdfjrk O;lukaph lks; d#u ns.;kph ljdkjph eqghp tckcnkjh ukgh- dqavj[kkus pkyfo.;kl vkegh laerh nsr ulrksizlrqr fopkjkr xka/khph nk#canh lanhkkzrhy vkxzgh Hkqfedk y{kkr ;srs- fodklizfdz;sr O;luk/khurk gk eksbk vmfkgk vkgs- nkfjnz;kr f[krir imysy;k yksdkauk oj dk<.;klkbh nk#canh gk egrokpk?kvd vkgs- vls egkrek xka/kh lkrr;kus okvr vls- 7- i kq/ku & xzkejpusr egkrek xka/khuh Ik kq/ku fodklkyk egrokps LFkku fnys vkgs- ;k lanhkkzr rs Eg.krkr] Hkkjrkrhy vxf.kr Ik kq/kukdms nqykz{k d#u vkegh iki dsys vkgs- ekö;k ers ek.klkp;k laiq.kz fodklkr xksj{k.kkps LFkku vyksfdd vkgs- xk;hp;k fuferrkus ek.klkyk laiq.kz eqg;k psru l` Vh kh rknke;kpk vuqhko?ksrk ;sbzy- Hkkjrkr xk; ghp ek.klkph lozjs B lgkîd gksrh- rh vkeph,deso dke/ksuq gksrh- rh fuoog nq/k nsr uls rj rh vkep;k ksrhph vk/kkjlrahk gh gksrh- rhps j{k.k Hkkjrkus txkyk fnysyh veksy ns.kxh vkgsvkn kz [ksm;kaph jpuk iq.kzr% vjksx;nk;h vlkoh- loz >ksim;krwu Hkjiwj izdk k o gok [ksgkoh- 5eSykP;k ifj?kkr izkri lk/kukap;k vk/kkjs xkokrhy?kjs cka/kkohr- iq<s ekxs vax.k vlkos] Eg.kts xqjs cka/k.;kph vkf.k Lor%pk Hkkthikyk izr;sdkyk mxo.;kph lks; jkfgy- okvkaoj /kqg ulkoh] iqjs kk foghj] R;k lokzauk [qy;k vlko;kr- lokzalkbh izkfkzuk eafnj] lhkkx`g vlkos- xqjkap;k pjkbzlkbh tkxk vlkoh] lgdkjh i/nrhph xks kkgk vlkoh vkf.k vks ksfxd f k{k.k iz/kku kkgk vlkoh- vlk egrokpk fopkj xka/khuh fnyk- 7- Lons kh & Lons kh cn~ny xka/khth usgeh vkxzgh gksrs- ;kpk vfkz vlk uogs dh] fons khpk frjldkj gksrks- dks.krhgh olrw y{ko/kh yksdkaps dy;k.k lk/kr vlsy rj rh Lons kh gks; ex rhps HkkaMoy o Kku ijds vlys rjh pkysy ex rs fgnh ykdkap;k gqdekuh [kkyh vlys ikfgts- vlk xka/khthapk vkxzg gksrk- lokzar mrre vkf.k LoLr vlsy rh olrw?;koh gk fu;e usgehp cjkscj Bjr ukgh- Lons kh olrw Vkdwu fons kh olrw ilar djrk rks nzksg xka/kh rrokkukpk yksd pqdhpk vfkz ykorkr R;kauk ra=kkukpk fojk/kd ekurkr- ijarq Universalization gk kcn iz;ksx R;kapkp- xka/khokn Eg.kts izeku r;kj dsysyh olrw iku uacj 10 vlsy rj tklr fdaer fnyh ikfgts- ra=kkukus r;kj dsysyh olrw lektkyk LoLr fegk;yk ikfgts- Jekus r;kj dsysys nq/k egkx gos vkf.k ra=kkukus r;kj dsysys Xykl LoLr gok- i.k ;sfks nq/kkis{kk ik.kh egkx >kys vkgs- 1- vfkz kkl=h; fopkj & egkrek xka/khap;k vfkz kkl=h; fopkjkyk furh kkl=kph tksm ns.;kr vkyh vkgs= [kjs vfkz kkl= lkekftd U;k;kpk ikbiqjkok djrstks tks lairrhpk lap; vf/kd gksrks rks rks furh HkzVªrk ok<rs-,dk jk Vªkus nql jk Vªkyk yqckmkos gs T;k vfkz kkl=kr laer vkgs R;k vfkz kkl=kyk xka/khauh vusfrd ekuys vkgs- Eg.kwup xka/khauh f k{k.kk cjkscj Jekykgh izfr Bk fnyh vkgs- Jethoukus eqykp;k kkjhfjd] cksf/kd o usfrd fodkl gksrks gs f k{k.k i/nrhp osf k V; vkgsxzkeikrghojhy Lo;aiq.kZrsP;k xka/khthauh Lohdkj dsyk vkgs- ;k lkbh [ksms gs vkffkzd fodklkp;k izfdz;sps mrre o vkn kz izfreku R;kauh ekuys vkgs- 2- xka/khp jpukred dk;zdzekpk flodkj & ikjr+a ;kph lekirh gs xka/khps lk/; uogrs] xka/khuh vkiy;k eér;w i=kr vlk myys[k dsyk vkgs fd] lkekftd] usfrd] vkffkzd Lokra ;kph lkr yk[k xkokph ¼ikfdLrkulg½ dkefxjh ckdh vkgs- xzkeks/nkjkpk lkad fopkj djrkauk vfkzjpuk] f k{k.k i/nrh]l=h;k vkf.k eqykap;k fodlkps dk;zdze] gfjtu vkf.k nqczyka P;k m/nkjkps iz;ku] loz/kez lekurk vkf.k tkrh ca/kukpk R;kx ;kapk fopkj dsyk vkgs- egkrek xka/khauh vbjk jpukrekd dk;zdze lqpfoys vkgsr- Page 2

4 1- lkaiznkf;d,sd; 2- vlié ;rk fuokj.k 3- nk#canh 4- [kknh 5- vu;xzkeks ksx 6- xzke lqkbz 7- eqyks ksx f k{k.k 8- lk{kjrk izlkj 9- efgyk l{kehdj.k 10- vkjkx; f k{k.k 11- izknsf kd Hkk kk 12- jk VªHkk kk 13- vkffkzd lerk 14- ksrdjh 15- dkexkj 16- vkfnoklh 17- dq Vjksx lsok 18- fo kfkhz rrdkyhu dky[kamkr izlrwr dk;zdze rarksrar ykxw gksrs- 70 o kkz uarjps dkgh iz u vf/kd xahkhj >kys vkgs- mnk- Ik;kZoj.k ¼Xykscy okfezax½ vkffkzd fo kerk] ekufo; kks k.k] vktp;k iz ukph nsf[ky mrrjs xka/kh fopkjkr fnysyh vkgs- egkrek xka/khp;k rrokkuku xzkeh.k fodklkps eqg vkgs vls Eg.kus xsj B# u;sfu d kz %& egkrek xka/khps rrokku xzkeh.k fodklklkbh egroiq.kz vkgs- xka/kh fopkjkpk Lohdkj u dsy;kps ifj.kke vktgh tk.korkr- xka/kh fopkj dsog Hkkjrkyk ukgh rj txkyk ykxw gksrkr- egkrek xka/kh rrokku txkyk kkarrsdms us.kkjs] ekuoh lairrhps tru o HkjHkjkV leq/n dj.kkjs rrokku vkgs- izlrqr RkRoKkukph vkt vki.kkl xjt vkgsxka/kh rrokkukr usgeh xzkeh.k Hkkxkyk vxzlfkku gksrs- [ksm;kpk fodkl f kok; ns kkpk fodkl kd; ukgh- v kh egkrek xka/khph /kkj.kk gksrhrrokf kok; & jktdkj.k dkekf kok; & lairrh pkfj«;kf kok; & Kku ekuqldhf kok; & fokku izkekf.kdrs f kok; & O;kikj egkrek xka/khuk eku; uogrs l/;flfkrhpk fopkj djrk izlrqr rrokku ykxw imrs- ;klkbh dks.krs nk[kys ns.;kph xjt ukgh- vkt xka/kh rrokku rso<sp egrokps vkgslanhkz xzafk 1- egkrek xka/kh %& ekö;k LoIukapk Hkkjr & ija/kke izdk ku o/kkz¼1969½ 2- egkrek xka/kh %& fgan LojkT; & ija/kke izdk ku ioukj o/kkz & izk- Jh- ck- iamhr %& xka/khth,d O;Drh dh fopkh & Jh- v{kj xzafk izdk ku eqcabz oklarh lksj %&,dfolko; krdkr xka/kh & ija/kke izdk ku ioukj & izk- panzdkar ikvxkodj %& egkrek xka/kh iz.khr vkdjkozrs & oalr ig khdj %& os.kw ig khdj % cqfu;knh f k{k.kkph eqyrros % fouksck fopkj dsanz izkpk;z MkW- lkseukfk jksms& egkrek xka/kh vkf.k tkxfrdhdj.k & vf ouh izdk ku ykrqj izk- fojkx xokans %& MkW- lat; dksbkjh & xka/kh fopkjh & vkarjjk Vªh; lalks/ku [kam & vk/kkj icyhds ku vejkorh 2012 Page 3

5 egkrek xka/khth dk rrokku vksj Hkkjr dk Lora=rk vkanksyu izk-mkw- th-,- kahkjdj turk egkfo ky;] panziwj eks-ua izlrkouk % jk Vªfirk egkrek xka/khth dk tue 2 vkwdvksacj 1869 dks xqtjkr jkt; ds iksjcanj kgj es gqvka muds firkth iksjcanj rfkk jktdksv ;gk ij fnok.k FksA mudh ekrkth /kkfezd izo`rrh dh FkhA ;gh laldkj egkrek xka/khth ij Hkh gq;sa xka/khth dh izkfkehd f k{kk jktdksv es gq;ha 1887 es nloh dh ijh{kk ikl gksus ds i pkr muds HkkbZ us mpp f k{kk ds fy;s baxyam Hkst fn;ka ogk ls cwfjlvj dh inoh izkir dj 1891 es Hkkjr yksvsa egkrek xka/kh us lcls ifgys jktdksv es ofdyh kq: dha rri pkr og 1893 es eqacbz es LFkykarfjr gq;sa vizsy 1893 es,d fgaunh daiuh ds ofdy ds :i esa nf{k.k vkfqzdk x;sa nf{k.k vkfqzdk dh lqyrk ds ckn 9 tkuojh 1895 es egkrek xka/khth okil Hkkjr i/kkjsa muds jktdh; xq: muds ckjs es dgrs gs dh] ^^ijkøeh foj iq: k rfkk egku O;Drh ds lkfu/; es r;kj gqvk O;DrheRo ;kus egkrek xka/kha** egkrek xka/khth Hkkjr es okil vk;s rc ;qjksi es izfke fo o;q/n kq: gks pqdk FkkA baxyam dks bl ;q/n es laiq.kz lgdk;z djus dh Hkwfedk xka/khth us yh FkhA ysfdu 1917 es fcgkj es paikj.; ftygs es ;qjksfi;u yksxks us tks vr;kpkj ogk dke djusokyks Jehdks ij fd;k] mlds fojks/k esa xka/khth us lr;kxzg ds ek/;e ls ymkbz ymha 1918 es xqtjkr jkt; es [ksmk bl ftygs ds fdlkuks ds iz u ij lr;kxzg fd;ka bu nks lr;kxzg ds dkj.k mudks ns khkj es izfl/nh feyha lkjka k % izfke fo o ;q/n lekirh ds i pkr vaxzst ljdkj us flod`r furh ds dkj.k xka/khth dk ljdkj ds ckjs es Hkzefujk k gqvka jksyv dkuqu] tkfy;uokyk ckx gr;kdkam] ns k ds dqn fgllks es ljdkj dh cscan kkgh] Hkkjrh; turk ds ekwaxks dh rjq eqg Qsjuk vkfn?kvukvks ds dkj.k xka/khthus ljdkj ds fojks/k es Hkkjrh; turk es tkx`rh fuekz.k djuk vksj yksxks dks la?kfvr djus dk dk;z gkfk es fy;ka ftlds dkj.k 1920 ds n kd es Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; vkanksyu dk usr`ro vius vki xka/khth ds rjq vk;ka lu 1920 es xka/khthus vaxzst ljdkj ds fojks/k es vlgdkaj vkanksyu kq: fd;ka rcls Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; vkanksyu xka/khth ds uke tqmka Hkkjr dk lozjs B usrk ds :i es xka/khth ds rjq ns[kk tkus yxka lu 1930 es lfou; dkuqu Hkax rfkk 1942 es Hkkjr NksMks vfkok pys tko vkanksyu bl Lora=rk vkanksyu es nks cms vkanksyu dk usr`ro xka/khth us fd;ka lu 1920 rfkk 1947 rd Hkkjr dk Lora=rk vkanksyu xka/khth ds usr`ro es gh ymk x;k FkkA ml le; xka/khth ;g Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; vkanksyu rfkk jk Vªh;,drk dk izfrd cu x;s FksA muds,d b kkjs ij gtkjks ns khkdr ns k ds fy;s vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxk nsrs FksA blfy;s Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu dk og iqjk xka/kh;qx dgykrk FkkA xka/khth us X;kjg ozr dk flodkj fd;k FkkA og fueufyf[kr gsa vfagalk] lr; vlrs;] czegp;z] vifjxzg] kjhjje] vklokn] fuhkz;rk] loz/kez lehkko] Lons kh] vli` ;rk] fuhkz;rk bl rroksa dks xka/khth vk/kkjhkwr ekur FksA muds erkuqlkj fuhkz;rk ds dkj.k vu; rroksa dk ikyu dj ldrs gsa egkrek xka/khth ds jktfd; rro es lr; rfkk vfgalk bu rroks dks egroiw.kz LFkku gsa ;g rro Hkkjr ds yksxks ds rroks dks egroiw.kz LFkku gsa ;g rro Hkkjr ds yksxks ds yh;s u;s ugh FksAbu rroks dk blds ifgys Hkh Hkkjr ds vusd Js B iq: kks us] lk/kqlarksus] lr; vksj vfgalk dk iqjldkj fd;ka izlrqr kks/k fuca/k es Hkkjrh; Lokar=rk vkanksyu es egkrek xka/khth ds rrokkuij izdk k Mkyk x;k gsa fct kcn %& lr;] vfgalk] vlg;ksx] udkjkred] ldkjkred] lfou;] ued lr;kxzg] pyks tko] jk Vªh; dkwxzsl egkrek xka/khth dk rrokku rfkk Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu % Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu es xka/khth dk LFkku vr;ar egroiw.kz gsa 20 oh lnh ds nqljs n kd es xka/khth us lr;kxzg dh kq:okr dj,d u;h fopkj/kkjk kq: dha lr;kxzgks dks mugksus lr;] vfgalk vksj vlg;ksx dk ftou rro iznku fd;ka fczfv k lrrk ds vu;k;ks dk izfrdkj djus ds fy;s bu fru rroksa ds ek/;e ls izfrdkj fd;k tk ldrk gs vksj bl fopkj/kkjk dk mi;ksx xka/khth us Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu ds fy;s fd;ka fu kl= Hkkjrh; turk dks,d u;k kl= iznku fd;ka cwfjlvj ds inoh ds i pkr 1893 es xka/khth iksjcanj dh eseu QeZ daiuh ds,d dsl ds flyflys es nf{k.k vkfqzdk x;sa ogk ds d`.ko.khz; rfkk Hkkjrh; yksxks dks U;k; nsus ds fy;s 22 eb 1894 es ukrkg bafm;u dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dha xka/khthus Hkkjrh; yksxks dks vf/kdkj izkirh ds fy;s lr;kxzg kq: fd;ka xka/khth ds vfgalkred lr;kxzg dks ;g feyh gq;h igyh lqyrk FkhA 1915&16 rfkk 1917 es fcgkj ds paikj.; ftygs es rfkk xqtjkr ds [ksmk ftygs es lr;kxzg ds ek/;e ls Jfedks ij gksus okys vu;k; nqj fd;sa blds dkj.k fczvh k ljdkj us vxzsfj;u vwdv ikl dj Jfedks ij gksusokyk vu;k; nqj fd;ka ;g xka/khth dh nqljh lqyrk FkhA vlg;ksx vkanksyu % livsacj 1920 es dydrkk es gq;s Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; dkwaxzsl ds vf/kos ku es vlg;ksx vkanksyu dks eku;rk izkir gq;ha dydrrk vf/kos ku es xka/khth us vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk,sfrgkfld izlrko eku; fd;ka 31 fnlacj 1920 dks ukxiwj es Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; dkwaxzsl dk vf/kos ku gqvka ml vf/kos ku es izfrfu/kh miflfkrh FksA vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds udkjkred RkFkk ldkjkred,sls nks Hkkx fd;s x;sa iafmr usg: dgrs gs dh 1921 ;g o kz vuu; lk/kkj.k rfkk egroiw.kz o kz gsa xka/khth ds usr`ro es Hkkjr es igyh ckj fons kh lrrk ds fo:/n izfrdkj vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;ka lfou; dkuqu Hkax vkanksyu % Page 4

6 14 Qjojh ls 16 Qjojh bu rhu fnu es lkcjerh vkje es Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; dkwaxzsl ds dk;zdkjh.kh dh lhkk gq;ha mles lfou; dkuqu Hkax vkanksyu kq: djus dk xka/khth us,syku fd;ka ;ax bafm;k bl lekpkj i= es ys[k fy[kdj viuh fueu X;kjg ekaxs fczvh k ljdkj ds lkeus j[kha 1½ laiw.kz Hkkjr es fczfv k kklu nk:canh djsa 2½ tehu eglwy olwyh vk/kh fd tk;sa 3½ ued dk dj iwjh rjg lekir fd;k tk;sa 4½ ijns kh dimks ij Hkkjr es dj yxk;k tk;sa 5½ lhkh jktdh; dsnh dks eqdr fd;k tk;sa ;nh ;g ekax iwjh gksrh gs rks lfou; dkuwu Hkax vkanksyu kq: ugh djsaxs vksj xksyest ifj kn es fgllk ysaxsa ysfdu ljdkj us ;g ekaxs iwjh ugh dh A blfy;s xka/khth us lfou; dkuwu Hkax vkanksyu tkjh j[kka nkamh ;k=k rfkk ued lr;kxzg % fczfv kks us Hkkjrh; yksxks ds fur; mi;ksx es vkusokys ued ij cmk dj yxk;ka blfy;s egkrek xka/kh us bl vu;k; iw.kz dj ds fojks/k es lkcjerh vkje es ued dkuwu dks dkuqu ls rksmus ds fy;s lfou; dkuqu Hkax vkanksyu dh kq:okr dh tk;sxha egkrek xka/khth us lfou; dkuqu Hkax dk;zøe Hkkjrh; turk dks le>kdj crk;ka xka/khth us lkcjerh vkje ls 241 fdyksfevj nqj lqjr es flfkr nkamh dk leanj fdukjk izfl/n Fkk mldk p;u fd;ka 12 ekpz 1930 dks xka/khth us 79 Loa;elsodks ds lkfk nkamh ;k=k dh kq:okr dha jkst 10 ls 12 fdyksfevj varj isny pydj 25 fnuks es 5 vfizy 1930 dks nkamh ;gk igqapsa xka/khthus nkamh leanj fdukjs dk ued mbkdj fczfv k dkuqu dk myya?ku fd;ka xka/khth ds lkfk ds Lo;alsodks us Hkh ued mbkdj mudk lkfk fn;ka bl dkj.k lfou; dkuqu Hkax vkanksyu dh kq:okr gq;ha txg&txg ij ued r;kj djds ued dkuqu rksmk x;ka lfou; dkuqu Hkax vkanksyu dk tksj cnyk x;ka bl dkj.k fczfv k kklu dh fpark c<rh x;hsa OgkWbZljk; vk;fczu rfkk egkrek xka/khth ds lkfk 5 ekpz 1930 dks vuqca/k fd;ka mlds vuqlkj 1½ xkao ij yxk;k x;k nam ekq gksxka 2½ dqn xko dks ued r;kj djus dh vuqerh nha 3½ fons kh dimk] nk: rfkk vqq dh nqdku ds lkeu kkarhiwozd lr;kxzg djus dh vuqerh nha 4½ ftu lr;kxzgks dh lairrh vkanksyu dky es tir dh og mugs okil fn x;ha Hkkjr NksMks vfkok pys tko vkanksyu % b-l es Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu ;g Hkkjrh; Lora=rk la?k kz dk egroiw.kz rfkk ifjorzuoknh vkanksyu FkkA nqljs egk;q/n dh kq:okr gksus ds i pkr baxyam dfbukbz;k es vk x;k FkkA 1942 es baxyam laln es foulvu pfpzy bugksus Hkkjr dh U;k;iw.kZ ekwax ds laca/k es ppkz djus ds fy;s lj LVWQksMZ fdzil buds usr`ro es 22 ekpz 1942 dks,d izfrfu/kh eamy Hkkjr es HkstkA egkrek xka/khth us dgk fczfv kksa dk Hkkjr NksMdj tkus dk le; vk x;k gsa baxyam us Hkkjr ls vius lhkh laca/k NksMdj tkuk pkfg;sa 14 tqys 1942 es o/kkz bl kgj es Hkkjrh; jk Vªh; dkwaxzsl ikvhz dh lhkk vk;ksftr dh x;ha rfkk bl lhkk es Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu dk Bjko ikjhr fd;k x;ka jk Vªh; dkwaxzsl ds [kqys vf/kos ku es Bjko ikjhr djus ds fy;s 7 vxlr 1942 dks eqacbz ds xokyh;k VWad ;gk izlrko j[kk x;ka 8 vxlr jkr ds X;kjg cts pys tko vkanksyu dk izlrko izpam erks ls ikjhr fd;k x;ka mlds vuqlkj 1½ Hkkjr ;g baxyam ds xqykefxjh es ugh jgsxka 2½ Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ;g,f k;k rfkk vqzhdk tsls jk Vª tks eqdr ugh gsa,sls jk Vªks ds fy;s izsj.kk nk;d jgsxka 3½ Hkkjr dks Loar=rk feys ;g Hkkjr dks vko ;drk ugh cydh uk>h>e] QW kh>e vksj lkezkt;oknh izo`rrh dks jks[kuk blds fy;s Lora=rk t:jh gsa 4½ ;g lc?kfvr gksus ds fy;s fczfv kks us Hkkjr es ls viuh lrrk NksMuh pkfg;sa,slh ekwax jk Vªh; lhkk bl izlrko es dj jgh gsa 5½ ;g la?k kz kkarh ds ekxz ls pyk;k tk;sxka rfkk bl vkanksyu dk usr`ro xka/khth ds rjq jgsxka egkrek xka/khth us Hkkjrh; turk dks lacks/khr djrs gq;s ^djks vfkok ejks* ;g lans k fn;ka ;g vkanksyu vfgalk ds rro ij rfkk lr;kxzg ij vk/kkfjr vksj cfg dkj dk gksxk,slk?kksf kr fd;k x;ka 8 vxlr e/; jkr dks xka/khth lesr lhkh usrvksa dks fxj rkj fd;k x;k vksj mugs [kkl jsy ls eqacbz ls nqj ys tk;k x;ka 9 vkxlr dks eqacbz dh lhkh VsfyQksu lsok;s can dj fn x;ha 9 vxlr dks Hkkjrh; turkus [kqn gksdj vkanksyu pyk;ka egkrek xka/khth dks fxj rkj dj iq.ks ds vkxk[kku iwysl es j[kk x;ka e/;izkar es fpeqj vk Vh rfkk ;koyh ;gk ij turk us vhkqriwoz la?k kz fd;ka fu d kz % Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkanksyu es vlg;ksx] lfou; dkuqu Hkax] nkamh;k=k pyks tko vkanksyu dks vr;kf/kd egro gsa egkrek xka/khth ds usr`ro lgh ek;us es vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds dkj.k eksgj yxha xka/khth ;g vkanksyu tuekul rd igqpkus es lqy gq;sa blh le; laiw.kz Hkkjrh; turk dks jktdh; vflerk dh igpku gq;ha xka/khth ds izr;sd vkanksyu ds lkfk turk fuhkz; gksrh x;ha turk dks fczfv k Page 5

7 lkezkt;okn iqfyl tsy bles ls dhlh Hkh izdkj dk Mj ugh jgka blds vykok fu kl= izrhdkj dk ekxz rfkk lr;kxzg bl ra= dh kdrh dk,glkl Hkkjrh; turk dks gqvka xka/khth dk Hkkjr Lora=rk vkanksyu lr; vksj vfgalk bl rrokku ij fuhkzj FkkA vkt,slk yxrk gs dh] Hkkjr ds Lora=rk ds i pkr Hkh xka/khth ds vfgalk rrokku dh fdruh t:jr gsa vkt ;q/n dh ugh xka/khth ds fopkjkasdh iwjs fo o dks vko ;drk gsa lanhkzxzafk lqfp %& 1- yksvs jk-t-] Hkkjrh; jktdh; fopkj] fiaigkiwjs icyhds ku] ukxiwj] dqyd.khz ch-ok;] jkt; kkl=] fo khkkjrh izdk ku] ukxiwj] cksl fufezydqekj] flysd ku Qzke xka/kh] uothou icyhds ku] vgenkckn] fcihupanz] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] vksjh,avy CykWd kki] ubz fnyyh] iz-vk fejk Mh-ih-] e/;izns k es Lora=rk vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] xogesazv izsl] ukxiwj] iz-vk-] nslkbz,-vkj-] Hkkjrh; jk Vªokn dh lkekftd i` BHkweh] ewdfeyu vwum daiuh] ubz fnyyh] iz-vk-] kekz ts-ih-] e/;izns k ds jk Vªh; vkanksyu] nqxkz izdk ku] ubz fnyyh] iz-vk-] xksiky jkw;] Hkkjrh; Lora=rk la?k kz dk bfrgkl] lwpuk,oea izlkj.k ea=ky;] ubz fnyyh] iz-vk Page 6

8 egkrek xak/khph xzkefodklkph ladyiuk o n`f Vdksu izk- MkW- lat; xksjs jkt; kkl= fohkkx izew[k o la kks/kd ekxzn kzd kjnjko iokj egkfo ky;] xmpkanwj ft- panziwj lkjka k %& Hkkjrh; [ksmh vusd lel;kap;k lkeuk djr gksrh- csjkstxkjh] vli` ;rk] fuj{kjrk] jksxjkbz ;klkj[;k lel;karwu Hkkjrh; [ksm;kauk okpfo.;klkbh xka/khuh iz;ru dj.;kps Bjfoys- iwohz Hkkjrkyk txke/;s ts xksjokps LFkku gksrs rs vkt jkfgysys ukgh- egkrek xka/kh Eg.kr vlr dh] Hkkjrkyk iwohzlkj[ks xksjokps LFkku iqugk fuekz.k djrk ;så kdrs- dkj.k Hkkjrh; [ksm;kap;k iqujzpuslanhkkzr xka/khth vk kkoknh gksrslkekftd thoukp;k loz {ks=kauk ykxw dj.;klkbh rlsp R;kauk vfhkizsr vlysy;k lekt fufezrhlkbh xka/khthauh thoukp;k ksovp;k oklki;zr vfojkar /kmim dsyh- xzkefodklklanhkkzr R;kaph Li V Hkwfedk gksrh- xzkelojkt;kf kok; vfkkzr xzke &fodklkf kok; [kú;k vfkkzus LojkT;kyk o yksd kkghyk ewrzlo:i ;s.kkj ukgh- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; fegky;kuarj b- l P;k jk Vªh; tux.kuspk fopkj dsy;kl xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksdla[;sps izek.k 82-7 VDds gskrs- rs b- l P;k t.kxu.ks kh imrkgwu ikfgys vlrk xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksdla[;sps izek.k 72-2 VDds vly;kps vk<grs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vuu] ol=] fuokjk] ik.kh] f k{k.k] vkjksx; b- eqyhkwr xjtkaph iwrzrk dj.ksgh vo?km gksr vkgs- v kkrp ikolkp;k ygjhi.kkoj voyacwu vlysyh ksrh] xzkeh.k m kstdrspk vhkko] ksrh {ks=kr vuu/kku;kaph tk.ko.kkjh VapkbZ] ikgho izk.;kap;k ikyuiks k.kkapk ok<rk [kpz] ksrdú;kaojhy ok<rk dtkzpk ckstk o R;krwu mn~hko.kkú;k ok<r;k ksrdú;kap;k vkregr;k] ksrhekykp;k fderhfo k;h kklukph mnkflu Hkwfedk] ik.kh o fotsph derjrk vlrsxzkeh.k fodklklanhkkzr xka/khthapk n`f Vdksu vh;klrkauk egkrek xka/kh,d O;Drh ;kis{kk egkrek xka/kh Eg.kts,d fopkj o tx.;kpk n`f Vdksu Eg.kwu ikgrk ;sbzy- xka/khthoj tkwu jfldu P;k fopkjkapk izhkko gksrk- Eg.kwu R;kauh Jfed o dkexkjkuk egro fny;kps vk<grs- xka/khp;k xzkefodklkp;k fopkjkyk xzkelojkt;kpk fopkj Eg.kwu vksg[kys tkrs- xka/khthauk xzkelojkt;kr [ksm;kaph lel;karwu ewdrrk d:u xzkethoukr uopsru; fuekz.k dj.ks vls visf{kr gksrsizlrkouk %& [ksmsxkop;k lexz fodklkpk fopkj ekamrkauk vusd xkas Vhckcr ri khyokj o dkyn khz fopkj xka/khthauh O;Dr dsys gksrs- xka/kahuk visf{kr vlysys xzke gs x.kjkt;kizek.ksp gksrs- [ksm;krhy yksdkauk xkokackcr fu.kz;?ks.;kps Lokra«; vlys ikfgts- rlsp iapk;rhyk xkokrhy ravs fevfo.ks o U;k; ns.ks ;kckcr vf/kdkj vlkosrxka/khap;k ers] O;fDrxr LoPNrsP;k ckcrhr Hkkjrh; yksd vxzhkkxh vlrkr- ijarw lkoztfud LoPNrsP;k ckcrhr vls?kmr ukgh- [ksm;krhy yksd kkspklkbh jlr;kp;k dmsykp clrkr- Page 7

9 R;keqGs xkokp;k cktwus nqxz/kh iljrs- kkjhfjd LoPNrk vkjksx;klkbh vko ;d vlrs- xzkelqkbzpk vkjksx; j{k.kkp;k n`f Vdksukrwu fopkj dsy;kl [ksm;krhy izr;sd O;Drhyk o dezpkú;kyk vkjksx; j{k.kkps Kku vlys ikfgts- HkkaMoy kkgh gh ns kkyk ekjd vkgs- rs HkkaMoynkjkaP;k fo:/n gksrs- dkj.k HkkaMoynkj Jfedkaps kks k.k djrhy- HkkaMoynkj JfedkaP;k?kkekpk ypdk rksmrks o rks eksbk gksrks- R;keqGs vkffkzd fo kerk o`f/nxr gksrs- Eg.kwu R;kauk ns kkr yksd kkgh lektokn gok gksrk- [kasm;kae/;s lgdkjh rrokoj ksrh dsyh rj,dkrersph Hkkouk fuekz.k gksowu ^,desdk lgk ; d: vo?ks /k: lqiafk* ;k Eg.khizek.ks tks ksrdjh xjhc vkgs] T;kT;kdMs ksrh dl.;kps lk/ku ukgh] R;kyk enr gksbzy o lgdk;ze; okrkoj.k [ksm;kr fuekz.k gksbzy- vls R;kaps er gksrs- lgdkjh ksrheqgs ns kkr lgdkj o`f/nxr gks.;kl enr gksbzy] vls R;kaps er gksrs- ^fouklgdkj ugh m/nkj* vls R;kaps er gksrs- ;kaf=dhdj.kkp;k lanhkkzr xka/khthaps fopkj letwu?ks.;kph vko ;drk vkgs- xka/khthap;k ers ;kaf=dhdj.k Eg.kts yk[kks yksdkaph csdkjh- Eg.ktsp ekuorsp;k n`f Vus?kksj vijk/k gks;- xka/khthap;k ers xjhc o Jhear ;ke/khy Qjdkyk ik pkr;kaph eksb;k izek.kkojhy ;kaf=dh mriknu i/nrh tckcnkj vkgsegkrek xak/khthaph xzkefodklklac/kh ladyiuk %& egkrek xka/khauh lr;kl lk/; ekuys rj vfgalk gs lr; izkir dj.;kps,dek= lk/ku vkgs vls Eg.krkr- vfgalsf kok; lr; lk/; dj.ks kd;p ukgh- fgalk] Ons k] ;krwu izfrfgalk] la?k kz] vkf.k oseul;kaph fufezrh gksrs- rj vfgalseqgs izse] lg;ksx] ln~hkkouk] ijlij lgdk;z] ca/kqhkko vkf.k leuo;kph Hkkouk o`f/nxr gksrse- xka/khthap;k kcnkr ekamk;ps Eg.kts mriknu] mi;ksx] fohkktu] ;k fdz;k togtog leuokrwup pkyrkr vkf.k nzo; vfhkyk kh vfkz kkl=keqgsp th n`f V iajijk vks<ors frps ukogh R;kosGh,sdw ;sr uogrs-,[kkn;k olrwyk d/khdkgh cktkjhkko pkaxyk ;sbzy ;k mnns kkus R;k olrwps mriknu d/khp dsys tkr uls- mriknukr rrdkyhu o vko ;d R;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;kpk mnns k vlrks- Jekl izfr Bk izkir d:u ns.;klkbh xka/khauh iq<kdkj?ksryk- ksrdjh vuu fidforks] Eg.kwu rks ;k lektkpk lokzr izeq[k?kvd vkgs- ksrdú;kap;k izfr Bspk iz u gk xka/khauk lokzr egrokpk okvrks- R;kaP;k Jekrwu feg.kkú;k is kkpk nq:i;ksx gksow u;s ;klkbh xka/khth vkxzg /kjrkr- Hkkjrkrhy xzkeh.k Hkkx gk Loa;iw.kZ >kyk ikfgts jkejkt;kp;k O;oLFksrhy xzkeh.k Hkkjr gs Loa;iw.kZ gksrs- izr;sd xkokr xjtsuwlkj mriknu vkf.k ekxsy R;kl dke fegr vls- izr;sd oxz vkivkiy;k {ks=kr mriknu d:u xkokl Loa;iw.kZ cuor vls- vkt xzkeh.k Hkkx vkslkm gksr vly;kps fp= fnlrs- dkj.k [ksm;krhy yksdkap;k gkrkyk dke ukgh Eg.kwu eksb;k izek.kkr xzkeh.k turk LFkykarfjr gksr vkgs- v'kk LF ykarfjr gks.kkú;k xzkeh.k tursp;k gkrh dke fegowu ns.;klkbh y?kq m ksx] dqvhjm ksx] ksghikyu] elr;ikyu] nqx/ko;olk;] br;knh vusd midze xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vk.kys ikfgts- Hkkjrh; LojkT; Eg.kts rsfkhy loz yksdkaps vkf.k U;k;kps jkt; R;k jkt;krhy ea=h fganq] eqlyeku] f k[k dks.khgh vlksr R;k jkt;krhy fof/keamgkrys loz lhkkln gs dks.kr;kgh tekrhps vlksr R;kauk loz tursyk lekursus o U;k;kus okxfo.ks Hkkx imys- Hkkjrkrhy cgwla[; yksd xjhc ksrdjh vly;keqgs R;kaps fgrj{k.k gs vk drzo; vkgseksb;k m ksxkauk e- xka/kh fojks/k djrkr- eksb eksbs m ksx/kans lq:okr >kys rj R;kP;k Li/kZseqGs y?kqm ksx] dqvhjm ksx u V gksrhy- R;krwu eksb;k izek.kkr csdkjhph lel;k fuekz.k gksbzy- R;krwu Page 8

10 lkeku; xzkeh.k ek.kwl HkjdVyk tkbzy- e- xka/khthap;k Lok ;r xzkelalfksph o fodsanzhr xzkem ksxkap;k vfkz kkl=kph vkn kz bekjr ekuoh eqy;s] kkfjjhd Je] lk/ks thou o vfgalk ;k pkj egrokp;k rrokoj vk/kkjysyh vkgsr- O;Drhus HkkSfrd lk/kulairrhp;k ekxs ykxw u;s- lk/ku lkeqxzhp;k ekxs ykxy;keqgs kks k.kkl o lkezkt;oknkl pkyuk fegrs- ekuo dy;k.k gs jkt;lalfksps /;s; vkgs- ;k /;s;kph iwrzrk dj.kkjh jkt;kr yksdfu;qdr o yksdlghkkxh kklu;a=.kk vlkoh ykxrs- vkt cgqla[; ns k yksd kkghpk xksjo djrkr fnlrkr uogs] vkegh Lohdkjysyhpa [kjh yksd kkgh vkgs] vls lkax.;klkbh ijlijkae/;s Li/kkZ djr vkgsrxzke LojkT;krwu xzkeh.kfodkl %& iapk;r jkt gk xka/khfopkjkrwu?ksrysyk vkn kz vkgs- lrrkfodasnzhdj.k d:u lrrk ksovh xkodú;kap;k gkrh lksio.ks] ;k mns kkus mpyysys dzkafrdkjh ikåy vkgsiapk;rjkte/kwu fdeku lrrk xkoki;zr iksgkspyh [kjh i.k iapkph lrrk vkyh] rh xkodú;kaph lrrk >kyh ukgh- l/;k xkokyk o LFkkfud LojkT;kyk O;kid vf/kdkj ns.;kpk ladyi tkghj dj.;kr vkykyksd kkghps izr;{k vuqhko yksddy;k.kkis{kk yksdjatukyk egro Bjys vkgsrxka/khthauh lkafxrysyys xzkelojkt;gh yksd kkghoknhpa vkgs- vktp;k yksd kkghrhy fuom.kqdkar izykshkus] neu] ladqfpr tkr] /kez] izkarhkkouk ok<r vkgsr- xksjxfjckauk ;kpk mi;ksx gks.;k,soth minzo gksr vkgs- Eg.kwu xka/khathauh ^iztklrrkd xzkekph* dyiuk ekamyh vkgs- xzkelojkt;kr xzkelhksl lkozhkkse cufoys vkgsxzkelhkseqgs xko izfrfu/kh xkokckgsj ikbokok ykx.kkj ukgh- xkokr loz,d= tew kdrkrxka/khthap;k ers [kú;k vfkkzus tursps jkt; izlfkkfir djko;kps vlsy rj fodsznhr jkt;o;olfkk] fodazsfnzr vfkzo;olfkk] o lektkps izr;{k lkewfgd ;ksxnku o fu;a=.k ;k xks Vhf kok; rj.kksik; ukgh- xzkeh.k fodklkph fn kk xzkelojkt;kr vkgs- xka/khfopkj rarksrar Lohdkjyk ulyk rjh R;kaP;k fopkjkyk iw.kzi.ks cktwyk Bsowugh Hkkjrkrhy xzkeh.k fodkl lk/krk ;s.kkj ukgh- gs dks.khgh veku; djr ukgh- LFkkfud LojkT; lalfkkps ok<rs vf/kdkj o egro gk xka/khfopkjkapk fot; vkgslanhkzxzafk %& 1½,e- ds- xka/kh xzke LojkT; egkjk Vª xka/kh Lekjd fu/kh izdk ku iq.ks ¼1995½ 2½ xaxkizlkn vxzoky fganlojkt; ekxzn kzu nlrkost lke;;ksx lk/kuk izdk ku /kqgs ¼2004½ 3½ izk- jes k ikuls] ubz rkyhe xka/khizf.kr f k{k.kfo k;d iz;ksxkapk bfrgkl Mk;eaM ifcyds kul iq.ks- 4½ egkrek xka/kh ds fopkj vkj- ds- izhkq o ;q-,y- jko uw kuy cqd VªLV bafm;k] fnyyh- 5½ xka/kh dk;z o fopkjiz.kkyh HkkLdj jkepanz ckiv] egkjk Vª jkt; lkfgr; lald`rh eamg] eqcabz- 6½ /kekzf/kdkjh HkkÅ ¼laik½ xka/kh fopkj n kzu xzke LojkT; [kam 8 egkjk Vª xka/kh Lekjd fu/kh] izdk ku iq.ks- 7½ oa- jk Vªlar rqdmksth egkjkt xzkefxrk vkrekuqla/kku izdk ku vm;kg VsdMh- Page 9

11 xzkeh.k fodkl vkf.k xka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk izk- MkW- uankth lkriwrs jkt; kkl= fohkkx izew[k o la kks/kd ekxzn kzd eghyk egkfo ky;] xmfpjksyh ft- xmfpjksyh lkjka k %& Hkkjr d`f kiz/kku vkf.k [ksm;kapk ns k vkgs- vktgh 72 VDds ¼2001 P;k tux.kusuqlkj½ turk [ksm;kr ok xzkeh.k Hkkxkr fuokl djrs- togikl lkmsikp yk[k [ksmh vlysyk gk ns k vkgs- vkiy;k ns kkph vksg[k ;k o v kk egrokp;k eq ko:u dsyh tkrsxzkeh.k leqnk; gk ukxjh leqnk;kis{kk lozloh fhkuu izdkjpk vkgs- thoui/nrh] lkekftd] vkffkzd O;ogkj],dw.k lald`rhr osxgsi.kk vkgs- ;k osxgsi.kkeqgsp xzkeh.k HkkxkP;k vh;klkyk izkjahk >kykvks ksfxd dzkarheqgs ekuokp;k laiq.kz vaxkr deh & vf/kd izek.kkr cny?kmwu vkyk- tkxfrd ikrghpk fopkj djrk,dw.k yksdla[;sp;k 75 VDds yksdla[;k xko & [ksm;kr oklro; djrs- Hkkjrkr 72 VDds turk xko & [ksm;kr oklro; djrs- Hkkjrh; lektkp;k mrdzkarhpk vh;kl djrkuk xzkeh.k Hkkxkpk vh;kl djkokp ykxrks- dkj.k Hkkjrh; [ksm;kauk ikp gtkj o kkzph ijaijk ykhkyh vkgsizlrkouk %& xzkeh.k lekto;olfkk tkrh & tkrhe/;s fohkkxy;k xsyh gksrh-,d nqlú;kyk Js B & dfu Brk] mpp &uhprk ;ke/;s iw.kzi.ks cka/ky;k xsyh gksrh- dks.kh fdrhgh yk;d vlyk rjh R;kyk ojp;k tkrhr izos k uogrk vkf.k ojp;k oxkzrhy O;Drh fdrhgh ukyk;d vlyk rjh R;kyk [kkyp;k tkrhr ;srk ;sr uogrs- vfkkzr loz tkrh g;k,d nqlú;kiklwu nqj o Lora= gksr;k- xka/khth Eg.krkr dh] ^^ eh vlk Hkkjr fuekz.k dj.;kpk iz;ru djhu ts mpp & uhp oxkze/;s Hksn jkg.kkj ukgh o tsfks fujfujkg;k iafkke/;s iw.kzi.ks lkeatl; jkghy-,dw.kp xzkeh.k lektthoukr ltkrh;rk vlrs- cgqtkrh; /kkfezd yksd,df=r oklro; djrkr- vfkkzr rs togps o ukrsokbzd vlrkr- R;kph la[;k deh] ygku ygku vkdkj R;keqGs vuksipkfjd lac/k vlrkr- ;k xkok [ksm;kp;k fodklkdjhrk R;kaP;krhy ekuoh; ewy;kaph izfr Bkiuk dj.;kdjhrk fdaok R;kph iquzcka/k.kh dj.;kdjhrk egkrek xka/khthauh vusd dk;zdzekonkjs izcks/ku?kmowu vk.kys- xzkeh.kkp;k fodklkkdjhrk pj[kk egrokpk ekuyk ;konkjk lokzuk jkstxkj fegsy vkiy;kyk vkrelueku o Lokoyachgh izkir gksbzy] pj[;klac/kh rs Eg.krkr dh] ^^ gs bz ojk] ej.k ns khy rsogk vls ej.k ns dh],dk gkrkr pj[;kpk namk vlsy o nqlú;k gkrkr isgw jkghy-** xzkeh.k fodkl vkf.k xka/khoknh fopkj %& 19 O;k krdkauarj Hkkjrh; Lokra«;kaph pgog tksj /kjr gksrhyksdeku; fvgdklkj[;k eksb;k usr;kpk usr`rokr Lokra«;kpk y<k y<yk tkr gksrk- dkzwxzsl lkscr gksrhijrw 31 tqyzs 1920 e/;s yksdeku; fvgdkaps fu/ku >ky;kuarj egkrek xka/khdms dzkwxzslph /kqjk vkyh- R;kauh dkwxzslp;k O;klfiBko:ugh xko & [ksm;kapk dy;k.kkpk fo k; ekamyk- vli` ;rk fuokj.k] L=h & iq: k lekurk] eafnj izos k] lghkkstu] [kknhpk okij] pj[kk] lqrdrkbz] ubz rkyhe] ubz f k{k.kiz.kkyh v kk vusd eq kpk lekos k xzkeh.k fodklkdjhrk ekamykegkrek xka/khthaps cgqvk;keh O;fDreRo gksrs- R;kauh lekt o ns k fodklkp;k n`f Vus lokzfxa.k fopkj dsyk fparu] euu dsys] vls,dgh {ks= ukgh dh] T;koj xka/khthauh vkiys fopkj O;Dr dsys ukghr- ;k kks/k fuca/kke/;s xzkeh.k fodklklanhkkzr egkrek xka/khthaps fopkj ikg.;kpk iz;ru dsyk vkgs- Page 10

12 ,o<h eksbh yksdla[;k xzkeh.k Hkkxkr oklro; djrs- R;keqGs R;kaP;kdMs izkeq[;kus y{k ns.;kph vko ;drk R;kauh izfriknu dsyhvkffkzd fodkl vkf.k xka/khoknh fopkj %& xzkeh.k Hkkxkr xfjch o nkkfjnz; ijkdksvhps vkgs R;k djhrk egkrek xka/khthauh x`gm ksx o y?kqm ksxkyk izksrlkgu fnys- pj[kk] lwrdrkbz gs R;kiSdhp gksr- R;k x`gm ksxkeqgs jkstxkj fegsy rj [kk;yk fegsy- xfjch jkg.kkj ukgh vkf.k Lons kh olrwgh okijrk ;sbzy- ;kdfjrk xkokrp jkstxkj fuekz.k dj.;koj R;kapk Hkj gksrk- R;kdjhrk rs vkxzgh gksrslokzsn;ke/;s lokzps dy;k.k o fgr lkekoysys vkgs- ekuoh dy;k.kkdfjrk fodflr dsysyh,d jpuk gks; dh] T;k Onkjk izse] kkarh] lr;] vafgalk br;kanh eqy;kph tksikluk o iqozlfkkiuk djk;ph gksrh- R;kP;k ers] ljdkjh /kksj.ks vkf.k islk] lairrh ok kfdronkjk ekuokps lokzfxa.k dy;k.k u gksrk ekuoh; eqy;p rs d: kdrs- ;k lokzsn; pgoghps iz.ksrs egkrek xka/kh gksrsegkrek xka/khth vk/kqfud dkgkrhy la?k kze; ifjflfkrh lksmwu uoh lektjpuk fuekz.k dj.;kp;k fopkjkps gksrs- T;ke/;s izse] lr;] vafglk] vlrs;] czegkp;z] vifjxzg] kjhjje] Lons kh] vli` ;rk fuokj.k] lfg.kwrk] ksrhpk fodkl br;knhpk lekos k vlsy- ;kdfjrk ^^jkejkt;** ph ladyiuk fo kn dsyhxko [ksm;kap;k i;kz;kus HkkjrkP;k fodklkdjhrk rs vkxzgh gksrs- R;kaP;k dy;k.kkdjhrk R;kauh fofo/k vk?kkam;kaoj vkanksyus o pgogh mhkkjy;k- Lokra«; vkanksyukr rs vxzlfkkuh gksrs- R;kauh ns k cka/k.khr Lora= ikrgho:u Hkjho iz;ru dsys xkokdms pyk] xko Loa;iw.kZ >ky;kf kok; ns k Loa;iw.kZ gks.kkj ukghvkt xzkeh.k Hkkjrkleksj vusd lel;k vkgsr- ;k lel;kauh vfr k; mxz Lo:i /kkj.k dsysys vkgs- njmksbz mriuu deh] nkfjnz;] csdkjh] vkffkzd lerk] fodklkrhy vlerksy] cprhps o HkkaMoy fufezrhps izek.k deh] ekxklysi.kk] vkku] va/kj/nk] fuj{kjrk yksdla[;k ok< br;knhegkrek xka/kh ;kauh EgVys vkgs [kjk Hkkjr [ksm;kr olysyk vkgs- R;kdjhrk [ksm;k pyk v kk Lo:ikpk ukjk R;kauh fnyk gksrk- R;kdfjrk R;kauh lsokxzke gk vkje o/kkz ;sfks laiuu dsysyk gksrk- ;k vkjekr R;kauh yksdkauk jkg.kheku yksdkauk Lokra«;kP;k y<;kr lghkkxh d:u?ks.;kckcr /kms fnys-,dw.k yksdla[;sisdh 70 VDds yksdla[;k [ksm;kr jkgrs- R;kdfjrk [ksmh lq/kkjyh rj ns k lq/kkjsyiksvkph Hkwd gh lokzr egrokph vkgs- R;kdfjrk dkexkjkauk dke nsowu R;kauk vfkkztukaps lk/ku miyc/k d:u fnys ikfgts- vls R;kaps er gksrs- gk ns k xjhc O;Drhpk vkgs- vfr k; xfjchrwu yksd thou txr vlrkr- R;kdfjrk jkstxkjkph lqfo/kk miyc/k d:u fnyh rj R;kaps vfkkztu pkaxys gksbzy o Hkkdjhph Hkwd HkkxsyvUu] ol=] vkf.k fuokjk ;k ek.klkp;k ewyhkqr xjtk gksr- R;k izr;sdkyk fegfo.;kpk gdd vkgs- R;kdfjrk jkstxkjkph miyc/krrk d:u fnyh ikfgts- Hkkjrkr cgqla[; turk v/kzol= o m?km;koj jkgrs- R;kdfjrk R;kauk ;k lqfo/kk miyc/k d:u fny;k ikfgts] vls R;kaps er gksrsns kkyk Lokra«; fegowu ns.;klkbh egkrek xka/khauh lr;kxzg] lfou; dk;nshkax] vlgdkj] miks k.k] paikj.; vkanksyu] pys pko vkanksyu br;knh vk;q/kkap;k ek/;ekrwu vkanksyu dsyh vkf.k ns kkyk Lokra«; fegowu fnys- ijarw ns kkyk Lokra«; fegowu ns.ks,o<ap xka/khthaps e;kzfnr LoIu gksrs- Hkkjr gk d` khiz/kku ns k vlwu [ksm;kapk ns k vkgs vkf.k [kjk Hkkjr gk xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vkgs] NksV;k eksb;k kgjkr ukgh- Eg.kwu egkrek xka/kh Eg.kr dh] ^^[ksm;kdms pyk** fdaok [ksm;kapk fodkl Eg.ktsp Hkkjrkpk fodkl**dkj.k,dw.k yksdla[;sp;k 80 VDds yksd xzkeh.k Hkkxkr oklro; djr vly;keqgs izfl/n vk[kjh Page 11

13 ofl;rukes esa xka/khthsus dgk Fkk dh]^^ Hkkjrus jktfufrd Lokra«; rks izkir djfy;k gs] ysdhu mls vhkh kgjksa vksj dlcksa lsa fhkuu vius lkr yk[k xkoksa ds fy, lkekftd] vkffkzd vksj usfrd Lora«; izkir djuk ckdh gs A egkrek xka/kh o iapk;rjkt %& xka/khthaph iapk;rjkt gh dyiuk vkn kz dyiuk gksrh- xka/khtha Eg.krkr dh] ^^dsoy xkoksa dks fdlh dk eksgrkt u jguk ims cfyd viuh t:jrksa dh lhkh fptsa Lo;a isnk djsa A bl ds fy, [ksrh ckmh fd;k djsa]?kjsyq m ksx /kans fd;k djsa rfkk xkaoksa dksa lkq lq/kjk j[kk djsa vksj vkilh >xmksa dk fuivkjk Hkh [kqn gh dj fy;k djsa A** xka/khthap;k dyiusizek.ks xzkelojkt; ;kstuse/;s xzkelsod gk dsanzlfkkuh vkgs- dkj.k rks xkop;k fodklkps fu;kstu v kkizdkjs djsy dh] T;keqGs ksrh vkf.k xzkem ksxkap;k ek/;ekrwu xko Loa;iw.kZ o Lokoyach cusy- rks xzkeoklha;kauk vkjksx;kps vkf.k LoPNrsps f k{k.k] izf k{k.k nsbzy- rlsp rks yksdkaps vkjksx; fc?km.kkj ukgh vkf.k xkokr jksxkaph ykx.k gks.kkj ukghjktdh; {ks=kizek.ksp vkffkzd vkf.k vks ksfxd {ks=krgh xka/khthauh fodsanzhdj.kkpk vkxzg /kjysyk gksrk- R;kaP;k ers ^^eksb;k m ksx/ka keqgs mriknukaps o lairrhps dsanzhdj.k gksrs vkf.k vkffkzd fo kerk fuekz.k gksrs- R;krwu ygku ygku m ksx can imrhy vkf.k nkfjnz; vkf.k csdkjh deh gks.;k,soth ok<syxka/khthapk vks ksfxdj.k o ;kaf=dhdj.kkyk fojks/k gksrk- ijrw T;k ;a=kp;k okijkewgs dkexkjkap;k gkrps dke dk<wu?ksrys tkbzy v kk ;a=kyk xka/khthap;k ers] dke gkrkyk gos vkgs ;a=kyk uogs- Eg.kwu ekuoh thou mn~/olr dj.kkú;k ;a=kyk xka/khthapk fojks/k gksrk- rls ikfgys rj gs lq/nk,d ;a=p gksrs] ijarq R;kpk iqjldkj dsyk- lanhkzxzafk %& 1½ dúgkms fc-,e xzkeh.k o ukxjh lektjpuk fiaigiwjs vwm da- ifcy klz ukxiwj 2½ egkrek xka/kh 2001 ek ;k LoIukrhy Hkkjr ij/kku izdk ku ioukj o/kkz- 3½ Hkkjrh; fu;kstukph iuukl o kzs MkW- es/kk dkusvdj lkbzukfk izdk ku ukxiwj 4½ xzkelojkt; xka/khth laxzkgd] gfjizlkn O;kl uothou izdk ku eafnj vgenkckn 14 5½ egkrek xka/kh O;fDr vksj fopkj fo o izdk k xqir rfkk eksguh xqir] jk/kk ifcyds kul ubz fnyyh- 6½ xka/kh lkekftd jktusfrd ifjorzu gjh k dqekj vtqzu ifcyf kax gkål fnyyh- Page 12

14 xka/kh fopkj &,d ifjizs{; izk- jkts k,l- Mksaxjs ¼okf.kT; fohkkx½ xq:dqy dyk]okf.kt; o fokku egkfo ky;] ukank xks kokjk %& xka/khoknh rrokku gs lozo;kih rrokku Eg.kqu iq<s vkys vkgsr- R;kaP;k rrokkukpk ik;k lr; o vfgalk gk vlyk rjh R;kyk vusd isyq imysys vkgsr] Eg.kqup xka/kh rrokkukyk,d pksdvhr cka/krk ;sr ukghlkekftd tm.k&?km.khiklqu rs yksd kkghp;k cka/kuhi;zar fdacgquk R;kgh iyhdms R;kaps RkRoKku xsysys vkgsijhorzukph izfdz;k] dy;k.kkph ladyiuk] usfrdrsps vk;ke vfkkztukpk eqyea=]tqyeh O;oLFksPkk fojks/k gs lxgp xka/kh fopkjkrqu iq<s vkysys vkgs- ;kykp vki.k ospkjhd laldkj vls Eg.krks- ospkjhd laldkj ;k lkstog kcn brdsp xka/kh fopkjkaps izr;sd isyq Eg.ktsp xka/kh rrokku lkstogrsus iq<s vkys vkgs- vu;k;kpk izfrdkj djr vlrkaukgh osjo`rrhpk iq.kzi.ks vhkko ijarq fojo`rrhps n kzu R;krqu?kMrs- vls gs xka/kh fopkjkaps vla[;]isyq R;krhy dkghpk gk ijke kzfct kcn %& xka/kh rrokku]ekuorkokn]furheqy;s]lokszn; vkf.k ekuoh dy;k.k izlrkouk %& vktp;k HkjdVysY;k lektkr lkekftd eqy;s tksikl.;kph [kjh xjt vkgsr- nmi.k]tcjnlrh] dk;ns dkuqu gs loz /kkc;koj cloqu vfu B izfkk]hkksanqfxjh]cgkor pkyyh vkgs- ng krokn]hk Vªkpkj ;kus ns k iks[kjyk tkr vkgs- rsogk ;k lokzuoj Hkkofud cq/nherrspk okij gkp iqugk mn;kyk ;kok v kh ifjflfkrh fuekz.k >kyh vkgs- rsogk iqugk xka/khoknkps Lej.k >ky;kf kok; jkgr ukgh- xka/kh fopkjkr vkre kdrhyk egrokps LFkku vkgs- vkt xka/kh fopkjp ns kkyk rk: kdrks ;kph iqugk uogk.ks vksg[k Ogk;yk ykxyh vkgs-leqins ku gk ;kpkp,d Hkkx gks;- th xks V kl=kus lk/; djrk ;sr ukgh rh leqins kkus lk/; gksrs- gh vkt turk eku; djk;yk ykxyh vkgs- izekus txgh ftadrk ;srs gk fopkj lozeku; vlyk rjh loz izfrfcafcr ek= rks ukgh- ;kdjhrkp xka/kh fopkjkapk fdaok R;kP;k isyqpk dkghlk ifjizs{; bfks ekm.;kpk iz;ru dsyk vkgsvfgalk %& xka/khuh vfgalsp;k ekxkzusp Lora=rk vknksyukr lr;kxzgkpkp l kdri.ks okij dsyk vkf.k ekxz R;kauh tursyk ns[khy lkaxhryk vkf.k R;keqGsp vfgalk vkf.k lr;kxzg gs,desdka kh fuxmhr vlk tksm kcn fuekz.k >kyk- xka/khauk tsogk&tsogk lr;kxzg dj.;kph xjt imyh rsogk&rsogk rks vfgalsp;k ekxkzusp dsyk xsyk vkf.k gkp lyyk R;kauh tursyk ns[khy fnyk- xka/khpk gk fopkj vktgh frrdkp ln`< vkf.k lcg fl/n gksr vly;keqgsp vu;k;kpk fojks/k dj.;kpk vfglkred ekxz Eg.kts lr;kxzg gks; ;kph izphrh ;srsxzkeh.k vfkzo;olfkk %& xka/khuh vfkz kkl= fo k;d fopkj ekamrkauk EgVys vkgs dh] ^^[kjk vfkz kkl=k d/khp lokzf/kd usrhd Lrjkpk fojks/k djhr ulrks]tls [kjs furh kkl=k gs fuf prp pkaxys vfkz kkl=k vlk;yk gosr ts vfkz kkl=k dqcsjkph iqtk djrkr vkf.k ts vkffkzdfjr;k le`/n vkgsr- R;kauk fodklkyk pkyuk nsåu R;k vk/kkjs nqczy?kvdkauk ns[khy fodlhr gks.;kph la/kh fuekz.k d:u nsrkr- [kjk vfkz kkl=k gk lkekftd U;k;kps izfrd vlrks rks lokzp;kp dy;k.kkpk fopkj djrks** xka/khp;k vfkz kkl=kpk ik;k gk xzkeh.k vfkzo;olfkk gkp gksrk- R;kaP;k ers Hkkjrkrhy cgqla[; yksd gs xzkeh.k Hkkxkr oklro; djrkr R;keqGs xzkeh.k tursps vkffkzd vkf.k lkekftd mrfkku dj.;kdjhrk ns kkyk fons kh kklukiklqu eqdr dj.ks gs izeq[k /;s; Bsoys- kgj vkf.k [ksms ;krhy vkffkzd vkf.k lkekftd fo kerk nqj dj.;kpk lns k gh R;kauh tursyk fnyk xzkeh.k&m ksx tls&y?kq m ksx] dqvhj m ksx ;kauk pkyuk nsåu xzkeh.k vfkzo;olfkk cgdv gkså kdrs gkgh fopkj R;kauh ekamyk ;konkjs dehr&deh HkkaMoyk e/;s vkffkzd izxrh lk/kyh tkå kdrs gs ns[khy R;kauh ivoqu fnys- R;keqGsp xka/kh vfkz kkl=kyk xzkeh.k vfkz kkl= vls Page 13

15 lacks/kys tkrs- xka/kh vfkz kkl= fdaok R;kaP;k vkffkzd fopkjkapk ik;k gk ^ekuork* gkp vly;keqgs R;kaP;k fopkjkps,d ek= y{k ekuo m/nkj o R;krqu lkekftd ifjorzukph fn kk gkp gksrk- R;kaP;k ers vkffkzd lkef;z gs dsog /kulap ;kr ulqu R;kpk leku forj.kkr vkgs- lkekftd forj.kkeqgs lektkrhy vlekurk nqj d:u lkekftd ifjorzukyk,d ufou fn kk nsrk ;så kdrs- ks{kf.kd fopkj %& Xkka/khuh Lokra«;kuarj ks{kf.kd {ks=kr ns k dlk vlkok ;koj vkiys fopkj ekamys gksrs- ;kr R;kauh f k{k.kkpk [kjk mn~ns k jk Vªh; f k{k.k] cquks;knh f k{k.k]ckyf k{k.k]izks< f k{k.k]uoh rkyhe]fl= f k{kk vkf.k jk Vª Hkk ksp;k vko ;drsyk vf/kd egro fnys- R;kauh vkiys fparu vkf.k fopkj eafkukrqu jk Vªkyk muurhp;k fn ksus veqykxz ifjorzukph vko ;drk izfriknhr dsyh ;kdjhrk f k{k.k fdrh eksy;oku vkgs] gs gh ivoqu fnyscquh;knh f k{k.kkoj R;kauh fo ks khkj fnykegkrek xka/kh vkf.k vfgalk gs nksughgh t.kq i;kz;okph kcnp vkgsr dh dk; vlk Hkkl Ogkok R;kyk dkj.kgh rlsp vkgs- vfgalspkk fl/nkar tks Hkkjrh; lald`rhpk eqg vk/kkj letyk tkrks- R;kyk vk/kqfud ;qxkr tkxfrd ikrghoj izlrkihr dj.;kps {ks; egkrek xka/khukp vkgsr- vfgalsp;k fl/nkarkonkjsp xka/khuh txkyk ekuorspk lans k fnyk- xka/kh fopkjkpk gk vr;ar eksyhd vlk isyq ekuyk tkrks- gk isyq fdaok vfgalspk fopkj xka/khuh ldy fo okr iksgpfoyk o gk lans k iksgpforkauk R;krqu xka/kh fopkjkap;k vusd isyqps n kzu?kmrs- T;k f k{k.kkonkjs LoRk%ph vksg[k gksrs rsp [kjs f k{k.k v kh R;kauh cquh;knh f k{k.kkph O;k[;k dsyh- f k{kd vkf.k fo kfkhz ;kapk e/khy vkarjlaca/k gs varj eukrqu vlkfor vlk R;kapk fopkj gksrk- izr;sd f k{kd vkiy;k fo kf;kzayk vkren kzu d:u ns.;kr ; kloh Ogkok vlh R;kaph vis{kk gksrh- xka/khp;k ;k fopkjkaph izprh vktgh ;srs- vktpk fo kfkhz tsogk usjk ;sr tkrks- R;kekxhy izeq[k dkj.k ;k fo kf;kzyk R;kaps Lor%ps vkren kzu?kmfo.;kr ikydkalkscrp f k{kdgh vi; kh Bjysys vlrkr- fo kf;kzap;k eukpk dy tk.kqu u?ksrk R;koj f k{k.kkph ldrh dsyh tkrs- R;kph vfhk:ph dkgh osxghp vlrs R;kdMs iq.kz nqyz{k gksrs- ex rks fo kfkhz usjk ;sr tk.kkj ukgh rj dk;\ cqu;knh f k{k.kkr ;kykp fo ks k egro fnys tkr gksrs- xka/khps eksyhd fopkj vktgh xzg.k dj.ks ;ksx;p vkgsr- xka/kh vkf.k i=dkjhrk %& dks.kr;kgh xks Vhyk izfl/nh ns.;kp izeq[k ek/;e Eg.kqu i=dkjhrspk tue >kyk- vfgalsp;k izpkjkdjhrkp xka/khe/khy i=dkjgh mn;kyk vkyk- R;kf kok; i=dkjhrsp;k ek/;ekrqu dkgh vlkekftd RkRokauhgh vkiyk gsrq lk/; dj.;kpk iz;ru dsyk- R;kojgh xka/khuh dqbkjk?kkr dsyk- xka/khp;k i=dkjhrspk ik;k gk ekxzn kzdkpk gksrk- i=dkjhrk fdaok o`rri=s gk lektkpk vkjlk vlqu R;kr lektkps [kjs [kqjs izfrfcac nk[kokos gh i=dkjkph [kjh tckcnkjh vlrs- i=dkjhrk gh luekutud ]usfrdrkiq.kz]tckcnkjhps Hkku Bso.ks ;krqup lektkps [kjs fp= mhks djrk ;srs- ;krp i=dkjhrspkh lkfkzdrk vlrs-i=dkjhrs ckcrhrgh xka/kh oskkfud n` Vh Bsor vlr] R;kaP;k ers]oklrfodrsp;k [kksyhi;zar f k:u fufj{k.kkonkjs la kks/ku dj.;kph o`rrh BsoY;kf kok; i=dkjhrsp;k {ks=kr ; kloh gksrk ;sr ukgh- i=dkjkus Lor%P;k vkre;kpk vkokt,sdyk ikfgts- xka/khth i=dkjhrsfo k;hph ghp dyiuk vktgh lkdkj gks.;kph xjt vkgslr;kxzg %& xka/khp;k ukeksppkjk cjkscjp vfgalsp;k lkscrp ;s.kkjk nqljk kcn Eg.kts lr;kxzg gks;- lr;kxzgkph ladyiuk gh xka/kh fopkjkrqu mn;kyk vkyh vkgs- lr;kxzgkpk fl/nkar ns[khy xka/khuh ldy fo okyk fnysyk vkgs- dqby;kgh dbh.k lel;soj mik; fdaok R;k lel;syk eqgkldv u V dj.;kps izeq[k lk/ku fdaok ekxz Eg.kts lr;kxzg gks;- xka/khuh lr;kxzgkpk vfkz Li V djrkuk EgVys vkgs] dh lr; vkf.k cg ;kpk voyac Eg.kts Lor%yk d V nsåu lr;kps n kzu?kmfo.ks nqlú;k Hkk ksr rs vlsgh eg.krkr lr; vf/kd vkxzg Eg.ktsp lr;kpk vkxzg vlk rks lr;kxzg gks; xka/kh v kk ;k lr;kxzgkpk okij d:up lkekftd vkf.k jktfd; nqxqz.kkpk uk;ukv dj.;kpk iz;ru djhr vlr- Eg.kqup xka/khuh Lo=arrk vkanksyu ns[khy lr;kxzgkp;k ek/;ekusp dsyslokszn; ladyiuk %& Page 14

16 lokszn; ladyiuk xka/kh fopkjkphp,d egroiq.kz ns.kxh gks;- lektkrhy loz Lrjkojhy tursps O;kid dy;k.k Eg.kts lokszn; xk/kh lokszn;kcn~ny fygrkuk Eg.krkr lokzap;k dy;k.kkr vkiys dy;k.k vkgs- ofdy dk; fdaok gtke dk; nks?kkap;kgh dkekph fdaer lkj[khp vlyh ikghts- dkj.k iksvkik.;kpk gdd nks?kkapkgh lkj[kkp vkgs- lk/ks vax esgurhps HkksrdÚ;kaps ftou gsp [kjs ftou gks;- iq<s xka/kh Eg.krkr ifgyh xks V eyk ekfgr gksrh- nqljh xks V eyk vli V fnlr gksrh- frljhpk eh fopkjp dsyk uogrk- ifgyh e/;s nqlú;k nksugh xks Vh lekfo B vkgs- gs eyk lokszn;uh nk[kfoys- xka/khthap;k ers lokszn; gh v kh ladyiuk vkgs] th O;DrhRo fuekzukpk ik;k jprs] lokszn;,d v kk lekt fuehzrhps LoIu gks; ts lektkfry loz okbzv xks Vhauk nqj Bsors- vktp;k ;qxkrgh lektkp;k iks k.kkdjhrk Eg.ktsp lektkrhy loz okbzv xks Vh nqj lk:u izr;sdkykp Lor%ph izxrh dj.ss;kpk vf/kdkj vkgs- izr;sd O;Drh izxrhp;k fn ksus okvpky djhr jkghy;kl lokzpkp mn; Eg.ktsp lokszn; gksbzyfu d kz %& xka/kh fopkjkaph fn kk Bjfo.ks Eg.kts xka/kh fopkjkauk ladqphr dj.ks gks;- brdh R;kaP;k fopkjkaph fdj.ks iljyh gksrh- R;kaP;k fopkjkapk lexz vh;kl,dk NksV~;k fuca/kkrqu gks.ks v kd; dkvhrhy xks V vkgsr- R;kaP;k fopkjkrhy dkgh Hkkx ;kr ekam.;kpk iz;ru >kysyk vkgsr- vfkkzr rksgh vxnhp FkksMD;kr xka/kh vkf.k vfgalk gk t.kq]vfohkdrp Hkkxp gks;- vfgalk gs xka/khap;k jkse&jksekr olys gksrs o rs loz= iljfo.;k djhrk i=dkjhrk gs veks/k kl= R;kauh okijys R;krhy vfu Brk nqj lk:u i=dkjhrsykgh R;kauh kqphhkzqr dsys- U;k; fegfo.;kpk fdaok vu;k;kyk okpk QksM.;kpk gdd izr;sdkusp ctkoyk ikfgts- ijarq rksgh okn&fooknkf kok; ;kdjhrk R;kauh lr;kxzgkps kl= okijys- lr;kpk vkxzgh rksgh vfgalsp;k ekxkzus ex U;k; dlk ukgh feg.kkj- xka/khuh xzkeh.k tursp;k mrfkkukdjhrk xzkeh.k vfkzo;olfkspk ik;k jpyk xzkeh.k tursyk ifjorzukph fn kk fnyh vkf.k ekuorspk lans k fnyk Eg.ktsp R;kaP;k vfkz kkl=kp;k eqyk/kkj gk usfrdrk gksrk gs ;krqu fl/n gksrs- f k{k.kkf kok; i;kz; ukgh vkf.k rsgh f k{k.k vkreksuuksrhps vlkos vlk R;kpk vkxzg gksrk- izfke vkre;kph vksg[k Eg.ktsp LoRk%ps Hkku ;s.ks xjtsps vkgs o R;kdjhrk R;kauh cquh;knh f k{k.kkpk ik;k jksoyk rgkxgkpk O;Drh gk frfkqu fu?kkyk ikfgts R;kpsgh mrfkku >kys ikfgts i.k rs gks.kkj dls] rj izxrhf ky ek.klkus [kkyp;kyk gkr nsåu oj [kspus rsogkp rgkxgkrhy ek.kql oj [kspyk tkbzy ;kpkp vfkz izr;sdkus vkiyh muurh dsyh ikfgts-,danjhr lokzpkp mn; Eg.ktsp lokszn; >kyk ikfgts gh xka/khph lokszn;kph ladyiuk vktgh xjtsph vkgslanhkz %& 1½ egkrek xka/kh] lr;kps iz;ksx] uoftou izdk ku eafnj vgenkckn 2½ dqahkkj ukxksjko]¼laiknu½ xka/kh fopkj n kzu] izcks/ku izdk ku] ykrqj ½ Hkkjns ckgklkgsc] xka/kh fopkj&foekalk] egkjk Vª xka/kh Lekjd] fu/kh izdk ku iq.ks ½ vuqokn&pksgdj ijkx] xka/kh eksgunkl] fgan LojkT; ije/kke izdk ku] ioukj ½ vkj- ds- izhkq ¼vuqokn fczteksgu yks<k½ ^egkrek xka/khps fopkj* uoftou izdk ku eafnj] vgenkckn 6½ vh;adj,u-vkj-] jk Vªihrk egkrek xka/kh uw kuy cqd VªLV bamh;k] ubz fnyyh]1967 Page 15

17 o.kz] tkrh o vli` ;rk fuewzy.k % egkrek xka/khthaph Hkwfedk izk- MkW- Ogh-Ogh- ykms lg;ksxh izk/;kid dyk] okf.kt; o fokku egkfon;ky; rqdwe panziwj eksa- ua ladevishwanath@gmail.com eq[; kcn ¼Key Words½%& o.kkzje O;oLFkk] Hkwdsdaxkyhiklwu] tkrho;olfkk] vli` ;rk fuewzyu] fo keark] ksm;wym dklv~l] iq.ks djkj] fohkdr ernkj la?k] ckgwys cu.;kl lkjka k ¼Abstract½ %&,danjhus vls fnlrs dh xka/khth vli` ;rk] fdacgquk dlykgh mppfuphkko ok tkrhhksn ikgw u;s ;k fopkjkps ifgy;kiklwup gksrs- fganw /kekzr :< >kysys dezdkam ek= u ikg.;kps R;kauh fopkjiwozd Bjfoys- faganw /kekzpk vfhkeku ckgxrkauk :<hus pkyr vkysys tkrhhksn ikgkosr vls eqghp ukgh- rlkhksnhkko osnkauh dsysyk ukgh vls rs Eg.kr- if pe ;qjksih; vks ksfxd HkkaMoy kkgh lkald`rhd Li/kkZ vvg fnlrs- R;kiklwu cpko.;klkbh JkefoHkkx.khpk o.kz/kez mi;qdr Bjsy vls lu 1920 rs 1931 i;zar R;kauk okvys o rls R;kauh ekamys- tkrhhksn o vli` ;rk u V Ogkoh vls R;kaps er gksrs- o R;kpk R;kauh fgjhjhus izpkj dsyk- vk;q ;kp;k v[ksji;zar R;kaph /kmim R;k fn ksus pkyq gksrhizlrkouk %& xka/khthauh Hkxonkfxrs iklwu izsj.kk?ksryh gksrh- R;kr lkafxrys vkgs dh Lo/kekZps ikyu djrk djrk eju vkys rjh pkysy ijarq ij/kez flodkj.ks gs Hk;k.kd d`r; vkgs- xka/khthp;k vkffkzd fopkjpk vk/kkj o.kzo;olfkk vkgs- xka/khthap;k thoukr vusd ifjorzus vkyh ijarq ijaijkxr lkekftd o vkffkzd O;oLFksP;k ckcrhr rs ksov i;zar vkiy;k fopkjkoj Bke gksrso.kkzje O;oLFkk %& lu 1921 rs 1927 ;k dkgkrhy fy[kkukr R;kauh o.kkzje /kekzpk iqjldkj dsyk gksrk- ;k fo k;kaojhy xka/khthaph [kjh Hkwfedk dk; gksrh gs olrqfu Bi.ks letwu?ks.;klkbh xka/khthp;k fy[kkukrhy dkgh mrkjss ikg.ks b V Bjsy- ^^,dsdkgh o.kkzje O;oLFksps vkffkzd n` V;k eksbs ewy; gksrs- oa kijaijkxr dks ky;s tik;yk R;keqGs enr >kyh- Li/kkZ e;kzfnr djrk vkyh- Hkwdsdaxkyhiklwu cpko.;kpk rks mrre ekxz gksrk- O;olk; lalfksps loz QSk;ns R;kr gksrs- lkgl o kks/kdrsyk R;kr izsj.kk fegr uogrh gs [kjs vkgs i.k frfks Qkj eksbs vmfksgs fuekz.k dsys gksrs vlsgh Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh ** ^^,sfrgkfld n` Vhus cksyk;ps rj vls Eg.krk ;sbzy dh Hkkjrh; lektkp;k iz;ksx kkgsr ek.klkus dsysyk rks,d iz;ksx ok lkekftd lek;kstu gksrs- vki.k tj rks iz;ksx ; kloh d#u nk[kow kdys rj gǹ;fgu Li/kkZ fdaok gkojvi.kk o ykylk ;keqgs lahko.kkjs lkekftd fo?kvu ;kofjy mrre mik; Eg.kwu rks iz;ksx txkyk lknj djrk ;sbzy-** from economic point of view, its value was once very great. It ensured here ditary skill. It limited compeliton. It was the best remedy against pauperism. And it Page 16